Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

In the Philippines, managing solid waste continues to be a problem, especially in metropolitan

areas. The insufficient number of disposal facilities, poor trash disposal, and ineffective waste collection

are three of the nation's top problems. With garbage making up a sizeable portion of the nation's overall

created waste, pollution has emerged as one of the nation's most urgent environmental challenges (ECCP,

2022).

Waste Management refers to the numerous plans for handling and getting rid of trash. Wastes can

be disposed of, destroyed, processed, recycled, reused, or controlled. Reducing the amount of garbage and

avoiding potential health and environmental risks are the main goals of waste management. Collection,

monitoring, control, and disposal are some of the several tasks. The local government frequently offers

free waste pickup services. The gathered trash are disposed of using a variety of techniques, such as

incineration and landfill compaction. In particular, solid waste is burned to produce gas, steam, ash, and

heat while reducing its volume by 80% to 95%. When disposing of garbage by incineration, air pollution

is an issue (Biology Online, 2022).

Pig farming, also known as hog farming or swine farming, is the raising and rearing of domestic

pigs as livestock for food and skins. It is a lucrative business in the Philippines, where it is popular in

rural areas. The country is the 10 th largest consumer, 8th largest producers, and 7th largest importer of pork

in the world. Pig farming is regulated by the requirement that pig farms must be located 25 meters away

from urban areas and at least 1,000 meters away from drinking water sources. The recommended dry lot

area for pigs varies based on weight and gender. Environmental challenges faced by pig farms include

dirty water, infectious, diseases, disease carries, toxic gases, and unpleasant odors, caused by excrement,

feed residue, urine, and farm clean water (AgriFarming, 2021).

 The private-led pig industry in the Philippines has prospered over time. Among the agricultural

sectors, it makes a significant contribution to the local economy. When it comes to production volume

and cost, it has the highest output among the livestock and poultry industries (Philippine Road Map,

2022). The enhancement of commercial pork production and the development of pig resources would

result from the proper management of these wastes, which would boost pig farming's profitability. In

order to evaluate the types and amounts of pig waste produced by pig farms, identify the management

techniques employed by pig farms, and assess the effects of the waste produced on the environment and

human health, this study was carried out (Kadurumba, 2019).

Waste generation has significant implications for the environment, including the emission of

greenhouse gases, air pollution, and water contamination. The improper disposal of waste also poses a

threat to human health, as it can lead to the spread of diseases and infections. Therefore, it is crucial to

understand the factors that drive waste generation and explore effective solutions to manage it

sustainably..To date, several studies have investigated the relationship between waste generation and

urbanization, economic development, and population growth. However, there is still a need for further

research to gain a more comprehensive understanding of this issue. Additionally, the development of

sustainable waste management practices is essential to mitigate the negative impacts of waste generation

on the environment and human health (Kaza et al., 2018).

As Mula (2022) stated, Swine Producers need to “educate to separate their wastes, starting with

the need to have a proper pig pens”. Therefore, this undertaking aimed to provide insights into Waste

Management Practices of Small-Scale Producers in Sual, Pangasinan. The study examines the current

state of Waste Management Practices in Swine Industry, identifies the challenges faced by Swine

Producers, and proposes strategies to improves waste management practices.

Monastyrskiy et., al (2022) highlighted the importance of proper waste management practices in

pig farms to mitigate environmental impacts. This study investigated different approaches to waste

management in pig farms, including the use of biogas plants, composting, and land application of manure.
The study also evaluated the effectiveness and efficiency of each approach in terms of cost,

environmental impact, and product quality. The study also suggested that biogas plants and composting

were effective approaches to waste management that could reduce the environmental impact of pig farms

while improving the quality of products. The study recommended that pig farmers should adopt an

integrated approach to waste management that considers the economic, environmental, and social aspects

of pig farming.

The research study aims to investigate the waste management practices of small-scale swine

producers in Sual, Pangasinan. Waste management in animal farming is essential to mitigate

environmental impacts, such as pollution, contamination of water and soil, and greenhouse gas emissions.

Proper waste management practices can improve the health of the animals, reduce production costs, and

enhance the quality of meat products. The contribution of this study is to provide insights into the current

waste management practices of small-scale swine producers in Sual, Pangasinan, and to recommend

appropriate waste management strategies that can improve their production processes.

The study can be used by researches, policymakers, and stakeholders to develop policies and

programs aimed at enhancing sustainable waste management practices in small-scale swine production. It

can also help serve as a reference for a future research on waste management practices in the industry.

Samarin (2021) highlights several waste management issues associated with piggery operations.

