Vilter Refrigeration Piping Data Manual en US 5419418 02

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VILTER™ Since 1867

EMERSON™
Climate Technologies
CONTENTS
Refrigerant 717 (Ammonia) Page

Introduction .........................., ..................................... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Sample Problem ........................... -...................................... -. ............ 5
Suction Line Capacities For Intermediate Or Low Stage Duty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Suction Line Capacities For Single Or High Stage Applications -. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Discharge And Liquid Line Capacities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
K-Factors (Velocity Heads) For Valves And Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Equivalent Lengths Of Valves And Fittings ..................................................... 10
Schematic Piping Layout For Sample Problem ................................................... 11
Flow Rate Per Ton Of Refrigeration ............................................................ 12
Pressure I>rop In Steel Piping .................................................................. 13
Velocity In Steel Piping ..........................................-............................. 14
Velocity And Pressure Drop In Steel Piping ..................................................... 15
Relation Of Pressure-Change To Elevation Difference ............•. : ............................. 16
Pressure Drop In Valves And Fittings .......................... _..................... , ........... 17
Temperature Penalty Due To Pressure Drop ........................ '. ............................ 18
Thermodynamic Properties ..................................................................... 19
Flow Rate ........ : ........................................................................... 22
· Refrigerant 12 -
Introduction ..................................................... ; ............................. 23
Sample Problem .................... ~ ......................................................... 25
Suction Line Capacities For Intermediate Or Low Stage Duty..................................... 26
Suction Line Capacities For Single Or High Stage Applications ................................... 27
Discharge And Liquid Line Capacities ........................................................... 28
K-Factors (Velocity Heads) For Valves And Fittings ............................................. 29
Schematic Piping Layout For Sample Problem ................................................... 31
Pressure Drops In Steel Piping ..................................... .- ........................... 33
Velocity In Steel Piping .......... .' ....................... ·........... _........... _............... 34
Velocity And Pressure Drop In Steel Piping ..................................... : ............... 35
Pressure I>rop In Copper Tubing ............................................................... 36
Velocity In Copper Tubing ..................................................................... 37
Velocity And Pressure Drop In Copper Tubing ................................................... 38
Relation Of Pressure Change To Elevation Difference .............. '. ............................. 39
Pressure Drop In Valves And Fittings ...................•....................................... 40
Temperature Penalty Due To Pressure Drop ..................................................... 41
Thermodyn_amic Properties..................................................................... 42-
Flow Rate ......................... -. .......................................................... 44
(continued)
~
,a\ VILTER.. Sln<el867
1
CONTENTS
Refrigerant 22 Page
Introduction .................................................................................. 45
Sample Problem ........................ ~ ..................................................... 47
Suction Line Capacities For Intermediate Or Low Stage Duty..................................... 48
Suction Line Capacities For Single Or High Stage Applications ................................... 49
Discharge And Liquid Line Capacities ........................................................... 50
K-Factors (Velocity Heads) For Valves And Fittings ............................................. 51
Schematic fiping Layout For Sample Problem ................................................... 53
Pressure Drop In Steel Piping .................................................................. 55
Velocity In Steel Piping ....................................................................... 56
Velocity And Pressure Drop In Steel Piping ..................................................... 57
Pressure Drop In Copper Tubing ............................................................... 58
Velocity In Copper Tubing ..................................................................... 59
Velocity And Pressure Drop In Copper Tubing ..................................... ; ............. 60
Relation Of Pressure Change To Elevation Difference ............................................ 61
Pressure Drop In Valves And Fittings ........................................................... 62
Temperature Penalty Due To Pressure Drop ..................................................... 63
Thermodynamic Properties ...................................... : .............................. 64
Flow Rate .................................................................................... 66
Refrigerant 502
Introduction ............................ , ..................................................... 67
Refrigerant Line Capacities For Single Or High Stage Applications .............. : ..... ·.......... ~. 68
Pressure Drop In Copper Tubing ............................................................... 70
Velocity In Copper Tubing .. : .................................................................. 71
Velocity And Pressure Drop In Copper Tubing .................................................. 72
Relation Of Pressure-Change To Elevation Difference ............................................ 73
Thermodynamic Properties ..................................................................... 7 4
Appendix
General Statement Of Limitations And Assumptions ............................................. 76
Nomenclature ................................................................................ 76
General Equation For Pressure Drop In Pipe .................................................... 76
The Moody Chart ....................................................................... ·...... 77
Losses In Valves And Fittings .................................................................. 77
Bibliol!f"aphy .................................................................................. 78
Table A-l - Minimum Tonnage For Oil Entrainment Up Suction Risers .......................... 79
I:>ouble Suction Risers ......................................................................... 80
Table A-2 - Minimum Tonnage For Oil Entrainment Up Hot Gas Risers .......................... 81
Liquid Recirculation Systems - Line Sizing ..................................................... 82
Table A-3 - Viscosity Of Refrigerants .......................................................... 83
Table A-4 - Steel And Wrought Iron Pipe - Dimensions And Physical Data ...................... 83
Table A-.5 - Copper, Brass or Seamiess-Steel Tubing - Dimensions And Physical Data ............ 84
Table A-6 - Receiver To Condenser Equalizing Line Sizes .......................... : ............. 84
Table A-7 '"" Low Stage Refrigerant Line Capacity Multipliers .................................... 85
Table A-8 _!_ Practical Gas Line Velocities for Various Refrigerants ............................... 85
Table A-9 - Conversion Table For Fahrenheit And Centigrade ................................... 85
Table A-10 - Flow Of Water Through Schedule 40 Steel Pipe .................................... 86
'J'vpical Conversion Factors (U.S. To S.I. Metric) ................................................ 87
2 '&. VILJED'"
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~·.~a
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - · I E FR I GIERA NT 717
REFRIGERANT 717 (AMMONIA) PIPING DATA

