Environmental engineering aspects of a Green Building- Special

Reference to a Hospital Building

Ritik Saini Guide: Dr. S.M. Narulkar

Department Of Civil Engineering And Department Of Civil Engineering
Applied Mechanics Shri G.S. Institute Of And Applied Mechanics Shri G.S.
Technology And Science, Indore (M.P.) Institute Of Technology And Science,
Indore (M.P.)

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Abstract – The goal of this study is to do a case study on a website architecture2030.org Nearly 40% of annual global
small number of healthcare facilities. These facilities were CO2 emissions are produced by buildings. Building activities
visited, and it was found that they lack things like thermal account for 28% of those total emissions annually, while
insulation, water collecting systems, and a complete reliance building materials and construction (often referred to as
on fossil fuels, among other things. Due to these drawbacks, embodied carbon) account for an additional 11%. Although it
they are unable to reduce the production of greenhouse gases, could appear as though there is no end to the construction
are less energy efficient, utilise more natural resources, are process and that it cannot be stopped, green buildings offer a
less sustainable, etc. These problems are fixed in this research way to manage the process while also protecting the
project with the aid of particular technologies. These environment.
technologies may be more expensive at first, but they will end
up being more affordable in the long run. These are user- 1.1 Green building
friendly since they will be utilised by the majority of people, A structure that can both have good effects on the climate and
and upkeep is simple and affordable. Green hospitals are the environment and lessen or eliminate negative ones during
created to lessen the impact of hospital construction on the design, construction, or operation. Green buildings improve
environment. Because they are built to operate around the our quality of life while preserving irreplaceable natural
clock, hospitals have a greater impact on the environment. In resources. Currently, there are numerous definitions of green
this study, green hospital-related topics have been covered, building available. The phrase "green building" refers to a
and issues that arise in conventional hospitals have been fixed. multitude of methods and best practises [1]. It is the outcome
of design philosophy, which prioritises efficient resource
utilisation and focuses on optimal resource use [1].
Key Words: green building, energy efficient building, green
hospital, environmental study Resources are used wisely and carefully during all phases of a
structure's existence, including planning, design, construction,
1.INTRODUCTION operation, maintenance, repair, and deconstruction, in the
practise of "green building," also known as "sustainable
The boom in the construction sector is a result of population building." [1]. This approach broadens and enhances the
growth and changes in people's lifestyles. Infrastructure conventional building design factors of affordability,
development takes place in large part through construction. usefulness, durability, and comfort.
After agriculture, the construction sector is India's second-
largest industry. It involves more than just building a The common criteria for green building ratings are
structure; it also involves a number of processes, including
planning, construction, use, maintenance, repair, and a) Site Selection and Planning
demolition. The actions taken to produce the built b) Building Materials
environment have a significant effect on both the local and c) Water Conservation/Management
global environments. Any building has an effect on the d) Energy Efficiency-
neighbourhood through requests for materials for building e) Innovation
construction and maintenance, water supply and waste water
The conceptual drawing of green building is shown below
disposal, solid waste disposal of all types, power supply, etc.
It contributes to environmental deterioration on a global scale
in the form of the climate change phenomenon. The
construction sector has experienced remarkable growth, which
increases greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as a result of
population growth and stricter thermal comfort standards.

[1] Building requires energy from the very beginning of

construction through the demolition stage. [5] As per the
 3 Methodology
3.1 Selection for an appropriate site

Site selection is the first criterion for rating a construction in

accordance with the many green building rating systems. The
choice of the site affects the quality of the green building. The
surrounding environment of the construction site and the area
where the structure is envisioned as being constructed both
have a substantial bearing on the overall sustainability of the
green building.

Figure 1 conceptual drawing of green building There are no surrounding streams, farms, or wetlands that are
protected on the project's chosen location. The site is already
1.2 Green hospital in use and it does not have much vegetation. The elevation of
In hospitals, a constant supply of power is needed for the land is towards is upwards towards the East direction that
equipment and operations. Even while hospitals are open is mrl 424m and the land is downwards towards the West
24/7, this does not mean that there are fewer opportunities to direction with mrl 422m. The land is owned by my family and
preserve energy. In order to reduce energy waste, hospitals it has total area of approx. of 55,454 sq.ft.. The area is
can adopt a variety of various actions. Adopting methods to inscribed under the longitude of 23° 09’ 10” N, 20° 09’
enhance the air quality within buildings is one of the most 12.79” N, 23° 09’12.54” N and 23° 09’ 12.72” N. The latitude
crucial. Other actions include recycling kitchen waste, cutting of the area are 79° 54’ 18” E, 79° 54’ 18.64” E, 79° 54’
back on the amount of paper used or recycling it. 21.56” E and 79° 54’ 21.31” E. The data is observed from
Google earth pro. Theolygon
Even while hospitals are open 24/7, this does not mean that
there are fewer opportunities to preserve energy. In order to
reduce energy waste, hospitals can adopt a variety of various
actions. Adopting methods to enhance the air quality within
buildings is one of the most crucial. Other actions include
recycling kitchen waste, cutting back on the amount of paper
used, or both.

