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Renewable Energy Systems

Session I : 28th July2023

RES Monsoon 23
Session – I : Introduction

WORLD ENERGY SCENARIO AND THE NEED FOR


SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
We could start with …….
1. Definition of Energy
2. Various Energy Related Laws – energy cannot be created ..etc
3. Energy is required everywhere – for everything
4. Energy comes from …
5. Types of energy sources, various forms of energy,
6. Energy Conversion, Conservation and Conversation……
Energy
is the main resource for driving the economy and the
global energy demand is growing at @ 2% between
2020 and 2050, ie. 52%, as a result of increase in
population and living standard.

Sources of Energy include – coal, lignite, petroleum


products (diesel, petrol, kerosene, natural gas (LPG &
PNG), etc. and Electricity!

Electricity Demand of India to grow from


1345 BU in 2020 to 5921BU in 2050!!!
These were commercial Energy Sources. There are
also the non-commercial energy sources that include
fuels such as firewood, cattle dung and agricultural
wastes, which are traditionally gathered, and not
bought at a price – used especially in rural
households – also known as traditional fuels. It
accounts for 30% of the total energy consumption
of the country
Energy Consuming Sectors
1. Industrial Sector
2. Transport Sector
3. Commercial Sector
4. Residential Sector – urban & rural
5. Agricultural Sector
6. Power Production Sector
Growth in Energy Demand
1. At any given growth rate of population, total energy
consumption will grow at a greater rate.
2. Fundamental human goals include both – the desire for
abundant energy on demand and clean and safe
environment
3. The future of humanity will continue to follow a one-way
and irreversible path.
Energy is needed everywhere…..
• Industries – Electricity, Oil & Gas
• Agriculture – Electricity & Oil
• Commercial (Buildings) – Electricity
• Transportation – Electricity, Gas & Oil
• Domestic – Electricity, Oil & Gas
• Power Generation – Coal, Oil & Gas
Environment
Energy use, over the years, has endangered the Earth’s environment. Carbon-
di-oxide emissions from energy use has surpassed safe limits and continue to
endanger sustainability of life on Earth. We are rapidly being deprived of
resources that I essential for our existence - clean air to breathe and clean
drinking water. The damage control ability of the ‘nature’ is running out. It is
up to to us – the habitants, to find solutions or face what is coming….
Carbon emissions is expected go up from 35 billion Ton in 2018
to 43 billion Ton in 2050. GHG emissions need to stabilize at 450 ppm.
Do you know…..
How is Carbon Dioxide generated ?
What are Greenhouse Gases (GHG)?
Why does CO2 accumulate in the atmosphere?
What is ‘carbon sink’? How does it work?
What is GWP & ODP?
How can we reduce CO2 emissions?
Clean Energy Options

The role and relevance of Renewable Energy in


coming days has been realized by the World
and the recent developments visibly point at
rapid transition in the World Energy Sector.
Carbon Emissions by Consumer Sector Transport

6%
Power

9%
• Buildings Industry
• Agricultural
• Power Agriculture, etc.
• Industrial 42%
• Transport 21%
Buildings

22%

One Two Three Four Five


World Energy Scenario .
World’s Energy System is under transition …..
1. World’s energy demand is growing rapidly, and it is
expected to grow by 40 % by year 2040.
2. There may not be enough conventional energy sources to
meet future energy demand.
3. Consumption of fossil fuels is the major cause of some
urgent environmental problems that the Planet faces
today. Hence there is need for cleaner energy sources.
The World consumes …2021
Total Primary Energy = 595.14 exajoules (14,211.33 mil.TOE)
(China – 157.65 ej, USA – 92.97 ej & India – 35.43 ej)* (165,277.78 BU)
1. Coal – 7906 MMT (27%)$
(China – 2935 MMT, USA – xxx MMT & India – 682 MMT)
2. Oil – 88 to 90 million barrels per day (31%)
3. Natural Gas – 4 trillion cubic meter/year (24.4%)
4. Electricity/Power – 24000 BU
(China – 7500 BU, USA – 4200 BU & India – 1500 BU)@

* Primary energy consumption worldwide in 2021, by country by Statista.com


@ ://worldpopulationreview.com 2022 ; $ - world energy data 2021
World Energy Scenario : Summary
1. 940 million (13% of the world) do not have access to electricity.
2. 3 billion (40% of the world) do not have access to clean fuels for
cooking. This comes at a high health cost for indoor air pollution.
3. Per capita electricity consumption varies more than 100-fold across
the world.
4. Per capita energy consumption varies more than 10-fold across the
world.
5. Energy access is strongly related to income: poorer households are
more likely to lack access.
https://countrymeters.info/en/India

The Indian Context


India, home to 18% (1434 million) of the world’s
population and it uses 6% of the world’s primary
energy whereas the country only has less than 1% of
total World’s Energy Reserves.

India’s energy consumption has more than doubled


since 2000 and is growing fast.
Energy Demand of 440 Mtoe in year 2000 has grown to 951 Mtoe in 2021 - Enerdata
India : Energy Scenario
• In 2022, India's power demand grew about 8% — or at nearly
double the pace of the Asia Pacific region something to more than
149.7 terawatt-hours (TWh) from the previous year. And in the first
two months of 2023, demand jumped 10% from a year ago.09-Mar-
2023 India Energy Portal

• Total energy consumption per capita remains around 0.7 toe (2021),
half the Asian average. Electricity consumption per capita reached
920 kWh in 2021, about a third of the Asian average.
• India’s RE capacity reaches 168.96GW till Feb 2023: Minister R K
Singh.
1. Over 80%of India’s energy needs are met by three fuels: coal
(44%), oil (24%)and solid biomass (21%). (NG(6%), Nuclear (1%)
Hydro(2%), Other RE (1%) )
2. Coal has underpinned the expansion of electricity generation and
industry, and remains the largest single fuel in the energy mix.
3. Oil consumption and imports have grown rapidly on account of
rising vehicle ownership and road transport use.
4. Biomass, primarily fuelwood, makes up a declining share of the
energy mix, but is still widely used as a cooking fuel.
5. Despite recent success in expanding coverage of LPG in rural
areas, 660 million Indians have not fully switched to modern, clean
cooking fuels or technologies.
India Electricity
1. Population – 1397 million which is 18% of the of World
2. Energy Resources – less than 1% of the total resources of the World
3. Total generation – 1491 BU in 2021-22
4. Total Generation – 1624 BU in 2022-23
5. PCE India – 1208 kWh/person/annum
1. World Average – 2674
2. China – 6,000
Norway PCE is
3. United States – 13,000
4. Russia – 8,000
29,000 kWh
5. Japan – 8,183
6. Germany – 7,000
India is set to experience the largest increase in energy demand
of any country worldwide over the next 20 years as its economy
continues to develop and bring greater prosperity to its citizens.
The combination of a growing and industrialising economy and
an expanding and increasingly urban population will drive
energy use higher, raising the question of how best to meet that
swelling demand without exacerbating issues like costly energy
imports, air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
- India Energy Outlook 2021 by IEA
TPES of India – 1,209 Mil.TOE*
1. Coal – 44.3 %
2. Oil – 25.3 %
3. Biomass & Wastage – 21.2 %
4. Natural Gas – 5.8 %
5. Hydro – 1.4 %
6. Nuclear – 1.1 %
7. Renewable – 0.8 %
8. TPES PER CAPITA – 0.7 TOE (2021)

* India Energy Outlook 2022, IEA


India Energy Demand
• Energy Demand
– Crude Oil – 5.15 Mil.barls/day
– Coal Consumption – 966 Mil.T
– Lignite – 43 Mil.T
– Natural Gas – 64,124 Mil.SCM
– Petroleum Consumption – 250 Mil.T
AS of 2020, India had estimated crude oil reserves of 600 million tonnes (MT)
and natural gas reserves of 48.76 trillion cubic feet in 2021(India has proven
reserves equivalent to 22.1 times its annual consumption.. =1372 billion cubic
meters (BCM). (1 SCM = 35.3147 CFt)

India has proven NG reserves equivalent to 22.1 times its annual consumption.
India Energy Production & Imports
• Production (TPES)
– Coal – 777.31 million tonnes during 2021-22
– Natural Gas – 20.90 Bil.SCM (2021-22)
– Crude Oil – 1.16 Mil.barrels per day
• Imports (2021-22)
– Crude Oil – 4.8 Mil.barrels per day(85% of Demand)
– Coal – 125 Mil.Ton (20% of Demand)
– LNG – 32 Bil.SCM (45% of Demand)

1. India has the third-largest crude oil imports in the world….which is about 10% of
world total and
2. 2nd largest coal producer even then its imports 20% coal annually.
3. 4th largest LNG importer after Japan, Korea and China

Coal Demand 2022-23 is expected to be 1,029 million tonnes, the domestic


supply is expected to be 974 million tonnes.
Selected Indicators - 2022
per
Per Capita capita
Electricity CO2
Country Population TPES (GJ) *(kWh) (tons)
World 8,045,311,448 78 3,576 4.79
India 1,428,627,663 29.7 1,297 1.91
China 1,425,671,352 95 6,205 7.38
USA 339,996,564 281.3 12,703 15.52
Japan 123,294,513 137.4 7,799 9.7
Germany 83,294,633 147.4 6,984 9.44
Source: *Ourworldindata 2022
CO2 per capita, for India, was last calculated as 1.91 ton in 2019
Selected Indicators for Top 5 Consumer Countries

Country
per CO2 Per
Population TPES capita Footprint Capita
Country (million) (Mtoe) kWh (Bn Ton) CO2 (t)
China 1440 3063 4475 9.8 6.59
USA 331 2228 12071 5.7 15.53
India 1380 882 1181 2.5 1.58
Russia 1459 - 7481 1.7 10.19
Japan 1265 427 7371 1.2 8.99
Source:IEA 2020 - Data 2018

World Average PCE – 3206 kWh


These top 5 energy
consuming countries
contribute to almost 60%
of the total global
pollution
India’s Carbon Footprint
2.88 GT in 2021 & 4.48 GT in 2030
China – 10.67 GT USA – 5.22 GT
About 30 % of Country’s
Energy Demand is STILL met by
NON-COMMERCIAL FUELS
agro-waste, firewood, cow dung, charcoal,
etc.

Availability of agro & biomass is expected to increase – mainly owing


to increase in agricultural production and shift in energy use pattern

30
Power Scenario: India Installed Capacity by Fuel in India

• Installed Capacity (February 2023) – 4,17,668 MW


1. Thermal (61 %)
2. Hydro (12 %)
3. Nuclear (1.8 %)
4. Renewables (29 %) – 1,68,960 MW Coal Lignite Gas Diesel Hydro Wind Solar Bio

– * Renewables (41 %) including Hydro generating 147,248 MUs of total


electricity (April 2020-March 2021)
• Total Generation (2022-23) – 1624 Billion Units (BU)
• Projections (2023-24) – 1750 BU
– India to achieve total RE capacity of 500 GW by 2030
– i.e. approx. 170 GW was added by March 2023 end.
Source: As on Feb 2023 – Mini.of Powe, GOI Power at a glance
SECTOR-WISE ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION
(2020 - INDIA)
Traction (Railways)
Others
1%
Commercial 6%
8%

Industrial
Agriculture 43%
18%

Domestic
24%

Total Generation in 2022-23 was 1624 (BU)


Energy Demand in India is all set to rise exponentially in
coming days.

The per capita electricity consumption of India is 1255*


kWh and is targeted to take increase it to 2000 kWh
for achieving better living standard of its citizen.

Increasing generation, preventing energy wastage and


improving efficiency of the Energy Resources – will be a
Challenge !!!
* PIB, GOI(2021-22) 15-Dec-2022 33
India’s contribution to projected rise in
global energy demand India is going to be
more than any other country in the World, i.e
¼ of the total: even so, energy demand per
capita in 2040 will still be 40% below the
World average PCE.

Year 2040: India Energy Outlook a report by IEA


India is now the most populated country and the
epicenter of development. India’s economy is set
to become 5 times of what it is today.!!!

And Energy is going to be a major ingredient in


India’s development story. RE has a crucial role in
the future Energy Sector of India.
India By Year 2040
Oil – 10 million barrels/day
(2022: 4.82 million barrels per day )

Natural Gas – 175 billion cubic meter


(2021: 64 billion cub.m)

Renewable Energy
(World’s second largest market)
Energy Demand in Building Sector

India’s urbanization is a key driver of energy trends as


additional 315 million people – almost equal to the
population of the United States today – are expected to
live in India’s cities by 2040.

Impacts
1. Increased energy use,
2. Accelerating the switch to modern fuels,
3. Rise in appliances and vehicle ownerships and
4. Increased demand for construction materials
India’s need for new infrastructure underlies
strong demand for energy-intensive goods,
while the rising level of vehicle ownership
keeps transport demand on an even steeper
upward curve.
Energy use in industry is the largest among
the end-use sectors, its share in final
consumption rising above 50% by 2040.
India’s Power Sector
1. India’s power system needs to almost quadruple in size by
2040 to catch up and keep pace with electricity demand that
is boosted by rising incomes and new connections to the grid –
increases at almost 5% per year.
2. To keep the pace with increasing electricity demand additional
capacity of 9,00,000 MW will be required by 2040
Over 50% of new power generation
capacity by 2040 will come from
renewables and nuclear, while new coal-
fired plants in India will represent nearly
half of the net coal capacity added
worldwide.
India is already the largest producer, consumer and
importer of coal in the World.

Coal consumption will be two-and-a-half-times


higher than today by 2040 which will be the main
factor behind a large rise in India’s energy-related
CO2 emissions.
India’s Oil and Gas
Production of oil and gas falls well behind the growth in
demand: India’s reliance on oil imports will rise above 90%
by 2040.

Having serious implications on India’s


Energy Security.

India is currently the world’s 3rd largest


importer of crude oil.
Make in India Factor
Putting manufacturing at the heart of India’s
growth model means a large rise in the energy
needed to fuel India’s development.

Another reason for Energy Demand hike!!


Energy Profile of Gujarat: A Sample
• Gujarat is a power surplus state with an installed Capacity of 44,444 MW
including 17,500 MW from Renewable Energy Sources. (June 2022)
• Coal –15,221 MW; Lignite –1400 MW; Gas – 6586 MW; Nuclear – 559 MW
and Hydro – 772 (MW) ; Total Conventional – 28,277MW
• Coal based generation is almost 50% and RE – 19%
• 100% electrification was achieved in year 2005 and all 18000 villages were
connected to the power grid – 24 X 7.
• PCE of Gujarat is about 2283 kWh (2021-22)
• Current installed capacity of RE power is about 17500 MW; with Solar – 7806
MW; Wind - 9419.42 MW& Biomass - 109 MW & Small hydro – 89.39 MW

Your Assignment : State Energy Profile of 20 selected states


Relevance of Renewable Energy
1. Energy use is responsible for 72% of total GHG emissions
across the global.
2. India ranks 3rd, after China & the US, as the most polluting
country in the World.
3. Two options to reduce use of hydro-carbon fuels are
1. Energy Efficiency and
2. Renewable Energy Sources
4. Increase in share of RE in India’s Energy Basket can have
positive impact on emission reduction.
Energy Efficiency: Major Role
1. Energy efficiency – “the first fuel” – is at the heart of clean energy
transitions and is one energy resource that all countries possess in
abundance. Strong energy efficiency policies are vital to achieving key
energy-policy goals, with many “multiple benefits” such as reducing
energy bills, addressing climate change, reducing air pollution,
improving energy security and increasing energy access.
2. Only 35% of global energy use is covered by Efficiency Policies,
leaving many opportunities untapped that could be scaled up.
3. Reliable energy end-use data and indicators are key to inform and
monitor the effectiveness of energy efficiency policies, as they show the
drivers of energy demand.
Role of RE & EE
in Climate Change Mitigation
450 Scenario
450 Scenario sets out an energy
pathway consistent with the goal of
limiting the global increase in
temperature to 2°C by limiting
concentration of greenhouse gases in Share of cumulative abatement
the atmosphere to around 450 parts between 2010-2035

per million of CO2. Efficiency 51%

Renewables 32%

420 ppm today Biofuels 1%

Nuclear 8%

CCS 8%
1. To keep global warming below 1.5°C this century, the
aspirational goal of the Paris Agreement, the world needs to
halve annual GHG emissions in the next eight years. If
implemented effectively, net-zero emissions pledges could
limit warming to 2.2°C, closer to the well-below 2°C goal of
thetemperature
Earth's Paris Agreement.
has risenUNEP Emission
by an Gap Report
average 202126-Oct-2021
of 0.08° C per decade
2.1880,
since Worldwide
or aboutClimate & Energy
2° F in total. programs
The rate aim since
of warming to de-1981
carbonize the global economy, boost energy efficiency, spur
innovation and than
is more job creation, address
twice as fast: 0.18°resource scarcity, and
C per decade.
reduce local environmental pollution.
Climate.gov 18-Jan-2023
3. Improved technology,
The 10 warmest high record
years in the historical energy
have allprices, and
occurred since concerns
2010.
about climate change are creating favorable markets for
transforming energy systems around the world.
Implications of Global Warming
• Global Warming can result in many serious alterations to the
environment, eventually impacting human health.
• It can also cause
1. rise in sea level, leading to the loss of coastal land,
2. a change in precipitation patterns, increased risks of droughts and
floods, and threats to biodiversity.
3. This affects the availability of fresh water
4. Warming up of oceans a direct effect on oceanic lives.
Available Options to Mitigate Climate Change
1. Without immediate and deep emissions reductions across all sectors,
limiting global warming to 1.5°C is beyond reach. Sixth IPCC Report
April 2022
2. Options to Halve Emissions by 2030
Limiting global warming will require major transitions in the energy
sector. This will involve a substantial reduction in fossil fuel use,
widespread electrification, improved energy efficiency, and use of
alternative fuels (such as hydrogen).Sixth IPCC Report April 2022
3. Global energy-related carbon dioxide emissions rose by 6% in
2021 to 36.3 billion tonnes, their highest ever level. IEA Analysis
March 2022
The Earth recorded the highest daily average
concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide
(CO2) — 421.37 parts per million (ppm) — in
the second week of May 2022,
Source: The Scripps Institute of Oceanography at the University of
California.18-May-2022

In May 2023, carbon dioxide hit 424 ppm*—a new record. NOAA Climate.gov
image, based on monthly mean data from NOAA Global Monitoring Lab. Carbon
dioxide concentrations are rising mostly because of the fossil fuels that people
are burning for energy.
*Month of May is usually the month with highest carbon dioxide levels.
and PPM is a unit of measurement of atmospheric pollution.
National Action Plan on Climate Change(NAPCC)
1. National Action Plan on Climate Change
1. Eight Missions
2. Energy Conservation Act
1. ROSHNEE
2. Standards & Labeling Program (BEE Star Labeling)
3. PAT Scheme – for energy intensive industries
4. ECBC & ENS for Construction of EE Comm.& Residential Buildings
5. DSM in Municipal Bodies, Agriculture, SMEs, etc.
3. INDC – Intended National Determined Contribution
Important Source of Energy Information
1. India Energy Portal
2. Power at a Glance – Ministry of Power , GOI
3. Statista.com
4. International Energy Agency – India Energy Outlook
5. Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE, Ministry of Power, GOI)
6. Our World in Data
7. Enerdata
Assignment – 1
• Read about…and make slide/s on each….
1. Solar Mission (2 slides)
2. Energy Conservation Act 2001(2 slides)
3. India’s Clean Energy Options (1 slide)
4. Impacts of Climate Change on Sustainable Development (1 slide)

So that would be just 6 slides ……..for now!! To be submitted before the


next class!!!
– State Energy Profile. Selection of State…..
Session II (4th August 2023)
1. Q/A & Discussions on lessons of previous class
2. Session II :
1. About India Climate Change Action Plans & Programs
2. Introduction to Renewable Energy Sources, their potential,
prospects and the status of Deployment in India and the
World in general. Various government initiatives and
schemes to fight Climate Change.
Let us en-cash this opportunity and make our valuable ‘time’ count.!!!

