DEPARTMENT OF THEOLOGY

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

SAN BEDA UNIVERSITY

GENDER DISPARITIES
IN INCOME:
EXPLORING THE FACTORS
BEHIND THE WAGE GAP

In Partial Fulfilment of the requirements in the Course Social Justice

(THED04)

Submitted by:
Abalos, Ralf Justin
Alas, Richmond
Alejo, Jimuel
Cedro, Lean
Ducusin, June Benedict

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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 INTRODUCTION
Gender disparities in income has been a long subject of investigation, it symbolizes
inequality in a workforce and often observed by men and women. This issue has been
studied multiple times and became a subject not just for debates, but also economic
factors. The wage gap states that in majority of the cases, women are more typically earn
less than their male counterparts for the same field of work. This issue is not only faced
within some countries, but it is also experienced all over the world. There has been
multiple studies of why does this happen and some of them states that due to wage gap
between the two genders, women are often steered into a low-paying professions or put
into sectors that undervalues their effort regardless of their contribution. Women also
face the cycle of neverending unequal compensation specially on a men-dominated work
place. The work place that is dominated by men, fewer or only a selected women are able
to attain the top-tier positions which causes their counterpart to achieve the higher-paying
roles. Women who often works in this type of work place have a high possibility of
encountering of the phenomenon which is called the “glass ceiling”, glass ceiling is the
colloquial term of the social barrier that prevents women from being promoted to a higher
type of job in a work place. This discrimination has been around since 1978.

According to an article published by Janvie Amido on February 20, 2023 “The

Philippines is considered as one of the most gender-equal nations in Southeast Asia,
ranking 8th in the Global Gender gap report in 2021. Despite this, the country still faces
significant gender issues that need to be address.” The research also states that the wage
gap in rural areas are very high since women are only earning about 43% of men. The
Philippines being on the top of gender-equal nation doesn’t mean that we do not
experience wage gap between the two genders. According to a study conducted by the
Philippine Statistics Authority way back in 2019 states that women’s average daily was
13.9% lower than men’s daily average given that they have the same experience and
qualifications. Some factors that we found is that there are is the lack of enforcement
when it comes to the equal pay laws specially in the country. There are several laws that
require equal pay for equal work, but this law is not always enforced and many
employers still pay women less than men for the same field or type of work and women
are often relegated into jobs that are more seen by the community as traditionally female,
this type of jobs indclude clerical and administrative type of work. While men, on the
other hand dominate the chain and has a higher chance of being able to attain managers
and executive titles. In overall, addressing the gender wage gap between the two genders
is not only crucial for promoting gender equality, but also improving the chance for
economic growth. By being able to create a more equitable and inclusive workforce, we
may have a chance to combat gender inequality and be able to unlock the full potential of
the two genders that will give us the chance to promote a greater chance of prosperity for
both genders. As we explore the factors behind the wage gap, we will dive into the
reasons of why and how the wage gap still persists on the country specifically on
Barangay 638.

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 HUMAN EXPERIENCE

In the current landscape, a significant number of individuals in the Philippines are

grappling with unemployment or inadequate wages, leading to discontent with their
professions. This dissatisfaction often manifests as irritation or frustration due to the
complexities of the country's bureaucratic system, where securing a decent-paying job
requires extensive paperwork and government IDs. Despite their aspirations for a brighter
future, many face obstacles within the system, hindering their ability to secure well-
paying employment. The prevailing sentiment is one of concern about financial stability,
prompting stress and a keen desire to increase income rapidly. Individuals are more
inclined to pursue opportunities that offer quick and convenient financial gains, a trend
particularly noticeable among the elderly, as conversations after interviews revealed.

The majority of people are in distress and dissatisfaction, grappling with the
challenge of insufficient income to foster growth and ensure their families' safety. While
only 25% explicitly acknowledge a wage gap, data indicates minimal differences among
interviewees, suggesting a locally isolated issue. To address financial shortfalls,
individuals often extend their working hours or seek additional employment. Our
research, beyond the questionnaire, provides insights into their strategies for generating
extra income, such as running sideline businesses for reliable passive income, like
retailing or merchandising their products. These endeavors have proven effective in
generating modest profits.