This section presents useful data for the proper pipe insulation, can best determine the optimum
sizing of Refrigerant 717 (Ammonia) piping. Its pressure-drop aJlowance. Experience has shown
purpose is not to set design standards, but to pro- that the aJlowable pressure drop for suction lines
vide the latest pipe-sizing information available. should decrease with suction temperature. Dis-
It also discusses various factors which determine charge lines may have a greater pressure-drop, for
the allowable pressure drops in different portions a specified temperature penalty, than suction lines.
of a refrigerant piping system. Suction line pressure drop increases the volume
8111i1 of Charts and Tables of gas to be handled by the compressor, increases
the ratio of discharge pressure to suction pres-
The pressure-drop charts given herein for single or sure, and reduces the volumetric efficiency of the
high stage applications are based on calculations compressor. This results in Jess capacity from a
using the commonly accepted Darcy-Weisbach given compressor and more power per ton of
pressure-drop formula and Darcy friction factors refrigeration.
from the Moody Chart (see appendix, Sections A-III The effect of a particular amount of suction line
and A-IV). Capacity tables for intermediate or low pressure drop is greater as the suction pressure
stage applications are based on calculations using decreases. Fig. 8 indicates this in showing that
Fanning's equation for friction loss. a particular pressure drop results in a greater
Pipe Lines. Suction line velocity and pressure "temperature penalty" at a lower saturation tem-
drop values are for saturated vapor temperature perature. The result of suction line pressure
conditions, and the discharge line values are at drop is that the compressor operates from a suc-
pressures corresponding to the condensing tem- tion condition corresponding to the actual evapo-
peratures indicated, and superheated to 250 F. rator temperature minus the temperature penalty.
Liquid line velocities and pressure drops are Larger suction line sizes reduce the pressure
for ~aturated ammonia liquid at 90 F and can be drop and, therefore, reduce the compressor ca-
used with reasonable accuracy for temperatures pacity required and also the power per ton. How-
between 70 F and 110 F. ever, the larger pipe size increases its cost and
Valves and Fittings. Pres:-ure losses through also its installation and insulation cost. The best
refrigerant valves and fittings are given in a size from an economic consideration can be deter-
table, in the form of "K" factors (velocity heads). mined by an economic study with the cost of the
These "K" factors are representative, using aver- various factors available.
age values obtained from various tests and manu- Discharge line pressure drop also increases the
facturers' ratings. "K" factors vary widely for a ratio of discharge pressure to suction pressure
given type and size of valve or fitting, depending and reduces the volumetric efficiency of the com-
on the construction or internal design. pressor. This results in less capacity from a given
For a simplified determination of these pressure compressor and more power per ton of refrigera-
drops, "equivalent lengths" of valves and fittings tion.
are given in a table. These "equivalent lengths" The effect of a particular amount of discharge
have been derived, using the "K" factors in con- line pressure drop is less as the discharge satura-
junction with friction factors taken from the tion temperature increases, but the difference
Moody Chart at Reynolds Numbers in the range is not very great in the range of saturation
of normal usage, for both vapor and liquid lines. temperatures corresponding to usual discharge
"Equivalent lengths" result in a sacrifice of ac- pressures. Fig. 8 indicates this by showing the
curacy, depending on the temperature, state and relatively small change in "temperature penalty"
velocity of the refrigerant. "K" factors give more for a particular pressure drop at the temperatures
reliable pressure drop data. For greater accuracy, corresponding to saturation at normal discharge
particularly for valves, "K" factors should be ob- pressures. Fig. 8 also indicates the smaller
tained from the manufacturer. "temperature penalty" for a given pressure drop
in the saturation temperature range correspond-