1. Attend all the classes - if possible. Give prior information


about your absence.
2. Go thru the PPT atleast once before the next class. Seek
clarifications and clear doubts. Come prepared with
questions or additional information.
3. Assignments are not meant to be a burden. They will be
short. You can make it shorter! Avoid copy paste from other
sources – that is lot of work, and unwanted information, and
beside you don’t learn anything this way.
4. Feel free to contact me anytime. I suggest we make a
whatsapp group, for the tenure of the course. It will be
worthwhile for faster communication.
CEPT BE4601 RES -Batch of 2021
Important Units of Measurement
1. Electricity – W, kW, MW, GW, TW
2. Oil – litre, kilolitre, one barrel of Oil= ? litres
1. Litres to kilos
2. Barrels to ton of oil or Vis versa
3. Gas – SCM (standard cubic meter) ; SCM to Kilo
4. Energy : Joules to kcal to BTU
5. TOE – ton of oil equivalent (1 toe = 10000 kcal)
6. Kcal (Thermal) to kWh (Electrical)
7. Degree Celsius to Fahrenheit
Renewable Energy Systems

Session – II (4th August 2023)

RES Monsoon 23
(2023-24)
Session – II : Renewable Energy Sources & its Potential In India

ENERGY SOURCES OF THE FUTURE


Assignment – 1
• Read about…and make slide/s on each….
1. Solar Mission (2 slides)
2. Energy Conservation Act 2001(2 slides)
3. India’s Clean Energy Options (1 slide)
4. Impacts of Climate Change on Sustainable Development (1 slide)

ANY QUESTIONS…??
1. Rise in the average temperature of Earth
2. Melting of glaciers – rise in the sea level – submergence of low-lying regions – depletion of fresh water source
3. Loss of biodiversity – scarcity of food – survival of species on land & ocean
4. Changes in seasons – more droughts, floods, storms,
5. Acidification of ocean (due to absorption of excess CO2)
6. Overall result on well-being of Human Being - Health, Poverty and Hunger
Recap……
1. The World needs clean and pollution free Energy to meet its increasing
energy demand and to mitigate Climate Change, for which Energy
Consumption is a major cause. 70%.... Global warming & its implications.
2. Restricting utilization of Hydro-carbon fossil fuels – coal, petrol, diesel,
natural gas, etc., has been identified as major action for controlling
environmental degradation which caused by CO2 and GHG emitted in the
process.
3. The last decade has seen the highest rate of RES development and
deployment across the globe.
4. Paris Agreement (UNCC Conference-COP21, Dec 2015) called for reducing
carbon/GHG emissions by 45% by year 2030 and reach net zero by 2050.
Countries worldwide have pledged to contribute to the cause and have set
targets for phasing out HC fuels, through deployment of EE & RES.
5. Renewable Energy Sources is immerging as eco-friendly energy sources of the
future to evade potential Energy and Environment crisis.
Recap….
6. The trending objective and the World Order is Zero Emissions in
coming days to avoid, what seems to be inevitable – an
environment crisis – climate change, global warming and its severe
impacts on the planet Earth.
7. India is the 3rd largest consumer of energy in the world. It imports
about 85% of its crude oil, 53% natural gas and 15% of total coal
consumption.
8. The power sector of India is set to grow four times its current
capacity to meet the increasing electricity demand. The current
installed capacity of power plant, in India, is 417,000 MW and per
capita electricity is 1255 kWh/person/annum.
Implications of Global Warming
• Global Warming can result in many serious alterations to
the environment, eventually impacting human health.
• It can also cause
1. rise in sea level, leading to the loss of coastal land,
2. a change in precipitation patterns, increased risks of droughts
and floods, and threats to biodiversity.
3. This affects the availability of fresh water
4. Warming up of oceans a direct effect on oceanic lives.
Available Options to Mitigate Climate Change
1. Without immediate and deep emissions reductions across all
sectors, limiting global warming to 1.5°C is beyond reach. Sixth IPCC
Report April 2022
2. Options to Halve Emissions by 2030
Limiting global warming will require major transitions in the
energy sector. This will involve a substantial reduction in fossil fuel
use, widespread electrification, improved energy efficiency, and
use of alternative fuels (such as hydrogen).Sixth IPCC Report April 2022
3. Global energy-related carbon dioxide emissions rose by 6% in
2021 to 36.3 billion tonnes, their highest ever level. IEA Analysis
March 2022
adopted by world leaders in September 2015 at an historic UN Summit
.
INDIA’s Action Plan for
Energy & Environment Conservation
1. National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)
2. Energy Conservation Act
3. Energy Efficiency Improvement in all sector, viz. Industrial, Commercial, ,
Agricultural, Power, Public Utilities, (lighting & pumping), Transport, and so on.
– PAT Scheme
– Star Labeling of appliances
– ECBC & Eco Niwas Samita
4. Deployment of Renewable Energy on large scale for power generation
5. Increasing Forest Cover – planting trees! Increasing Carbon sinks!
Promoting Energy Efficiency in the
Residential and Commercial Sector
• ECBC addresses the design of new and
large commercial buildings to optimize
their energy demand,
National • Green Buildings & Smart Cities
Management of Muni.Solid / Sewerage
Mission on Waste
Sustainable Storm Water Management
Habitat
Promotion of Urban Public Transport

• BRTS, Metro, Railways (35% to 45%)


• Separate Bicycle Lane in cities & towns .
National Public Bicycle Scheme
Session II

Renewable
Energy
Sources
Solar Energy – 750 GW

Wind Energy – 300 GW


RENEWABLE
ENERGY Bio Energy – 25 GW
SOURCES
– 148 GW
Hydro Power (sm.hyd – 21 GW)

Geothermal Energy – 1097 GW (TTL)


Status of RE in India
(As on 12-June-2023)

• Total RES 1,79,322 MW (43% of total)


– Solar 67,078 MW
– Wind 42,868 MW
– Small Hydro 4,944 MW
– Bio 10,248 MW
– Hydro 46,850 MW (12%)
• RE with ‘Hydro’ is 43% of total capacity (i.e.4,17,322 MW)

Source : Power at a Glance – MOP, GOI – June 2023


India ranks 3rd globally for total renewable
energy addition in 2022.
As of June 2023, India’s total RE power installed
capacity is 132 GW which 32%* of total and is
contributing 12% to India’s total generation.

Total Generation1624 BU (2022-23)

* (1,32,472/4,17,322) X 100 = 31.7%


India, in the UN Climate Summit 2019 announced raising
its target of RE share to 500 GW by the year 2030. .

India aims to install 275 GW RE capacity by 2027, i.e.


total generating capacity from 40% in 2022 to 56% of
by 2027.

Also 72 GW of Hydro, 15 GW of Nuclear and 100 GW


from other zero emission sources.

Source : wikipedia August 2020


Solar Energy
- Energy from SUN -
Solar Energy : In India
• The development of Solar Power in India began in the 2009-10.
• When the National Solar Mission was launched in 2010, the cost of solar
power was INR 17 per unit in comparison to a latest bid of INR 2.44 per
unit.
• Domestic policy support for solar energy has led India to become the
biggest market and has attained 4th position in deployment of solar
energy in the world.
• Solar Energy accounts for about 16% (67,078MW)of India’s total
installed power capacity (417,322 MW).
• India imported $3 billion worth of solar panels in 2021-22, 92% of which
came from China. India added 13000 MW of Solar PV in 2022-23.

India's domestic solar module manufacturing capacity was around 39 GW in


September 2022 and is expected to reach 95 GW by the end of year 2025. China
has a manufacturing capacity of 430 GW.
Solar Map of India
Potential : 748,990 MW
Solar Energy Potential
1250 to 2150 kWh/sq.m

Installed Capacity of Solar

67,078 MW
(as on 28-June-2023)

Target
500 GW
By year 2030
Solar Technologies
• Solar Thermal Systems
– Solar Cookers
– Solar Water / Air Heaters
– Solar Dryers
– Solar Steam Systems
– Solar AC
• Solar Electrical Systems
– Solar Lights
– Solar Power Packs
– Solar Power Plants
– Solar Rooftop / Canaltop Power Plants
• Solar Passive
• Solar Hybrid Systems
Active & Passive Solar Energies
Solar technologies are characterized as either passive or active
depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute
sunlight.
1. Active Solar Techniques use photo-voltaics, concentrated solar
power, solar thermal collectors, pumps and fans to convert
sunlight into useful outputs.
2. Passive Solar Techniques include selecting materials with
favorable thermal properties, designing spaces that naturally
circulate air, and referencing the position of a building to the
Sun.
Active Solar Technologies increase the
supply of energy and are considered Supply
Side technologies,

while Passive Solar Technologies reduce the


demand for alternate resources and are
generally considered Demand Side
technologies.
Top 10 Solar Energy Deployment - Feb. 2023 (MW)
16000

Top 10 14000

12000

States in 10000

Solar 8000

6000

Installations 4000

2000

Solar
(MW)
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000 Source :
0
https://pib.gov.in/
Rajasthan
AP
UP

Source: Jan.2022,
12345678910

IBEF.ORG
Solar Energy :Topics For Study
1. Basic of Solar Energy – Solar Science
2. Solar Thermal Technologies & Applications
1. Construction and Working Principles of Solar Water & Space
Heating Systems.
2. System Designing & Sizing.
3. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Technologies & Applications
1. Construction & Working Principles of Solar PV Power
Systems
2. System Designing & Sizing
4. Solar Concentrators, Desalination, Dryers
2. Energy from Wind
1. The development of wind power in India began in the 1990s.
2. Domestic policy support for wind power has led India to become the
country with the fourth largest installed wind power capacity in the
world with 42.86 GW capacity. (906 GW total global)
3. Wind power accounts for 10% of India's total installed power capacity.
4. India has set an ambitious target to generate 67,000 MW of electricity
from wind power capacity by 2030 (Potential of 300,000 MW)
5. India manufactures 80-85% of machines requirement.
6. The mainland coastline of India measures 6100 km which has good
onshore and offshore wind energy potential.
Wind Map of India
Potential : 302,251 MW (@100m)
In 10 states at 50 m above ground level
Potential : 695,500 MW (@120m)
Wind Energy Potential

5.6 to 11 mtr/sec
Installed Capacity of WTG

42,868 MW
(as on 28-Jun-2023)

64.54 Billion Units during


April 2022-Jan 2023.
Target

67,000 MW
By year 2030
Top 5 States in Wind Installed Capacity 2022
(MW)
10000

9000

8000

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
Tamil Nadu Gujarat Maharastra Karnataka Rajasthan
Wind Energy: Topics For Study
1. Basic of Wind Energy
2. Different Types & Applications of Wind Machines/Turbines
3. Construction & Working of WTG
4. WTG Specifications
5. Wind Mapping & Monitoring – Assessment of Wind Potential
6. Designing Windfarm and Micro-siting of WTG
7. Off-shore Windfarms
3. Bioenergy Sources
Potential : 25,000 MW* ; Status: 10,339 MW
• Bioenergy is renewable energy made available from materials
derived from biological sources.
• Biomass is any organic material which has stored sunlight in the
form of chemical energy. As a fuel it may include wood, wood waste,
straw, manure, sugarcane, and many other by products from a
variety of agricultural processes including human & animal waste.
• Routes of conversion bioenergy are combustion, partial combustion
and bio-methanation .
• Bioenergy is the single largest RE source which contributes about
10% of the world primary energy supply (TPES) – about 25% of total
energy consumption in India.
* - including bagasse-based COGEN & Waste to Energy Projects
Biomass still contributes about 30% of the total
primary energy used in the country….and more
than 70% of the country's population still
depends upon Biomass – derived from forest
and agro-waste, for meeting its energy needs.
- MNRE Report
India has high potential of biomass about 750 metric tons per
year availability. As per MNRE around 18,000 MW power can be
generated by this available biomass and additional power about 7000-
8000 MW can be produce from bagasse cogeneration in Sugar Mills
– MNRE
Future Potential of Bioenergy
• The split of non-fodder agri-residue for household cooking
decreases from 46% to 25% by 2027 and to 3% by 2047.
• The agro-residue split for power generation is increased from
the present 5% to 16%.
• This relates to power generation increasing from the present
25 GW to 78 GW by 2047.
• Liquid transportation fuel from agro-residue begins to be
produced commercially from 2027 and the split reaches 6%
by 2047..
Chart Title

3000

Top FIVE 2500

States in
Bio Power 2000

Installations 1500

1000

500

0
Maharashtra Uttar Pradesh Karnataka Tamil Nadu Andhra

10 GW 1 2 3 4
Pradesh
5

BE (MW)
Bio Energy: Topics For Study
1. Biogas Plants
– Individual
– Community / Institutional & Industrial
2. Biomass Gasification Systems
– Mechanical Application
– Electrical Application
– Thermal Application
– And types – up, down and cross draft, FBC
4. Small Hydro Power Projects
Potential: 21134 MW; Status: 4793 MW (Inst.Capacity)
• Energy from flowing water – rivers, canals, waterfalls
in hilly regions and water streams.
• hydro power plants of 25MW or below capacity are
classified as small hydro, which have further been
classified into micro (100kW or below), mini
(101kW-2MW) and small hydro (2-25MW) segments.
• Top 5 states, with maximum potential, include
Karnataka, Himanchal Pradesh, Maharashtra, J&K
and Punjab.
Renewable Energy will account for 55% of the
total installed power capacity by 2030. As per
the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) estimates,
by 2029-30, the share of renewable energy
generation would increase from 18% to 44%,
while that of thermal is expected to reduce from
78% to 52%. www.ibef.org - 28-Jul-2021
• Ministry of New & Renewable Energy,
Institutional GOI - MNRE
Setup for Guiding • Bureau of Energy Efficiency MOP, GOI -
BEE
Sustainable • Indian Renewable Energy Development
Energy Association – IREDA
• Energy Efficiency Services Limited -
Development EESL
Renewable Energy Development Structure
Govt. of India

Ministry of New & Renewable Energy

SNA SNA SNA SNA SNA SNA

R & D, Promotion & Propagation of RES


Viz. Solar Energy, Wind Energy, Bio Energy, Mini & Micro
Hydro, Waste-to-Energy
For supplementing use of conventional energy sources
in all energy consuming sectors of the economy.
Energy Conservation Act - Structure
Ministry of Power,
GOI

Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)

SDA SDA SDA SDA SDA SDA

TARGET SECTORS
Industries ( all categories), Agriculture, Residential,
Commerce, Building Industry, Municipal Services, Power
Utilities, Transportation and Education & Awareness,
Section 15(d) of the EC Act
State Designated Agencies were
established in 29 states and 7 union
territories. The profile of these agencies
differ from state to state

• Renewable Energy Development Agency (44%)


• Electrical Inspectorate (25%),
• Distribution Companies (12%),
• Power Departments (16%) and
• others (3%)].
SOLAR ENERGY SCIENCE

Session – II : Solar Energy


About Solar Energy

and exactly what & how much do we know


about its potential as a future energy source????
The Sun : Ultimate Energy Source
• Sun is a gaseous body mostly composed of Hydrogen, some Helium
and traces of heavier elements.
• Sun is a huge nuclear fusion reactor. Fuses hydrogen into helium at
its core, resulting in release of huge amount of energy which
escape into the space in form of Ultraviolet, Visible Light And
Infrared Radiation.
• A Perennial source of abundant energy……………..
• Earth and the Sun are about 93 million miles apart. This distance is
termed as 1 AU (astronomical unit) and it is used a measuring unit
for other distances in the Solar System. ……point is, it can still heat
up the Earth!!!
Sun – The Power House of Clean Abundant Energy
1. The Earth receives 173,000 terawatts (*TW) of incoming solar radiation
(insolation) at the upper atmosphere. About 30% is reflected to the space
while rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans and land. Solar Energy reaching
the top of the atmosphere directly facing the Sun is about 1,360
watts per square meter.
2. The annual energy from the Sun, reaching the Earth’s surface, is about
twice as much as will ever be obtained from all the Earth’s fossil resources
of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined.
3. About 2-3% of the energy from the Sun – is converted to Wind Energy.
4. Solar Energy absorbed by green plants through photosynthesis, is
converted chemically stored energy, which produces food, wood and
the biomass and it the same biomass from which the fossil fuels are
derived.
What is World’s total annual energy demand
and total installed capacity power plants ?
• The annual global energy consumption is estimated to 580
million terajoules.
• Which is = 13853 Million toe
• Global Installed Capacity of Power Plants is 7.1 TW which is
70,00,000 MW; against which
– China is 23,55,550 MW
– USA is 11,76,000 MW and
– India is 4,17,000 MW
Energy Flow on Earth
• Solar
– Thermal (heat & radiation)
– Hydropower (Hydrologic Cycle – rain)
– Kinetic (Wind Power)
– Biomass (Food & Power)
• Lunar
– Tidal (coastal water wave power)
• Terrestrial – Geothermal Heat
SOLAR RADIATION
1. Understanding “Solar Radiation” is important for designing
and installing solar equipment.
2. “Solar Radiation” resources can vary greatly over time,
location and climatic conditions.
3. Performance of a solar equipment can be maximized for
available solar energy by carefully aligning solar energy
collectors or by using “sun tracking” systems to follow the
Sun.
4. Solar Radiation resource data is used to determine the proper
orientation for solar collectors and to estimate their output.
Energy from Sun
Solar Constant
Solar constant is the solar irradiance
outside the earth’s atmosphere on a 1
square meter surface oriented normal
to the sun’s rays. It is about 1367
W/m2.
• This is reduced by the atmosphere and the peak solar
insolation on earth’s surface oriented normal to the sun on a
clear day is of the order of 1000 W/m2.
Understanding Incident Solar Energy
Summer & Winter Solstices
The energy distribution within the solar spectrum is approximately 2% UV, 47% visible
light and 51% infra-red. UV Light because of its higher wavelength, contains more
energy per photon than visible light. But because it makes up such a small percentage of
the light that reaches Earth, it's not as efficient an option as the VISIBLE LIGHT.
Assignment: Study the Solar Spectrum wrt its relevance in Solar Energy Utilization /Application
Solar Insolation
• Solar Insolation is the amount of solar irradiance that is
incident on a fixed area over a time period, and hence is a unit
of energy.
• It is typically expressed in watt-hours per square meter per day
(Wh/m2/day) or kilowatt-hours per square meter per day
(kWh/m2/day) or even (kWh/m2/year) for a particular location,
orientation and tilt of a surface.
• Look out for Solar Irradiation (H)……
Two Important Terms

Solar Irradiance (E)


&
Solar Irradiation(H)
Solar Irradiance E (Solar Power)
• Solar Irradiance is the power of solar radiation per unit area.
The solar irradiance is the output of light energy from the
entire disk of the Sun, measured at the Earth.
• It is expressed in terms of watts per sq.metre (W/m2 ) or kilowatts
per square meter (kW/m2)
• Irradiance is measured through an instrument called
‘pyranometer,’ which displays the instantaneous power in (W/m2 ).
• Solar Irradiance is an instantaneous value and used as reference
condition to evaluate the output performance of a solar equipment
at a given point in time and for rating the power output of a solar
equipment.
Solar Irradiance (E)
• Solar Irradiance varies slightly as the Sun goes through a
normal cycles of maximum and minimum activity.
• However, distance from the Sun has a much greater effect.
The Inverse Square Law applies here.
• The Inverse Square Law states that amount of radiation is
inversely proportional to the square of distance from the
source.
Meaning, twice the distance of Earth from the Sun, solar
radiation is only ¼ the amount on Earth.
This law is used for calculating irradiance at different locations in the Solar System.
Units of Solar Energy
• Solar Irradiance (E) is the amount of electromagnetic energy
(solar radiation) incident on the surface of the earth. The SI unit of
irradiance is watt per square meter (W/m2).
• Solar Irradiation (H) : is Solar Irradiance integrated over time. The SI
unit of irradiation is watt-hour per square meter.
1. Langley is an alternate unit of energy per unit area, employed in
radiation measurements. (1 gram-calorie per sq.cm.) per unit time.
2. The solar industry uses Peak Watts (Wp) to define the capacity of a
solar panel under STC.
3. Irradiance can also be expressed in Suns, where one Sun equals
1000 W/m2 at the point of arrival.
The energy flux radiated from the Sun’s
surface at a temperature of about 6000⁰K
and reaches the Earth at a mean surface
temperature of 288 ⁰K which is 15 ⁰C.

