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    Lecture 22

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    Navdeep Singh
    1) The Betz limit establishes the theoretical maximum efficiency of a wind turbine as 59%, extracting no more than 16/27 of the kinetic energy from the wind. 2) In practice, wind turbine efficiencies are typically between 10-30% due to real-world constraints. 3) The Betz limit is derived using Bernoulli's equation and analyzing the change in kinetic energy and momentum of the wind flowing through a turbine. Setting the downstream wind speed as a fraction of the upstream speed allows determining the maximum power ratio.

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    Lecture 22

    Uploaded by

    Navdeep Singh
    65 views43 pages
    1) The Betz limit establishes the theoretical maximum efficiency of a wind turbine as 59%, extracting no more than 16/27 of the kinetic energy from the wind. 2) In practice, wind turbine efficiencies are typically between 10-30% due to real-world constraints. 3) The Betz limit is derived using Bernoulli's equation and analyzing the change in kinetic energy and momentum of the wind flowing through a turbine. Setting the downstream wind speed as a fraction of the upstream speed allows determining the maximum power ratio.

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    1) The Betz limit establishes the theoretical maximum efficiency of a wind turbine as 59%, extracting no more than 16/27 of the kinetic energy from the wind. 2) In practice, wind turbine efficiencies are typically between 10-30% due to real-world constraints. 3) The Betz limit is derived using Bernoulli's equation and analyzing the change in kinetic energy and momentum of the wind flowing through a turbine. Setting the downstream wind speed as a fraction of the upstream speed allows determining the maximum power ratio.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    65 views43 pages

    Lecture 22

    Uploaded by

    Navdeep Singh
    1) The Betz limit establishes the theoretical maximum efficiency of a wind turbine as 59%, extracting no more than 16/27 of the kinetic energy from the wind. 2) In practice, wind turbine efficiencies are typically between 10-30% due to real-world constraints. 3) The Betz limit is derived using Bernoulli's equation and analyzing the change in kinetic energy and momentum of the wind flowing through a turbine. Setting the downstream wind speed as a fraction of the upstream speed allows determining the maximum power ratio.

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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 43

    Wind Energy:

    Overview
    Learning objectives:

    1)To understand the pattern of usage of wind


    energy internationally
    2)To understand the pattern of usage of wind
    energy in India
    3)To become aware of geographical issues
    associated with wind energy
    4)To become aware of different types of windmills
    Historical usage of windmills

    1)Grinding grains
    2)Pumping water
    3)Generating electricity
    Requirements

    1)At least 16 km/h winds


    2)Low likelihood of bursts of wind
    3)Access to transmission capacity
    Rest of the
    world Installed capacity in 2015
    14%
    Italy Brazil
    2% 2%
    France
    China
    2%
    Canada 34%
    3% UK
    3%
    Spain
    5%
    Total 550,000 MW
    India USA as of 2017
    6% 18%
    Germany
    11% Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_by_country
    Andhra Telangana Installed capacity in India Kerala Others
    Pradesh 0% 0% 0%
    7%
    Madhya Pradesh
    8%
    Muppandal windfarm,
    near Kanyakumari,
    Tamilnadu
    Karnataka 1500 MW, largest in
    27% India. Hilly region
    11%
    where sea winds go
    through mountain
    passes
    Rajasthan
    15%

    Total 32,000 MW as of 2016 Gujarat Maharashtra


    15% 17%

    Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_India
    35000
    Targeting 60,000 MW by 2022
    30000
    Capacity MW

    25000

    20000

    15000

    10000

    5000

    0
    2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
    Year
    Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_India
    Types of windmills

    1) Horizontal axis wind turbines


    a. Tall towers enable accessing stronger winds
    b. Blades capture wind energy throughout rotation

    a. Strong and huge towers required


    b. Complexity during construction
    c. Need to be turned to face the wind
    Types of windmills

    2) Vertical axis wind turbines


    a. Generates power independent of wind direction
    b. Low cost
    c. Strong tower not needed since generator is on the
    ground

    a. Low efficiency (only one blade works at a time)


    b. May need wires to support
    c. More turbulent flow near ground
    Power generated:

    Large wind turbine: 2-3 MW

    Per year, at 25% capacity factor, it will generate:

    2 × 106 × 0.25 × 3600 × 24 × 365 = 1.6 × 1013 𝐽

    Therefore, 500 exa joules will require:

    500 × 1018 Τ1.6 × 1013 = 31 × 106

    31 Million wind turbines


    Space requirement:

    Rule of thumb is 7 times diameter of windmill

    Approximately 500 m from other turbines

    Each 2 MW turbine needs approximately 0.5 square km

    Therefore 15.5 million square km needed to power the world!

