Investigatory Project

ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
INDEX:
Aim
Certificate
Acknowledgement
Apparatus
Introduction
Theory
Conclusion
Bibliography
AIM:
To determine the faradays law of electromagnetic induction using

a copper wire wound over an iron rod and a strong magnet
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the PHYSICS project titled

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION has been
successfully completed by AYUSHI of Class XII Science
in partial fulfillment of curriculum of CENTRAL BOARD
OF SECONDARY EDUCATION (CBSE) leading to the
award of annual examination of the year 2016-2017.
INTERNAL EXAMINER TEACHER IN-CHARGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost I thank my teacher Mrs.

. who has assigned me this term paper to
bring out my creative capabilities.
I express my gratitude to my parents for being a
continuous source of encouragement for all their financial
aid.
I would like to acknowledge the assistance provided to me
by the library staff of A.E.S.N.T RAMA RAO MEMORIAL
SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL.
My heartfelt gratitude to my classmates and for helping
me to complete my work in time.
APPARATUS
1. Insulated copper wire

2. A iron rod
3. A strong magnet and
4. A light emitting diode (LED)
INTRODUCTION:
F
araday's law of induction is a basic law
of electromagnetism that predicts how a magnetic
field will interact with an electric circuit to produce
an electromotive force (EMF). It is the fundamental
operating principle of transformers, inductors, and many types
of electrical motors and generators.
Electromagnetic induction was discovered independently

by Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831; however, Faraday
was the first to publish the results of his experiments. Faraday
explained electromagnetic induction using a concept he
called lines of force. These equations for electromagnetics are
extremely important since they provide a means to precisely
describe how many natural physical phenomena in our universe
arise and behave. The ability to quantitatively describe physical
phenomena not only allows us to gain a better understanding of
our universe, but it also makes possible a host of technological
innovations that define modern society. Understanding Faradays
Law of Electromagnetic Induction can be beneficial since so many
aspects of our daily life function because of the principles behind
Faradays Law. From natural phenomena such as the light we
receive from the sun, to technologies that improve our quality of
life such as electric power generation, Faradays Law has a great
impact on many aspects of our lives.
Faradays Law is the result of the experiments of the English

chemist and physicist Michael Faraday . The concept of
electromagnetic induction was actually discovered simultaneously
in 1831 by Faraday in London and Joseph Henry, an American
scientist working in New York , but Faraday is credited for the law
since he published his work first . An important aspect of the
equation that quantifies Faradays Law comes from the work of
Heinrich Lenz, a Russian physicist who made his contribution to
Faradays Law, now known as Lenzs Law, in 1834 (Institute of
Chemistry).
Faradays law describes electromagnetic induction, whereby an
electric field is induced, or generated, by a changing magnetic
field. Before expanding upon this description, it is necessary to
develop an understanding of the concept of fields, as well as the
related concept of potentials.
Faraday's first experimental demonstration of electromagnetic

induction (August 29, 1831), he wrapped two wires around
opposite sides of an iron ring or "torus" (an arrangement similar to
a modern toroidal transformer) to induce current
Figure 1 Faraday's First Experiment
Some physicists have remarked that Faraday's law is a single

equation describing two different phenomena: the motional
EMF generated by a magnetic force on a moving wire
(see Lorentz force), and the transformer EMF generated by an
electric force due to a changing magnetic field (due to the
MaxwellFaraday equation). James Clerk Maxwell drew attention
to this fact in his 1861 paper On Physical Lines of Force. In the
latter half of part II of that paper, Maxwell gives a separate
physical explanation for each of the two phenomena. A reference
to these two aspects of electromagnetic induction is made in
some modern textbooks.
THEORY:
Magnetic flux:
The magnetic flux (often denoted or B) through a surface is

the component of the B field passing through that surface.
The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb) (in derived units:
volt-seconds), and the CGS unit is the maxwell. Magnetic flux is
usually measured with a fluxmeter, which contains measuring
coils and electronics that evaluates the change of voltage in the
measuring coils to calculate the magnetic flux.
If the magnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux passing