As part of our academic obligations, we not only conducted research but also
provided advice during interviews, aiming to enlighten individuals on seeking assistance
and exploring potential solutions through personal contacts. The positive feedback
received, with some expressing gratitude for the offered options, reinforces our belief in
the potential impact of empowering individuals to navigate the economic challenges they
face. The revelation that there are alternative legal avenues to enhance income sparked a
tangible sense of satisfaction among the individuals we interviewed. Learning about these
possibilities was met with genuine delight, and their eagerness to explore these newfound
opportunities was palpable. Many expressed an immediate interest in not only
understanding these alternatives but also actively considering the prospect of
implementing them to improve their financial standing.

Motivated by the idea of diversifying their income streams, a notable number of

interviewees were particularly drawn to the notion of starting their small businesses. The
prospect of entrepreneurship, whether in retail, services, or other ventures, seemed to
resonate as an empowering and tangible way to take control of their financial destinies.

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 ANALYSIS

Women in the Philippines continue to have persistent gender gaps in pay,

receiving less for doing equivalent work than males, despite substantial improvements in
education and labor market involvement. Many interrelated issues, like as discrimination,
caregiving responsibilities, vertical and occupational segregation, educational disparities,
and social preconceptions, all have an impact on this income discrepancy. Occupational
segregation, which pushes women into lower-paying sectors including childcare,
services, and unorganized sectors, is a major factor in the wage disparity. This split is
worsened by cultural conventions that restrict women to caregiving and domestic duties,
prohibiting them from pursuing well paid and esteemed occupations. The practice of
horizontal segregation perpetuates the gender pay gap by limiting women's opportunities
for leadership roles, career advancement, and better wages. Discriminatory hiring,
promotion, and pay practices help to keep this division even stronger. The "glass ceiling,"
also known as vertical segregation, prevents women from rising to positions of leadership
and high management. Women's decision-making power is restricted by institutional
barriers, unconscious biases, and a lack of mentorship, which perpetuates the wage
difference. Gender discrimination, both explicit and implicit, remains pervasive in the
workplace, widening the wage gap. While explicit discrimination, such as unequal pay
policies, is often illegal, implicit discrimination characterized by unconscious biases and
stereotypes creates a subtle yet damaging workplace culture that disadvantages women.

The effects of the gender wage gap affect families and society at large in addition
to the individual. It contributes to greater rates of poverty among women, limits the
financial independence of women, and maintains economic inequality. The gender pay
gap impedes women's access to financial resources, preventing them from saving,
investing, and advancing economically. Furthermore, underutilization of women's skills
in the workplace results from gender imbalances, which impede economic growth and
overall productivity. Governments can implement policies such as anti-discrimination
laws and parental leave to promote gender equality. Employers can conduct pay audits,
eliminate unconscious biases, and provide equal opportunities for training and
advancement. Educational institutions play a crucial role in promoting STEM education
for girls and offering gender-neutral career guidance. Civil society organizations can raise
awareness, advocate for policy changes, and empower women through skills training and
economic opportunities. Individuals, as members of society and the workforce, can
challenge gender stereotypes and actively promote gender equality in their interactions.
Governments and politicians are important players in addressing gender income
disparities because they are important in adopting and enforcing laws that particularly
target and close gender wage gaps. Employers and company executives are key players in
changing workplace norms to actively close pay disparities inside their companies. By
offering equitable educational opportunities to all genders, educational institutions play a
key role in reducing income gaps overall. In addition to advocating for legislative reforms
and supporting activities aimed at reducing gender gaps, civil society organizations also
serve as lobbyists and supporters. Last but not least, people and families are essential in
questioning gender norms and expectations and bringing about cultural changes that
support a society that is more inclusive and equal.