    1.5 times Size of China or USA


    Conclusions:

    1) Considerable interest in tapping wind energy


    both internationally as well as in India
    2) Geographical locations play an important role
    in planning windmill installations
    3) Various designs of wind mills considered
    historically
    Wind Energy:
    Energy considerations
    Learning objectives:

    1)To determine the relationship between wind


    speed and power
    2)To understand typical performance
    characteristic and performance limits of
    windmills
    3)To become aware of theoretical limits
    associated with capture of wind energy
    Energy calculations:
    Energy calculations:
    1
    𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
    2
    1 1
    𝐾𝐸 = 𝜌𝑉𝑣 = 𝜌𝐴𝑙𝑣 2
    2
    2 2

    𝑑𝐸 1 𝑑𝑙 1
    𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = = 𝜌𝐴 𝑣 2 = 𝜌𝐴𝑣 3
    𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 2
    Power as a function of wind speed:
    1.6E+08

    1.4E+08

    1.2E+08
    Power (W)
    1.0E+08

    8.0E+07

    6.0E+07

    4.0E+07

    2.0E+07

    0.0E+00
    0 20 40 60 80 100 120
    Wind speed (km/h)
    Performance Characteristics:

    Tip speed ratio: Ratio of rotational speed of blade to wind speed.


    Maximum of 10 for lift type blades

    Cut in speed: Minimum wind speed at which the blades will turn.
    10 km/h to 16 km/h

    Rated speed: The wind speed at which the windmill generates its rated
    power. Usually it levels off in power beyond this speed. Around 40 km/h

    Cut out speed: Usually at wind speeds above 70 km/h, the windmill is
    stopped to prevent damage
    Theoretical Limit:

    Betz law (1920)

    ▪ Wind fully stopped by windmill


    ▪ Wind unaffected by wind mill

    16
    = 0.59
    27

    Practical efficiencies obtained: 10%-30% of energy originally available in wind


    Power as a function of wind speed:
    2.0E+07
    1.8E+07
    1.6E+07
    1.4E+07
    Power (W)

    1.2E+07
    1.0E+07
    8.0E+06
    6.0E+06
    4.0E+06
    2.0E+06
    0.0E+00
    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
    Wind speed (km/h)
    Blade types:

    Drag type: Greater torque, lower rotational speed. Better suited for
    mechanical work

    Lift type: Higher rotational speed. Better suited for power generation
    Conclusions:

    1) The power available in Wind is proportional to


    the third power of wind velocity
    2) There are practical aspects that limit the range
    of wind velocities that can be effectively
    tapped
    3) There is a theoretical limit to the extent to
    which energy available in the wind, can be
    captured
    Wind Energy:
    Efficiency
    Learning objectives:

    1)To derive the Betz Limit


    2)To understand its implications
    Theoretical Limit:

    Betz law (1920)

    ▪ Wind fully stopped by windmill


    ▪ Wind unaffected by wind mill

    16
    = 0.59
    27

    Practical efficiencies obtained: 10%-30% of energy originally available in wind


    Bernoulli’s equation:

    1 2
    𝜌𝑉 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ + 𝑃 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
    2

    1 2
    𝜌𝑉 + 𝑃 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
    2

    Dynamic pressure + Static Pressure = Constant


    1 2 1 2
    𝜌𝑉 + 𝑃∞ = 𝜌𝑣 + 𝑃𝐵𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒
    2 1 2

    1 2 1
    𝜌𝑣 + 𝑃𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝜌𝑉2 2 + 𝑃∞
    2 2

