Math S Opp
Math S Opp
Math S Opp
2. General Objective
The general objectives of this course are:
To acquaint the students with AC and DC electric circuits, steady state behavior of
single phase and three phase AC electrical circuits.
To make the students able to distinguish and use electrical devices and machines.
3. Methods of Instruction
Lecture, Discussion, Readings, Lab works, Project works
4. Contents in Detail
5. Laboratory Works
a. To measure current, voltage and power across the passive components.
b. To verify Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) & Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)
c. To verify Thevenin's Theorem.
d. To verify maximum power transfer theorem.
e. To verify superposition theorem.
f. To measure three phase power by using two wattmeter
g. To determine efficiency and voltage regulation of a single-phase transformer by
direct loading.
h. To study open circuits & short circuits tests on a single-phase transformer
i. To study the speed control of dc shunt motor by.
i. Varying the field current with armature voltage held constant field control.
ii. Varying the armature voltage with field current held constant armature control.
j. To study open circuits and load test on a dc shunt generator (separately excited)
i. To determine magnetization characteristics
ii. To determine V-I characteristics of a dc shunt generator
6. List of Tutorials
The various tutorial activities that suits your course should cover all the content of the course
to give students a space to engage more actively with the course content in the presence of
Instructor/professor. The following tutorial activities of 15 hrs. should be conducted to cover
the content of this course:
1. Discussion-based Tutorials: (1 hr)
2. Numerical discussion on DC circuit analysis (star/delta conversion, mesh analysis,
nodal analysis, superposition theorem, Thevenin‟s theorem, Norton‟s theorem and
Maximum power transfer theorem. (5 hrs)
3. Numerical discussion on single phase ac circuit (3 hrs)
4. Analysis and numerical solution of three phase ac circuits. (2 hrs)
5. Numerical problems discussion on single phase Transformer, dc motor, dc generator.
(4 hrs)
Student Responsibilities
Each student must secure at least 45% marks in internal evaluation with 80% attendance in
the class in order to appear in the Semester End Examination. Failing to get such score will
be given NOT QUALIFIED (NQ) and the student will not be eligible to appear the Semester-
End Examinations. Students are advised to attend all the classes, formal exam, test, etc. and
complete all the assignments within the specified time period. Students are required to
complete all the requirements defined for the completion of the course.
Text Books
1. Boylested, Albert “Introduction of Electric circuit” Prentice Hall of India Private
Limited, New Delhi
2. Thereja B. L & Thereja A. K. “A text book of Electrical Technology, S Chand
Publication.
References
1. Jain& Jain “ABC of Electrical Engineering”
2. Tiwari, S.N, “A first course of electrical engineering” att. Wheeler & Co. Ltd.
Allabhad.
Overview of Energy Sources
Energy is the capacity of a physical system to perform work. Energy exists in several forms
such as heat, kinetic or mechanical energy, light, potential energy, electrical, or other forms.
Energy sources could be classified as Renewable and Non-renewable.
Renewable sources of energy are available plentiful in nature and are sustainable. These
resources of energy can be naturally replenished and are safe for the environment. Examples:
Solar energy, geothermal energy, wind energy, biomass, hydropower and tidal energy.
A Non-Renewable Resource is a natural resource that is found underneath the earth. This
type of energy resources do not replenish at the same speed at which it is used. They take
millions of years to replenish. Examples of non-renewable sources of energy are: Natural
gas, coal, petroleum, nuclear energy and hydrocarbon gas liquids.
Renewable sources of energy Non-renewable sources of energy
The resources that can be renewed once they are The resources that cannot be renewed once they
consumed are called renewable energy. are consumed are called non-renewable energy.
Do not cause any environmental pollution. Cause environmental pollution..
Renewable resources are inexhaustible. Non- Renewable resources are exhaustible.
Renewable resources are not affected by human Non- Renewable resources are affected by human
activities. activities.
Examples- wind energy, Hydro and solar energy. Examples- natural gas, coal and nuclear energy.
Solar energy: The energy produced by the Sun is referred to as solar energy. It is formed due
to nuclear fission and fusion inside the Sun. This energy travels in the form of radiation
(electromagnetic waves). This energy is collected by some photovoltaic cell panels which
absorb the solar energy and convert it into electricity that can be used for home appliances.
Solar heating panels are used to heat the water in the solar heater.