2 PROBLEM FORMULATION
Figure 2 Site selected (Source-google earth pro)
The hospital runs continuously, and its reliance on energy to
do so is completely reliable. For the hospital to run smoothly,
secondary power supply units are required. Emergencies can
happen at any time and are unpredictable. The hospital
operates all year long, and certain actions must be made to
keep the machinery and building in good condition. Hospitals
are where one can find the most disease-spreading germs.
Effective governance is necessary. Compared to a commercial
facility, a hospital uses a lot more water. The expense of
maintenance is increased by the extensive usage of non-
renewable energy sources. It is necessary to address the trash
produced by each bed, the employees, and the guests.
Hazardous chemicals are used in laboratory research, Figure 3 500 m buffer zone of the selected area (Source-Google
equipment sterilisation, cleaning and disinfection, and the earth pro)
treatment of some ailments. The equipment's and the The observations that can be drawn from the 500 m buffer
structure's lifespans get shorter as a result of continuous use.
zone view is that there is no wetland, environment sensitive
area and forest that will be disturbed by the construction and
the location is within the city which will help in reduction of
transportation cost of the materials and the workers will be
easily available
3.2 Selection of material
Table 1 Environment senstitvity Selection of materials for construction plays a vital role to
reduce the environmental effect. Sustainable means local and
S.No Location Distance(Km) locally available materials are easy to handle and reduce the
transportation distance and cost which intends to reduce the
Madan Mahal emission of Green House gases. Locally available materials
help to conserve energy and if they are efficiently utilized
Nearest Railway Railway Station at they can also improve the occupant health and efficiency.
1
Station 1.7 km in NE
3.3 Technologies that can be
direction
implemented.
Nearest Eco
3.3.1 Porotherm bricks
2 Sensitive NA Porotherm Bricks: The IGBC and GRIHA both recognise
these bricks. Both sound and temperature are nicely insulated
Zone/Forest
by them. The building's interior comfort is significantly
increased thanks to the excellent thermal insulation produced
Ganga Sagar Lake by the thermal transmittance value "U" of 0.6 W/m2K.
0.5 km in NE Buildings can be constructed using Porotherm Vertically
Perforated Clay Hollow Bricks (Porotherm VP) instead of
Nearest Water direction
3 RCC frame structures. They complement Ground + 1-floor
Body structures perfectly.
Taal Lake 0.5 km in
3.3.2 Bio gas plant
SW direction This aids in managing hospital trash, which must be managed
carefully. The cost of LPG for hospital kitchens is subsidised
NH 30 0.1km in W by this facility in part due to rising LPG costs. Urban dwellers
facing an energy crisis have no choice but to produce their
direction.
own renewable energy. This might be done by producing
4 Road biogas from kitchen garbage, which would address the lack of
SH 45 0.8 km in LPG and proper solid waste disposal. The kitchen waste is
NE direction. deposited into the second chamber of the tank while the
human waste is fed directly to the tank. Cooking is then done
with the gas that is created.
Balancing Rock 0.5
A hospital in Kathmandu has stopped receiving LPG for its
Historic km in SE direction
tea room and now only runs on biogas. The resulting slurry
5 Monuments can be applied to the garden as manure. Since the plant is
Rani Durgavati Fort small and odourless, sanitation and hygiene concerns are also
0.8 km in SW addressed. Centre for Embassy Health Colombo, Sri Lanka
generates renewable energy that is carbon-neutral and uses
direction. trash from the city's underprivileged districts and hospital
using a high-temperature thermophilic anaerobic digester.
This cutting-edge composting system will generate
biomethane, which will be processed into bio-natural gas
(BNG). The BNG then utilises a cogeneration plant to power
the hospital and water purifying systems. [14]
 3.3.5 Window and door sensors
These detects the opening and closing of doors and windows
which help in maintaining temperature. Nowadays, new
sensors also inform the staff for closing the door and windows
of unoccupied rooms