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 THEOLOGICAL REFLECTION
Gender disparities in income stand as a stark testament to the pervasive inequality
embedded in our societal structures. Within the rich tapestry of theological reflection, the
issue of economic injustice based on gender beckons us believers to explore the sacred
dimensions of equity, justice, and the inherent worth of every individual. At the core of
theological contemplation lies the notion of the imago Dei which is a belief that each
person bears the divine image. The persistent wage gap challenges the theological
principle of human dignity, as it mirrors a distortion of the sacred within our social and
economic systems. A theological lens prompts us to question the ethical implications of
economic structures that compromise the inherent worth of women, disrupting the divine
harmony that should resonate through all aspects of human existence. Biblical teachings
resonate with calls for justice, echoing the prophetic imperative to stand against
oppression. When we scrutinize gender disparities in income through a theological
framework, the scriptures become a moral compass, guiding believers toward advocacy
and action. The divine call for justice echoes in the hearts of those who recognize the
urgency of dismantling discriminatory economic systems, striving for an order that aligns
with the sacred principles of fairness and equality. In theological terms, the recognition of
brokenness in our economic structures invites us believers to participate in the
redemptive work of rectifying these injustices. Theology challenges the acceptance of
systemic biases and discriminatory practices, pushing for transformative action. The call
is not merely to lament the brokenness but to actively engage in reshaping economic
systems to mirror the ethical principles embedded in religious teachings.

People should lean on compassion, which is a cornerstone of many religious traditions,

and becomes a catalyst for transformative change in the face of gender-based economic
injustices. True compassion extends beyond sympathy, demanding active solidarity with
those marginalized by income disparities. A theological reflection urges us to embody
compassion in their actions, engaging in initiatives that uplift and empower women
economically, and challenging societal norms that perpetuate gender bias. The
theological gaze unveils the broken systems that perpetuate gender disparities in income,
calling us to participate in the redemptive work of reconstruction. A theological reflection
on gender disparities in income invites believers to navigate the intersections of faith and
economic justice. It challenges us to embody the divine values of dignity, justice, and
compassion in our responses to societal imbalances. As we confront the complexities of
gender and income through the lens of theology, it becomes a transformative journey—a
call to work towards a world where economic systems mirror the divine vision of equity
and respect for the sacredness inherent in every individual.

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 RESPONSE

1. Support for Work-Life Balance: When strategies that integrate flexible work
schedules, affordable child care, and parental leave are put in place, women can
successfully manage their work and family responsibilities by pursuing more lucrative
jobs and staying in the workforce.

2. Policies to Address Occupational Segregation: Closing the orientation pay hole can be
achieved in part by sanctioning laws that support compensation in professions and fields
where women are disproportionately represented. It can also be accomplished by
allowing women to enter well-paying positions in fields where men have historically
predominated.

3. Transparency in Compensation: Women can use this information to negotiate more

prominent remuneration, which can help close the orientation pay hole, by forcing
employers to release pay information for available positions.

4.Commitment to Equal Pay and Overcoming Bias: In order to permanently close the
orientation pay hole, it is essential to overcome ingrained bias, ensure transparency
regarding approach pay for comparable work, and integrate orientation and racial
correspondence into strategies and tactics.

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 REFLECTION PAPER
(INDIVIDUAL)
Justin Abalos

In the current socio-economic landscape of the Philippines, the pervasive issue of

government corruption casts a long shadow, significantly impeding the nation's economic
growth. This situation, marked by a drop in the economy beyond acceptable levels, has
profound repercussions on the lives of the Filipino people, amplifying the challenges
faced by those who are unemployed. The consequences are especially dire for this
demographic, as the lack of both time and funds creates formidable barriers to securing
employment, further exacerbating the difficulties in finding a job. As a student immersed
in the study of Economics, I find myself peering into the intricate dynamics that
determine financial well-being in our complex world. Amidst the overarching issue of
corruption and economic downturn, the pursuit of financial stability becomes a delicate
dance. Diversifying income sources through investments, such as stocks, becomes not
only a strategy but a necessity to supplement one's primary income.