Wind: When we talk about wind energy then it means that the wind speed should be high
enough to produce a considerable amount of useful work. This kind of wind energy is usually
available near the coastal regions or near the mountains where high wind flow is available at
a constant rate. Big turbines, called wind turbines are installed at such sites to tap this wind
energy which drives these turbines and as result, electricity is generated.
Tidal energy: We know the tides are created in the ocean due to the rotation of the Earth and
the attraction between Earth and the moon. Tides are nothing but the rise and fall of the water
level in the ocean. We can observe it easily on the shores. The tidal energy is captured by
forming narrow dams at the narrow entrances of rivers. During high tides and low tides, the
motion of the water column is used to rotate the turbines that produce electricity.
Biomass energy: Biomass energy is extracted from biological materials where biological
materials are formed from living organisms and plants. In the biomass power plant, biomass
is burnt into a combustor in order to produce heat which will be further converted into
mechanical energy in order to generate electricity. Biomass can also be converted into other
forms of energy like fuels used in transportation, biodiesel or methane gas depending on the
requirements.
Geothermal energy: As we know that the temperature increases as we move inside the
Earth's layers. This high temperature is the thermal energy source. Potential sources can be
hot springs and volcanoes which contain a very high amount of heat. This kind of energy is
known as geothermal energy. This energy can be extracted and can be used to generate
electricity.
Hydro energy: This energy is generally available in flowing rivers. A dam is formed to store
the water of the river at some convenient location. This stored water contains the potential
energy which can be converted into kinetic energy by giving a narrow passage to the flow.
Thus we get a water stream with high-speed that drives large turbines to produce electricity.
Nuclear Power: The energy is created through a specific nuclear reaction, which is then
collected and used to power generators. While almost every country has nuclear generators,
there are moratoriums on their use or construction as scientists try to resolve safety and
disposal issues for waste.
Nuclear energy is produced from uranium, a non-renewable energy source whose atoms are
split (through a process called nuclear fission) to create heat and, eventually, electricity.
Scientists think uranium was created billions of years ago when stars formed. Uranium is
found throughout the earth‟s crust, but most of it is too difficult or too expensive to mine and
process into fuel for nuclear power plants.
Fossil Fuels (Coal, Oil and Natural Gas)
Natural gas, coal and oils – these are all considered to be just one source of energy from
fossil fuels. Fossil fuels provide power for most of the world, primarily using coal and
oil. Oil is converted into many products, the most used of which is gasoline. Natural gas is
starting to become more common but is used mostly for heating applications, although there
are more and more natural gas-powered vehicles appearing on the streets.
The issue with fossil fuels is twofold. Getting to the fossil fuel and convert it to use, there has
to be heavy destruction and pollution of the environment. The fossil fuel reserves are also
limited, expecting to last only another 100 years given the basic rate of consumption.
It isn‟t easy to determine which of these different sources of energy is best to use. All of them
have their good and bad points. While advocates of each power type tout theirs as the best,
the truth is that they are all flawed. What needs to happen is a concerted effort to change how
we consume energy and to create a balance between which of these sources we draw from.
Generation System: Electricity energy in Nepal is generally produced from hydro power
plant, solar, and diesel engine. Electric power is commonly (or usually) generated at 11 kV in
generating stations. While in some cases, generation voltage might be higher or lower.
Generating machines, to be used in power stations, are available between 3.3 kV, 6.6 and
13.2 kV in Nepal. Generation voltage is made lower than transmission voltage because
insulation cost in winding of generator increases with increases in voltages.
Transmission System: Generating voltage is then stepped up to 132kV, 220kV, 400kV is
called transmission system. Stepping up the voltage level depends upon the distance at which
power is to be transmitted. Longer the distance, higher will be the voltage level. Stepping up
of voltage is to reduce the power loss i.e. I2R losses in transmitting the power (when voltage
is stepped up, the current reduces by a relative amount so that the power remains constant,
and hence I2R loss also reduces). This stage is called as primary transmission.
i.e. Power loss = I2R
If power to be transmit P = V*I = constant,
then if voltage increases then current decreases
so, power loss decreases
Also, the voltage is the stepped down at a receiving station to 33kV or 66kV are called
Secondary transmission voltages. Secondary transmission lines emerge from this receiving
station to connect substations located near load centers (cities etc.).