One major issue is the accumulation of large amounts of animal waste, including feces and urine, which

can cause significant environmental problems if not properly managed. Improper disposal of pig waste

can lead to contamination of water sources and soil, as well as the emission of greenhouse gases such as

methane and nitrous oxide. In addition, poorly managed waste can attract pests and insects, leading to

public health risks. The research paper suggests that effective waste management strategies are needed to

mitigate the environmental impact of pig farming. Some of the recommended strategies include

composting, manure storage and treatment, and the use of anaerobic digestion systems to convert waste

into energy. Composting involves the controlled decomposition of pig waste to produce a nutrient-rich
soil amendment that can be used to fertilize crops. Manure storage and treatment involves collecting and

treating waste to reduce its environmental impact, while anaerobic digestion systems use microorganisms

to break down waste and produce biogas, which can be used as a renewable energy source.

Pig are typically raised by Small-Scale Swine Farmers in Sual for either personal consumption or

local market sales. However, these farms’ improper waste management techniques can lead to risks to the

environment and human health, including water pollution, unpleasant odors, and the spread of diseases.

The issue of waste management in Small-Scale Swine Production is not particular to Sual; rather,

it is a problem that Small-Scale farmers encounter all over the world. Small-Scale farmers frequently

struggle to adopt sustainable waste management practices due to a lack of resources and technical know-

how, which exacerbates the problem.

The general objective of this study is to inform the swine producers about the waste

management issues that encountered. Furthermore, the purpose of this study is to determine what

practices in proper waste management swine raisers conduct in Sual, Pangasinan. In addition, if there is a

lack in the waste management practices of swine producers in Sual, Pangasinan, this aims to convince the

government to give attention to this agricultural sector.

A. Theoretical Framework

The Theory of Waste Management proposed by Pongrácz et al., (2004) provides a more in-depth

analysis of the field and includes conceptual analyses of trash, action on waste, and a comprehensive

understanding of the objectives of waste management. The foundation of waste management theory is the

belief that waste management should aim to stop trash from endangering both human health and the

environment. Building a sustainable waste management strategy requires using the right concept of trash.

The waste management is waste minimization, strategic planning, prescribing options, preventing

environmental contamination and resource conservation, minimizing the amount and toxicity of waste
creation, choosing the best treatment option, while also taking into account legislation, assessing effects

and consequences, and decision-making.

The Theory of Production Parameters and Pig Production Cost: temporal evolution 2010-2014,

proposed by Rocadembosch et al., (2016), explores the factors that impact the cost of pig production and

how they have evolved over a five-year period. The theory highlights the cost of inputs, such as feed,

labor, energy, and capital, as the primary determinants of pig production cost, while also considering

other factors such as technology, genetics, and market demand. The theory examines trends and patterns

in pig production cost over the period of 2010 to 2014 and suggests ways in which producers can

optimize their production parameters to minimize costs and increase profitability. Overall, the theory

provides valuable insights into the dynamics of pig production costs and can inform decision-making

among pig producers.

The Theory of Environmental Impact Assessment of Sustainable Pig Farm via Management of

Nutrient and Co-Product Flows in the Farm proposed by Venslauskas et al.,(2022), that sustainable pig

farming can be achieved by managing nutrient and co-product flows within the farm. The theory suggests

that optimizing the use of pig manure as fertilizer, using co-products as animal feed, and using renewable

energy sources can minimize waste and reduce environmental impact. The theory also emphasizes the

importance of implementing best practices in animal husbandry and prioritizing animal welfare. The

proposed approach can help farmers improve the sustainability of their operations and reduce their

environmental footprint.

B. Conceptual Framework

The goal of this study aims to identify the Waste Management Practices of Small-Scale Swine

Producers in Sual, Pangasinan. The Input-Process-Output model was chosen in this study to serve as the

conceptual framework’s foundation since it demonstrates how the various variables interact, as illustrated
in the image below. This will be carried to a total of 20 Small-Scale Swine Producers in Sual,

Pangasinan.

The INPUT contains the respondents’ demographic profiles, the extent and challenges in Waste

Management Practices of Small-Scale Swine Producers in hygiene, waste disposal, pollution of air, water,

and land, pig excrement, piggery site.

The PROCESS describes the methods and techniques to achieve the research outcome. It

includes permission to conduct, drafting questionnaires, floating and retrieving questionnaires,

presentation and discussion of the gathered data.