through a surface of vector area S is
where B is the magnitude of the magnetic field (the magnetic flux
density) having the unit of Wb/m2 (Tesla), S is the area of the
surface, and is the angle between the magnetic field lines and
the normal (perpendicular) to S.
For a varying magnetic field, we first consider the magnetic flux

through an infinitesimal area element dS, where we may consider
the field to be constant
From the definition of the magnetic vector potential A and

the fundamental theorem of the curl the magnetic flux may also
be defined as:
where the line integral is taken over the boundary of the

surface S, which is denoted S.
LAW:
The most widespread version of Faraday's law states:
The induced electromotive force in any closed circuit is

equal to the negative of the time rate of change of
the magnetic flux through the circuit.
This version of Faraday's law strictly holds only when the closed
circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire, and is invalid in other
circumstances as discussed below. A different version,
the MaxwellFaraday equation (discussed below), is valid in all
circumstances.
When the flux changesbecause B changes, or because the

wire loop is moved or deformed, or bothFaraday's law of
induction says that the wire loop acquires an EMF , defined as
the energy available per unit charge that travels once around the
wire loop (the unit of EMF is the volt). Equivalently, it is the
voltage that would be measured by cutting the wire to create
an open circuit, and attaching a voltmeter to the leads.
According to the Lorentz force law (in SI units),
the EMF on a wire loop is:
where E is the electric field, B is the magnetic field (aka magnetic

flux density, magnetic induction), d is an infinitesimal arc
length along the wire, and the line integral is evaluated along the
wire (along the curve the conincident with the shape of the wire).
The MaxwellFaraday equation states that a time-varying

magnetic field is always accompanied by a spatially-varying, non-
conservative electric field, and vice-versa. The MaxwellFaraday
equation is
where is the curl operator and again E(r, t) is the electric

field and B(r, t) is the magnetic field. These fields can generally
be functions of position r and time t.
The four Maxwell's equations (including the MaxwellFaraday

equation), along with the Lorentz force law, are a sufficient
foundation to derive everything inclassical electromagnetism.
Therefore it is possible to "prove" Faraday's law starting with
these equations. Faraday's law could be taken as the starting
point and used to "prove" the MaxwellFaraday equation and/or
other laws.)
CONCLUSION
Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction, first observed

and published by Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth
century, describes a very important electro-magnetic
concept. Although its mathematical representations are
cryptic, the essence of Faradays is not hard to grasp: it
relates an induced electric potential or voltage to a dynamic
magnetic field. This concept has many far-reaching
ramifications that touch our lives in many ways: from the
shining of the sun, to the convenience of mobile
communications, to electricity to power our homes. We can
all appreciate the profound impact Faradays Law has on us.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
WIKIPEDIA
HOW STUFF WORKS
SCIENCE FOR ALL

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ELECTROMAGNETIC

To determine the faradays law of electromagnetic induction using

This is to certify that the PHYSICS project titled

INTERNAL EXAMINER TEACHER IN-CHARGE

First and foremost I thank my teacher Mrs.

1. Insulated copper wire

Electromagnetic induction was discovered independently

Faradays Law is the result of the experiments of the English

Faraday's first experimental demonstration of electromagnetic

Some physicists have remarked that Faraday's law is a single

The magnetic flux (often denoted or B) through a surface is

If the magnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux passing

For a varying magnetic field, we first consider the magnetic flux

From the definition of the magnetic vector potential A and

where the line integral is taken over the boundary of the

The induced electromotive force in any closed circuit is

When the flux changesbecause B changes, or because the

According to the Lorentz force law (in SI units),

the EMF on a wire loop is:

where E is the electric field, B is the magnetic field (aka magnetic

The MaxwellFaraday equation states that a time-varying

where is the curl operator and again E(r, t) is the electric

The four Maxwell's equations (including the MaxwellFaraday

Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction, first observed

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