Distribution System: Distribution voltage is made lower than transmission voltage for
safety of personal and equipment. Voltage is stepped down again to 11kV at a substation.
Large industrial consumers can be supplied at 11kV directly from these substations. Also,
feeders emerge from these substations. This stage is called as primary distribution.
Also, the voltage is stepped down to 400V for commercial large consumers through three
phase supply or 230V to local household consumers through single phase supply are called
secondary distribution system.
DC Current
Direct current refers to the unidirectional propagation of electric charge. It is commonly used
in batteries and solar cells. Thomas Edison invented DC current, which allowed him to power
numerous complex electrical systems.
Circuits Concepts
lumped and distributed parameters:
lumped elements can be separated from the Distributed elements cannot be separated
circuit. from the circuit.
The voltage and current in a lumped element The voltage and current in a distributed
are a function of time alone. element are function of space and time.
The output characteristics curve between The output characteristics curve between
current and voltage for a linear circuit looks current and voltage for a non-linear circuit
like a straight line. looks like a curved line.
Average Value
Average Value (also known as Mean Value) of an Alternating Current (AC) is expressed by
that Direct Current (DC) which transfers across any circuit the same amount of charge as is
transferred by that Alternating Current (AC) during the same time.
The average of all the instantaneous values of an alternating voltage and currents over one
complete cycle is called Average Value.
Mathematically, Average value = ∫ ( )
i.e. Average value of voltage = ∫ ( )
Average value of current = ∫ ( )
As in DC supply circuit, the product of voltage and current is known as the Power in the
circuit. Similarly, the power is the same in the AC circuit also, the only difference is that in
the AC circuit the instantaneous value of voltage and current is taken into consideration.
Therefore, the instantaneous power in a purely resistive circuit is given by the equation
shown below:
Instantaneous power, p= v i
Where, V and I are the rms values of applied voltage and current respectively.
Thus for purely resistive circuits, the expression for power is the same as for dc circuits.
From the power curve for a purely resistive circuit shown in Fig. it is evident that power
consumed in a pure resistive circuit is not constant, it is fluctuating.
However, it is always positive. This is so because the instantaneous values of voltage and
current are always either positive or negative and, therefore, the product is always positive.
This means that the voltage source constantly delivers power to the circuit and the circuit
consumes it.
2 A.C through pure Inductive Circuit:
The circuit which contains only inductance (L) and not any other quantities like resistance
and capacitance in the circuit is called a Pure inductive circuit. Suppose that a pure inductive
circuit is connected to a sinusoidal voltage as shown in Figure
Let the alternating voltage applied across the circuit be given by the equation
v = Vm sin ωt ………..(1)
As a result, an alternating current i flows through the inductance which induces an emf in it.
The equation is shown below:
E=-L
The emf which is induced in the circuit is equal and opposite to the applied voltage. Hence,
the equation becomes,
V = - e …………..2)
Putting the value of e in equation (2) we will get the equation as
v=-(-L ) or
Vm sin ωt =L
di = sin ωt ……………………….3)
Integrating both sides of the equation (3), we will get
Hence, the average power consumed in a purely inductive circuit is zero. The average power
in one alteration, i.e., in a half cycle is zero, as the negative and positive loop is under power
curve is the same.
In purely inductive circuit, during the first quarter cycle, power supplied by the source, is
stored in the magnetic field set up around the coil. In the next quarter cycle, magnetic field
diminishes and the power that was stored in the first quarter cycle is returned to the source.
This process continues in every cycle, and thus, no power is consumed in the circuit.
Let the alternating voltage applied across the circuit be given by the equation
v = Vmax sin ωt ………..(1)
Charge of the capacitor at any instant of time is given as
Q = C v ………………..2)
Current flowing through the circuit is given by the equation
i=
Putting the value of q from the equation (2) in equation (3) we will get
( )
i=
Now, putting the value of v from the equation (1) in the equation (3) we will get
Where Xc = 1/ωC is the opposition offered to the flow of alternating current by a pure
capacitor and is called Capacitive Reactance.
The value of current will be maximum when sin(ωt + π/2) = 1. Therefore, the value of
maximum current Im will be given as:
Im =
Substituting the value of Im in the equation (4) we will get
Thus, pure capacitor circuit, the current flowing through the capacitor leads the voltage by an
angle of 90 degrees. The waveform of voltage and current are shown below:
Hence, from the above equation, it is clear that the average power in the capacitive circuit is
zero. The average power in a half cycle is zero as the positive and negative loop area in the
waveform shown are same.