However, the economic complexities are not the only hurdles individuals face. The stark
gender disparities in the workplace add an additional layer of challenge. The prevailing
gender preferences for specific occupations create an environment where men are often
favored for physically demanding roles, perceived as suited to their capabilities.
Conversely, women may find themselves confined to roles traditionally associated with
their gender, contributing to the perpetuation of the gender wage gap. This gender-based
wage gap, while seemingly unjust, is sometimes rationalized as a reflection of the
physical demands of certain jobs. For instance, the stereotype that men are better
equipped for labor-intensive tasks, like heavy lifting, prevails, influencing their
remuneration. Conversely, women are often steered towards roles emphasizing
caretaking responsibilities, reflecting a broader societal bias. While this division may
seem unfair, some argue that it serves as an incentive for harder work and compensates
for the unique demands of each gender's assigned tasks.

Despite these challenges, there is a collective hope for a brighter future. As a nation,
there is a yearning for the government to address these issues comprehensively, offering
more opportunities to alleviate poverty rates and inspire greater workforce participation.
The vision extends to fostering a self-sustaining economy, reducing reliance on foreign
work opportunities. A government that prioritizes fairness, particularly for those severely
affected by the post-COVID-19 pandemic challenges, could serve as a catalyst for
motivation. In this envisioned future, individuals, especially those lacking credentials due
to pandemic-induced difficulties, could find support and encouragement to join the
workforce. Government funding, tailored to the needs of the truly deserving, could bridge
gaps, empower families, and contribute to the collective upliftment of society.

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To summarize everything that was mentioned, the Philippines stands at a crossroads
where economic challenges and gender-based disparities intersect. The hope lies in a
government committed to fairness, offering opportunities, and fostering an environment
where the citizens are motivated to contribute actively to the country's progress. The
envisioned future holds the promise of a self-sustaining economy, driven by a motivated
and empowered workforce, lifting the nation towards greater prosperity.

Richmond Alas

Gender disparities in income persist as a deeply entrenched social issue, reflecting

systemic inequalities that have endured over time. Upon reflecting, as a student, I think
that I hold a unique position within society in which one that should infuse ethical
considerations into the discourse surrounding these disparities. My reflection explores the
impact of gender disparities in income, identifies key contributing factors, and offers
practical strategies for me as a student and to my fellow students also to actively
participate in their reduction of gender disparities on income. Rooted in the theological
imperative of recognizing the sacred image within each person, gender-based income
disparities become a moral concern. Theological teachings emphasize justice,
compassion, and the equal worth of all individuals, prompting students to address gender
inequities not just as economic issues but as ethical imperatives. As a student who studies
theology, one of the most impactful ways to minimize gender disparities is through
educational empowerment. Advocate for educational programs within theological
institutions that embrace gender inclusivity and offer resources for the study of gender
ethics. Challenge traditional narratives that limit the academic pursuits of individuals
based on gender, fostering an environment where all students can pursue their theological
studies without constraint.

Students can also integrate gender ethics into theological discussions. Use
theological frameworks to analyze and critique societal norms that perpetuate gender-
based income disparities and engage with classmates and/or professors in conversations
that explore the theological foundations for gender equality. By weaving gender ethics
into theological discourse, you contribute to a broader understanding of the ethical
implications surrounding gender disparities.Upon reflecting, gender-based income
disparities are not mere statistical anomalies; they are symptomatic of deeply rooted
societal biases and structural inequalities. Women, on average, earn less than men across
various professions, a phenomenon that cannot be fully explained by differences in
education, experience, or job performance. Discriminatory practices, occupational
segregation, and a lack of representation in leadership positions all contribute to this
persistent wage gap. The transition from student to the professional realm is a critical
juncture where gender disparities often become glaringly apparent. We should actively
engage in promoting equal opportunity employment within our academic and
professional spheres. In conclusion, the fight against gender disparities in income is a
collective endeavor, and students play a pivotal role in shaping the narrative. Through
educational empowerment, advocacy, awareness campaigns, and the promotion of equal
opportunity, even as student, can contribute to minimizing gender disparities in income.
By embracing these initiatives, not only we can have an impact on our own trajectory but
also contribute to a more just and equitable future for all.