The OUTPUT shows the results of the input and process schemes. This is the outcome and

conclusion of the study-Waste Management Practices of Small-Scale Swine Producers in Sual,

Pangasinan. Additionally, contingency plan can be proposed to address the needs identified in this study.
 C. Research Paradigm

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

The demographic profiles

of the respondents
1.1 Age
1.2 Sex
1.3 Educational
Permission to
Background
conduct
1.4 Related training
Drafting Evidence-based
attended
questionnaire recommendations to
1.5 Source of Income address the extent and
Floating and challenges identified
Extent and challenges Retrieving at through a contingency plan
being encountered by Questionnaires of Waste Management
Small-Scale Swine Practices of Small-Scale
Data analysis and
Producers in their Waste Swine Producers in Sual,
Interpretation
Management Practices Pangasinan
2.1 Hygiene
2.2 Waste Disposal
2.3 Pollution of water, soil
and air
2.4 Pig Excrement
2.5 Piggery Site
 Figure 1

Schematic Diagram

D. Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the Waste Management Practices of Small-Scale Swine Producers

in Sual, Pangasinan during S.Y 2022-2023.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following sub-questions:

1. What is the profile of Swine Producers in terms of;

1.1 Age

1.2 Sex

1.3 Educational Background

1.4 Related training attended in Piggery Farming

1.5 Source of Income

2. What is the extent of Waste Management Practices of Small-Scale Swine Producers in Sual,

Pangasinan based on the following indicators:

2.1 Hygiene

2.2 Waste Disposal

2.3 Pollution of water, soil and air

2.4 Pig excrement

2.5 Piggery Site

 3. What is the significant relationship between the profile of Swine Producers and the extent of

Waste Management Practices of Small-Scale Swine Producers in Sual, Pangasinan?

4. What are the challenges being encountered by Small-Scale Swine Producers in their Waste

Management as perceived by them in terms of:

4.1 Hygiene

4.2 Waste Disposal

4.3 Pollution of water, soil and air

4.4 Pig Excrement

4.5 Piggery Site

5. Based on the result, what contingency plan can be proposed to address the needs identified in this

study?

E. Scope and Delimitations

This study is being conducted in Sual, Pangasinan, during the school year 2022-2023. It focuses on

the waste management practices of small scale swine producers. It contains of 20 respondents who are

randomly selected using stratified sampling. The main instrument for gathering data is through

researcher-made questionnaires to gather more practices and data about challenges of the respondents.

This study will be limited to 18 selected barangays, excluding Barangay Cabalitian. Hence, if

such limitations are inadequate, this may require further research by future researchers. Recent studies

and research will be used as references in finding out the waste management practices of small-scale

swine producers.

F. Significance of the Study

This study will benefit the following:

Small-Scale Swine Producers. This research may help small-scale swine producers in Sual,Pangasinan,

to understand and adopt better waste management practices that can lead to more efficient and sustainable

production.

Residents near Piggery Sites. This study can help shed light on the potential environmental and health

impacts of waste on nearby communities. By understanding the waste management practices being used,

residents can be more informed about potential risks and take steps to protect their health and the

environment. The study may also provide recommendations for improving waste management practices

in order to reduce these risks.

Environment. The research can have a positive impact on the environment by reducing pollution caused

by swine waste. Better waste management practices can lead to a decrease in the amount of waste

generated, and better handling and disposal methods can prevent the contamination of soil, water, and air.

Community Health. Improved waste management practices can have a positive impact on the health of

the local community. Swine waste can be a source of harmful pathogens that can cause diseases. Better

waste management practices can help reduce the risks of contamination and exposure to these pathogens.

Local Government. The research can help local government units in Sual, Pangasinan, to formulate and

implement more effective policies and programs for managing swine waste. By understanding the waste

management practices of small-scale swine producers in their area, they can develop targeted

interventions that can help improve waste management practices and reduce the environmental and health

risks associated with swine production.

Researchers. The research can serve as a foundation for further studies related to waste management

practices in swine production. Future researchers can use the data and findings of the study as a reference

for their research, especially if they focus on a similar context.

Future Researchers. This study provides important insights into the waste management practices of

small-scale swine producers in the area. By understanding the current practices being used, researchers
can identify potential areas for improvement and develop more effective strategies for managing waste.

This information can also be used to inform future research on waste management practices in other areas

and help identify best practices for the industry as a whole.

G. Definition of Terms

For clearer and better understanding of the study, the following terms are operationally and conceptually

defined:

Hygiene. The regular cleaning and disinfection of facilities, equipment, tools and used in the swine

farming to prevent the spread of diseases and pathogens. The conditions and practices (as of cleanliness)

conducive to health (Meriam Webster Dictionary).

Pig Excrement. Refers to the waste materials generated by the pigs raised by small scale-swine

producers. It can contain a variety of organic and inorganic materials, including feces, urine, food scraps

and bedding material. Sometimes known as “pig manure” (PM), widely used as an organic fertilizer to

increase yields of crops ( Pubmed Dictionary).