Where, Z is the total opposition offered to the flow of alternating current by an RL Series
circuit and is called impedance of the circuit,
And, the phasor diagram shown above, it is clear that the current in the circuit lags the
applied voltage by an angle ϕ and this angle is called the phase angle.
when we combine both resistance and inductor, the phase angle of a series RL circuit is
between 0o to 90o.
Thus, the instantaneous value of voltage and current flowing through the circuit will be
v = Vm sin t
i = Im sin ( t - )
Impedance triangle of RL series circuit
using Pythagoras theorem in above phasor diagram
V2 = VR2 + VL2
(IZ)2 = (IR)2 + (IXL)2 or I2Z2 = I2R2 + I2XL2
Next, dividing throughout by I2 eliminates I2, we get
Z2 = R2 + XL2
2. RC Series Circuit
Consider a simple RC circuit in which resistor, R and capacitor, C are connected in series
with a voltage supply driven by a sinusoidal voltage source.
Where,
VR – voltage across the resistance R
VC – voltage across capacitor C
V – total voltage across RC Series circuit
Phasor Diagram of RC Series Circuit
Let, Current I is taken as a reference since current is same in series circuit.
The Voltage drop across the resistance VR = I.R is drawn in phase with the current I.
The voltage drop across the capacitive reactance VC =I.XC is drawn IXC is drawn 90 degrees
behind the current vector, as current leads voltage by 90 degrees (in the pure capacitive
circuit). For this reason, in the series RC circuit the two voltage drops will not be directly
additive but will be a vector sum.
The vector sum of the two voltages drops VR and VC is equal to the applied voltage V.
The phasor diagram of the RC series circuit is shown below
Phase angle
From the phasor diagram shown above, it is clear that the current in the circuit leads the
applied voltage by an angle ϕ and this angle is called the phase angle.
The voltage and current waveforms of the R-C series circuit are shown in fig
Thus, instantaneous value of voltage and current flowing through the circuit will be, v = Vm
sin t
i = Im sin ( t + )
Impedance triangle of RC series circuit
using Pythagoras theorem in above phasor diagram
V2 = VR2 + Vc2
(IZ)2 = (IR)2 + (IXC)2
I2Z2 = I2R2 + I2XC2
Next, dividing throughout by I2 eliminates I2 , we get
Z2 = R2 + XC2
In parallel circuit, the voltage across each element remains the same and the current gets
divided in each component depending upon the impedance of each component.
The total current, IS drawn from the supply is equal to the vector sum of the resistive,
inductive and capacitive current, not the mathematic sum of the three individual branch
currents, as the current flowing in resistor, inductor and capacitor are not in same phase with
each other; so they cannot be added arithmetically.
Apply Kirchhoff‟s current law, which states that the sum of currents entering a junction or
node, is equal to the sum of current leaving that node we get,
On simplifying,
As shown above in the equation of impedance, Z of a parallel RLC circuit each element has
reciprocal of impedance (1/Z) i.e admittance, Y. For solving parallel RLC circuit it is
convenient if we find admittance of each branch and the total admittance of the circuit can be
found by simply adding each branch‟s admittance.
Power in AC circuit
INTRODUCTION
In dc circuit the value of voltage and current becomes constant. But in AC circuit the
instantaneous value of current and voltage flows and hence the power of the supply is
continuously varying with the time.
Usually, power is the product of applied voltage and current.
P = V*I
But, in case of ac circuit if voltage is taken reference, current has two components
S = V I √( ) ( )
S = VI Volt ampre
Power Factor
Definition
Power factor is the cosine of the phase angle difference between voltage and current.
i.e. power factor = cos Φ = cos(∠ V - ∠ I )
Also, from impedance triangle and power triangle,
i) “The ratio between the resistance and total impedance of an AC circuit is called power
factor”
i.e. power factor = =
ii) “The ratio between the active power and apparent power is called power factor”.
i.e power factor =
= =
• Considering an inductive load, the power factor will be lagging due to which the
current is lagging behind the voltage.
• While in capacitive load the angle goes opposite, the applied current angle is now
leading before the voltage and consider as leading power factor.