Pre11ure-Drop limitations (Pipe-Sizing Factors) ing to usual discharge conditions as compared
Vapor line pressure drops result in an increase to the range corresponding to usual suction con-
in pow~r input to the compressor and a decrease ditions. Because of this, economic considerations
in refrigeration capacity. The most critical line usually result in the use of a larger pressure
with respect to this is the suction line, as losses drop as the basis of design for a discharge line
in it have the greatest effect on· the system. An than that which would be used for a suction Jine.
economic study, involving power input, system
~\VILTER .
IT
capacity, size of system components--evaporator 3
and condenser-and installation cos~ of pipe and
-··~·
REF RIG ER ANT 7 1 7 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
·
f~\VILTER'M
~. Since 1867
Pressure-drop in the liquid line does not affect How to Use Ch~rt• T
the system capacity or power input, but flash gas,
1. Tables 1-A and 1-B permit quick selection of suc-
caused by pressure-drop or liquid-lift, increases tion lines applicable to the conditions listed.
the required capacity of the expansion device.
Higher liquid line velocities should be used with Tables 1-A gives suction line capacities (tons) for
caution because of possible stresses due to ra{>id intermediate or low stage applications. The
closing of any liquid valve. Solenoid valves, or values in this table are based on 0°F. saturated
solenoid pilot-controlled valves, almost always are discharge temperature. For intermediate or low
rapid-closing. stage suction line· capacities at other saturated
Basi1 of Design discharge temperatures, multiply table value by
Suction lines should generally be selected for a proper line capacity multiplier given in Table A-7
pressure drop of 1to3 psi per 100 feet of pipe for in appendix.
temperatures above 20 F. On the other hand, Table 1-B gives suction line capacities (tons) for
pressure drop should range from 1 to 0.2 psi per single or high stage applications at various satu-
100 feet of pipe at temperatures between + 20 F rated temperatures and pressure drops, and at
and - 60 F. In other words pressure-drop allow- 90°F. condensing temperature. For other con-
ance should decrease with decreasing suction densing (or liquid) temperatures and other
temperatures. pressure-drop limitations, follow steps 3 and 4
Discharge. lines should generally be selected tor below.
a nominal pressure drop between 2 and 5 psi 2. Table 2 shows discharge Jine capacities in
per 100 feet of pipe at any normal condensing tons of refrigeration for various pressure
temperature. drops per 100 ft, and is based on 90 F con-
Liquid lines are sized for low pressure drop to densing temperature and + 20 F evaporator
avoid or minimize flash gas. temperature. For other condensing (or liq-
For sizing of liquid lines from the con- uid) temperatures, these capacities are not
denser to the receiver, the criterion used is a valid; use the detailed steps outlined below.
liquid velocity of 100 ft per minute to simulate Also shown are liquid-line sizes ( 1) from
sewer-type drainage. Velocities ranging from 75. the. condenser to the receiver, based on 100.ft
to 150 ft per minute are commonly used. Factors per min liquid velocity, and (2) receiver to
influencing this line-size selection are elevation system expansion device, based on a pressure
difference between the condenser and receiver, the drop of 2.0 psi per 100 ft.
number of restrictions in this line, the diameter
of the pipe, whether or not an external gas equal- The following steps are used for detailed sizing
of ammonia piping:
izer will be provided, relationship of condensing
temperature to ambient temperature, etc. Where 3. Fig. 2 permits a quick determination of re-
other velocity criteria are used, the line size can frigerant-flow rates in lb/ (min) (ton) at vari-
readily be selected by the ratio of the velocity ous evaporating and high pressure liquid tem-
used to 100 ft per minute. peratures. The total refrigerant-flow rate is
For liquid lines from receiver to system, the determined by multiplying the lb/ (min) (ton)
velocity range used is from 100 to 300 fpm, with from these curves by the system or applicable
pressure drop of 2 psi per 100 ft or greater. tonnage.
The curve showing the relation of change in ele- 4. Fig. 3 provides suction and discharge-gas