This is the temperature that allows flora and


fauna to exist on Earth.

It is this average temperature that the World wants to LIMIT>>>


Solar Irradiation H (Solar Energy)
• Solar Irradiation is the total amount of solar energy accumulated
on an area over time.
• It is expressed in terms of watt-hour per sq.metre (Wh/m2 ) or
kilowatt-hour per square meter (kWh/m2)
• @5 kW/m2 & Average 5 hrs/day =25 kWh/m2 per day).
• Solar Irradiation quantifies the amount energy received on the
surface over time and is the key data needed for sizing and
estimating performance a solar device.
• Higher Solar Irradiance (power) means energy is accumulated
faster which results in greater Solar Irradiation (energy).
• At the surface of the Earth - the magnitude of Solar Irradiation
changes throughout the day.
Solar Irradiance & Irradiation
Example
If the average Solar Irradiance (E) is
1000 W/m2 over 6 hours , the total
Solar Irradiation (H) over 6 hours (t) is

H=EXt
H = 1000 W/m2 X 6 hrs
H = 6000 Wh/m2 or 6.0 kWh/m2
Power & Energy Units
• Watt
• Kilowatt (kW) = 1000 watts (W) - power
• Megawatt (MW) = 1000 kW
• Gigawatt(GW) = 1000 MW
• Terawatt (TW) = 1000 GW (1000,000 MW)
• Watt.hr (Wh) = wattage X time of use in hrs - energy
• 1000 Wh =1 kWh = 1 unit of electricity; e.g.
e.g. A 100 W bulb running for 10 hrs will consume100W X 10 hr =1000W.hr
which is 1 kWh or = 1 unit of electricity
10 bulbs of 100 watts each running for 1 hour consumes
10 x 100watt x 1hr = 1000 watt-hr which is
1 kWh same as 1 unit of electricity

Similarly, 20 x 100watt x 1hr = 2000 watt-hr which 2 units of electricity


Electricity Consumption of Electrical Gadgets
Calculate the electricity consumption of following gadgets:
1. 1.5 T Air-conditioner – 1 nos. / 6 hours daily running
2. 3 liters Instant Geyser – 2 nos / 1 hour
3. 450 liters Refrigerator – 1 nos. / 10 hours
4. 5 star rated Ceiling Fans – 4 nos. / 4 hours
5. 20W LED TLs – 10 nos. / 8 hours

Sample Calculation
1. 1.5 T Air-conditioner is rated 1500 watts
– 1no. x 1500 watts x 6 hours = 9000 watt-hours = 9 kWh
2. 3 liters Instant Geyser rating is 3000 watts
– 2 nos. x 3000 x 1 hr = 6000 watt-hr = 6 kWh
3. 450 liters Refrigerator watt rating is 600 watts
– 1no. x 500 x 10 hours = 5000 watts-hrs = 5 kWh
4. 5 star rated 1200 mm Ceiling Fans is rated as 30 W
– 4 nos x 30 x 4 hrs = 480 watt-hours = 0.48 kWh
5. 20W LED TLs – 10 nos. / 8 hours
Calculating (input) Power
A. Power = V x I x cosØ (for single phase supply)
– Where V = supply Voltage in volts
– I is current drawn in amperes
– cosØ is power factor of appliance
– Used for single phase appliances like lamps, refrigerators, fans, AC,
TV, geysers, microwave ovens, etc.
B. Power = √3 x V x I x cosØ(for 3 phase supply)
– Used for 3 phase appliances like motors, industries, buildings – like
power –hungry machinery. 3-phase power can deliver more
power with greater efficiency.
Assignment – 2 : Study Your Electricity Bills
Note – Total Consumption ; Bill Amount ; No. of days billed for (for one bill only)
1. What is the sanctioned electrical load of your house?
2. What is the actual connected load of your house? In Just four
3. What is average daily electricity consumption of your home? slides or less!!!
4. What is the cost of unit electricity paid by you?
5. What is your per cost for electricity consumed?
6. What is your annual electricity consumption and annual electricity cost?
7. What is you and your family’s per capita electricity consumption?
8. Tabulate Month-wise / Bill-wise consumption for 12 months and present it
graphically.
9. Now, theoretically estimate the daily electricity consumption of your home based
on the home appliances usage. Write your observations about how it compares
Session III (11th August 2023)
• Introduction to Solar Thermal Applications
– Solar Cooking Systems
– Solar Water Heating
– Solar Air-Heating & Drying Systems
– Solar Concentrators
• Introduction to Solar Photovoltaics (if time permits)

End of Session 2
Renewable Energy Systems

Session – III (11th August 2023)

RES Monsoon 2023


Assignment – 2 : Study Your Electricity Bills
Note – Total Consumption ; Bill Amount ; No. of days billed for (for one bill only)
1. What is the sanctioned electrical load of your house?
2. What is the actual connected load of your house? In Just four
3. What is average daily electricity consumption of your home? slides or less!!!
4. What is the cost of unit electricity paid by you?
5. What is your per cost for electricity consumed?
6. What is your annual electricity consumption and annual electricity cost?
7. What is the per capita electricity consumption of your home?
8. Tabulate Month-wise / Bill-wise consumption for 12 months and present it
graphically.
9. Now, theoretically estimate the daily electricity consumption of your home based
on the home appliances you use. Write your observations about how it compares
How to calculate daily kWh?
Daily
54.74 units

Monthly (30 days)


1642 units

Annual (365 days)


19,980 units

Connected Load
12.75 kW

Sanctioned Load
?????
Power & Energy Units (kW & kWh)
• Power (P) is the rate at which work is done (W/t) – work per time) or
rate at which energy is transferred (E/t) – energy per time.
• P= (W/t)
Take an example of power stored in a battery (V, Ah)
• A car battery can provide 500 amps at 12 Volts
1. Power (P) = 500 amps x 12 volts = 6000 watts (unit of power is watt)
2. Energy stored inside the battery is, if the battery runs on full load
(i.e. 500 amps) for one hour, 6000 watt-hour.
• Watt(W)= Voltage (V volts) x Current (I amperes)
• Unit of Power (watt) = joules /second
• Unit of Energy (joules) = watt-second
Power is the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred (J/sec)
whereas
Energy is Power integrated over time (joules-sec).

Dealing with Solar Power - Intensity of the Solar Radiations is Solar Power,
measured on defined area is expressed in J/sec per sq.meter – which is
same as watts per sq.meter.
When extended over time period and defined area of collection it becomes
Solar Energy which is expressed in watt-hour or kWh.
For Example
600 watt/sq.m for 6 hours on 10 sq.m solar collector
Energy = 600 w/sq.m x 6 h x 10 sq.m
= 36000 watts-hours or 36 kWh
Calculating (input) Power
• Single Phase Power = V x I x cosØ
– Where V = supply Voltage in volts – “pressure”; I is current drawn
in amperes – “flow”; cosØ is power factor of appliance used for
single phase appliances – lights, refrigerator, fans, AC, TV, etc
• 3 Phase Power = √3 V x I x cosØ
– Used for 3 phase appliances like motors, etc.
• In India supply voltage (V) = 230 V, Frequency of supply is 50 (Hz)
– I is current depending on the type of equipment load. (5 amp)….
a. Single Phase (Ø) –
Power (P) = VI cosØ = 230 (V) X 5 (I) A- amperes X 0.9
= 1035 watt = 1.035 kW
b. Three Phase (3Ø) Power = √3 V x I x cosØ
= 1.732 x 230V x 5 A x 0.9
= 1792.62 watts = 1.793 kW
Nearly 30% of the Sun's incoming energy is reflected by
the atmosphere and the surface. Another 19% is
absorbed by the atmosphere. Hence only about 51%
reaches Earth's surface and is absorbed by it.
How is value of Solar Constant derived?
Solar Constant

I ∝ (1/d2)

Distance Sun-Earth = 151.44 million km is one AU


Factors Affecting Amount of Solar Radiations
1. Height of the sun in the horizon – When the incident angle is large, the
sun is high, and the solar radiation energy is also large;
2. Air quality - Due to the presence of the atmosphere, solar radiation will
be greatly attenuated before reaching the ground.
3. Atmospheric Transparency - In clear and cloudless weather, the
transparency of the atmosphere is high, and more solar radiation reaches
the ground.
4. Geographical Latitude - The solar radiation energy gradually weakens from
low latitudes to high latitudes.
5. Sunshine Time - The longer the sunshine time, the more solar radiation
energy the ground gets.
6. Altitude of the place / site - The higher the altitude, the better the
transparency of the atmosphere and the higher the solar radiation.
Session – III : Solar Energy

SOLAR
THERMAL
TECHNOLOGY
Energy from the Sun
• Solar Energy can be converted to usable energy via two
different routes or ways :
• Thermal Energy:
Conversion of Solar Energy Heat.
• Electric Energy:
Conversion of Solar Energy Electricity.

Technologies used for different conversions are different.


Their construction and performance are different
Solar Thermal Energy
Conversion of solar energy into thermal energy is the easiest and most used method.
1. This is simplest solar energy technology - Conversion of Solar
Energy to Heat.
2. This is done by absorbing direct solar radiation falling on the
surface of the earth - in form of heat using “black body” and heat
conductors.
3. Water & air heating, cooling, cooking, drying, distillation &
desalination, steam generation and electricity generation are
some applications.
4. Temperature ranging from 60 to 600⁰C can be achieved with
different solar thermal technologies.
Box Solar Cooker

Solar Cooker is the simplest solar energy application……


Small Parabolic Dish Cooker
Solar Water Heater
Domestic Industrial
Solar Boiler / Thermal Power Systems
Dish Concentrator Trough Concentrator
Different Types Solar Energy Collectors
1. Flat Plate Solar Absorbers / Collectors
2. Evacuated Tube Solar Collectors
3. Parabolic /Cylindrical Concentrators using flat mirrors single axis
forms “trough”
4. Paraboloidal: axis of revolution forms “dish”
5. Solar Concentrators using Fresnel Lens.
6. Spherical: approximates paraboloid, but focus can move to track
sun.
7. Solar Pond
1. Solar Flat Plate Collectors
FPC are one of the
most widely used
types of Solar
Collectors – for
tapping Solar Thermal
Energy!!!
Components of a Flat Plate Collector
• FPC are amongst the most
common solar energy absorbers.
• Main component of a solar water and air heater
and solar dryers.
• Construction of FPC
– Absorber plate (Copper / Aluminum)
– Glass Cover (Toughened High Emissivity)
– Insulation (padded glass-wool or PUF)
– Box Container (CRC / Galvanized Sheet
Solar Flat Plate Collector

1. Glazing or glass cover


2. Absorber Plate
3. Insulation
4. Collector Housing
Solar Flat Plate Collector: Components

Absorber Plate Assembly


1. Copper Sheet
2. Copper Tubes (Runner)
3. Copper Tubes (Riser)
Construction of Absorber Plate

Solar
Energy

Absorber Selective Coating

Water Flow
A selective surface coating is a material with high absorptance
and low emittance properties applied to or on the surface of solar
Insulation of
absorbers. The usual coatings provide a degree of absorption
over 90%. Metal Absorber
Modes of Heat Transfer in a FPC

Standard FPC (IS-12933)
1. Size of standard FPC as per INDIAN STANDARDS (IS) is about 2 sq.m.
approximately.
2. With Cu or Al sheet absorbers with Cu riser pipes – coated with selective
or non-selective material.
3. 3 mm thick toughened glass cover – with low iron content
4. 50 mm insulation material of specified K-Value
5. 100 mm deep absorber housing made from galvanized / aluminum sheet.
6. 100 litres insulated (100 mm) hot water storage tank cladded by
aluminum with inlet, outlet & air vent pipes.
7. Can give 100-150 litre of hot water at 60deg.C per day on yearly average.
Parameters for Material of Construction (MOC)
1. Absorber Plate & Pipes 2. Glass Cover
1. Good Conductivity – Al & Cu 1. Minimum Reflectivity
2. Good Absorptivity 2. Maximum Transmittance
3. Minimum Absorptivity
3. Selective Coating
4. Toughened

3. Insulation 4. Collector Housing


The insulating capability of a
Anti-corrosive; light, strong &
material is measured with Thermal
sturdy
Conductivity (K). Low Thermal
Conductivity is equivalent to high
insulating capability (R-Value).
Break or continue
Solar Water Heaters with FPC

A typical 2 sq.m area (125 LPD) system


replaces 3 kW Electric Geyser sufficient for a
family of 4-5 members. Saves approx. 1100-
1400 units per year

28/28
Types of Solar Water Heating Systems
1. Thermosiphon System
2. Forced-flow Open Loop System
3. Forced-flow Closed Loop System
1. Thermosiphon Solar Hot Water System

Where the water flows in the system by the virtue of the density
difference created by differential temperatures.
Thermosiphon is a natural circulation. As the name implies, natural
circulation relies on changing fluid densities during heat addition and
changes in elevation to circulate the working fluid around a system
How a thermo-syphon SWHS Works…
1. The cold water enters the solar collector at the bottom of
the collector into the “header pipe” and gets distributed in
riser tubes and the hot water leaves the collector at the
upper part into the storage tank.
2. This cycle is then repeated , till a stagnant temperature is
reached across the entire system. This way it is continuously
circulated in the so-called primary circuit.
3. The hot water, when tapped, flow from top of the storage
tank and is replaced by cold water at the bottom of the
storage tank.
https://youtu.be/YmP04fg7yOA
Thermosiphon System
1. No external pumping is required and the water flow by
the virtue temperature difference.
2. The cold-water supply tank is kept at a higher level than
the hot water storage tank for the system to work.
3. Thermosiphon systems work for small systems of, say, 100
to 500 LPD capacities.
4. Reason…???

IS 16368:2015 defines procedure for testing thermosiphon type


domestic solar hot water heating systems
2.0 Forced Flow Solar Water Heating System
Industrial Forced Flow System

Is it a closed loop or open loop System?


How a Forced-flow Solar Water Heating Systems
1. For heating large quantity of water, a no. of FPC are arrange in
series and parallel combination.
2. Water circulation pump is required to facilitate flow (to overcome
pressure drop across the system) through large no. of collectors.
3. The circulation pump is operated/controlled by temperature
sensing switch (FTC / DTC). As the temperature of water inside the
system reaches a set value the pump switches ON till the hot
water is emptied in the storage tank.
4. Temperature at which water is required can be set – both higher
or lower than 60ºC. It is possible to achieve upto 80-85ºC
5. Here the level of hot & cold-water tanks is not a limitation.
3.0 Forced Circulation CL Solar Water Heater

Propylene glycol (PG) is amongst the


most common heat transfer fluids used in
closed-loop solar water heating systems
that contain antifreeze material.

Anti-freeze heat transfer medium is commonly used in cold countries. Soft or


distilled water is used in closed loop systems to prevent scaling & corrosion
Closed Loop System: Indirect Heating

What do you see / observe here?


Forced Circulation Closed Loop System
1. Closed-loop systems are
recommended where the water
is hard and collector pipes could
get clogged due to excessive
scaling.

1. Distilled water or non-scaling


type fluid is used as a heat career
which indirectly heats the service
water.