• And, for purely resistive load power factor is unity
Significance of power factor
The power factor plays an important role in ac circuits depending upon the load. Consider the
power is to carrying capacity equation
P = V IL cos
If voltage and power to be transferred is assumed to be constant
IL
• As we know that lower the power factor, higher is the load current and vice-versa.so
lower power factor results:
1) When power factor decreases the load current increases which increases the rating of
the machine. i.e. P = V.I
2) When power factor decreases the load current increases. Thus, to carry higher current
the size of conductor increases and results in higher cost of the conductor.
3) Due to increase in load current, copper loss increases i.e. I2R. Thus efficiency of
machine decreases.
4) There is poor voltage regulation due to drop in terminal voltage.
5) Penalty/fine of lower power factor from utility power supply.
Causes of low power factor:
Low power factor is undesirable from the economic point of view.
1. Most of the AC motors (single phase and three phases) are induction motors
which work at extremely low power factor (0.2 to 0.3).
2. Industrial furnaces, arc lamps, electric discharge lamps etc operate at low power
factor.
3. Varying Load in Power System (As we know that load on power system is varying.
During low load period, supply voltage is increased which increase the magnetizing
current which cause the decreased power factor)
Power factor improvement:
• The low power factor is mainly due to the inductive loads. In inductive load the
current lags the voltage by some angle, so increases i.e. cos decreases thus
power factor decreases. So, component that provide leading current is to be provided
i.e capacitive.
• In order to overcome this situation, we must connect a capacitor in parallel with the
loads which can somehow stabilize the power factor. PF correction capacitors act as
reactive current generators.
• Power factor improvement can be achieved by using the following types of
equipment.
1) Static capacitor : The power factor can be improved by connecting a capacitor in parallel
with the inductive load. As we know that capacitor draws a leading current which can
neutralize the lagging power factor produced by the inductive loads. For three phase loads,
the capacitors can be connected in star or delta.
2) Synchronous condenser: Synchronous motors take the leading current when they are over
excited and therefore they behave like capacitors. So an overexcited synchronous motors
running at no load is called synchronous condenser. When such machines are connected in
parallel with the supply, it takes the leading current which partially neutralizes or tend to
minimize the low power factor. Hence the power factor is improved.
3) Phase Advancer
• Can be used only for Induction Motors
• We know that stator winding draws lagging current in a motor. This current is drawn
from the main supply.
• Hence, to improve pf, we supply this lagging current from an alternative source. This
alternative source is the phase advancer.
• A phase advancer is basically an AC exciter. It is mounted on the same shaft as the
main motor and connected in the rotor circuit. It supplies exciting ampere turns to the
rotor circuit at slip frequency. This improves the power factor.
Resonance
Resonance at Series RLC Circuit
In the RLC series circuit, when the circuit current is in phase with the applied voltage, the
circuit is said to be in Series Resonance.
Firstly, let us define series RLC circuits.
• Inductive reactance XL = 2
• capacitive reactance XC =
if XL > XC , the circuit is inductive in nature.
if XC > XL , the circuit is capacitive in nature.
Here, XL α f, so if we plot a graph between XL Vs f, we get the straight line as shown
Thus, this is required expression of resonant frequency. At that point of intersection, the
inductive and capacitive reactance becomes equal and the frequency at which these two
reactance's become equal, is called resonant frequency, fr.
NOTES
1. At resonance XL = XC ,
Z = R + j (XL-XC ) = R, so, the impedance is minimum and thus current is maximum.
2. At series resonance, XL = XC ,so IXL = IXC ,VL = VC so, imaginary voltage drop across
inductor and capacitor is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction and thereby they
cancel each other. So, in a series resonant circuit, voltage across resistor is equal to supply
voltage i.e. V = VR. So, also called voltage resonance circuit.
So, the circuit behaves like a pure resistive circuit and we know that in pure resistive circuit,
Therefore, the phase angle between voltage and current is zero and the power factor is unity.
3. As a series resonance circuit only functions on resonant frequency, this type of circuit is
also known as an Acceptor Circuit because at resonance, the impedance of the circuit is at
its minimum so easily accepts the current whose frequency is equal to its resonant frequency.
APPLICATION OF SERIES RESONANCE
RLC circuits have many applications as oscillator circuits. Radio receivers and television
sets use them for tuning to select a narrow frequency range from ambient radio waves. In this
role, the circuit is often referred to as a tuned circuit.