3.3.6 Rain water harvesting

It is the most effective use of rainwater. It not only increases
the Ground water table instead help in reduction of soil
erosion also. The water after first rain also helps in increasing
the quality of water in aquifers. The water from first rain has
Figure 4 Bio gas plant at Sambhavna Trust Clinic, Bhopal (Source-
to be flushed of as it contains toxic chemicals. The water
Camera)
stored in reservoir can be used during drought seasons.
Broadly there are two ways of harvesting rainwater:
(i) Surface runoff harvesting.
3.3.3 Pressure flushes
(ii) Roof top rainwater harvesting.
This technology is present in Indian Railway's new carriages.
The pressure difference is what drives this mechanism. In this The size of tank is totally depended upon the use. In some
arrangement, 1.5 litres of water and 3 litres of air are used for cases it is made below the surface of the structure to save the
each flush. Three bars are the pressure. space and to protect it from contamination.

The risk of choking is very low. The system is simple to use.

3.3.7 Solar panel/ Trees/ Water Heaters
7-8 seconds for pressurisation, 2-3 kg/nm2 for flushing
Most efficient renewable source of energy is solar energy.
pressure, 1.5 litres for water, 3 litres or so for air, and 10 watts
Windmills cannot be installed everywhere but solar panel can
for power.
be installed anywhere from terrace to small bulbs. Solar
To stop the water loss, a block was occasionally dipped into panels are efficient for long run and their usage are increasing.
the flush bucket. [30] The government is also providing subsidy on the plant setup.
Solar water heaters help to reduce the energy usage on heating
3.3.4 Lighting control system the water as they uses solar energy to heat the water and then
17% of total energy used in hospital is for lighting. store it in a tank. The capacity of solar panels and solar water
Performance, Efficiency, and Comfort, or PEC, are the three heaters is totally depended upon the usage.
fundamental lighting principles used in healthcare. In critical
parts of the hospital, such as operating rooms, drug stores, and
inner passageways & halls, artificial illumination is essential.
However with growing energy prices and expensive upfront
expenses, it is essential to lower operating costs of lighting in
hospitals by mixing efficient artificial lighting with natural
illumination. In a hospital awareness drive regarding the
energy conservation was conducted and it helped to reduce the
electricity consumption and bills. [24]

Figure 6 Solar Tree and Solar Panel (Source- Camera)

3.3.8 RO Plant
RO reverses the natural tendency of water with dissolved salts
to pass across a membrane from lower to greater salt
concentration. STP with RO wastewater hookup. Nature uses
this mechanism on a regular basis. It helps plants get water
Figure 5 Lighting during night is reduced and Efficient use of and nutrients from the soil. The working ratio of RO is 1:3.
Daylight energy
For one part of drinkable water 3 parts of non-drinkable water
is flushed. This makes it less effective. The idea of connecting
the flushed water outlet to separate tank and the water can be
used for flushing, washing, laundries and for landscaping.
4 RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
Water used in landscaping shows improvement in plants
growth. The treated water from STP will be stored in a tank 4.1 Result from Google earth pro plan
that will have connection of RO wastewater. The area was visited by me and due to clear reference of the
area google earth pro has been used. The hospital will cover
3.3.9 Green concrete an area of approx. 20,000 sq,ft,
At least one component of green concrete is made from
recycled materials. It is constructed from leftover materials
from several companies. Through the use of a circular design,
it is both affordable and contributes to lowering carbon
emissions. Many other options, including as timber, reclaimed
wood, and plastic, can be used in place of basalt as coarse
aggregate. in place of fine sand You can utilise marble
powder, quarry dust, and aggregate fly ash. Concrete can be
made from glass that has been crushed. When used as a 25%
weight replacement for sand, saw dust provides strength
comparable to that of the mixture without saw dust. Saw dust
cuts costs and contributes to a reduction in saw waste.[35] Figure 9 Selected area

The green polygon is the complete site and the yellow

polygon is the area that will be covered by hospital. The site
has downward elevation towards its western side. This
selected area is in Sharda Chowk, Jabalpur.

Physical Structure- The average population of the area is

2,00,000.

Annual rate of admission- 1/50

Figure 7 Saw Dust (Soruce-Camera)
Average length of stay- 5 days
3.4 CAD designing tool usage Total bed required-
For the designing of hospital Autodesk- AutoCAD 2020 has
been used. The site of construction was the above-mentioned Total number of admission per year= 2,00,000 x 1/50 = 4000
selected site. The total design was done using basic autoCAD
tools like lines, campher, fillet etc. Hospital design was Bed days per year = 4000 x 5 = 20,000
covered in total area of 20,000 sq,ft approx.
Total number of beds required when occupancy is 100% -
For making the 3-D view the software used was Autodesk 20,000/365= 54 beds
Revit-2020. The view was then rendered using the rendering
Total number of beds required when occupancy is 80% - 54 x
tool of Revit which helped to make the view clearer.
80/100= 43 beds

According to Indian Public Health Sector (IPHS) the hospital

will be Sub-district Hospital (Category-I).