Piggery Sites. It is the physical location where pigs are raised and managed by the small-scale swine

producers. This includes all facilities and infrastructure used in the pig farming process, such as barns,

pens, feeding and watering systems, waste management facilities, and equipment used for handling and

transporting the pigs. It also refers to a farm where pigs are raised or kept (Vocabulary).

Pollution. Refers to the potential negative impacts of waste materials generated by the by the small-scale

swine producers on the local environment and community. This can include the release of pollutants such

as ammonia, methane, and pathogens from pig excrement into the air and water, the contamination of

local soil and water resources, and the potential health impacts on both humans and animals that come
into contact with the waste materials. The presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance

or thing that has harmful or poisonous effects ( Oxford Dictionary).

Practices. Refers to the methods and procedures used by small-scale swine producers for the

management of waste materials generated from their piggery site. It includes waste collection,

segregation, treatment and disposal techniques, as well as the use of equipment and tools, and the

implementation of specific protocols for hygiene and safety. The term “practices” can also include the

adaptation of specific farming methods, such as feeding and breeding practices, that have and impact on

the waste generated by the pigs and the overall environmental impact of the piggery site. The actual

application or use of an idea, belief or methods, as opposed to theories relating it (Oxford Dictionary).

Small-Scale. This are the swine producers who operate with a limited number of pigs, typically fewer

than 50 pigs, and operate on a small plot of land or family farm without large-scale commercial facilities

or advanced technology. Small in scope ( Merriam Webster Dictionary).

Swine Producers. The individual or groups who own, manage, and operate a small-scale piggery site

where pigs are raised and housed for the purpose of producing meat, such as pork. They are responsible

for all aspects of the pig farming process, including breeding, feeding, health management, waste

management and marketing. Also known as “pig farmers”, someone who makes a living by raising pigs

( Ivy Pepin, 2022).

Waste Disposal. The methods and procedures used by small-scale swine producers for the permanent

removal and disposal of waste materials generated from the piggery site. It includes the transport of waste

materials to a landfill or other designated facility for disposal, the use of incinerators or other treatment

methods to reduce the volume or toxicity of the waste, or the use of biogas digesters to convert organic

waste into energy. The collection, processing, and recycling or deposition of the waste materials of

human society (Encyclopedia Britannica).

Waste Management. The systematic and proper handling, treatment, and disposal of waste materials

generated from various sources, including the pig farming industry. It includes the collection and sorting

of waste materials, as well as the treatment and disposal of the waste in an environmentally friendly and

socially responsible manner. The strategy an organization uses to dispose, reduce, reuse, and prevent

waste (Erick Brent Francisco, 2021).

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

A. Review of Related Literature

Cooperatives have become increasingly popular among Chinese farmers as a way to enhance

their production and marketing abilities. With concerns growing about the safety of agricultural products

in China, the government has implemented policies to improve food safety, resulting in a heightened

focus on safe production practices among farmers, including those in cooperatives. The study,

"Determinants of cooperative pig farmers’ safe production behaviour in China – Evidences from the

perspective of cooperatives' services," aims to identify factors influencing cooperative pig farmers' safe

production behavior, focusing on cooperatives' roles in promoting safe production practices and the extent

of their services' influence on farmers. Based on a survey of pig farmers who are cooperative members in

three Chinese provinces, the study uses statistical analysis to examine the relationship between various

factors, including farmers' access to information, knowledge of food safety issues, socio-economic

conditions, and their safe production behavior. The findings of the study are expected to offer valuable

insights for policymakers and cooperatives, ultimately contributing to the development of strategies to

improve food safety in China (Chen et al., 2018).

 Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

A. Research Design

This study will make use of Descriptive Design which is a type of research design that aims

systematically obtain information to describe a phenomenon, situation, or population. This study focuses

on the Waste Management Practices of Small-Scale Swine Producers in Sual, Pangasinan.

 Descriptive research design aimed to present observations and personal opinions gathered from

local pig farm owners. Primary data collection method is key-informant in-depth interviews (KIIs), which

allowed the researchers to obtain information directly from pig farmers (Ayap, 2019). Descriptive

research design, on the other hand, focuses on data gathering that is statistically analyzed using

frequency/percentage and mean (Falculan, 2019).

This study is all about the Waste Management Practices of Small- Swine Producers. Specifically,

this study aims to describe the characteristics and behavior of this specific group, which will enable

researchers to understand how they manage waste and identify areas where improvements can be made.

