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4. EXPONENTIAL MODULATION

• Exponential (Angle) modulation

– Frequency modulation (FM): Frequency is
changed by the message signal.
– Phase modulation (PM): Phase is changed by the
message signal.
• High degree of noise immunity by bandwidth expansion.
• They are widely used in high‐fidelity music broadcasting.
• They are of constant envelope, which is beneficial when
amplified by nonlinear amplifiers.

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Presentation of FM and PM Signal

• An exponential ‐modulated signal u(t ) = Ac cos(θ (t ))

θ (t ) : the phase of the signal.

• Instantaneous frequency f i (t ) is given by

1 d
f i (t ) = θ (t )
2π dt
• Since u(t) is a bandpass signal, it can be represented as
u(t ) = Ac cos(2πf ct + φ (t ))

1 d
f i (t ) = f c + φ (t )
2π dt

• If m(t) is the message signal, then in a PM system we have

φ (t ) = k p m( t )
kp : phase deviation constant

• In an FM system 1 d
f i ( t ) − f c = k f m( t ) = φ (t )
2π dt

kf : frequency deviation constant

• From the above relationships we have

⎧⎪ k p m( t ) PM
φ (t ) = ⎨ t

• On the other hand

⎪⎩2πk f ∫
−∞
m(τ )dτ FM

⎧ d
d ⎪k m(t ) PM
φ (t ) = ⎨ p dt
dt ⎪⎩ 2πk f m(t ) FM

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• The maximum phase deviation in a PM system

Δφmax = k p max[ m(t ) ]

• The maximum frequency‐deviation in an FM system

Δf max = k f max[ m(t ) ]

• PM and FM are highly related.

• We can generate FM by PM modulators

• .
• We can also generate PM by FM modulators.

Generating FM by
PM modulator

Generating PM by
FM modulator

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Special Case: Single‐Tone information Signal

• The message signal m(t ) = a cos(2πf mt ) is used to either
FM or PM for the carrier Ac cos(2πf ct ) . Find the modulated
signal in each case.
Solution:
φ (t ) = k p m(t ) = k p a cos(2πf mt ) PM
kfa
φ (t ) = 2πk f ∫ m(τ )dτ =
t
sin(2πf mt ) FM
−∞ fm
we have
β p = k pa
⎧ Ac cos(2πf ct + β p cos(2πf mt )) PM
u(t ) = ⎨ β f = k f a / fm
⎩ Ac cos(2πf ct + β f sin(2πf mt )) FM
Modulation index
• Modulation index for a general m(t)
β p = k p max[ m(t ) ] = Δφmax
β f = k f max[ m(t ) ]/ W = Δf max / W

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Spectral Characteristics of Angle‐Modulated

Signals
• Assume that the message is a sinusoidal signal
u(t ) = Ac cos(2πf ct + β sin(2πf mt ))
[
= Re Ac e j 2πf ct e jβ sin( 2πf mt ) ]
• The signal sin(2πf mt ) is periodic with period Tm = 1 / f m .
The same is also true for the complex exponential signal
e jβ sin( 2πf mt )
• Fourier series representation with coefficient
1

cn = f m ∫0
fm
e jβ sin( 2πf mt )e − jn 2πf mt dt
u = 2πf mt 2π
1
=
2π ∫ 0
e j ( β sin u −nu )du
: Bessel function of the
J n (β ) first kind of order n

∞
• Noting that:
e jβ sin( 2πf mt ) = ∑ J ( β )e
n = −∞
n
j 2πnf m t

• Finally we obtain

⎡ ∞ ⎤
u(t ) = Re⎢ Ac
⎣ n =−∞
∑
J n ( β )e j 2πnfmt e j 2πf ct ⎥
⎦
∞
= ∑ A J (β ) cos(2π ( f
n = −∞
c n c + nf m )t )

• The actual bandwidth of the modulated signal is infinite. However, the

amplitude of the sinusoidal components of frequencies f c ± nf m for
large n is very small.
• Property:
⎧ J ( β ) n even
J −n ( β ) = ⎨ n
⎩− J n ( β ) n odd

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• Example:
c(t ) = 10 cos(2πf ct ) m(t ) = cos(20πt )
k f = 50
Find the expression for the frequency modulated signal
and determine how many harmonics should be selected
to contain 99% of the modulated signal power.

Ac2 100
Solution: The total power Pc = = = 50
2 2
The modulated signal

u(t ) = 10 cos⎛⎜ 2πf ct + 2πk f cos(20πτ )dτ ⎞⎟

∫
t

⎝ −∞ ⎠
⎛ 50 ⎞
= 10 cos⎜ 2πf ct + sin(20πt ) ⎟
⎝ 10 ⎠
= 10 cos(2πf ct + 5 sin(20πt ) )

• The modulation index is given by

max[ m(t ) ]
• Therefore β = kf =5
fm
∞
u (t ) = ∑ A J ( β ) cos(2π ( f
n = −∞
c n c + nf m )t )
∞

∑10J n (5) cos(2π ( fc + 10n)t )

n = −∞
=
•
• We have to choose k large enough such that
k
100J n2 (5)
∑
n=− k 2
≥ 0.99 × 50

• The solution k=6. PROVE

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Bandwidth of FM and PM
• In general the effective bandwidth of an angle‐modulated
signal, which contains at least 98% of the signal power, is
given by
Bc = 2( β + 1) f m

• Let the message signal be given by m(t ) = a cos(2πf mt )

• The bandwidth of the modulated signal is given by

⎧2(k p a + 1) f m PM
Bc = 2(β + 1) f m = ⎨
⎩ 2(k f a + f m ) FM
• FM occupies less bandwidth then PM .
• Carson’s rule: For general message signal, the bandwidth of the angle‐
modulated signal is given by
⎧ k p max[ m(t ) ] PM
Bc = 2( β + 1)W ⎪
β = ⎨ k f max[ m(t ) ]
⎪⎩ W
FM

Special cases:
• 1. Wideband FM: For >>1, the FM badwidth
can be approximated by:
• B= 2 (βf W)= 2 ( Δfmax /W ) W = 2 Δf max

• 2. Wideband PM?? For PM the maximum

value of βp should 2 π to prevent ambiguity.

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Narrow‐Band FM (NBFM)
• Narrowband Angle Modulation: If φ (t ) << 1 , for all t
then we can use the approximation
u (t ) = Ac cos(2π f ct + φ (t ))
= Ac cos(2π f ct ) cos(φ (t )) − Ac sin(2π f ct )sin(φ (t ))
≈ Ac cos(2π f ct ) − Acφ (t )sin(2π f ct )

• The modulation is very similar to conventional AM

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