1. The fluid is heated in the FPC and


is circulated through a heat
exchanger to heat service water.
Thermosiphon Closed Loop

What type is
this Solar
System?
BEE Star Labeling Scheme for
Solar Water Heaters
• Must meet all test requirement as
per IS 16368:2015 and MNRE’s
Minimum Technical requirements.
• In a FPC based SWH, the collector
must meet all the requirements as
per ‘IS 12933 part-1:2003, Solar
Flat Plate Collector- specifications.
Similarly, for ETC based SWH, the
system must meet all the
requirements as per ‘IS 16544:
2015 All Glass Evacuated Solar
Water Heating system’.
2. Solar Evacuated Tube Collectors

Evacuated tube
solar hot water
collectors are more
efficient than flat
plate solar
collectors,
especially in colder
climates
Evacuated Tube Collector
• Vacuum or Evacuated Tubes are made from glass - typically ultra-
strong and heat resistant Pyrex with a double wall construction.
• The glass on the inner tube is coated on its outer surface with an
absorbent coating, and on its inner surface with a reflective
coating.
• Inside each tube all air is removed making a vacuum and a copper
heat pipe is run through the centre of the tubes.
• Most of the infra-red radiation (i.e heat) from the sun is absorbed
by this sealed heat pipe which contains an anti-freeze type liquid.
ETC : Evacuated Tube Collectors
Types of Evacuated Tubes
Evacuated Tube with Heat Pipe
• Construction
• The ETC solar collector is comprised of four main
parts:
• Evacuated Tube (ET)
ETC
• Absorbs solar energy and converts it to usable
heat. A vacuum between the two glass layers
insulates against heat loss.
• The Heat Transfer Fin helps to transfer heat to the
Heat Pipe.
• Heat Pipe (HP)
• Copper vacuum pipe that transfers the heat from
within the ET up to the manifold.
• Manifold
• Insulated box containing the copper header pipe.
The header is a pair of contoured copper pipes
with dry connect sockets that the heat pipes plug
into.
• Mounting Frame
• Strong and easy to install with a range of
attachment options.
How an ETC works….
1. An ETC is made up of an array of co-centric glass tube or a double
glass walled tube with vacuum in between (no air). The ‘absorber
pipe or the heat pipe’, which is made up of selectively coated
finned copper tube filled with anti-freeze HT fluid, is sealed and
housed in the inner glass tube.
2. As the sun heats the HT fluid inside the evacuated tubes, hot
vapours form and rise up inside the metallic (Cu) chamber. The
heat is transferred from the chamber to the surrounding cold
water which is required to be heated. Cooled vapours return to
the bottom of the heat pipe to be reheated again. This cycle
continues till the water is sufficiently heated.
How an ETC works….
3. The evacuated tubes absorb about
90-95 % of solar energy falling on it
and is used to heat water; the
remaining 7% is reflected.
4. The copper at the tip of the heat
tube can reach well over 200
degrees easily heating water to 90
°C on hot days and to 60 °C even in
the winter. This simple system is
completely sealed and needs
minimal maintenance over its 20+
years life.
ETC are popular because – they are economical – higher performance and
reliability in cold climates and commercial applications and attractive
appearance.
1. Evacuated tubes contain practically no water and so they can
resist freezing conditions
2. The curved shape of the tubes allows thermal absorption from a
greater range of sun angles, and therefore for a greater portion of
the day
3. Tubes permit high heat retention and so much of the heat
collected during the day can be retained during overcast days and
through the night
4. Tubes fit independently in the header pipe and can be individually
removed and replaced without having to decommission the entire
system
ETC: Advantages
1. Tubes provide lower aerodynamic
drag due to air being able to run
around them, proving less wind-drag
in some high wind locations

1. Work exceptionally well on


cloudy/overcast days
At midday both the collectors are perpendicular to the Sun’s rays
1. Ideal for high temperature
applications such as boiling water
and steam production
As the Sun moves only tubes are perpendicular to the Sun’s rays
1. The large bore header-pipe ensures
reliability in hard water (high calcium
hardness)
India

Ti – Ta is temperature difference between inlet water &


Atmosphere
Indian Standard for ETC Systems
IS 16542:2016 For Storage Tank
1. The storage tank standard sets the wall thickness of stainless
steel (SS) to a minimum of 0.5 mm for up to 300 liters of
water capacity and to 0.6 mm for above 300 liters.
2. In case of mild steel (MS), the tank wall is to have a minimum
of 1.5 mm for up to 300 liters of water capacity and 2.0 mm
for above 300.
Indian Standard for ETC Systems
IS 16543 : 2016 For Evacuated Tubes
1. Tube standard IS 16543 : 2016 defines the norms for selective
coating of the tube.
1. It must have an absorptivity of at least 0.92 and an emissivity of less than
7%.
2. Glass tubes are to be made of borosilicate glass 3.3 in compliance with
ISO 3585.
3. The solar transmittance ratio of the glass tube must be > 0.89 (at an air
mass of 1.5).
2. The vacuum tubes can be 47, 58 and 70 mm in diameter and their
length can be 1,500, 1,800, 2,000 or 2,100 mm depending on how big
the hot water supply should be. It is about 10 LPD / tube

What is a ‘selective coating’ ?


Selective Coating
For Domestic solar hot water
system, we typically use
4 tubes* per person, i.e.
assuming 40LPD per person and
raising the water temperature
from say 25⁰C to 60 ⁰C, i.e. 35⁰C
A family of 4-5 will require 160-
200 LPD system made up of 16-
20 ET collector and a 200 L
storage tank.
* 58 mm ODØ and 1800 mm length
Indian Standard for ETC Systems
IS 16544 : 2016 For the Complete Systems.
1. Stagnation Performance
2. Stagnation Solar Irradiance Specifies
3. Average Thermal Loss coefficient Performanc
e Test
4. Vacuum Performance
5. Resistance to Thermal shock
6. Resistance to Impact
7. Resistance to Internal Pressure
8. Absorptivity and emissivity of selective coating
1.
FPC with Double Glazing
• Usually, a typical single glass FPC can
achieve a mean temperature of 40 to
60ºC.
• For attaining higher temperatures, say
upto 80-85°C, a double glass covered
FPC must be used.
• Double-glazing results in reduced losses
hence higher collector efficiency at high
operating temperatures and therefore
they allow for solar thermal plants to
operate at a higher temperature level.
• And of course, higher cost which must
be justified.
Comparison of heat losses in solar energy collectors with ‘single’
and double glazing.
The ETC Advantage CPC ETC
• In moderate climatic regions, the
second most common collector type
(after FPCs) are ETCs.

• These collectors reduce convection and conduction losses


through a high vacuum and therefore achieve acceptable
efficiency rates even at higher operating temperatures (80-
120 °C, special evacuated collectors up to 140°C, e.g. CPC-
VRK).
• For this reason, they are installed in applications that require
high operating temperatures (e.g., industrial heat, thermal
cooling).
Energy Saving Tip
• Heating small quantity of water at higher temperature (and
then adding cold water) consumes more energy than heating
large quantity at lower (required) temperature.
• Have you ever observed the practice we follow?
• Ideally, if a single FPC Solar Water Heater System produces
daily 100 litres @ 60°C, then same system can produce 200
litres @ 45°C (*) (assuming identical inlet temperature).
• Heat Removal Factor (FR)in this case will be higher, hence
higher collector Ƞ.
(*) inlet water temperature @30C
Installation & Orientation SWHS
1. In the Northern Hemisphere the solar collectors
are placed facing ‘south’ in a shadow-free place.
2. The collectors should be inclined such that they
receive maximum solar radiation during the day.
Theoretically the collectors inclined at an angle
equal to the latitude of the site plus 15° is
considered ideal. For example in Ahmedabad solar
collectors are inclined at an angle of 40-45° for
optimum performance. (Read about tilt angle)

“Ideally, a fixed, roof-mounted solar energy system should be at an angle that is equal to the latitude of
the location where it is installed. However, pitch angles between 30 and 45 degrees will work well in
most situations.”
Solar Panel
Tilt Angle is
My Latitude
+ 15°

Ideally, a fixed, roof-mounted solar energy system should be at an


angle that is equal to the latitude of the location where it is
installed. However, pitch angles between 30 and 45 degrees will
work well in most situations.
Orientation of Solar Panels

Facing South Facing North

N-Hemisphere At S-Hemisphere
Equator

There are two parts in orientation of solar


panels
1. Direction of solar panels
2. Tilt Angle of solar panels
Gyaanwardhan !
Ref. information for estimating cost saving
Collector Performance
The thermal performance of a collector can be calculated from a
first-law energy balance. According to the first law of
thermodynamics, for a simple flat-plate collector an
instantaneous steady-state energy balance is :

Useful Energy (QU) = Absorbed Energy (QA)– Heat Losses (QL)


And, 1 kWh/sq.m = 3.6 MJ/sq.m=860 kcal/sq.m
• Absorbed Energy (QA) = AC FR S
• Heat Losses (QL) = AC x FR x UL (Ti-Ta) where ;
AC = Collector Area, m2
FR = Heat Removal Factor, unitless
S = Absorbed solar radiation, J/m2
UL = Heat transfer loss coefficient, J/m2 °C
Ti = Mean absorber plate temperature, °C
Ta = Ambient temperature, °C.
QU = Useful Heat Gain, J/m2
So,
QU = AC FR S - AC FR UL (Ti-Ta)
QU = AC FR S - AC FR UL (Ti-Ta)
1. Above Equation is an extremely useful equation and
applies to essentialy all flat-plate collectors.

1. To improve the performance of solar collector it is


necesssary either to reduce the overall energy loss
coefficient or reduce area from which energy is lost.

1. That is; the maximum possible useful energy gain (heat


transfer) in a solar collector occurs when the whole
collector is at the inlet fluid temperature I.e.. heat losses to
the surroundings are then at a minimum.
Collector Effıcıency = Useful Gain/Total Incident Energy
The basic method of measuring collector performance is to expose the
operating collector to solar radiation and measure the fluid inlet and
outlet temperatures and the fluid flow rate.The Useful Gain Qu is ;

Equation: Energy gained by liquid.


Where;
m’ = Fluid mass flow rate, kg/s Qu = cal or kcal
Cp = Fluid specific heat, cal/g°C
Solar Collector Performance
• Useful Heat Gain from Sun
– Is incident energy minus heat losses
– Area of Collector (A); Heat Removal Factor (FR)
– Solar Irradiance (G) & Absorber Plate Temperature(Ti) and Ambient
Temp.(Ta)


The above equation describes the thermal performance of a
collector operating under steady conditions, can be rewritten ;
Useful Heat or Energy Gain Equation.

Where,
is a transmittance-absorptance product that is weighted
according to the proportions of beam, diffuse, and ground reflected
radiation on the collector .
• GT – Solar Irradiance w/m2 (same as S)
• UL – Heat Transfer Loss Coefficient
Heat Removal Factor (FR) depends
1. Inlet and outlet Water Temperature
2. Ambient Temperature
3. Area of the Collector

The importance of heat removal factors remains with the


efficiency of the system. For a highly efficient system a higher
value of heat removal factor (FR ) is must.
Heat Removal Factor, (FR) is defined
as the ratio of useful energy - which
indicated the ratio of the actual useful heat
gain of the heat transfer fluid flowing
through a collector to the useful heat gain
of the entire collector surface.
And finally; instantaneous efficiency can be defined as :

That is; GT is solar irradiance w/sq.m


QU is useful heat gain –
Calculate Heat Gain(Q)
Question: For a 250 LPD (m in kg)Solar Water Heater with input
cold water at 25°C (Tin) and hot water output at 65°C (Tout).

Calculate Heat Gain (Q)


Thermal Efficiency of a Collector
One method is useful heat gain (Qu) divided by input solar
radiation and in the other method thermal efficiency of a
collector is calculated by using the formula bellow:
• P= [(Ti – Ta) / I]
Where
– P= Inlet Fluid Parameter
– Ti=Inlet fluid temperature to the collector (ºF)
– Ta=Ambient air temperature surrounding the collector (ºF)
– I = solar radiation intensity striking the collector (Btu/hr/ft2).
Collector Efficiency (Ƞ)
• For example, a flat collector receives water that has temperature
of 55°F and the ambient temperature is 75°C with a radiation
intensity of 110 Btu/Hr/sqft would compute as follow:
• P=[(75-55)/110] = 0.18
• P – inlet fluid parameter

Looking up 0.18 in the graph


would show that a FPC would
work best for that kind of
environment.
Major Parameters that affect the performance of
Solar Collector
1. Absorptivity & emissivity of absorber plate
2. Emissivity of glazing and no. of glazings
3. Collector Tilt Angle & Intensity of Global Radiation.
4. Temperature of absorber plate – higher the temperature
higher is the loss.

The important factor affecting Solar FPC efficiency, for a given


place, is the difference between inlet and outlet water
temperatures. The increase in temperature difference
negatively affects efficiency.
Other Solar Thermal Applications

1. Solar Dryers / Air-heating Systems


2. Solar Desalination Systems/ Solar Still
3. Solar Concentrators – for industrial steam generation, power,
Refrigeration & AC
A. Air Heating & Drying- Industrial Requirement
1. Air heating and Drying are widely used industrial processes.
2. Electricity, NG, LPG, FO, LDO and biomass are know energy
sources used for air heating and drying in industries.
3. Chemical dyes, food, agro-processing, pharma, paper
industries are some of the industries having elaborate
application for heating and drying.
4. With increasing demand for heating and drying demand for
input energy is also rising steeply.
5. Solar Air Heating and Drying systems are slowly developing as
techno-economical replacement for conventional
technologies.
Construction & Working of a Solar Dryers / Solar Air Heaters
1. FPC with different construction are used and in place of
water - Air is the absorbing fluid.
2. There are other passive ways to get air heating – eg.
green house. It is a simple & common application for
heating homes in cold countries.
3. The heat air circulate either by thermo-syphon principle
or forced flow by using air blowers and fans.
4. Cold air pass over heated “solar absorber” and is
circulated through spaces / chambers that is to be
heated.
Contd….Working of Solar Air Heaters
5. Used air carrying moisture is
expelled to the atmosphere – in an
open loop system or recirculated
through the solar heater.
6. Excess heat, if any, could be stored
and used when required.
7. If heat generated by solar system is
not sufficient, backup heat can be
generated using any conventional
energy source – viz. gas, electricity,
etc.
Air is a Bad Conductor of Heat..
1. The solar collector is essentially a FPC but - for air heating the
design is different – it is a simple absorber plate (non-porous
or porous) with increased surface area to enhance the heat -
collection, absorption, exchange and transfer with air.
2. FPC may be single- & double-glazed glass cover for collecting
more heat.
3. Multiple-pass collectors can heat air to a higher temperature
(in the range upto 85⁰C)
4. Packed Bed Solar Air Heater - more costly.
Type of Solar Collectors
1. Plate Absorbers with roughness & ribs
2. Finned Absorbers
3. Perforated Absorbers
Non-Porous
In this type of solar
collectors, the air
does not pass through
below the absorber
plates, but air may
flow above the plate.

90
Porous Type
It has porous
absorber which may
include slit and
expanded metal,
overlapped glass plate
absorber.

91
Roughness & Resistance
• Rough absorber surface or any resistance to the flow would
result in increased friction losses and hence greater power
requirements for pumping air through the duct. In order to
keep the friction losses at a low level, the turbulence must be
created only in the region very close to the duct surface, i.e.
in laminar sub layer.
• The application of artificial roughness, by using different
shapes has been recommended to enhance the heat transfer
coefficient by several investigators.
92
The performance characteristics of a solar heater and heat exchangers
can be effectively improved by using artificial roughness in different
forms, shapes and sizes. Artificial roughness is provided in the form of
different geometries such as ribs, dimple shape roughness, wire mesh,
baffles, delta winglets etc.

93
Flat Plate Solar Air Heater artificially Roughened
Packed Bed Solar Air Heater

95
Solar Air Heating System with packed bed Heat Storage

96
Hot Air Chamber / Dryer
Chimney
Green House

Heating Space
Glass
Heat
Absorber

Heat
Collection
Area
Greenhouse Solar Dryers
Force Draft Solar Air Heater

How will you “size” or decide the capacity of your Solar Dryer??
• Absorber Area
• Size of Blower
What are the parameter required for designing a solar dryer?
Parameters for Air Heating
1. Volume of Heating Space (quantum of air)
2. Ambient Air Temperature
3. Hot Air Temperature
4. Flow Rate (volume/unit time)
5. Size of Blower (Air Handling Unit)
6. Heat Required for heating ambient air to required
temperature.
Parameters for Drying

Example 1. Heat Energy In Air Drying
Ques. A food containing 80% water is to be dried at 100oC down to
moisture content of 10%. If the initial temperature of the food is 21oC,
calculate the quantity of heat energy required per unit weight of the
original material, for drying under atmospheric pressure. The latent
heat of vaporization of water at 100oC and at standard atmospheric
pressure is 2257kJ/kg . The specific heat capacity of the food is 3.8
kJ/kgoC (0.9 kcal/kgoC and of water is 4.186 kJ/kgoC .

- Also find the energy requirement/kg water removed.


(i.e. kJ/kg or kcal/kg)

EXAMPLE 2. Efficiency of a potato dryer A dryer reduces the moisture content of 100kg
of a potato product from 80% to10% moisture. 250kg of steam at 70kPa gauge is used
to heat 49,800 m3 of air to 80oC, and the air is cooled to 71oC in passing through the
dryer. (T1=80ºC; T2=71ºC and Ta = 24ºC)

Calculate the efficiency of the dryer. The specific heat of potato is 3.43kJ/kgoC .
Assume potato enters at 24oC, which is also the ambient air temperature, and leaves
at the same temperature as the exit air.
Answer:
- In 100kg of raw material there is 80% moisture, that is 80kg water and 20kg dry
material,
- In 10 %, 10 kg moisture is associated with 90 kg dry matter, (in 100 kg of dry matter)
1. Total weight of moisture in dry product (@10%) = 20 x (10/90) = 2.22 kg
2. Weight of water = 2.22 kg (remaining in dried potatoes)
3. Total (moisture) Water to be removed = (80 – 2.22) = 77.78 kg.