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Jimuel Alejo

Gender wage gap is indeed a very persistent problem within the country, it shows
that even now there in our era, we are still suffering from this problem. The gender wage
gap shows that on average, a woman who has the same experience and skill set are
underpaid by the employer and it shows that their gender counterpart are earning a lot
more than them. Upon talking with the locals and giving them a questionnaire, the
majority of the people of Barangay 638, does not believe in wage gap. They believe that
they are equally compensated for their job and they do not think that the reason for the
wage gap is due to the Government. Upon throughly studying the data that we gathered
and the research datas online, it is indeed not a problem caused by the Government, but
instead it is the problem with the employer since they fail to implement the laws that are
passed by the Government and it seems that they perceive women are still inferior to men
in terms of work and capacity. During the five day period that we went around the
Barangay, we experienced different things and did not chose the people to talk and
interview. We talked with Vendors, Maintenance, Water delivery, Riders, Store owners,
Security guards, Engineers, Caretakers, Land lady Car wash guys, and even construction
workers. They believe that wage gap does not exist in the Barangay since they are all
given equal opportunity and they believe that they are well compensated for their work. If
you would ask my opinion, it is not the women experiencing the lack of opportunities
within the Barangay, but rather the men who are relegated into specific type of works.

But it seems that it is the preference of the employer since for example, they do
not think that women are capable of lifting water galloons and doing maintenance
throughout the building, women are also not seen by society washing cars on a car wash
shop. It seems that wage gap does not exist within the Barangay, but rather people are
employed as seen fit by the society and it is common for the employer to have a job to be
gender specific as long as they are well compensated and given both equal opportunities.
We also had a chance to talk with a food chain owner who employs both women and
men, he stated that it is a matter of prefence for women to cook and wash dishes, on the
other hand the men works as waiters, cleaners, and handling the lifting of the supplies. He
sees it as a more efficient since women are well known by society to be good cooks and
good around the kitchen, on the other hand men are given work by polishing tables,
cleaning the leftovers and used plates by the costumers and doing known as “manly
jobs”. Though that wage gap does not exists within the Barangay, the phenomenon of
preference for jobs exists which both genders are not given equal opportunity for a job
even though they have the same qualification and experience.

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June Benedict Ducusin

Gender disparities in income persist as a pervasive issue in many societies, and

the Philippines is no exception. The wage gap between men and women has been a
subject of concern, and research to understand the factors contributing to this inequality.
As we delve into the complexity of this matter, it becomes evident that various elements
interplay to eternalize the wage gap, shedding light on the challenges faced by women in
the workforce. One key aspect contributing to gender disparities in income is
occupational segregation. Traditional gender roles often dictate the type of professions
men and women pursue, resulting in women being overrepresented in lower-paying
fields. While strides have been made towards breaking down gender norms, there remains
a substantial number of industries where women face hurdles in climbing the corporate
ladder. This occupational imbalance directly impacts income differentials, reinforcing the
notion that certain professions are inherently undervalued, simply because they are
predominantly female-dominated. My own experience with this matter. My aunt who is a
software engineer has personally experienced the glass ceiling.