vation to the pressure change is based on a con- line pressure drops for 100 ft equivalent
stant liquid temperature of 90 F. Where satm.:ated length of pipe. After finding the total refrig-
liquid must rise from the receiver to the evapora. erant-flow rate in lb per min, the pressure
tor, the loss in static head would create flash gas drop through any gas line is found by project-
which would further change the characteristics ing vertically, from the flow rate on the lower
of the temperature-penalty curve. Consequently, scale, to the intersection with the line size
for the accurate use of this curve, liquid subcool- to be used. At this intersection, follow the
ing should be provided to the extent of the eleva- horizontal line to the right and intersect with
tion-difference penalty when the liquid column the vapor temperature line, and then project
rises upward. Where the receiver is above the vertically to the top scale to read the pressure
evaporator, no subcooling is necessary and credit drop.
for the increased pressure may be taken in the 5. Fig. 4 shows suction and discharge-gas line
selection of the expansion device. (See Figure 6• velocities at various flow rates for different
Downstream of the expansion device there is a size refrigerant lines. It is read in the same
mixture of liquid and flash gas, which immlves manner as Fig. 3, with the resultant answer
two-phase flow requiring rather complicated cal- in ft per sec velocity.
culations. It has been found from experience that 6. Fig. 5 is used to determine liquid-line velocity
to select a pipe one size larger than that upstream and pressure drop. The liquid-flow rate in
of the expansion device is generally satisfactory. lb per min, as read on the lower scale, is
projected upward to the intersection of a
4
given pipe size. The velocity in ft per sec 11. Fig. 8 shows the temperature penalty due
can be read at this point and a pressure to pressure drop. The pressure drop read on
drop in psi per 100 ft equivalent length can the left scale, projected to the intersection
be read on the ordinate scale. with the temperature curve will give the tem-
'1. Fig. 6 indicates the change in static pres- perature penalty due to the pressure drop for
sure for a liquid temperature of 90 F at saturated liquid or.gas as read from the lower
elevations from 0 ft to 50 ft. The elevation scale.
difference, read on the lower scale and pro- Pulsating Flow
jected upward to the curve and thence hori-
zontally to the left, will give the change in The data provided In the figures and tables above
pressure resulting from elevation difference. are based on steady-ftow conditions. Irregular
ftow, such as pulsating ftow and two-phase ftow,
8. Table S lists "K" factors (resistance in veloc- which are met in practice, causes an increase in
ity heads) for commonly-used refrigerant pressure loss beyond that indicated in the given
valves and fittings. To determine the actual data.
pressure drop at any given condition of ftow,
the "K" factor is applied to the nomograph Reciprocating compressors create pulsating ftow
in Fig. 7. in both discharge and suction lines. Howe'Ver, be-
cause gas density and the pressure-pulsation amp-
9. Fig. 7 is a nomograph presented for the litude are both greater in the discharge line, the
determination of pressure loss through valves added frictional loss due to pulsation is also
and fittings when the "K" factor and op- greater in the discharge line. For the same rea-
erating conditions are known. A straight line, sons, the additional pressure loss due to pulsating
extending through known values on the "K" flow is greater for a single"'.'cylinder compressor
factor and velocity scales, gives an intersec- than for a multi-cylinder compressor. Pulsation is
tion with the turning line. A straight line greater as the compression ratio increases.
from this Intersection Is then projectec'
through the desired temperature until it inter- The refrigerant piping and other components
sects with the scale on the extreme right, in the system, such as valves, fittings, condenser,
riving pressure drop in" psi throurh the valve evaporator, etc.,.attenuate the pulsation, resulting
or fitting. in an energy loss that is only slightly above the
fric.tional loss that occurs when the flow Is steady .
.::;10. Table 4 lists the nominal "equivalent length" Use of a muffler in the discharge line, close to the