Calculation SAH Performance
Solar Space Heater
Solar Concentrators
Concentrating Solar Collectors (CSC)
Concentrated Solar Thermal (CST)
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)
Solar Concentrating Collectors

3. Parabolic Trough 6. Spherical


Solar
concentrators
collect and
concentrate solar
radiation at a
4. Paraboloidal 5. Fresnel Lens single focal point.
7. Solar Pond

Solar pond is a reservoir of water with different salt concentration implements to


gather and store the incident solar energy which it can be employed later on in
different thermal energy applications, such as industrialized heating process,
electricity power generation, farming crop drying and cooling of houses.
Assignment – 3
1. What are the factors that influence the amount of Solar Radiation?
2. “solar spectrum” – describe what you understand about its relevance in
Solar Applications.
3. Bring out the high lights of IS 12933 (part 1 to part 5) – size & dimensions,
material specifications and tests procedures.
4. Compare FPC & ETC Technologies – on five counts – performance,
efficiency, maintenance requirements, durability and cost
5. System Sizing Case…
1. A hotel has 200 double occupancy rooms with hot water capacity of
20000 litres. As per government norms requirement atleast 50% of the
total capacity must be met by solar energy. The hot water @ 60°C is
required and the average cold-water inlet is @ 25°C. What is total heat
content of solar heated water (in kcal)?
2. How many FPC will be required for the solar system? What percentage
of the daily average requirement of the hotel will the solar water
heating system fulfil? And what type of SHWS would it be??
Session IV – (18th August 2023)
• Other Solar Thermal Energy Applications
– Solar Steam Systems (Solar Concentrators & Fresnel Lenses)
– Solar Desalination Systems
• Introduction to Solar PV and its Applications
– Solar PV Lighting
– Solar Battery Chargers
– Solar Pumping Systems
– Solar Portable Power Pack
– Solar Power Plant – Off-grid
– Solar Power Plant – Grid connected
End of Session 3
Session – IV:
SOLAR THERMAL APPLICATIONS
Sub Session: Solar Air Heaters & Solar Concentrators
Assignment – 3
1. Bring out the highlights of IS 12933 (part 1 to part 5) and list out the purpose of
the standards for discussions in next class.
2. Compare FPC & ETC Technologies – on five counts – performance, efficiency,
maintenance requirements, durability and cost
3. System Sizing Case…
1. A hotel has 200 double occupancy rooms with hot water capacity of 20000
litres. As per State Building Code requirement atleast 20% of the total hot
water requirement must be provided by solar energy. Assume hot water
temperature of 60°C and the average cold-water temperature of 25°C.
1. What will be the capacity of the solar water heating system?
2. What is total heat content of solar heated water (in kcal)?
3. How many FPC will be required for the solar system?
4. And what type of SHWS would it be??
B. Solar Concentrating Collectors
1. For applications such as process heat, air conditioning, central
power generation, and numerous industrial heat requirements,
flat plate collectors generally cannot provide carrier fluids at
temperatures sufficiently elevated to be effective.
2. IN such cases more complex and expensive solar concentrating
collectors can be used.
3. These are devices that optically reflect and focus incident solar
energy onto a small receiving area. As a result of this
concentration, the intensity of the solar energy is magnified,
and the stagnation temperatures that can be achieved at the
B. continued….
4. All types of solar concentrators are equipped with “Sun
Trackers” for effective performance.
5. The tracker constantly orients the concentrator toward the
sun and keeps the absorber at the point of focus.
Concentrating Collectors
1. Concentrating collectors intercept direct radiation over a large area and
focus it onto a small absorber area.
2. These collectors can provide high temperatures more efficiently than flat-
plate collectors, since the absorption surface area is much smaller.
3. Diffused sky radiation cannot be focused onto the absorber.
4. There are four basic types of concentrating collectors
1. Parabolic Dish
2. Parabolic Trough System
3. Power Tower (Central Receiver)
4. Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR)
1. Parabolic Dish Systems
1. Dish systems use dish-shaped parabolic mirrors as reflectors to concentrate and
focus the sun's rays onto a receiver, which is mounted above the dish at the dish
center.
2. A dish/engine system is a stand-alone unit composed primarily of a collector, a
receiver, and an engine. It works by collecting and concentrating the sun's energy
with a dish shaped surface onto a receiver that absorbs the energy and transfers it
to the engine.
3. The engine then converts that energy to heat. The heat is then converted to
mechanical power, in a manner similar to conventional engines, by compressing
the working fluid when it is cold, heating the compressed working fluid, and then
expanding it through a turbine or with a piston to produce mechanical power.
4. An electric generator converts the mechanical power into electrical power.
Parabolic Dish Systems
• A parabolic dish collector is similar in appearance to a large satellite
dish but has mirror-like reflectors and an absorber at the focal
point.
• It uses a dual axis sun tracker
Crossection of Parabolic Dish.

Figure 3.2.1 Crossection of parabolic dish [4].


Advantages of Solar Dish Concentrators

1. They are always pointing to the sun hence they are the most
efficient of all collector systems.
2. They typically have a concentration ratio in the range
of 600–2000.
3. The operating temperature of the systems is over 1800K.
4. Thus are highly efficient a thermal-energy absorption and
power conversion systems.
Solar Steam Cooking System

This system involves a parabolic dish-shaped reflector with the


receiver located at the focal point of the dish. Its concentration
ratio is about 1,000–3,000, and the operating temperature of the
receiver is approximately 750–1,000 °C

Solar Concentration Ratio largely depends on the geometry and the optics
12/28
Parabolic Dish Concentrator Power System
• Comprises of a parabolic dish concentrator couple to a ‘Stirling
engine Genset’.
• The capacity can range from 5 to 25 or 50kW.
• Larger capacity is possible by connecting a number of dishes
together. These systems can be combined with natural gas, and the
resulting hybrid provides continuous power generation.
2. Parabolic Trough System
• Parabolic troughs are devices that are shaped like letter “u”.
• The troughs concentrate sunlight onto a receiver tube that is positioned along the
focal line of the trough.
• A transparent glass tube envelops the receiver tube to prevent heat loss due to
convection.
• The operating temperature of the system is in the range of 500–700K and the
geometric concentration ratio PT system is 30–100 .
Crossection of Parabolic Parabolic Trough sytem
Trough
Orientation of a Parabolic Trough
Parabolic Troughs with Single-axis or Dual-axis tracking.

One axis tracking (axis-oriented E-W.) Two axis tracking concentrator.

Parabolic trough reflectors can achieve a concentration ratio of up to 100.


Some parabolic trough plants have been built with heat energy storage, which allows
them to operate for longer periods each day.
Receiver / Absorber
3. Heliostat
Power Tower System
• A heliostat uses a field of dual axis sun trackers that direct solar
energy to a large absorber located on a tower.
• To date the only application for the heliostat collector is power
generation in a system called the power tower.
Power Tower System Heliostats
Schematic
1. A power tower has a field of large mirrors that follow the sun's path
across the sky so as to concentrate the sunlight onto a receiver on top
of a high tower.
2. A sun-tracker keeps the mirrors aligned so the reflected rays of the sun
are always aimed at the receiver, where temperatures well above
1000°C can be reached.
3. High-pressure steam is generated to produce electricity.
Fresnel Lens
1. Fresnel (Fray-nel) lenses consist of a series of concentric
grooves etched into plastic. Their thin, lightweight construction,
availability in small as well as large sizes, and excellent light
gathering ability make them useful in solar applications. It is an
invention of early 1800s- for Lighthouses.
2. Fresnel Lenses used for Solar Energy Concentration can operate
in the range of 600°C to 1200°C and achieve concentration
ratio upto 1500.
3. Fresnel lenses are most often used in light gathering
applications, such as condenser systems or emitter/detector
setups. They can also be used as magnifiers or projection lenses
in illumination systems, and image formulation.
Typically have optical efficiency of 70-80%
Fresnel Lens and concentration ratio of 1500.
Fresnel Collector / Reflector
Superiority of refractive Fresnel lenses over
parabolic reflectors lies not only in the lower
weight and cost, but also in the efficient
performance that can produce ultra-high
temperatures, with a compact design that
requires less shape maintenance.
Potentials of
Concentrating Solar Technologies
1. Concentrating solar THERMAL and ELECTRICITY generation is ready for the
market.
2. Various types of single and dual-purpose plants have been analysed and tested
in the field.
3. In addition, experience has been gained from the first commercial installations
in use worldwide since the beginning of the 1980s.
4. Solar thermal power plants will SOON provide a significant contribution to an
efficient, economical and environmentally benign energy supply both in large-
scale gridconnected dispatchable markets and remote or modular distributed
markets.
5. Parabolic and Fresnel troughs, central receivers and parabolic dishes will be
installed for solar/fossil hybrid and solar-only power plant operation.
6. In parallel, decentralised process heat for industrial applications will be
provided by low-cost concentrated collectors.
C. Solar Desalination
1. With depletion of freshwater resource across the world and drying of rivers
and depletion of ground water resources and ever increasing in demand of
water for drinking, industrial use and agriculture. Water desalination has
become a vital utility.
2. Solar Desalination is a process of removing hardness from water by
evaporation and successive condensation of feed water. Solar Desalination
is rapidly immerging as a reliable option for the world.
3. Common desalination processes include RO – Reverse Osmosis and
electrolysis.
4. These processes are highly energy intensive and desalination process
accounts for a sizable energy consumption.
Solar Water Desalination
Drinking Water from Sea Water
Drinking Water from Sea Water
Benefits of Solar Desalination
1. Countries with fresh water shortage can generally rely on high values of
solar irradiance
2. Solar energy availability is maximum in the hot season when fresh water
demand increases and resources are reduced
3. Water constitutes a medium which allows to store for a long time possible
energy surplus, economically and without significant losses
4. Lack of water usually takes place in isolated areas, like rural regions or
small islands, where the soil occupation is not critical and the cost of
traditional means of supply may dramatically rise
7. Solar Pond

Solar pond is a reservoir of water with different salt concentration implements to


gather and store the incident solar energy which it can be employed later on in
different thermal energy applications, such as industrialized heating process,
electricity power generation, farming crop drying and cooling of houses.
Assignment Session – 4
1. Your version of the term ‘roughness & resistance’ in solar air
heaters?
2. Define Concentration Ratio (of Solar Concentrator). Give an
example of a Solar Concentrator.
3. List parameters that effect Solar Concentration.
4. What is a ‘heliostat’? Brief explanation of it’s working.
5. Compare a Mirror Concentrators and Fresnel Lens
Concentrators on 5 counts, 1. Performance, 2. Service Life,
3. Cost, 4. Application and 5. Overall Field Results.
Session V – 25th August 2023
1. Solar Photovoltaic Technology and Basic Principles
2. Configuration of Solar PV Systems
3. Introduction to Solar PV and its Applications
– Solar PV Lighting
– Solar Battery Chargers
– Solar Pumping Systems
– Solar Portable Power Pack
– Solar Power Plant – Off-grid
– Solar Power Plant – Grid connected
– Building Integrated / Applied SPV
– Floating Solar Power Projects
Renewable Energy Systems

Session – V (25th August 2023)

RES Monsoon 23
(2023-24)
Assignment Session – 4
1. Your version of the term ‘roughness & resistance’ in solar air
heaters?
2. Define Concentration Ratio (of Solar Concentrator). Give an
example of a Solar Concentrator.
3. List parameters that effect Solar Concentration.
4. What is a ‘heliostat’? Brief explanation of it’s working.
5. Compare a Mirror Concentrators and Fresnel Lens
Concentrators on 5 counts, 1. Performance, 2. Service Life,
3. Cost, 4. Application and 5. Overall Field Results.
Concentration Ratio/Factor
• It can be simply defined as multiple reflection of a single light
source (the Sun) on to a confined region or area. Or
• The concentration factor is the ratio between the area of
sunlight collected and area of the solar receiver onto which it is
focused.
• Key Parameters affecting Solar Concentration
– Area of solar energy concentrator
– Quality of Reflector (optics) and geometry
– Quality of Receiver – minimum convection losses
– Accuracy of tracking mechanism
What is the CR of a Flat Plate Collector ? 3
What is a Heliostat?
1. It is a stationary arrangement of multiple mirrors used for
concentration of solar energy (sunlight), during its movement
from east to west throughout the day, on to a stationary
receiving object.
2. The arrangement of mirrors is such that the position of focus
is unchanged despite constant movement of the sun in the
sky – without the use of any tracking mechanism.

4
Solar Mirror
Parameter Concentrators
Fresnel Lenses

Performance Excellent Excellent

Service Life Better Shorter

Cost Reasonable Costlier

Primarily Thermal Versatile – thermal as


Application Application well as PV

Better choice for


Overall Thermal Application Light Weight 5
7. Solar Pond

Solar pond is a reservoir of water with different salt concentration implements to


gather and store the incident solar energy which it can be employed later on in
different thermal energy applications, such as industrialized heating process,
electricity power generation, farming crop drying and cooling of houses.
Recap….. Session 4
1. Solar Concentrators, types and applications –
concentration ratio, etc. and its potentials
1. Parabolic Dish
2. Parabolic Trough
3. Heliostat
4. Fresnel Lenses
2. Solar Desalination –the process and its relevance for
current and future applications
3. Solar PV Technology & its applications
7
Session – IV: Solar Photovoltaic And It’s Applications
Solar Radiation Spectrum

More than 90% of solar light falls in visible and IR region and both are
getting almost equal proportion of light. Visible Light portion is more
9
useful for Solar PV. Why ?
Solar Energy Source
1. With about 300 clear, sunny days in a year, theoretically
calculated solar energy falling on Indian soil area alone is about
5000, 000 billion kWh (BU) per year .
2. The daily average solar energy incident over India varies from 4
to 7 kWh/m2 with about 2,300 to 3,200 sunshine hours per year –
depending on the location.
3. India’s Annual Electricity Consumption is around 1500 BU
currently.
4. What span of land will be required for generating enough
electricity for meeting our total electricity demand assuming 10%
SPV 5.0
plant efficiency????
kwh/sq.m X 0.10 x 2500 hours x land reqd (A) = 1500 BU 10
Key Performance Parameters of SPV Power System

1. Solar Irradiance – direct radiations (w/m2)


2. Area of Solar Collector (m2)
3. System Orientation & installation
4. Efficiency of Solar Cell
5. Efficiency of Inverters & Battery Storage
6. Efficiency of end-use gadgets

11
What is Photovoltaics?
1. The term photovoltaic (PV) refers to the phenomenon
involving the conversion of sunlight into electrical energy via
a solar cell.
2. The most important parameters of the solar cell that
describe the operating conditions are - irradiance and the
temperature.
3. In Photovoltaic power generation there are two following
limitations.
1. Lower Conversion Efficiency of PV modules &
2. Weather Conditions. (mainly ambient temperature) 12
4. There is single point on I-V or P-V characteristics curve knows as
Maximum Power Point where PV system gives highest efficiency and
produces highest output power. The main source of the power loss is
the failure to track MPP. So, Maximum Power Point Tracking is essential
to operate PV system at MPP.
5. Efficiency of solar cell is assessed and evaluated and specified under
Standard Test Conditions, which is
a. Radiation =1000 W/m2,
b. Temperature =25°C and
c. Air Mass 1.5 of reference spectrum.
6. However, these conditions practically never occur during normal
outdoor operation and therefore solar panels rarely operate at the
rated capacities.
13
MPPT IV CURVE

14
Solar Cell • Sun light of certain wavelength is
able to ionize the atoms in the silicon
• The internal field produced by the
junction separates some of the
positive charges ("holes") from the
negative charges (electrons).
• If a circuit is made, power can be
produced from the cells under
illumination, since the free electrons
have to pass through the junction to
recombine with the positive holes.
Solar PV Cell
1. The photovoltaic cell is the basic building block of a PV
system. Individual cells can vary in sizes from about
1cm to about 10 cm across.
2. Most cells are made with silicon today. (Purification
of silicon is one of the biggest expenses in the
production of solar cells.)
3. A slab (or wafer) of pure silicon is used to make a PV
cell.
4. The top of the slab is very thinly diffused with an “n”
dopant, which is phosphorous.
5. On the base of the slab, a small amount of a “p” Dopant is a substance used to produce a
dopant, typically boron, is diffused. desired electrical characteristic in a
semiconductor. 16
17
N – Type Silicon
1. The phosphorous gives the wafer of silicon an excess of free
electrons; it has a negative character.
2. This is called the n-type silicon (n = negative). The n-type
silicon is not charged—it has an equal number of protons and
electrons—but some of the electrons are not held tightly to
the atoms. They are free to move to different locations within
the layer.

18
P – Type Silicon
1. The BORON gives the wafer of the silicon a positive character,
which will cause electrons to flow toward it.
2. The base of the silicon is called p-type silicon (p = positive).
The p-type silicon has an equal number of protons and
electrons; it has a positive character, but not a positive charge.

19
Process of Electricity Generation in PV Cells
1. The phosphorous has one more electron in its outer shell
than silicon, and the boron has one less. These dopants
help create the electric field that motivates the energetic
electrons out of the cell created, when light strikes the PV
cell.

Solar Photovoltaic (PV) cells generate electricity by absorbing sunlight


and using that light energy to create an electrical current. There are
many PV cells within a single solar panel, and the current created by
all of the cells together adds up to enough electricity to help power
electrical appliances.
20
How Photovoltaic Solar Cell Work
Each solar cell is made of
multiple layers. The top
semiconductor is a negative
layer, which means the material
contains extra electrons. The
sun’s energy “shakes” these
electrons loose, and these
p-n junction
electrons become naturally
attracted to the bottom
semiconductor layer, which is
positively charged. The design
of the cell forces electrons to
move in a specific direction,
creating an electrical current.
21
Construction of Solar PV Module
1. Glass Cover
2. Solar Cells
1. Electrical Connections
2. n-type Si Wafer
3. p-type Si Wafer
4. Bottom Electrical Connections
3. Backing Material
4. Frame The standard size of a solar cell is 156 mm X 156 mm (approx. 6 inch X 6
inch). For a 60 cell solar panel the cell arrangement is 6 X 10 (6 columns
and 10 rows) and for a 72 cell solar panel cell arrangement is 6 X 12 (6
columns and 12 rows).
22
How a Solar PV System Works?
PV Cell 1) Sunlight hit the solar panel (photovoltaic/ PV)
and absorbed by semi-conducting materials
(silicon).
2) Electrons are knocked loose from their atoms,
which allow them to flow through the material
to produce electricity. This process is called the
photovoltaic (PV) effect.
3) An array of solar panels converts solar energy
into DC (direct current) electricity.
4) The DC electricity enters an inverter. The
inverter converts DC into AC (alternating
current) electricity.
5) The AC power enters the utility terminal in the
facility. And is then distributed to appliances or
equipment in the facility. 23
How a Solar PV System Works
8)Excess solar energy generated can be stored in a battery as
DC electricity and will be used in the event of a power
blackout or failure.
9)When the battery is full the excess electricity can be
exported into the utility grid, if your system is connected
appropriately.
10)Utility supplied electricity can also be drawn form the grid
when not enough solar energy is produced.
11)The flow of electricity in and out of the utility grid is
measured by a utility meter, which spins backwards (when
you are producing more energy that you need) and forward
(when you require additional electricity from the utility
Cont’
company). The two are offset ensuring that you only pay for d
the additional energy you use from the utility company. This
24
system is referred to as "net-metering".
Solar Cells : Technology Options
1. First Generation PV Cell: Monocrystalline solar
1. Single crystalline silicon – mono-crystalline
2. Multi-junction cell (different band-gap materials)
panels are the most
2. Second Generation PV Cell: efficient type of panel
1. Thin film silicon (amorphous silicon) compared to
2. CdTe (Cadmium Telluride) polycrystalline and
3. CuInSe2 (Copper Indium Di selenide) thin-film options.
3. Third Generation PV Cell
1. Ultra-High Efficiency concepts (>80%)
Monocrystalline solar
2. Ultra-low Cost panels deliver
3. Polymer cells with quantum dots or nanostructures between 15% to 22%
4. Concentrating Solar Cells efficiency.
5. -Si, GaAs
6. Dye, Organic, nano materials & other emerging solar cells
25
Crystalline Silicon Solar Module
Efficiency
INTERNATIONAL INDIAN
1. MONO CRYSTAL 15 – 22 % 14 – 17 %
2. MULTI CRYSTAL 13 – 16% 13 – 16%

Current solar technology only converts electricity with a


maximum efficiency of about 23-24 percent.