At a sub-district hospital, the following activities take place: It

offers a specified population effective, reasonably priced
health care services (curative, including specialized services,
preventative, and promotive), with their full involvement and
in collaboration with district-wide organizations that share the
same concerns. It includes both the sub division's rural
residents and its urban residents (the subdivisional
headquarters town). serve as a referral hub for public health
Figure 8 Revit view. organizations including Community Health Centers, Primary
Health Centers, and Sub-Centers that are located below the
tehseel/taluka level. Give primary healthcare personnel with
instruction and training. [32]

General medicine, general surgery, accidents and emergency

care, such as poisoning and trauma care, general orthopedics,
obstetrics & gynecology, and pediatrics, including
neonatology and immunization, are some of the important
services. Laboratory services, X-ray, ultrasound, ECG, blood
transfusion and storage, among other diagnostic and
paraclinical services.

Some essential support services Finance, Ambulance services,

dietary services, laundry services, a central department for
sterile supplies, housekeeping and sanitation, a medical store
and inventory management system, waste management, a
department for managing medical records, including a MIS
system, a standby power backup system, and office
management are just a few examples.

Services provided by several national health and family

welfare programs include hand washing stations, facilities for
patient safety and infection control, and programs for disaster
preparedness and epidemic management. A suitable
documented protocol of handoffs between healthcare
professionals should exist. the creation of an infection control
team and the equipping of nurses with the necessary training,
Figure 10 Ground floor plan
The hospital administration must adopt safe blood transfusion
procedures. ensuring the safe disposal of biomedical waste in
accordance with regulations to lessen mercury-related
environmental contamination Health care staff members
regularly get instruction in patient safety, infection control,
and biomedical waste management.[32]

4.2 Result from AutoCAD

The hospital is designed as a 47 bedded hospital. The deign
has 3 entrances for the ground floor, one is from the West that
is attached to the road connecting NH, second is from the
North side which is connected to the garden & parking and the
third one is from the east side. From the North entrance there
is causality ward on the right hand side which consists of 5
beds. On the left side of North entrance there are record room,
account room and 2 doctor rooms. The record room is used
for maintaining the patients’ record and the account section
deals with the billing duties

Figure 11 First floor plan

4.3 Result from solar calculations

The solar efficiency of the designed building has been
calculated using Revit solar analysis tool.
 Figure 12 Solar Radiations on building
Figure 14 Solar Readings

Figure 15 Pv syst report

The solar panel designed is by using PVsyst. Panels of 540W

are been used.

Figure 13 Solar Readings

Figure 16 Solar panel description

As we can observe from the above graph that the solar 5 Conclusion
readings are maximum on the terrace. In the present scenario • The drawbacks that were observed in the hospitals
there are no shading effect on the building that will effect the
were overcome in this design.
solar efficiency of the building. The total covered area is 1805
metre square. • The cost estimated for this project and the duration
for it’s recovery is 5 years.
• Social, environment and economic benefits have
been generated.
• Awareness among the peers related to green design.
 • The requirement of energy and water for non- 05002 (2020) TPACEE-2019
https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf /202016405002

drinking purpose is fulfilled by renewal resources. 9. Delgado A., Keene K., and Wang N. (2021).
“Integrating Health and Energy Efficiency in
Healthcare Facilities” Federal Energy Management
• The materials used in this design are sustainable and Program (FEMP), U.S. Department of Energy,
these are available within a range of 50km. Office of Energy efficiency and renewable energy,
• The treated water from the STP will be reversed to
https://www.energy.gov/eere/office-energy-efficiency-
the tank with non-drinkable RO water. renewable-energy
• Maximum use of sunlight for faster recovery of
10. Mohankumar. S & Kottaiveeran. K (2011) “Hospital
patients, disinfection and pleasant feeling for the Waste Management and Environmental Problems in
staff and patients has been implemented. India” International Journal of Pharmaceutical &
• Flushing of air by natural means is adopted. Biological Archives 2011; 2(6):1621-1626

• The site of hospital is well connected and it will help 11. Bansal K. (2022) “Hospital Waste Management and
to reduce the transportation cost of materials and it is Environment Problems in India” Journal of
Pharmaceutical Negative Results ¦ Volume 13 ¦
easily accessible by the visitors
Special Issue 7 ¦ 2022
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