of commonly-used refrigerant valves and fit- compressor, reduces the friction loss· in the line
tings. These values may be used in lieu of downstream from the muffler. Of course, the
the "K" factors, for convenience, where less frictional loss of the muffler itself must be con-
accuracy is required. The equivalent length sidered in the system design.
of all fittings in a line are added to the linear
feet of straight run to arrive at a total 'equiv- The calculations for these types of flow are
alent length. This length, divided by 100 and complicated, but it has been found that the effects
multiplied by the pressure· drop per 100 feet, of pulsating flow, where they constitute a problem,
will provide the pressure loss throughout the can be minimized by selecting the next larger pipe
line. size.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
GIVEN SOLUTION
100 tons refrigeration From Fig. 2, the refrigerant flow
10 F evaporator temperature per ton at 10 F evaporator tempera-
100 F condensing (liquid) temperature and 100 F condensing temper-
ture ture = 0.435 lb/ (min) (ton). Re-
Piping layout as shown in Fig. 1 frigerant circulation= 100 tons X
0.435 lb/ (min) (ton) = 43.5 lb/min.
Select discharge, liquid and suction
lines DISCHARGE LINE
Determine compressor operating con- From Table 2, at 20 F saturated
ditiom evaporator temperature, 90 F sat-
·~~. VILTER'" 0
~ Sln<el867
urated condensing temperature and Pressure Drop in Valves and Fittings:
2 psi/100 ft pressure drop, a 21A" From Table 8, for three sta;idard
pipe has a capacity of 140 tOns. A 1" screwed elbows, K = 1.4; from
2" size will be tried, although, at Fig. '1, pressure drop per ell= 0.10
the conditions of this problem, it psi; 8 ells X 0.1 psi = 0.80 psi
may develop that its pressure drop From Table 8, for one 1" screwed··
will appreciably exceed 2 psi/100 ft. angle valve, K = 4.3
Pressure Drop in Pipe: From Fig. 7, pressure drop for
From Fig. 3, pressure drop/100 ft. 1" valve at 4 fps =0.28 psi
at 43.5 lb/min and 100 F con-
densing temperature through 2" Total pressure drop =1.14 psi
pipe = 2.3 psi/100 fl Expansion valve to evaporator:
Pressure drop for 45 ft of pipe Size line one size larger than up.
= 45/100 x 2.3 = 1.04 psi stream of valve to allow for flash
From Fig.4, velocity at 43.5 lb/min gas, or 1~".
and 100 F condensing tempera-
ture through 2" pipe= 61 fps SUCTION LINE
Pressure Drop in Fittings:
From Table 1-B, select 3" pipe, which
Pressure drop for three 2" long-
is adequate for 95.3 tons of refrigera-
radius welded ells: tion at l psi/100 ft pressure drop, 10 F
From Table 3, K = 0.25
saturated suction temperature and 90
From Fig. 7, Pressure drop=
F saturated condensing temperature
0.05 psi (interpolated).
3 ells X 0.05 psi == 0.16 psi
Pressure Drop in Pipe t
Total pressure drop = 1.19 psi
Temperature Penalty: From Fig. 3, 43.5 lb/min, 3" pipe,
.From Fig.. 8, 1.19 psi, 100 F satu- at 10 F suction temperature, pres-
ration temperature, temperature s·ure drop...:_ 1.1 psi/100 ft.
penalty = 0.36 F Pressure drop for 2'1 ft of pipe
Since this temperature penalty is = 27/100 x 1.1 = o.so psi
small, the 2" pipe selection will be Pressure Drop In Fittings:
used. From Fig.4, velocity at+ 10 F suc-
tion temperature and 43.5 lb/min
LIQUID LINES for 3" pipe= 105 fps.
Condenser to receiver: For two 3" long-radius welded ells,
Base selection on velocity in liquid Table 8, K = 0.23
line of 100 fpm. From Fig. 7, pressure drop for 1
From Table 2, select llh" ips. ell = 0.033 psi '
From Fig. 5, velocity is 1.6 fps = For two eJls, pressure drop = 0.07 psi
96 fpm.
Because of gravity ftow, no pres-
sure drop need be calculated. Temperature penalty:
Receiver to expansion valve: From Fig. 8, 0.37 psi at 10 F
From Fig. 5 for 43 lb/min liquid, saturation temperature, tempera-
select 1" pipe size resulting in 2.0 ture penalty = 0.40 F
psi/100 ft pressure drop. COMPRESSOR SELECTION
Pressure Drop in Pipe:
Velocity, from Figure 5 = 4 fps Therefore, a compressor must be selected for 100
= 240 fpm. tons capacity at 10-0.40=9.6 F suction tempera-
Pressure drop for 28 ft of pipe :_ ture and l00+0.35=100.4 F condensing tempera-
28/100 x. 2.0 = 0.56 psi ture.
6
~-----TABLE l·A. SUCTION LINE CAPACITIES-TONS _1u11011AtH 111
(For latam'lediate or low Staie Applic1tions)
SUCTION
Sucti"" U...1 PIPING
ltefriplOllt Giid AT SfJCond Staga Discharge
Steel
fridlon °""
Equivolettt of
;
IPS SCH -60
Suction Tomp F
-50 -40 -30