Second Gen: Thin Film - The performance and potential of thin-film


materials are high, reaching cell efficiencies of 12–
20%; prototype module efficiencies of 7–13%; and
production modules in the range of 9%. Why?
26
Latest in SPV Technology
Concentrating Solar Cell Panels Bifacial Solar Panels
Bifacial
Solar
Panel
Solar Panel Efficiency

1. To calculate the efficiency of your panel, just multiply the amount of


sunlight that hits the earth's surface in your region by the area of
your panel(in m2) sq.meters).
2. For instance, Solar Irradiance of 1,000 watts/m2 (as per STC) hits the
solar panel having 2 m2 area, you end up with solar energy of 2,000
watts.
3. If your panel is rated 400 watts (Pmax), you end up with an efficiency
of 20 percent (i.e. (400 / 2000) x 100 = 20%)
Factors affecting Solar Panel Efficiency
1. Overall panel efficiency can be influenced by many factors including;
1. Temperature,
2. Irradiance level,
3. Cell Type, and
4. Interconnection of the cells.
2. Surprisingly, even the colour of the protective back sheet can affect
efficiency.
A black back sheet might look more aesthetically pleasing, but it absorbs
more heat resulting in higher cell temperature which increases resistance,
this in turn slightly reduces total conversion efficiency.
Theoretical Efficiency of Photovoltaic Cell

High band gap PV cell provides higher voltage.


Due to the many advances in photovoltaic technology over recent years, the average
panel conversion efficiency has increased from 15% to well over 22% 31
Electricity Basics
1.Electrical Current – how many electrons(I)
2.Voltage – how hard these electrons are pushed
3.Power – what they can accomplish(P=V*I)
4.Circuit – where they can go
5.Series Circuit – one pathway only
6.Parallel Circuit – so many choices!

32
Parallel Vs. Series Circuits
Parallel Circuits Series Circuits
• Maintain constant Voltage • Maintain constant Current
• Current is divided among • Voltage is divided among
components components
• If one light goes out, the others • Easy to open circuit quickly
stay lit

33
Direct (DC) Vs. Alternating (AC) Current
Direct Current Alternating Current
1. Power in batteries 1. Power by Power Plants / in Grid
2. Electronics use 2. Can be transformed in “Voltage”
3. Requires prohibitively high voltage to 3. Can be limited while keeping voltage high
transmit over long distance 4. Can be transmitted over long distance
without super-high voltage

34
From PV Cell to PV System Solar PV Array

Solar PV Cell

Solar Module
Solar PV
System

35
Series and Parallel Arrangement of Solar Panels

Voltages (V) add up.

V = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4

Currents (I) add


up.
I = I1 + I2 + I3 + I4

36
Components of a SPV Power System
• PV Array – no. of PV modules connected in series & parallel
depending on requirement of system voltage or current.
• Inverter – is a device that converts DC power into AC power.
• Charge Controller – a device that regulates battery charge
during charging and discharging cycle. It prevent the battery
from overcharge or over discharge.
• Battery Bank – Storage of power

37
Solar Photovoltaic System
CHARGE CHARGABLE
CONTROLLER BATTERY PACK

POWER
INVERTER
SOLAR PV MODULE

LIGHT HOME
& FAN MOTOR
APPLIANCES

SPV System Cost Rs. 40-50 per Wp (w/o batt.)


SPV System Cost Rs. 100-150 per Wp (with batt.)
38
PV System Components
1. Solar Panels
2. Charge Controller
3. Battery
4. Power Inverter
5. AC or DC Load

39
40
Configuration of PVS Components
1. PV Array – voltage (V), ampere (A) & watts (Wp)
1. The voltage of PV modules varies somewhat with temperature, and the current
varies proportionately with solar irradiance, so the power output PV module is
rarely constant.
2. Inverter – power source (AC/DC), power rating (kVA), I/O V (12V – 220V), waveform
(sine), power quality & conversion efficiency. (Type Pulse Width Modulation – PWM)
3. Charge Controller – maximum & minimum power density. (rectifiers, Chargers, DC-
DC Converters, MPPT)
4. Battery – chemistry, nominal Voltage, ampere-hours
1. Batteries convert electrical energy to chemical energy while charging and vice
versa (eg. Pb acid, nickel-cadmium, nickel metal hydride, Li-ion)
5. Power Conditioning Unit – Solar PCU
41
Solar PV Panel Specifications
1. Power Rating (Pmax) of a solar panel is given peak watts (WP)
which is the output measured under STC, i.e.
– Solar Irradiance of 1000 W/m2
– Cell Temperature of 25⁰C (NOCT)
– Spectrum AM 1.5
2. Amongst other panel specifications are
– Rated Voltage (Vmp)
– Rated Current (Imp)
– Open circuit Voltage(VOC)
– Short Circuit Current (ISC)

42
Sample Calculations
• With the average American’s energy consumption of 867
kWh per month, it takes 6.5 kW of solar array to completely
offset the usage. In other words, it takes between 20 to 25
solar panels to completely cover the average American’s
electrical usage.
• Monthly 867 kWh; Daily = 867/30 = 29 kWh/day - A
• Daily output from 1 kW SPV system = 4.5 kWh - B
• System Capacity = A/B = 29/4.5 = 6.44 kW = 6500 watt
• No.of 250 W panels = 6500/250 = 26 nos.
• No.of 300 W panels = 6500/300 = 22 nos.
43
Solar Panel Specifications @STC:
1. Maximum efficiency:
2. Maximum power (Pmax):
3. Maximum power voltage (Vmp):
4. Maximum power current (Imp):
5. Open circuit voltage (Voc):
6. Short circuit current (Isc):
7. Maximum system voltage:
8. Maximum series fuse rating:
180W/ 12V - 36 cells Solar Panel

A typical silicon solar cell generates between 0.5 and 0.6 volts. The output current
varies depending on the size of the cell. In general, a typical commercially-available
silicon cell produces current between 28 and 35 milliamps per square centimeter.
A typical 12 volt photovoltaic solar panel gives about 18.5 to 20.8 volts peak output (assuming
0.58V cell voltage) by using 32 or 36 individual cells respectively connected together in a series
arrangement which is more than enough to charge a standard 12 volt battery.
300 W/ 24V - 72 Cells Solar Panel
1. Poly crystalline Cells type Panel
2. Capacity - 330 W, 24V
3. Voltage: Voltage at Max Power (Vmax) - 38.03V, Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) -
45.53V
4. Current: Current at Max Power (Imax) - 8.68A, Short Circuit Current (Isc) -
9.22A
5. 25 years performance warranty.
6. Compliance to IEC standards; Best in Class conversion efficiency
7. Anti-reflective coating and back surface (BSF) for more light absorption
8. Advanced EVA (ethyl vinyl acetate) encapsulation to give better protection to
modules
9. High strength light-weight aluminium frame design for high torsion
resistance against winds and snow loads
10. PID resistance Technology (Potential-Induced Degradation) for safety against
substantial power loss due to stray currents triggered by certain climate
conditions
Specification of a 230W Solar Panel
Size & Weight of Solar Panel

Size And Weight Of 72 Cell 300 Watt Solar Panel: 60 cell 250 Watt Solar Panel
300W Solar Panel Area 250W Solar Panel Area
Sl.No. Brand Size Weight sq.m. Size Weight Sq.m
Canadian solar Dymond
1 Series 1968 X 992 X 58 mm 27.5 1.95 1650 X 992 X 40 mm 18.2 kg 1.64
Vikram Solar Eldora Grand
2 Series 1955 X 991 X 40 mm 22 1.94 1640 X 992 X 40 mm 18.5 kg 1.63

3 Waaree Solar Aditya Series 1960 X 990 X 40 mm 22.5 1.94 1640 X 990 X 40 mm 22.5 kg 1.62

4 Trina Tall Max Series 1956 X 992 X 40 mm 22.5 1.94 1650 X 992 X 35 mm 18.5 kg 1.64

5 Jinko Solar Panels 1956 X 992 X 40 mm 26.5 1.94 1650 X 992 X 40 mm 19 kg 1.64
Solar Inverter
• Also known as a PV Inverter , convert the DC output of a PV Solar
Panel in to ‘utility frequency’ AC output that can be fed into
commercial electrical grid or even be used by an offline electrical
network. A device to convert DC power to AC power! While
matching frequency of grid AC supply.
• They are also used for utilizing the DC power stored in batteries for
running AC gadgets.
• They are basically three types – Stand-alone; Grid-tied and Battery
backup.
• They are highly efficient – 95-98% efficiency and have a service life
of 10-15 years.
• Basically there are two types of Invertors – PWM and MPPT
50
Solar Power Inverter
1. Is a device that converts DC power into AC power. i.e. X VDC
to 220 VAC , 50 Hz
2. Is a device which helps establish integration between solar
system and the grid.
3. Is a device ‘in-built with smartness’ to prioritize usage of solar
generated power and evacuate excess power to the grid.
4. Is a device that allows withdrawal of power from grid, in case
of in-sufficient solar generation.
Grid-tied String Inverter

Grid-tied string inverters are the most popular type of inverter. They are
designed to deliver clean AC power from a string of solar panels to the electricity
grid. They also allow self-consumption of your solar electricity during the day. 52
Steps in Inverter Sizing
1. To determine the inverter size, we must find the peak load or
maximum wattage of your home.
2. This is found by adding up the wattage of the appliances and
devices that could be run at the same time. (Include everything
from microwaves and lights to computers and clocks.)
3. The sum will tell you which inverter size you need.

For example:
1. A room has two 60 watt light bulb and a 300 watt desktop computer.
2. The inverter size is 60 x 2 + 300 = 420 watts

53
Matching Inverter with –
1. Solar Panel /system and
2. Battery have different considerations.
In both the cases it is the “load” which decides ideal Inverter
Rating (VA or kVA)

For Solar Panel / Module it is DC/AC Load Ratio.


Ideal ILR is 1.2 to 1.3
Solar Panel never run on full capacity -
(as they are rated @ STC which are rare in the field)
whereas
Batteries may be exposed to higher load at
times for which the inverter must be
prepared.
So, for Solar Panel Rating – the Inverter must be
Undersized AND
for Batteries it has be Oversized
How do Inverters interface with Utility Grid?
1. Input DC power is converted to AC power.
2. The inverter matches (or synchronizes) solar AC output Voltage
(VAC), i.e. to 230 V and frequency (f) which 50 Hz, with the
voltage & frequency of utility grid power before it can be fed or
exchanged.
3. In case of insufficient power supply from the solar system, the
inverter allows withdrawal of power from grid. And in case of
surplus solar power, it allows excess power to the grid.
4. In case of power failure, the ‘inverter’ breaks the connection
between the grid and solar system. Meaning there is no
generation even if the solar energy is there !!!

56
Charge Controller

• Charge Controller is a device connecting the solar panel to storage


battery for controlling and monitoring of charging process. It regulates
the voltage required for charging the battery or that fed to an inverter.
• Charge Controller limits the rate at which electric current is added
(charged) or withdrawn (discharged) to protect the batteries from
electrical overload.
• Protects battery from over-charging or over-discharging. Thereby
ensure longer service life o f batteries.
• Charge Controller inbuilt with MPPT ensure maximum power offtake
from the solar panels. 57
Application of
Charge Controller

Charge Controller Specifications


Maximum Voltage (V) 60 V
Maximum Current (A) 10 amps
Operating Voltage (Vs) 12V/24V
Type : MPPT Yes 58
Types of Charge Controllers
1. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and
2. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
• The difference between these two types of controllers is that the
PWM is not as efficient the MPPT.
• MPPT is the most common these days and can give upto 30% more
power than the PWM controllers.
• The MPPT controllers also allow the strings of panels to be
connected in series for higher voltages, keeping the amperage
lower and the wire size smaller, especially for long-wire runs to the
PV array.
59
Storage Battery
• Batteries are basically a combination of one or more electrochemical cells,
that converts stored chemical energy to electrical energy. The ones we use
in calculators, clocks, watches, torches, etc. are use and throw types. And
other are re-chargeable like in cameras and mobile phones and car
batteries.
• Batteries used for storing solar power are like car batteries – chargeable
type which can be charged and discharged for hundreds of cycles.
• The output energy from solar panels is pumped into a storage battery via
Charge Controller – which regulates and monitors, both the charging &
discharging processes.
• These batteries come in different denominations / sizes / capacities, which
is specified in terms of ‘volt & ampere-hour’ besides other parameters.
• Types of storage differ in terms of the MOC and construction. 60
Solar Battery Specifications
Voltage per unit 12/24V
Types of Solar Batteries Nominal Capacity 100/150/200 Ah @10 hr rate
DoD 80%

The four main types of batteries used in the world of solar


power are
1. Lead-acid (Pb acid) – old tech., deep cycle relatively low
energy density compared to Li-ion batteries. Shorter
lifespan, low DoD, and cheaper. Flooded & sealed versions.
SMF Pb-acid batteries are eco-friendly.
2. Lithium ion (Li-ion) – newer tech., higher energy density ;
longer lifespan, low maintenance, lighter and smaller.
3. Nickel cadmium and (Ni-Cad)
4. Flow batteries – expensive and low storage
61
Type of Solar PV Systems
1. Stand Alone – These systems are isolated from electrical distribution grid.
Examples – solar lantern, home light, pump, etc. May or may not have
inverters, charge controllers, battery storage, etc. depending on the
application.

1. Grid-connected / integrated – These systems are coupled to electrical


distribution network and do not require battery storage. Energy is utilized
or sold to the grid. Requires inverters. Not requiring battery storage is the
biggest advantage of this system.

1. Bimodal System – can operate in either interactive or stand-alone modes


and uses battery storage. Here the inverter draws DC power from the
battery systems instead of the array.
62
Stand Alone PV System

Charge
Solar PV Array Controller Inverter

DC/AC

FOR AC LOAD

Battery Bank

63
Solar Lantern (Stand Alone )

Solar Street Light


(Stand Alone)

64
Solar Home Lighting System (Stand Alone)
Solar Home Lighting Kit

1. SPV Module (12V, 24 W)


2. Battery (12V, 7 Ah)
3. Inverter / Charge Controller
4. 2-3 LED Lamps (3 W)
• Operation – 3-4 hours daily
• Autonomy – 2-3 days
65
SPV Pumping System
(Stand Alone w/o Battery)

• SPV Panel Rating – 900 to 5000 watts (upto 5HP)


• Discharge – 1.0 to 1.75 lakh litre/day
• Head – 100 ft
• Operation Time – 6 hrs.per day

66
Grid Connected PV System 1. Net Metering – single meter
2. Dual Metering – meter each
Solar PV Plant Inverter for import & export of power

A grid-connected system allows you to


power your home or small business import
with renewable energy during those AC Power
periods (daily as well as seasonally) Distribution
Panel
when the sun is shining, the water is
running, or the wind is blowing. 67
Export
Grid Interactive PV Systems
• Grid (Utility) Interactive(or a grid
connected) System is a PV
System that operates in parallel
with and is connected to the
electric utility grid.
• These are simple and least
expensive systems that produce
AC power using an inverter and
do not use batteries.
68
Solar Rooftop PV System Arrangement
(Grid-Connected)
⮚ Relatively simple to install, operate and maintain.
⮚ Most popular and globally accepted configuration.
⮚ Disadvantage: No availability when grid is down.

Photovoltaic Panel Grid-tied


(Approx. 1 - 5kWP) inverter Meter 2: Solar Electricity
Generation

Meter 1: Conventional Transformer Grid


Eg. of a grid-interactive Electricity Consumption
or connected PV System 69
Bimodal PV Systems
(Stand-alone + Grid Interactive)

Array
Charge Battery
Controller

Main
Panel
Inverter

Electricity
Meter
Critical
Load
Panel
What is a Hybrid Power System??
70
Solar Power Plant
Transmission Voltage –
11/ 66 kVA

Low to High Voltage


Volt DC to Volt AC
Volt DC to Volt AC
71
Gujarat Solar Park at Village Charanka, Santalpur, Patan District
72
Charanka Solar Park – Observation Tower 73
The Bhadla Solar Park
The Bhadla Solar Park is a solar power plant located in the Thar
Desert of Rajasthan, India. It covers an area of 56 square
kilometers and has a total installed capacity of 2,245 megawatts
(MW), making it the largest solar park in the world as of 2023.

74
Canaltop Solar Power Plants in Gujarat
Grid-connected System
1 MW Chandrasan, Sanand

• Capacity – 10 MW
• Owned by : SSNNL
• Vadodara, Sama

• Assignment - Find Out


1. No.of panel & their rating (W)
2. Daily Generation
3. Annual Generation
4. Other advantages
5. Total length of SSNNL canal
network in Gujarat 75
Floating Solar Power Projects

India has an
assessed
potential of
building 300
GW of Floating
Solar System
Dhanas Lake, Chandigarh,
Punjab
INDIA’S LARGEST FLOATING SOLAR POWER PLANT AT RAMAGUNDUM –
TELANGANA
100 MW NTPC owned plant executed @Rs 423 crores by BHEL on 450
acres of the Balancing reservoir of NTPC Ramagundam Power Station•
4 units of 25 MW, buildup with 4.5 lakh solar PV modules. Power
evacuation of the project is at 33 kV . The anchoring of the project is
done through bottom anchoring by using pre-cast concrete blocks of 9
Ton weights.

77
Building Integrated
- Building Applied
Photovoltaics
(BIPV & BAPV)

• BIPV is integral part of a building – façade, roof, window & overhead


glazing and sun shades.
• Makes use of day light while producing electricity.
• While BAPV (Building Applied) is retrofit PV system like Rooftop PV
System.
78
Building Integrated SPV Power System

Facades, Roofs, Windows and sun shades

79
Other Solar PV Systems
1. Solar Flashers
2. Solar Traffic Signals
3. Solar Detour Signs / Sign Boards
4. Solar Road Studs
5. Solar Microwave Towers
6. Solar Battery Chargers
7. Solar Power Packs
8. Solar-Wind Generators
9. Solar Garden Lights

80
Assignment – 5
1. Steps of designing an off-grid Solar PV System.
2. Steps for designing a grid-connected Solar PV System - as you have understood.
3. Describe how inverters work in stand-alone SPV Systems and in grid interactive
systems.
4. What is ‘battery voltage’ and what is ‘system voltage’?
5. What is WP , VMAX , VOC , IMAX and ISC in solar panel
6. What is the relevance of
– Physical Size Solar Panel
– Weight of panels
– Type of Installation Frame
7. Which are the two most popular types of solar batteries? Give
comparison – cost, performance, maintenance & life AND your
CHOICE!!
81
Renewable Energy Systems

Session – VI ( 1st September 2023)

RES Monsoon 23
(2023-24)
Session – VI: (1st September 2023)

Solar Power Policy

In accordance with the Electricity Act, 2003, every state in India has come
up with a net metering policy or a rooftop solar policy which dictates the
modalities of installing a grid-connected rooftop solar (RTS) or a small solar
power plant in the given state.
The Objective of Policies
1. To promote a new initiative or a technology in the larger
interest of the Nation and its citizen.
2. To provide fiscal and non-fiscal incentives to promote
adoption by different category of users.
3. To provide capital subsidy or rebates to make the technology
affordable and economically feasible.
4. To promote and market new technologies through mass
awareness programs and marketing.

