GSPS April 202023

HELEN RUBIO LANURIAS APRIL 20, 2023
BEED 2-A PROF. QUEENCY ROSACEÑA-PUNAY
GEE GSPS
1. Are women underrepresented in leadership positions? Support your answer.
Yes, women are underrepresented in leadership positions. This is supported by various studies
and reports. For example, a report by Catalyst found that in 2021, women held only 31% of senior
management positions globally, and only 26% of CEO positions in Fortune 500 companies. The rate at
which changes are being recorded demonstrates that the positions and roles of women undergo
fluctuations, with instances of both growth and regression.Similarly, a study by McKinsey & Company
found that women make up only 38% of managers, 34% of senior managers, and 29% of executives in
the United States. This data suggests that there is still a significant gender gap when it comes to
representation in leadership positions.
Moreover, research has shown that when women are in leadership positions, they are often
subject to biases and stereotypes that can limit their effectiveness and hinder their advancement. For
example, a study by Harvard Business Review found that women in leadership positions are more likely
to be criticized for being "too assertive" or "bossy," while men in the same positions are praised for their
leadership qualities. This type of bias can make it more difficult for women to succeed in leadership roles
and can contribute to the underrepresentation of women in these positions.
2. Are women underpaid than men? Justify your answer with evidence.
Yes, women are generally paid less than men. This is supported by various studies and reports.
For example, according to data from the United States Census Bureau, in 2020, women earned 82 cents
for every dollar earned by men. This gender pay gap is even wider for women of color, with Black
women earning only 63 cents and Latina women earning only 55 cents for every dollar earned by white,
non- Hispanic men. Similarly, a study by the World Economic Forum found that globally, women earn
only 63% of what men earn.
This gender pay gap exists across all industries and occupations and cannot be explained by
differences in education, experience, or job performance. Rather, it is a result of various factors,
including occupational segregation, discrimination, and the undervaluation of women's work. For
example, women are more likely to work in lower-paying occupations and industries, and their work is
often undervalued and underpaid compared to similar work done by men.
The gender pay gap has significant economic consequences for women and their families, as it
can result in lower lifetime earnings, reduced retirement savings, and increased poverty. Therefore, it is
essential to address this issue and promote pay equity to ensure that women receive fair and equal pay
for their work.
3. Which countries have higher gender equality index? Have low gender equality index?
Gender equality is an issue that has garnered attention globally, with many countries working
towards closing the gender gap in various areas. The World Economic Forum's 2021 Global Gender Gap
Report provides insights into the state of gender equality in different countries, revealing the top
countries with the highest gender equality index and those with the lowest.
The report indicates that the top five countries with the highest gender equality index are
Iceland, Finland, Norway, New Zealand, and Sweden. These countries have high scores in areas such as
women's political empowerment, economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, and
health and survival. Additionally, other countries that score relatively high on the gender equality index
include Ireland, Switzerland, Denmark, Netherlands, and Germany.On the other hand, the countries
with the lowest gender equality index include Yemen, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Syria, and Chad. These
countries have low scores in all of the above areas and often have high levels of gender- based violence
and discrimination.
It is crucial to note that the gender gap varies widely between countries, and there is still much
work to be done to achieve gender equality globally. The report highlights the need for continued efforts
to promote gender equality and address the systemic barriers that prevent women from fully
participating in all areas of society. This is not only a matter of social justice but also of economic
prosperity and growth, as gender equality has been shown to have a positive impact on the economy
and society as a whole.
4. What is the situation of gender equality (and women's empowerment) in the Philippines?
The Philippines has made progress in promoting gender equality and women's empowerment in
recent years, but there is still much work to be done. According to the Global Gender Gap Report 2021,
the Philippines ranks 17th out of 156 countries in terms of overall gender equality. The country has
taken steps to improve women's representation in politics, with women holding 28.3% of parliamentary
seats in 2021, which is higher than the global average of 25.5%. The Philippines also has laws that
promote gender equality, such as the Magna Carta of Women, which seeks to eliminate discrimination
against women and provide equal opportunities in all spheres of society.
However, challenges still exist in terms of gender-based violence, including sexual harassment
and assault, which are prevalent in the Philippines. The country also has high rates of maternal
mortality, with women in rural areas and low-income families being particularly
vulnerable.Furthermore, women in the Philippines continue to face economic inequality, with a gender
pay gap of 16% and limited access to formal employment.Additionally, traditional gender roles and
cultural norms can also limit women's opportunities and perpetuate gender stereotypes. For example,
women are still expected to take on the majority of unpaid care work, such as childcare and household
chores, which can restrict their ability to participate fully in the workforce.
Overall, while the Philippines has made progress in promoting gender equality and women's
empowerment, there is still much work to be done to address the systemic barriers that prevent women
from fully participating in all areas of society.

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HELEN RUBIO LANURIAS APRIL 20, 2023

BEED 2-A PROF. QUEENCY ROSACEÑA-PUNAY

1. Are women underrepresented in leadership positions? Support your answer.

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