and Liquid Lines
3-2 40 0.26 0.38 0.50 0.62

~ 40 0.55 0.76 1.05 1.30
l 40 l.05 l.53 2.00 2.50
Refrigerant 717 lU 40 2.15 3.15 4.10 5.10
(Ammonia) 1% 40 3.4 5.0 6.5 8.1 See Tahle 2
2 40 6.3 9.2 12.0 15.0
2% 40 10.3 15.0 19.5 24.3
1 FAT Per 100 ft 3 40 18.4 26.8 35.0 43.7
Equiv. Length 3~ 40 27.3 39.8 52.0 65.0
4 40 37.8 55.2 72.0 90.0
5 40 68.3 100.0 130.0 162.0
6 40 110.0 161.0 210.0 262.0
8 40 258.0 376.0 490.0 610.0
(3) For other Tons and Equivalent Lengths m a given pipe
.
NOTES: size,
(l) Values based on 0 F saturated discharge temp. For capaci-
ties at other aaturated discharge temp, multiply table value by L. (Actual Tons)i.1
proper line capacity multiplier (See appendix, Table A· 7 ). AT= Table AT X - X T bl T
100 a e ons
(2) For otller AT'e and Equivalent. Lengths, L,
Line Capacity (Tona) (4) For pressure drop (psi) corresponding to AT. refer to Refrig.
erant properties. Tuhl!:. 5.
100 Actual AT Loss Desired)•·" (51 Size low stage {Booster) discharge lines same as equivalent
.. Table Tons . X ( -l,.- X T a bl e 6 T L oss sin1de stage suction lines (see Table 1-Bl.
TABLE 1-8. SUCTION LINE CAPACITIES-TONSl

(For Sinai• or Hiah St11• Applications)
. Saturated Suction Temperature-F
LINE
SIZE 1 -30 -20 0 20 40
(Inches)
Pressure Drop, PsijHlO ft
~
IPS ~ 1 2 ~ J 2 2 ~ 1 I2 3 ~ 1 2 3
~ 0.44
- 0.62 0.88 0.50 0.72 1.02 0.65 0.92 1.31 0.82 1.18 1.7-0 2.4C 1.02 1.45 2.06 2.92
- -
% 0.96 1.37 l.9E 1.11 1.58 2.24 1.45 2.06 2.93 L81 2.60 3.70 5.23 2.25 3.22 4.61 6.52
1 1.92 2.72 3.85 2.13 3.01 4.26 2.74 3.9 5.61 3.5 4.98 7.06 8.70 4.33 6.14 8.84 10.8
, _ ---- --1 -
1% 4.8 6.95 9.85 5.43 7.80 11.1 7.07 10.1 14.6 8.99 12.95 18.5 22J 11.18 16.15 23.1 28.~
H~ 7.3 10.5 14.9 8.25 11.9 16.8 10.7 15.5 22.0 14.6 19.7 27.8 3U 17.1 24.2 34.5 42.E
2 14.1 20.5 29.0 15.9 23.9 32.5 20.9 29.6 42.7 26.4 38.0 53.7 67.1 32.8 46.8 66.7 82.C
2* 22.8 32.6 46.l 25.3 36.l 52.0 33.3 47.7 68.2 42.3 60.2 85.6 105.0 52.5 75.0 106.5 13U
- -, _ - - - - - - - - -- -- -
3 40.1 57.5 81.4 45.1 64.6 91.5 59.l 84.2 121 74.5 106.5 151 187.5 92.5 132 190 233·
4 83.5 119 169 93.0 U2 186 121 172 244 153 218 305 378 190 269 382 469
s 150 214 303 168 238 341 218 312 443 276 394 555 683 342 485 690 849
6 244 344 487 274 388 550 354 505 715 447 637 900 mo 558 789 1125 1380
-- - - - -, _ -- - -1- --, _
8 500 710 1000 560 796 1128 726 1039 1468 920 1308 1850 2270 1135. 1615 2295 2810
10 900 1280 1810 1010 1435 2020 1305 1860 2645 1645 2350 3310 4100 2040 2900 4140 5035
12 1450 2050 2900 1625 2310 3280 2100 2780 4280 2675 3820 5410 6600 3325 4685 6670 8200
NOTES: 1 Based on fluid flow at 90 F saturated condensing temperature