3
Policy for Renewable Energy
1. Provide financial assistance – according to the category of
users – residential, industrial & commercial and agricultural.
2. Provide tax exemptions and rebates – to users, promoters
and service providers.
3. Support manufacturing and businesses – tax holiday for a
fixed duration, exemption of import duty, etc.
4. Provide technical backup and support for users and
entrepreneurs – awareness and training.

4
The Solar Policy introduced as the Jawaharlal Nehru
National Solar Mission by former Prime Minister
Manmohan Singh on 11 January 2010 with a target of
20 GW by 2022.

This was later increased to 100 GW by Prime Minister


Narendra Modi in the 2015 Union budget of India.

5
Different Stages Solar Policy Development
1. First came the ‘stand-alone’ battery-backed systems for rural
application for street and household lighting.
2. Then village/community size centralized Solar Power Systems – Urja
/ Solar Villages.
3. Next was ‘Grid Tied MW capacity Solar Power Systems’. Concept of
Solar Parks.
4. Solar Rooftop/ground mounted Power Systems with grid integrated
for captive utilization for industries (under RPPO) and residential
consumers and farmers.
5. Large MW plus capacity systems for meeting RPO and power
trading(purchase & sale) with public and private entities.
6. System Solar Canaltop and Floating Solar Systems followed under
the prevailing Policy provisions.

6
General State Policy
1. Subsidies or financial assistance, for different user categories, for
installation of stand-alone Solar PV System.
2. Under “Renewable Power Obligation’ for large electricity
consumers (industries) minimum target for either in-house RE
based power production or purchase of equivalent power from
generated from Renewable Sources from other generators.
3. Subsidies and power purchase assurances for installation of rid
connected Solar Rooftop or Ground mounted Systems for
industrial, commercial, individual residential or group housing
schemes
7
Gujarat Solar Power Policy
1. Initiated in year 2009 for an operative period of 5 years (upto 31-
March, 2014)
2. Objective of reducing carbon emissions, promoting local industries,
generating employment, etc.
3. Minimum Project Size : 5 MW
4. Exemption of Electricity Duty and Demand Cut
5. Sale of Electricity : Rs. 13 per kWh – for first 12 years and Rs. 3 per
kWh for balance years
6. Transmission and Wheeling Charges & Losses : As per OA charges.
7. Solar Rooftop Policy came in 2015, for 5 year’s period i.e. upto March,
2020. It is now extended upto 31st December 2020.

8
RE Policy in Gujarat
❑ Gujarat Solar Power Policy 2015 (initiated in 2009)
❑ State Subsidy for Residential Solar Rooftop – 2016
❑ Policy for Development of Small Scale Solar Projects – 2019 (6th
March, 2019)
GERC – Gujarat Energy Regulatory Commission
CERC – Central Energy Regulatory Commission
REC – Renewable Energy Certificate
RPPO – Renewable Power Purchase Obligation
OA – Open Access
ABT – Availability Based Tariff
APCC – Average Pool Purchase Cost
DISCOM – Distribution Companies
STU – State Utility

9
Under this scheme, government has fixed aim of attaining
100 GW of solar energy by the year of 2022, among those
40 GW were to be gained under the shelf of RT Solar
Power Plants.

Government of India has set the target of installing


40,000 MW of Rooftop Solar (RTS) Power by the year
2022. State-wise tentative targets are available in the
website link

https://mnre.gov.in/sites/default/files/webform/notices/State-wise-and-
year-wise-target-forinstallation-of-40000MWp-GCRT-systems_0.pdf
10
Gujarat Solar Rooftop Policy-2015

• Operative period: Upto 31-3-2020


• Benefits Duration : Upto: 25 years
• Minimum Size of Project: - kW scale- 1 kW, MW scale – 1 MW
• Eligibility: All Individuals, Residential, Government, Comm, Industrial etc.
• Electricity Duty : Exempted from Electricity Duty
• Cross Subsidy Charges: Exempted, Except REC Captive & Third party sale
• Clean Development Mechanism Benefits to be retained by the Consumer
• Transmission and Wheeling – Charges & Losses : As per OA charges.
• Connectivity:
System Size Evacuation System Type Connectivity Charge Rs
GOG GERC
1 kW to 6 kW 230 V, 1 ɸ Roof Top 5000 1500
> 6 to 100 kW 415 V, 3 ɸ Roof Top 5000 10,000
> 100 kW to 1 MW 11 kV, 3 ɸ Roof Top/ Ground As per OA 50,000
> 1 MW to 4 MW 11 kV, 3 ɸ Ground As per OA
> 4 MW 66 kV, 3 ɸ Ground As per OA 11
Gujarat Solar Rooftop Policy for
Residential and Government sectors:
• Allowed Solar Capacity: Subsidized upto 10 kW
• Net Metering : Solar generation minus Consumption by consumer=
Net Import(-ve) or Net Export (+ve)
• Surplus generation to be paid by DISCOM at APPC ( Average Pool
Purchase Cost) : about Rs. 2.80 per kWh
• Banking of Energy: For one Billing cycle
• No Wheeling / Transmission charges
• RPO : Credited to DISCOM
• Subsidy for Residential Consumers – 20% to 40% (1-10 kW)
• Subsidy for GHS & RWA – 20% (upto 500 kW)

12
SURYA Gujarat
Surya Urja Rooftop Yojana, Gujarat
• Dated – 5th August, 2019
• Target – 2 lac consumers during 2019-20 and 8 lac consumers by
the end of 2021-22. (600 MW)
• Operative Period – upto financial year 2021-22.
• Subsidy – 40% upto 3kW and 20% for capacity above 3 kW to 10
kW.
• All consumers who have installed & commissioned SRT under
previous scheme shall be eligible for subsidy for extension
provided
– The system capacity is upto 10 kW
– Subsidy will be eligible for the incremental capacity, i.e. 40% upto 3 kW
and 20% above 3 kW upto 10 kW
Solar Rooftop Policy for
Industrial and Commercial Consumers
• Allowed Solar Capacity: 500 kW
• Plant Site: Same premises of the Consumption
• Meter: Bi directional meter of same accuracy to that of the existing meter.
• Type 1:(Non REC) Net Metering on Billing cycle basis- RPO to DISCOM, Surplus @
APPC
• 2.a. Metering on 15 minute basis: RPO to Consumer, Surplus @ APPC, Surplus RPO
to DISCOM
• 2.b. Metering on 15 minute basis: REC to Consumer, Surplus @ 85 % of APPC
,Surplus RPO to DISCOM
• Wheeling / Transmission charges: No Charges
• Demand Cut: 50 % of Installed capacity

14
RTS Status : India / Gujarat
• Total sanctioned RTS capacity as on 4-March, 2019 is 5000
MW approx. Gujarat is 282 MW.
• Total Installed capacity as on 4-March, 2019 is 1337 MW
approx. Gujarat is 178 MW.
– About 108 MW with sub/incentive
– About 70 MW without subsidy/incentive
• Gujarat Installed Capacity as on 31 July, 2019
– Grid Connected Ground-mounted – 2257 MW
– Grid Connected RTS – 390 MW

VISIT - NATIONAL PORTAL FOR ROOFTOP SOLAR , HOSTED BY MINISTRY OF NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY (MNRE)

15
Cost & Subsidy
• The cost of a Solar Rooftop Power System complete with Inverter,
basic frame and installation / commissioning charges, ranges
between Rs. 40 to Rs. 45 per W for 1to 10 kW system capacity.
• The cost further reduces with increased capacity upto 100 kW (Rs.
35 per W).
• Subsidy – 40% on total cost upto 3 kW and @20% for upto 10 kW.
• Subsidy is @20% is given to Group Housing (GHS)& Residential
Welfare Association (RWA) for system capacity upto 500 kW. For
common amenities.
16
Payback & Economics
• A one kW RTS will give a ‘simple payback period’ of 4 ½ to 5
years, from the solar generation which will offset the
electricity consumption from the power company.
How???...........
1. On an average a 1 kW will generate 120 kWh per month,
which @Rs. 6.50 will be Rs. 780 per month – saved.
2. Annual Saving will be about Rs. 9000 which works out the
simple payback period of
– 43000/9000 = 4.6 years say 5 years !!!!!
17
RTS Benchmark Cost & CFA

18
Solar Projects for Captive Use
• Allowed Solar Capacity: Upto 50 % of the Contract Demand
• Meter: ABT compliant meter at the receiving end of the DISCOM/ STU
• Net Metering
– Case 1 (Non REC): Billing cycle basis, RPO to DISCOM-Surplus @ APPC-
– Case 2 a. Metering on 15 minute basis: RPO to the Consumer, Surplus @
APPC, Surplus RPO to DISCOM
– Case 2 b. (REC) Metering on 15 min. : REC to the Consumer, Surplus @
85 % of APPC, Surplus RPO to DISCOM
• Wheeling Charges & Losses:
– Non REC - 50 % of OA Charges
– REC Projects : As per Normal OA charges
• Demand Cut: Upto 50 % of the installed capacity.

19
Solar Projects for Sale of Power to DISCOMS

• Allowed Solar Capacity: Depending on RPO targets of


the DISCOM
• Tariff: Based on Competitive bidding.
• Meter: ABT Compliant meter at receiving end of the
DISCOM / STU
• Metering on 15 minute basis: RPO to the DISCOM.

20
RPO Regulation
GERC has approved the following trajectory for the RPO.

Minimum Quantum of purchase (in %) from renewable


sources (in terms of energy in kWh)
Year Wind Solar Other Total
2010-11 4.5 0.25 0.25 5.0
2011-12 5.0 0.5 0.5 6.0
2012-13 5.5 1.0 0.5 7.0
2013-14 5.5 1.0 0.5 7.0
2014-15 6.25 1.25 0.5 8.0
2015-16 7.0 1.5 0.5 9.0
2016-17 7.75 1.75 0.5 10.0

21
22
Sale of Power to Third Party under Open Access

1. Project Capacity: Upto 50 % of Sanctioned load of the Consumer


2. Tariff: Mutually agreed rate between seller and buyer
3. Meter: ABT Complaint meter at receiving end of DISCOM / STU.
4. Non REC: Billing cycle - RPO to DISCOM – Surplus @APPC,.
1. RPO to Consumer- 15 minute settlement, surplus @ 85 % of
APPC, Surplus RPO to DISCOM
5. REC: 15 minute settlement
6. Demand Cut: Upto 50 % of installed capacity of 3rd Party

23
Policy for
Development of Small Scale Solar Projects
(6th March, 2019)
• Operative Period: Five Years
• Solar Power Capacity : 0.5 to 4 MW
• Sale of Electricity : APPC @ Rate finalized during previous year
through tendering procedure
• Incentive : Additional Rs. 0.20 for plant on private land.

24
Assignment – 6-II (1st September 2023)
1. Read about
a. RPO / RPPO – Renewable Power Obligation
b. OA – Open Access
c. ABT – Availability Based Tariff
d. REC – Renewable Energy Certificate
e. APPC – Average Power Purchase Cost
f. Contract Demand & Demand Cut

2. A note on Solar Power Policy in your State.


3. Information on RPPO of your respective adopted State.

End of Session 6 25
Renewable Energy Systems

Session – VI (1st September 2023)

RES Monsoon 23
(2023-24)
Session – VI: (1st September 2023)

Sizing Of Solar Photovoltaic Power Systems


Assignment – 5
1. Steps of designing an off-grid Solar PV System.
2. Steps for designing a grid-connected Solar PV System - as you have understood.
3. Describe how inverters work in stand-alone SPV Systems and in grid interactive
systems.
4. What is ‘battery voltage’ and what is ‘system voltage’?
5. What is WP , VMAX , VOC , IMAX and ISC in solar panel
6. What is the relevance of
– Physical Size Solar Panel
– Weight of panels
– Type of Installation Frame
7. Which are the two most popular types of solar batteries? Give
comparison – cost, performance, maintenance & life AND your CHOICE!!
3
RECAP..SOME THUMBRULES FOR PV SYSTEMS
1. 1 kW Solar PV System generates 4 to 4.5 kWh/day. Annual
Generation estimated as 300 days x 4.0/ (4.5)=1200-1350 units
2. Consider effective sun-hours (or window) as 5-5.5 hours PER DAY.
3. 1 kw SPV System requires about 8-10 sq.m of shadow-free for
installation.
4. Angle of inclination/tilt for SPV panels is kept between 30-45˚ and
the distance between two rows of panels must be equal to the
length of the SPV panel
5. kVA capacity of the Power Inverter is taken as 1.2 to 1.3 times the
total capacity of SPV panels.

4
+ - + - + -

12v,7 Ah 12V, 7Ah 12V, 7Ah = 36V, 7 Ah


6. Solar Panels or Batteries connected in Series – add up ‘voltage’
and keep ‘current (ampere) constant connection.
7. Solar Panels or Batteries connected in Parallel – add up
‘current’ and keep ‘voltage’ constant connection.
8. Solar Panel Vmax = 16 V Imax = 6.25 A
Pmax = 300W
V=48V;
100W 100W 100W 100W 100W 100W
A=6.25A

Pmax = 300W
V=16V;
A=18.75A V= V1+V2+V3=48V
5
Solar panels don't convert sunlight into electricity with perfect
efficiency because they can't absorb energy from the entire solar
spectrum.
There are certain wavelengths of light that solar panels can't
process, so they're reflected off the solar panels or lost altogether.

Cell material and design must be modified such that it can utilize
greater part of the solar spectrum – say the IR region. Wavelength
of visible light is 380-700 nm and SPV are said to generate power
between 300 to 1200 nm. There are claims of solar cells 90%
efficiency – theoretically!!
6
Different types of losses in SPV Systems :
1. Incident Angle Modifier(IAM) loss – orientation & tilt angle
2. Soiling Loss – accumulation of dust & dirt on panels
3. Light-Induced Degradation(LID) Loss
4. Module Quality Loss – due operating under conditions other than STC
5. Mismatch Loss – due to minor difference in quality of panels
6. Module degradation Loss – wear & tear due to atmos.temperature
7. Ohmic Wiring Loss – cable losses
8. Connection Loss – faulty or improper connections
9. System availability Loss – no generation whenever grid is down.
10. Potential Induced Degradation(PID) Loss – due to cell damages
11. Inverter Loss – DC to AC conversion losses
12. Inverter Clipping Loss – when solar output is more than inverter rating
7
Solar PV Thermal Hybrid Collectors

Also known as Photovoltaic-thermal (PV-T) hybrid solar systems increase electricity production
by cooling the PV panel and using the removed thermal energy to heat water. They use the
same footprint as a standard PV system. It has been claimed that hybrid panels can have
efficiency as high as 85 percent and can generate four times the energy produced from the
same surface area for only 25 percent increase in cost. 8
The experimental results have shown that the
maximum overall efficiency of the hybrid PV/T
system was 38.6%. The electrical and thermal
performances of photovoltaic thermal (PVT)
water collectors were investigated under 500–
800 W/m2 solar radiation levels.

Any type of working fluids could be used – water, glycol or mineral oils. Air
cooled PVT systems are also deployed.
9
Spacing Between Rows

10
Type of PV Systems
1. Stand Alone System (AC/DC)
I. Solar Panel (Wpeak)
II. Charge Controller (maxi.Voltage, maxi.Current, op.voltage, MPPT/PWM)
III. Battery Bank (capacity – volt & amp-hr and nos.)
IV. Distribution Panel
V. Inverter (optional) and AC/DC load (Light or Fan)
2. Grid-connected System (AC)
I. Solar panels (size and nos.)
II. Inverter (kVA, input & output Voltge, MPPT or PWM)
III. Grid Connection (1or 3 phase,220/415V)
3. Bi-modal Systems (AC and DC)
I. Solar Panels (size and nos.)
II. Inverter (kVA)
III. Grid connection
11
Grid-connected Solar System

Interconnection Voltages
Power Capacity (C) Interconnection Specifications
1 kW < C < 6 kW 230 V, 1ɸ, 50 Hz
6 kW < C < 100 kW 415 V, 3ɸ, 50 Hz
As per Guj.Solar
100 kW < C < 4 MW 11 KV, 3ɸ, 50 Hz
Power Policy - 2021
C < 4 MW 33/66/132/220/400 k V, 3ɸ, 50 Hz

12
Stand-alone PV System Design
1. Solar Panels
2. Balance of System –
a) Battery,
b) Charge Controller,
c) Power Inverter and
d) distribution panel
3. AC/DC Load

1. Must know the target load (kWh)


2. Solar Radiation Data – average local solar irradiance
& sun-window
3. Accounting for losses in the entire process.
1. MPPT checks output of PV
Solar Panel – IV Curve module, compares it to
battery voltage then fixes
what is the best power that
PV module can produce to
charge the battery and
converts it to the best
voltage to get maximum
current into battery.
2. It can also supply power to
a DC load, which is
connected directly to the
battery.
3. MPPTs are built into Solar
Inverters and Charge
Controllers.

14
SPV POWER SYSTEM – DESIGN CASE

15
300 Wh DC

300 Wh AC
Specifications
• Charge Controller
– Efficiency – 85%
– Maxi.Voltage - ?
– Maxi.Current - ?
– System Voltage (output) – 24V
• Inverter
– Efficiency – 90%
– Input - 24V
– Output – 220 VAC

22
Calculations
1. AC load - 300 Wh + DC Load – 300 Wh
2. Efficiency of cable, Charge Controller and Battery – 85%
3. Efficiency of Inverter – 90%
Hence, Total Energy = (300/0.9+300)/ 0.85)
= 745 Wh/day
𝑊ℎ/𝑑𝑎𝑦 745𝑊ℎ/𝑑𝑎𝑦
4. Minimum Panel Rating (Wp) = =
𝑆𝑢𝑛ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 4.5 ℎ𝑟

• Wp = 165.55 Watts

23
Say Equi.Sun-hours = 4.5 hrs
PV Array Design
Total W = 100 Wp X 2 panels = 200 Wp
Open Circuit Voltage = 20 V
Short Circuit Current = 7 A
Model MG-PV-035M2 MG-PV-075M2 MG-PV-100M2
Cell Type Mono Mono Mono
Maximum Power (Pmax) 35 W 75 W 100 W
Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) 21.6 V 21.6 V 21.3 V
Short Circuit Current (Isc) 2.80 A 4.62 A 6.07 A
Rated Voltage (Vmp) 17.5 V 17.5 V 17.8 V
Rated Current (Imp) 2.00 A 4.28 A 5.62 A
Maximum System Voltae DC 600 V DC 600 V DC 1000 V
Voltage Temperature Efficiency -0.33%/oC -0.33%/oC -0.33%/oC
Current Temperature Efficiency +0.05%/oC +0.05%/oC +0.05%/oC
Power Temperature Efficiency -0.23%/oC -0.23%/oC -0.23%/oC
Series Fuse 15 A 15 A 15 A
Fire Rating Class C Class C Class C
Max Load 45 lb/ft2 45 lb/ft2 45 lb/ft2
Operating Termperature -40 to +85oC -40 to +85oC -40 to +85oC
Dimension (mm) 720x345x25 765 x 666 x 35 1150x535x35
Weight (kg) 3.5 6.5 7.2
Connector MC4 MC4 MC4

Warranty:
- Free from defects in materials and workmanship for 5 years
28
- 90% power output over 10 years, 80% power output over 25 years
100W 100W

Isc = 7 amp; Voc = 40 V

Pmax = Vmpp x Impp


= 32 V x 6.25 A
= 200 W

Ch.Con. (I) = 200/12


= 16.67 A & V = 40 V

Battery Size = 12 V, ?Ah


Charge Controller
1. Max.Voltage (V)
2. Max.Current (A)
3. Operational System Voltage – 12/24V
PWM Vs MPPT Output
MPPT checks output of PV module, compares it to battery voltage then fixes what is the best power
that PV module can produce to charge the battery and converts it to the best voltage to get maximum
current into battery.