She has been denied promotions despite her years of experience and dedication to
her work purely based on her gender. She is frustrated that her efforts are not met with
the same opportunity and recognition as those of her male colleagues. Her experience
serves as evidence of the pervasive biases in the workplace that prevent people like my
aunt from reaching their full potential. Despite her extensive experience, the higher-ups
don't think well of her. A comprehensive strategy is needed to address the discrepancies
in income across genders. Businesses need to actively support diversity and inclusion by
dispelling myths and fostering an atmosphere that allows for equal opportunities for
professional growth. Enacting family-friendly laws, such as those pertaining to maternity
leave and flexible work schedules, can lessen the load on women and promote a more
equitable division of home duties. Moreover, efforts in education that question
conventional gender roles and inspire girls to enter STEM professions and other
industries dominated by men can help break down barriers in the workplace. We can
create a more equitable workforce by promoting a culture that upholds and encourages
women's goals.

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Lean Cedro

Gender disparities in income are a significant social justice issue in the

Philippines. Women in the nation have fundamentally lower business rates than men,
which in 2012 led to an orientation hole of 26.2 rate focuses. Regardless of the
Philippines being viewed as one of the most orientationally equivalent countries in
Southeast Asia, ladies' workforce cooperation remains determinedly low, with only 49%
of ladies taking part in the workforce in 2019, compared with 76% of men. This
orientation hole addresses a botched open door for monetary development and expanded
flourishing in the Philippines. A comprehensive strategy that incorporates legislation that
support gender equality and dispel gender stereotypes, as well as education and
awareness-raising efforts, is needed to address these cultural and societal conventions. To
resolve this issue, a complex methodology is required. Empowering ladies to seek after
professions in generally male-overwhelmed fields and furnishing them with schooling
and preparing valuable open doors can assist them with accomplishing more lucrative
positions. Upholding equivalent suffer regulations and expanding consequences for
resistance can likewise assist with decreasing the orientation wage hole. Furthermore, it's
vital to put resources into ladies' human resources, including access to food, medical care,
and training, which can prompt critical financial additions, particularly in arising and
creating economies. At long last, endeavors to lessen orientation separation in the
working environment can assist with guaranteeing that ladies are offered equivalent
chances for professional success and pay.

This incorporates tending to predispositions in friendly establishments and

approaches that propagate orientation imbalance. By executing these arrangements, the
Philippines can make progress toward decreasing orientation variations in pay and
advancing monetary development and monetary security for all people. In addition, the
COVID-19 epidemic has brought attention to how women are disproportionately affected
by economic shocks, especially if they work in low-wage, unofficial occupations. The
epidemic has resulted in lower working hours and higher unemployment rates, with
women more likely than males to experience job loss or reduced hours. This has made
gender pay gaps even more pronounced and emphasizes the need for policies that
empower and strengthen women's economic security. To summarize, tackling gender
gaps in income in the Philippines necessitates a holistic approach that takes into account
the impact of social and cultural norms as well as the financial aftermath from shocks
such as the COVID-19 outbreak. Closing the gender wage gap, promoting women's
employment, upholding equal pay legislation, investing in women's human capital, and
reducing workplace discrimination are all necessary steps toward achieving the goal of
promoting financial security and economic growth for all. Gender disparities in income
are a critical civil rights issue in the Philippines that requires a diverse way to deal with
them. Empowering ladies to seek after more lucrative positions, implementing equivalent
compensation regulations, putting resources into ladies' human resources, and
diminishing orientation segregation in the working environment are critical stages
towards decreasing the orientation wage hole and advancing monetary development and
monetary security for all people.

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 REFERENCE

Amido, J. (2023, August 6). The Persistent Challenge of gender wage gap in the
Philippines. LinkedIn. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/persistent-challenge-
gender-wage-gap-philippines-janvie-amido#:~:text=According%20to%20a
%20study%20by,women%20in%20lower%2Dpaying%20jobs.

Fausto, R. F. (n.d.). The gender pay gap and how we can overcome it. PIDS.
https://www.pids.gov.ph/details/news/in-the-news/the-gender-pay-gap-and-how-
we-can-overcome-it

DOCUMENTATION

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PHOTOS WITH BARANGAY 638 BARANGAY CAPTAIN

GROUP PHOTO

PHOTOS WHILE INITIATING TALK AND QUESTIONNAIRE

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