• Data based on Schedule 40 steel pipe, except that l" and smaller are based on Schedul:~4', V/LT£R'M 7 .
~ · · Since 1867
'"·T
DISCHAIGE AND
UQUID PIPING
TABLE 2. DISCHARGE AND LIQUID LINE CAPACITIES-.TONS 1
DISCHARGE LINES LIQUID LINES

LINE
SIZEt.1.• Temperature 250 F To Receiver To System
(Inches)
Pressure Drop Velocity Pressure Drop
Psi/100 ft fpm Psi/100 ft
·-
IPS ~ 1 2 3 100 2
.% - - - - 8.5 1L6
K 1.28 1.85 2.65 3.25 13.6 23.5
% 2.84 4.03 5.83 7.15 25.2 53.2
1 5.68 8.06 11.6 14.2 42.1 105
rn 14.7 21.1 30.4 37.2 75.3 225

Ui 22.2 31.5 45.0 55.0 103 351
2 43.0 61.4 87.6 107 197 805

2K 68.6 98.5 140 171 280 1280
3 122 174 246 300 432 2270
4 244 351 ·497 608 745 4630

5 450 638 900 1100 - -
6 734 1030 1470 1800 - -
8 1480 2110 3010 3650 - -
NOTES: 1 Based on fluid flow at 90 f saturated condensing temperature and 20 F saturated evaporating temperature
•Data on sizes 2• and over based on Schedule 40 steel pipe
• Data on sizes 1• and below based on Schedule 80 steel pipe
• Data for discharge line sizes rn. and m. based on Schedule 40 steel pipe; for liquid line sizes 1~. and 1~. based on
Schedule 80 steel pipe
8
VALVES AND FlmNGS
K-FACTOIS
.TABLE 3. °K-FACTORS" (VELOCITY HWS) I FOR VALVES AND FITTINGS

FERious VALVES AND FITTINGS 2
LINE ANGLE VALVE SHORT-RADIUS Ell LONG-RADIUS ill TEE, LINE-FLOW TEE, BRANCH-FLOW
GLOBE VALVE
SIZE
(Inches)
IPS Sctewed Rinsed Screwed Flanpl Screwed Flanpd Welded Screwed Flanpd Welded Screwed Ranged Welded Screwed Flanaed Welded
- -- -
% 21 - 11.0 - 2.5 - - - - 0.9 - - 2.7 - -
~ 15 - 8.4 - 2.1 - - - - - 0.9 - - 2.4 - -

11 - 5.7 - 1.7 - - 0.9 - - 0.9 - - 2.0 - -
1" 9.3 15.5 4.3 5.0 1.4 0.43 0.46 0.73 0.40 0.32 0.9 0.26 0.43 1.8 1.0
--
1.37 i
I
!
8.4 12.8 3.5 4.0 1.3 0.40 0.42 0.60 0.37 0.29 0.9. 0.24 0.36 1.7 0.90 1.31
1%
7.8 11.5 2.9 3.4 1.2 0.39 0.40 0.52 0.34 0.27 0.9 0.22 0.31 1.5 0.88 1.27
1~
1.0 0.36 0.38 ·o.40 0.30 0.25 0.9 0.19 0.28 1.4 0.80 1.17.
2 7.0 9.9 2.2 2.8
2~ - 9.0 - 2."5 - 0.34 0.37 - 0.27 0.24 - 0.17 0.26 - 0.75 1.13
,.
- - 0.33 0.36 - 0.25 0.23 - 0.16 0.24 - 0.72 1.10

3 - 8.3 2.4
4 - 7.5 - 2.3 - 0.31 0.35 - 0.22 0.22 - 0.14 o.22 - 0.68 1.05
5 - 1.0 - 2.3 - 0.30 0.34 - 0.20 0.21 - 0.13 0.19 - 0.64 1.01
6 - 6.7 - 2.3 - 0.28 0.32 - 0.18 0.20 - 0.12 0.18 - o.60 0.98
-
8 - 6.2 - 2.3 - 0.27 0.31 - 0.15 0.19 - 0.10 0.15 - 0.57 0.93
- - 0,25 0.30 - 0.14 0.18 - 0.09 0.14 - 0.52 0.90