32
Design Steps: Charge Controller
1. A solar array is producing 200W and charging a battery bank
of 24V.
2. The controller size is then = 200/24 = 8.33 amps.
3. Considering a safety factor multiply this value by 1.25 (to account for
variable power outputs) the controller size will - 8.33 x 1.25 = 10.50
amps.
4. i.e. 10.5 amps MPPT Charge Controller

33
Battery Design
Design Example : Battery
Battery Specifications

Depth of Discharge 60%


Battery Voltage (V) 12
Battery Capacity (Ah) 21

Remember ..
One is ‘system’ voltage &
The other is ‘battery’ voltage.
35
Ampere-hours (Ah) of a Battery
• Remember ? Volt x Ampere = Watt;
– (V x A = W);
• V x A x h = Wh (watt-hour)
• So A x h = Wh/V where
– W is panel capacity in watt-peak (estimated)
1. V is battery voltage – Vb (specified)
2. Ah is calculated or derived
3. DoD depends on type of battery selected

36
Design Example : Battery
Minimum Battery Capacity (in Ah), with 2 days’
autonomy, is calculated using following eqtn:
745 𝑊ℎ
Minimum 𝐶𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡 = 𝑥 2𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 = 103.5 𝐴ℎ
0.6 𝑥 24𝑉 24V, 21Ah

Where, 0.6 is DoD and 24V is system voltage 24V, 21Ah

24V, 21Ah
Hence,
24V, 21Ah
24 𝑉
1. No.of batteries in series = =2
12𝑉 24V, 21Ah

103.5 𝐴ℎ
2. No.of batteries in parallel= = 4.93 = 5
21𝐴ℎ 24V, 105 Ah

No. of Batteries = 2 X 5 = 10 nos. of 21 Ah, 12V batteries


37
Solar Power Conditioning Unit (PCU)
is an integrated system consisting of
a solar charge controller, inverter
and a Grid charger. It provides the
flexibility to charge the battery
bank either through Solar or Grid.
The PCU continuously monitors the state
of Battery Voltage, Solar Power and
output loads. 38
Factors effecting Battery Life – once again
1. Regular charging and discharging cycles
2. Over-charging and discharging beyond battery DoD effects
battery life adversely
3. Batteries give better life with less discharge, i.e. same battery
one with 50% discharge has lesser life than one with 25%.
So with provision of 2-3 days autonomy in batteries increases the
chances of increased life.

39
Sizing of Inverter
As a general rule of thumb, the
size of your inverter should be similar
to the DC rating of your solar panel
system; Or a bit smaller but then it would
also depend on the average load.!!!

Inverter Efficiency can be as high as 97-98%


Summary
1. Solar Panels
2. Charge Controller
3. Batteries -
4. Inverter - @90% ; 250 VA/0.25 kVA

43
Indian Standards for Solar PV panels
The PV modules used must qualify to the latest edition of IEC standards
or equivalent BIS standards, i.e. IEC 61215/IS14286, IEC 61853-Part
I/IS 16170-Part I, IEC 61730 Part-1 & Part 2 and IEC 62804 (PID).

1. IS-14286 (IEC 61215 equivalent)– standard for design qualification of Crystalline


Silicon Terrestrial PV
2. IS-16077 - BIS) has required Thin-Film Terrestrial Photovoltaic (PV) Modules to be
registered as per IS 16077:
3. IS-12834 (2013) – definitions and symbols
4. IS 16170 (Part1) - (PV) module performance testing and energy rating:

44
Important Observations
1. There is no standard method of sizing of SPV Power Systems as there are
many varying factors that effect performance of Solar Systems.
2. Secondly there are many types of Systems – by application and
preference – stand alone, grid connected captive use or for power
supply, etc.
3. All the system components are separately sourced like – solar panels,
batteries, inverters, battery chargers, charge controllers, etc. The final
configuration of the solar system will depend on the availability of these
components in the market.
4. Under the prevailing circumstances would you prefer ‘oversizing’ or
‘under-sizing’?

45
What to lookout for in SPV Panels?
1. Select reputed brands – those who have been in business for
minimum 5 years.
2. Module efficiency of around 15-16% is acceptable. Go for
higher efficiency modules only if you have space constraint.
3. Go for panels with warranty of minimum 10 years.
4. Under performance warranty, assure the minimum generation
of 90% for first 10 years and 80% for the subsequent years.
5. Insist for IEC/IS certification for PV modules.

46
Relevance of Size & Weight of Panels
1. Physical Size of Solar Panel
i. It decides the area required per kW of installed capacity.
2. Weight of Solar Panels
i. It is relevant for estimating the additional load that the roof has to
withstand.
3. Type of installation frame / foundation
i. It will depend on the size and weight of the solar panels besides the
local wind condition.

47
Types of foundations for
Solar PV Structure

Your assignment – Note on different types of


‘foundations’ used for installation of Solar PV System,
both rooftop and ground-mounted systems. 48
Maintenance Requirements in Solar Power Plants
1. Cleaning of Panels – schedule & method
2. Inverters & tracker servicing – monthly basis
3. Retro-commissioning – Cable Connectors, etc.
4. Transformers
5. Protection from External Environment
6. Remote Monitoring – solar power plant needs to be supervised to
detect breakdowns and optimize its operations
7. General Checks – ground or roof erosion, corrosion of components,
debris, cleanliness, etc.

49
50
51
Practice Examples

52
Q1. Stand-alone PV System Design Exercise
A family has a small house in a certain area which is not connected to the
grid. The place has a 5 equivalent sun hours. Therefore, they have decided to
install an off-grid PV system in the house to supply their electricity. They will
be using PV modules with the following specifications: Pnom = 100 Wp, VMPP =
16 V, IMPP = 6.25 A, VOC = 18 V, ISC = 7 A. and Li-ion 100 Ah, 12V batteries
with DoD of 80% to store the required power.

Assume that the combined efficiency of the cables and the charge controller
is 90% and efficiency of the battery is 90% and efficiency of the inverter is
96%. As the house is only used at the weekend, only two days of autonomy
will be needed.
Q1. Stand-alone PV System Design

The daily house electricity requirements are summarized in below given table.

Load Quantity Power per item Time of use Type


(W) (h)

Light bulb 10 20 2 DC
TV 1 100 2 AC
DVD 1 40 2 AC
Laptop 1 100 2 AC

We have ….
1. Battery Efficiency - 90%
2. Inverter Efficiency – 96%
3. Battery – 12V, 100 Ah Li-ion with 80% DoD
4. Assume 24V as System Voltage 54
Q1. Stand-alone PV System Design
What is required…….
A. Calculate the total daily electricity demand in Wh.
B. What is the total power demanded by the DC loads?
C. What is the total power demanded by the AC loads? How much
energy in Wh must the panels generate in one day to cover the
daily electricity demand of the family?
D. Assume the panels work under MPP conditions. How many panels
will be needed to produce that energy?
E. The system operating voltage is 24 V. What will be the minimum
battery capacity required in Ah?
F. How many batteries of the specified rating will be needed?

55
Design Solution Q1. Stand-alone PV System Design

Total Daily Electricity Demand in Wh


Load Quantity Power per Time of Type Wh
item (W) use (h)
Light 10 20 2 DC 400
bulb
TV 1 100 2 AC 200
DVD 1 40 2 AC 80
Laptop 1 100 2 AC 200

A. Total Wh (DC power demand ) = 400 Wh


B. Total Wh (AC power demand) = 480/0.96= 500 Wh
C. Total Wh (DC + AC) = (400 +500)/0.9* = 1000 Wh
– Daily Total Power Demand = 1000 Wh per day(1 unit)
– * Efficiency of CC, Battery and Cables

56
Q1. Stand-alone PV System Design

That is, we require 1000 Wh per day


from the battery.

Battery Capacity
With DOD of 80% and 2 days
autonomy the battery must store
1000
energy = 𝑋 2= 2500 Wh
0.8

57
Q1. Stand-alone PV System Design

Battery Capacity & Number of Batteries


• System Voltage = 24 V; Battery Voltage = 12V
• Minimum Battery Capacity (Cbatt)
2500
• (Cbatt) = = 104 Ah
24
• So Total Battery Capacity = 104 Ah; 24V
• Whereas recommended battery is 100 Ah, voltage 12 V,
• No.of batteries in series = 24V/12V = 2
• No.of batteries in parallel = 104/100= 1.04
• Total no.of batteries = 2 X 1 = 2 nos. of 100 Ah, 12V

Cross check – 100Ah x 12V = 1200 Wh x 2 nos. = 2400 Wh


Cbatt = 2400/24 = 100 Ah, against original 104 Ah
58
Q1. Stand-alone PV System Design
Rating and No. of Solar Panel
• Panel Specifications:
– Pnom = 100 Wp,
– Maxi.Voltage - VMPP = 16 V,
– Max.Current - IMPP = 6.25 A, A 100 watt solar panel
– Open Circuit Voltage - VOC = 18 V, can produce 300-600
– Short Circuit Current - ISC = 7 A. watt-hour per day
depending upon the
• Power Demand (P) is 1000 Wh per day
peak sun hours you
• Sun Hours is 5 hrs receive.
• Minimum Peak Watt required (WP) = P /5 hrs
• = 1000 Wh / 5 hrs = 200 W
• 2 nos. of panels of 100 Wp

59
Q1. Stand-alone PV System Design

PV Array Arrangement
Panel Specifications 100 Wp 250 Wp
100 Wp
Open Circuit Voltage panel
18 V 38 V
(VOC)
Short Circuit Current
7A 9A
(ISC)

Maximum Voltage = 18 X 2 = 36 V – in series


Maximum Current = 7 x 2 = 14 A – in parallel

60
Q1. Stand-alone PV System Design

Charge Controller
1. Solar Panel 200W and system voltage of 24V
2. The controller size will = 200/24 = 8.33 amps.
3. With a safety factor of 1.25 the controller size will - 8.33 x
1.25 = 10.4 amps
1. Wh needed – 1000 wh per day
2. Total Stored Power – 2500 Wh
3. Battery Capacity – 104 Ah , 24V
4. No.of Batteries – 2 no.of 100Ah, 12V
5. Solar Panels – 2nos. Of 100 Wp
6. Inverter – 200 – 222 W
7. Charge Controller – 10 amps
61
Q2. Designing Exercise1

1. For an off-grid solar PV system of 5 kWp capacity,


1. what will be the minimum capacity & no. of batteries required for
holding the electricity produced?
2. Suggest the best battery type & rating for system voltage of 48V.
– Take overall efficiency of charge controller & battery as 90%.
– Assume generation = 5 kWh/kWp per day
2. Illustrate battery arrangement with proper labeling.

62
Design Exercise 1 : Solution
• Daily generation (@5 kWh/kW per day) is 25 kWh/day from 5 kWp
SPV System
• Battery Capacity: Cbattery
– 0.9% CC & Battery Efficiency & System Voltage = 48V, will be
25000 𝑊ℎ 𝑥 0.9
– 𝐶𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡 = = 468 Ah
48𝑉
• Select 24V, 100 Ah Li-ion Batteries
– No. of Batt. In series = 48V/24V = 2 nos.
– No. of Batt in parallel = 468/100 = 5 nos.
• 10 nos. of 24V, 100Ah can hold – 10 x 100 Ah X 24V = 24000 Wh
• Usable Power in Batteries is DoD x 24000 = 0.8 x 24000 = 19,200 Wh

63
Designing Exercise1
Battery Specifications

Solution : Battery Capacity Depth of Discharge 80%


Battery Voltage (V) 24
Battery Capacity (Ah) 100
Illustration of Battery Arrangement

-ve

100 Ah, 48V


100 Ah, 48V
100 Ah, 48V

100 Ah, 48V

100 Ah, 48V


100 Ah, 48V

100 Ah, 48V


100 Ah, 48V
500Ah,
24,000 watt-hr
48V

+ve

10 nos. of 100 Ah, 24V batteries

64
Q3. Design Exercise 2
• Monthly average electricity consumption of a household is 1000
units.
– Estimate the capacity of solar RT PV system required to offset the
electricity consumption by 75%.
– With an available roof area of 60 square meters, find out whether
the available area is sufficient for installing required capacity SPV
System.
– Assume generation = 4.5 kWh/kW per day and overall system
efficiency as 100%

65
Exercise 2
Solution Exercise.2
1. Daily Consumption = Monthly/30 days
i. = (1000units/30 days)= 33.33 kWh/day
ii. From SPV = 33.33 x 0.75= 24.99=25 kWh
2. Solar Panel Capacity (@5 kWh/kW)
i. kWp = Daily Consumption / Daily kWh per kW
ii. kWp = 25 kWh/5 kWh/kW = 5.0 kW
3. Space Required (A)
i. = 5 x 8 sq.m per kW = 40 sq.m against available 60 sq.m .

66
Q4. Design Exercise 3 : Battery Sizing & Solution
1. You want the battery bank to last 3 days without recharging for daily use
of 5 kWh (units). Take DoD of battery as 80% and System Voltage of 48V.
2. Solution: Energy required from batteries will be
I. 5 kWh x 3 days = 15 kWh = 15000 Wh (and 80%DoD)
II. Actual battery capacity = 15,000/0.8 = 15,750 Wh
III. Divide Wh by System Voltage – 48V will give the AH capacity –
• 15750 Wh/48V = 328 AH.
IV. What will be the no.of batteries if the system voltage is 24V.?
I. In series 48/24V = 2 nos.
II. In parallel – 328/100 = 3.28, say 3 nos.
III. That is 2 x 3 = 6 nos of 24V, 100 Ah batteries
3. What is the Total power in batteries? Total usable power in batteries? What
is the rate of discharge of the batteries ?
67
Q5. SPV Stand-alone for Residential Lighting Application

Q5. Design a Solar PV Stand-alone for Residential Lighting Application

Gadget nos. Wattage Hours Wh


a) All gadgets are AC Refrigerator 1 120 5 600
b) 5 sun-hours TV 1 100 3 300
Ceiling Fans 4 60 5 1200
Tubelights 8 50 5 2000
Desktop 1 150 3 450
Total electricity required : 4550 Wh

1. Workout the size (watts) of SPV panels


2. Battery Capacity (in Ah) & no. of batteries.
– Assume 12V Li-ion Batteries with 95% efficiency and 80% DOD and autonomy
of 2 days

68
Q5. SPV Stand-alone for Residential Lighting Application

Q5. Solution
• Total electricity required – 4550 Wh= 4.5 units / day
1. Solar panel capacity = 4550/5 sun-hour = 910Wp;
1. i.e. 1000 Wp = 4X 250W panels or 3 X 330Wp panels
2. Battery with @80% DoD & 95% Efficiency and 2 days of
autonomy
– Battery must store = 4550/(0.8*0.95) X 2 =12000 Wh approx
– Total Ah capacity = Wh/V =12000Wh/12 V = 1000 Ah
– So it can be 10 nos. of 100Ah, 12V Or 5 nos. of 200 Ah, 12V batteries

69
Q5. SPV Stand-alone for Residential Lighting Application

Solar Panel Selection


1. Solar Panels – 1000 W for generating 5 units per day
2. What size panels should be selected – knowing that all
gadgets are AC and hence the DC power from batteries has
to be converted to 220 VAC for running the gadgets.
3. Options : 10 panels of 100 Wp; 5 panels of 200 Wp; 4
panels of 250 Wp; 3 panels of 335 Wp,
1. See choices available in next slide!!

30V DC 30 VDC 24 VDC 24V DC 220 VAC

Solar Charge Battery Inverter AC Load


Panel Controller 70
Q5. SPV Stand-alone for Residential Lighting Application

Choice of Solar Panels


Watt Nos. Voc Isc Vmax Imax
100 10 22.5 4.45 18 5.55
200 5 30 6.67 24 8.33
250 4 37.8 6.6 31.5 7.94
335 3 67.9 6.23 57.3 5.85
500 2
From Manufacturer’s catalogue

71
Q3. Selection of Batteries

Q6. Selection of Batteries for Stand-alone SPV Syst.


Solar Stand-alone System
Solar Panel 1 kW 2 kW 5 kW 10 kW
Panel Rating (Wp) 250 250 250 335
No.of Panels 4 8 20 30
Solar PCU (Inverter) 1 kW 2 kW 5 kW 10 kW
Solar batteries (150Ah, 12V)
Space Required 8 sq.m 16 sq.m 40 sq.m 80 sq.m
Load Capacity (4-6 hrs) 700W 1400W 3500W 7000W

1. Determine number of batteries required for each system


2. Recommend AC electrical gadgets – nos. of and size that can be
supported by each capacity system for an average 5 hours daily use

72
Q6. Selection of Batteries
Q6. Solution
• No.of 150Ah, 12 V – batteries required for
1. 700W load for 4-6 hrs, say 5 hours
– Required Load = 700Ah x 5hrs = 3500 Wh
System output?
– Total Ah required = 3500 Wh/12V = 292 Ah, say 300 Ah
– No.of batteries = 300Ah/150 Ah = 2 nos.
12V 12V
24V, 150Ah
2. 1400W for 4-6 hrs 150 150

– Load = 1400 Ah x 5 hrs= 7000 Wh


– Total Ah = 7000 Wh/12V = 583 Ah
– No.of batteries = 583/150 = 3.89 = 4 nos. 150 150 150 150
12 V 12V 12V 12V
3. 3500W for 4-6 hrs
– Load = 3500 Ah x 5 h= 17500 Wh
– Total Ah= 17500 Wh/12V = 1458 Ah
– No.of Batteries = 1458/150= 9.7 = 10 nos.
73
Assignment – 6 (1st September 2023)
1. Prepare a DPR for installation of
1. Solar Water Heating System for your household requirement.
2. Solar Rooftop Power System for meeting 80% of your monthly
electricity demand/consumption.
3. Stand alone 50W Solar Garden Lighting for daily 10 hours
operation and 2 days autonomy.
2. Complete with type of system, total cost of system and cost-
benefit analysis (payback period) for each. Provide
schematic for all installations.

74
Session VII: (8th September 2023)

1. Mid-term Test ????????

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