    1 1
    𝑃𝐵𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 − 𝑃𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝜌𝑉1 2 − 𝜌𝑉2 2
    2 2
    1
    𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝐴(𝑃𝐵𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 − 𝑃𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 ) = 𝜌𝐴(𝑉1 2 − 𝑉2 2 )
    2

    𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 = 𝜌𝐴𝑙(𝑉1 − 𝑉2 )

    𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 = 𝜌𝐴𝑣(𝑉1 − 𝑉2 )


    1
    ∴ 𝜌𝐴𝑣 𝑉1 − 𝑉2 = 𝜌𝐴(𝑉1 2 − 𝑉2 2 )
    2

    1
    ∴𝑣= 𝑉 + 𝑉2
    2 1
    1
    𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝜌𝐴𝑙(𝑉1 2 − 𝑉2 2 )
    2

    𝑑𝐸 1
    𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝑃 = = 𝜌𝐴𝑣(𝑉1 2 − 𝑉2 2 )
    𝑑𝑡 2

    1
    ∴𝑃= 𝜌𝐴 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 (𝑉1 2 − 𝑉2 2 )
    4

    1 1 1
    𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐾𝐸 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝜌𝑉𝑉1 2 = 𝜌𝐴𝑙𝑉1 2
    2 2 2

    𝑑𝐸 1 𝑑𝑙 1
    𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝑃0 = = 𝜌𝐴 𝑉1 2 = 𝜌𝐴𝑉1 3
    𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 2
    1 2 2 2 3
    𝑃 4 𝜌𝐴 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 (𝑉1 − 𝑉2 ) 1 𝑉2 𝑉2 𝑉2
    = = 1− + −
    𝑃0 1 3 2 𝑉1 𝑉1 𝑉1
    𝜌𝐴𝑉1
    2

    𝑉2
    𝐼𝑓 𝑤𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑡 =𝛼
    𝑉1

    𝑃 1
    = 1 − 𝛼2 + 𝛼 − 𝛼3
    𝑃0 2
    0.700
    a P/Po
    0.0 0.500 0.600
    0.1 0.545
    0.500
    0.2 0.576
    0.3 0.592 0.400
    0.4 0.588
    P/P0 0.300
    0.5 0.563
    0.6 0.512 0.200
    0.7 0.434
    0.8 0.324 0.100

    0.9 0.181 0.000


    1.0 0.000 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
    V2/V1
    Conclusions:

    1) The Betz limit indicates that only about 59% of


    the energy available in the wind can actually
    be captured
    2) Actual efficiencies will less than this limit
    1
    𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝜌𝐴𝑙(𝑉1 2 − 𝑉2 2 )
    2
    1
    𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝑃 = 𝜌𝐴𝑣(𝑉1 2 − 𝑉2 2 )
    2
    𝑣
    𝐼𝑓 𝑤𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑡 = 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 (1 − 𝑎) ∴ 𝑉2 = 𝑉1 1 − 2𝑎
    𝑉1

    1
    𝑃 = 𝜌𝐴𝑉1 3 1 − 𝑎 [(1 − (1 − 2𝑎)2 )
    2
    1
    𝑃 = 𝜌𝐴𝑉1 3 1 − 𝑎 (1 − (1 + 4𝑎2 − 4𝑎)
    2
    1
    𝑃 = 𝜌𝐴𝑉1 3 4𝑎3 − 8𝑎2 + 4𝑎 = 2𝜌𝐴𝑉1 3 𝑎3 − 2𝑎2 + 𝑎
    2
    𝑃 = 2𝜌𝐴𝑉1 3 𝑎3 − 2𝑎2 + 𝑎

    𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦

    𝑑𝑃
    =0
    𝑑𝑎
    𝑑𝑃
    = 3𝑎2 − 4𝑎 + 1 = 0
    𝑑𝑎

    1
    ∴ 𝑎 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑎 =
    3
    1 1 16
    𝑎𝑡 𝑎 = , 𝑃 = 𝜌𝐴𝑉1 3 ≈ 59% 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑
    3 2 27
    Materials used in a windmill:
    Drag Design:
    Lift Design:

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