Given the complex and varied nature of waste management practices, researchers plan to use a variety of

research methods, including surveys, interviews, and observations. Surveys will help gather data on the

practices of the small-scale swine producers, while interviews will provide a more in-depth understanding

of their behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs. Observations will enable researchers to observe firsthand how

waste is managed on small swine farms. Descriptive research will be used to identify the relationships

between variables, such as waste management practices and environmental impact. Through this

approach, researchers can analyze the data collected from the surveys, interviews, and observations to

provide comprehensive information on the current state of waste management practices among small-

scale swine producers in Sual Pangasinan. By pinpointing areas for improvement, this study can inform

policymakers, industry stakeholders, and the public on how to better manage waste produced by small-

scale swine producers. Ultimately, this research aims to promote more sustainable waste management

practices.

B. Respondents/Locale of the Study

To select survey participants for the study, stratified random sampling will be used. The

respondents to the study will be the swine producers in Sual, Pangasinan. Stratified random sampling is
used because it allows them to achieve a sample population that most accurately represents the population

of the study, ensuring that all portions of the population are represented.

p
Formula: ×n
N

Where:

n= total population

N= population size

p= population of subgroups/target respondents

Whereby:

Population of subgroups/ Target respondents: 20

Table 1

Distribution of Respondents

Barangay Total Population No. of Respondents

Victoria 12 2

Seselangen 10 2

Paitan West 15 3
 Paitan East 7 1

Camagsingalan 15 3

Calombuyan 5 1

Sto. Domingo 5 1

Sioasio West 3 0

Sioasio East 2 0

Poblacion 3 0

Caoyan 5 1

Baquioen 2 0

Macaycayawan 2 0

Capantolan 5 1

Pangascasan 5 1

Baybay Sur 5 1

Baybay Norte 5 1

Bolaen 10 2

Total 118 20

C. Data Gathering Procedure

To conduct a study on the practices of swine producers and their waste management in Sual

Municipality, researchers must first obtain permission from the principal of Sual National High School.

The next step is drafting questionnaires that are thoughtfully constructed to gather information on the

profile of respondents, including their age, sex, educational background, related training attended in swine
farming, and source of income, as well as the extent and challenges faced by swine producers in their

waste management.

After drafting the questionnaire, the questionnaire will be validated by the research teacher and

rooster of experts in the field. Researchers will float it in different barangays across Sual Municipality.

The questionnaires will be personally distributed and retrieved from the respondents’ locations to ensure a

high response rate. Once the questionnaires have been collected, data analysis and interpretation will be

conducted using statistical methods to present the findings in tables and further discuss them.

The self-made questionnaire is an essential tool for gathering insights into the practices employed

by swine producers, their awareness of environmental issues, and the potential impact of their waste

management practices on the environment. The questionnaire is designed to collect data on various

indicators related to hygiene, waste disposal, pollution of waste, soil and air, pig excrement, and piggery

sites, which will be used to address the research objectives of the study.

D. Statistical Tools

In this study, various statistical tools will be use to analyze the date collected on the Waste

Management Practices of Small-Scale Swine Producer in Sual, Pangasinan.

Sub-problem No. 1, the demographic profile of respondents, will be analyzed using frequency

and percentage distributions. The data collected will be categorize according to age, sex, educational

background, and source of income. The frequency and percentage distributions will be utilized to

proportion of respondents in each category.

Sub-problem No. 2, the extent of waste management practices of small-scale swine producers,

will make use a weighted mean. Weighted Mean calculates the average by multiplying and weights with

the respective mean and taking the sum.

Table 2
 Likert Scale

NUMERICAL VALUE STATISTICAL LIMIT INTERPRETATION

5 4. 21 – 5.00 Highly Practiced

4 3.41 – 4.20 Practiced
3 2.61 – 3.40 Moderately Practiced
2 1.51 – 2.60 Seldom Practiced
1 1.00 - 1.80 Not Practiced

Sub-problem No. 3, the significant relationship between the profile of swine producers and the

extent of waste management practices of small-scale swine producers, it will make use of ANOVA.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical tool used to determine whether there is significant

difference between the means of two or more groups.

Sub-problem No. 4, the challenges being encountered by small-scale swine producers in their

Waste Management will make use a weighted mean. Weighted Mean calculates the average by

multiplying and weights with the respective mean and taking the sum. And using a Liker Scale, it

measures how a respondent practice managing waste with a particular questions or statements.

Table 3

Likert Scale

NUMERICAL VALUE STATISTICAL LIMIT INTERPRETATION

5 4. 21 – 5.00 Very Serious

4 3.41 – 4.20 Serious
3 2.61 – 3.40 Seldom Serious
2 1.51 – 2.60 Slightly Serious
1 1.00 - 1.80 Not Serious