An RLC circuit can be used as a band-pass filter, band-stop filter, low-pass filter or high-pass
filter. The tuning application, for instance, is an example of band-pass filtering. The RLC
filter is described as a second-order circuit, meaning that any voltage or current in the circuit
can be described by a second-order differential equation in circuit analysis.
Since resonance in series RLC circuit occurs at particular frequency, so it is used for filtering
and tuning purpose as it does not allow unwanted oscillations that would otherwise cause
signal distortion, noise and damage to circuit to pass through it.
Quality factor of R-L-C series circuit
It is the measure of voltage magnification that the circuit produces at resonance. It is the ratio
of voltage across inductor or capacitor to the voltage across resistor.
Q= = = as, fr =
√
Q=
√
Q= √
Similarly, for C-circuit
Q= = = as, fr =
√
Q= =
√
Q= √
• In case of series resonance, higher value of Q-factor means not only higher voltage
magnification, but also a higher selectivity of the tuning coil and that is why it is
necessary that the coil be of high inductance and low resistance.
• In fact, Q-factor of a series resonant circuit may be defined as the ratio of resonant
frequency to bandwidth: Q = ƒr /B.W.
Bandwidth of a Series Resonance Circuit
Bandwidth is the difference in frequencies of band which lies between two point on either
side of the resonant frequency(Fr) of the resonance curve, when the curve values Irms = =
√
0.707 Imax.
The magnitude of bandwidth = Δf = f2 – f1.
Now, power dissipated at resonant frequency P0 = Im2 R
power dissipated at frequency f1 and f2 , P1 = P2 ( ) R =
√
f1 and f2 are the half power points. Bandwidth is the range of frequency within which
the power dissipated in the resistance is greater than or equal to half the power
dissipated at resonance.
Now,
for RLC series circuit
I= …………………….1)
√ ( ) ( ) ( )
√ ( ) √ ( )
And,
current passing at half power points I1 and I2 are given by
I1 = I2 = ……………………2)
√
( )
Equation 1) and 2) are identical if ( )= 1
or, ( ) = R ………………
Consequently, when frequency increases from f1 to f2 , XL must increases to 0.5R and X C
must corresponding decreases by 0.5R.
Thus, f2 L– f0 L= 0.5 R
– …………….*)
Similarly, when frequency decreases from f0 to f1 , Xc must increases to 0.5R and XL must
corresponding decreases by 0.5R.
Thus, f0 L– f1 L= 0.5 R
– …………….**)
Adding *) and **) we get
Δf = f2 – f1 = + =
ANOTHER WAY TO CALCULATE BAND WIDTH
Bandwidth is the difference in frequencies of band which lies between two point on either
side of the resonant frequency(Fr) of the resonance curve, when the curve values Irms = =
√
0.707 Imax.
The magnitude of bandwidth = Δf = f2 – f1.
or, 1 =
2
or, r = )
Also, + = 2R
( )
( ) = 2R
( )
( ) = 2R
( )
( ) = 2R as fr = so, , r =
√ √
( )
( ) = 2R
( ) ( ) = 2R
( )=
f2 – f1 = ………..*)
Thus Bandwidth = f2 – f1 =
And, fr – f1 =
Parallel Resonance
Parallel Resonance means when the circuit current is in phase with the applied voltage of an
AC circuit containing an inductor and a capacitor connected together in parallel.
Resonance frequency
At the Resonance condition, the circuit draws the minimum current
as under this (resonance) condition the reactive component of current is suppressed.
The parallel resonance will occur if
where, IC = , IL= , sin
So, on substuting
= *
( )2 =
or, ( ( ) )=
or, =√
or, fr = √
or, fr = √
So, fr = √ =
√
2. At resonance the current flowing through the circuit must also be at its minimum as
the inductive and capacitive branch currents are equal ( IL = IC ) and are 180o out of
phase.
3. As a parallel resonance circuit only functions on resonant frequency, this type of
circuit is also known as an Rejecter Circuit because at resonance, the impedance of
the circuit is at its maximum thereby suppressing or rejecting the current whose
frequency is equal to its resonant frequency. The effect of resonance in a parallel
circuit is also called “current resonance”.
Quality Factor of RLC parallel circuit
It is measure of current magnification produced in RLC parallel circuit.
Q=
where, I0 = = =
= XL * XC = L/C
I0 =
So, Q= =