10 - 6.0 2.3
12 - 6.0 - 2.3 - 0.25 0.29 - 0.13 0.18 - 0.08 0.13 - 0.50. 0.88
NOTES: 1 K-2th/V'
1 Based on Schedule 40 pipe
2,,, VILTER. Sln<e 1867
. T
'
VALVES AND FlnlNGS
EQUIVALENT LENGTHS
TABLE 4. EQUIVALENT LENGTHS Of VALVES AND FITTINGS 1
FERROUS VALV-ES AND FITTINGS2. 3
LINE GLOBE VALVE ANGLE VALVE SHORT;RADIUS Ell LONG-RADIUS ELL TEE, LINE-FLOW TEE. BRANCH-FLOW
SIZE
(Inches) Welded
IPS Screwed Flanged Screwed Flanaed Screwed Flanged Welded Screwed Flanged .Welded Screwed Flanged Welded Screwed Flanaed
- - - - - - -
% 31 - 16 - 3.7 - - - - - 1.3 - - 4.0 - -
~ 29 - 16 - 4.1 - - - - - 1.8 - - 4.7 - -

% 31 - 16 - 4.7 - - 2.5 - - 2.5 - - 5.6 - -
1 35 57 16 19 5.3 1.6 1.8 2.8 1.5 1.2 3.4 1.0 1.6 6.8 3.8 5~2
.. . - -- - - - --
1~ 46 69 19 22 7.1 2.2 2.3 3.3 2.0 1.6 4.9 1.3 2.0 9.2 4.9 7.1
1~ 51 . 76 19 .22 7.9 2.6 . 2.6 3.4 2.2 1.8 5.9 1.4 . 2.0. 9.9 5~8 8.4
2 63 89 20 25 9.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 2.7 2.3 8.1 1.7 2.5 12.6 7.2 10.5
2~ - 101 - 28 - 3.8 4.2 - 3.0 -

2.7 1.9 2.9 - 8.4 13.0
I
- -- - - -- -
3 - 123 - 36 - 4.9 5.3 - 3.7 3.4 - 2.4 3.6 - 11 16
4 - 155 - 48 - 6.2 7·.2 - 4.5 4.5 - 2.9 4.5 - 14 22
5 - 190 - 63 - 8.1 9.2 - 5.4 5.7 - 3.5 5.1 - 17 27
6 - 227 - 78 - 9.5 11 - 6.1 6.8 - 4.1 6.1 - 20 33

- -- -- - - - - - - -- -
8 - 295 - 110 - 13 15 - 7.1 9.0 - 4.7 7.1 - 27 44
10 - 370 - 142 - 16 ·1s - 8.7 11 - 5.6 8.7 - 32 56

. 10 - 39 68
12 - 465 - 173 - 19 22 - 10 14 - 6.2
NOTES: 1 4= K(D/f}
•friction factors (f) determined at "practical" Reynolds Numbers based on 20 F suction lines having pressure-drop of 1.8 psi/100 ft
• Based on Schedule 40 pipe
10
LEGEND:
*
Q lndicotes Lellt'h of line
IPS Desifnates s;.. of Steel Pipe-

*Elbow•- Long rlldlua tJP9
~·~
I
··.~~·.,
}~ ..
•....
"',.
~ -
Q
·~r::I Fig. 1. SCHEMATIC PIPING LAYOUT FOR SAMPLE PROBLEM

,."'z
:111111
~~ ....
...
.....
..... -
...
REFRIGERANT 717
9 ' ~
...........
r--.....
~
I
['....
~ "' ~
........... ~ ·-~
~ ~ r--..
. . r---.. . . ..... ............... ........ ,........,~
r---..~
... r-.... r---....

1
!'-.......
... r--.... ""--

r--..... ~
....... ""
~~
i'o...._
. ._,
t"--... .......
......
r--..... ~
r---...
r....... r---. ...
- r---.. I"-.
--
46
r-.... r-. r--
t'..... ........_ "' !'-- ..... f"""'o.,.,
"" """
~
di
.....
w
I
....
45
........
.......
I°'-..
~
f'.,...
r---.. r-. ~ ,......,.
"'-- -..
r-.... I""'--
r---.... :---.... - ~
r-. r-- .__
r-
1125
-
r........... r--.... 120
c(
1¥ t'..... r........ r--- -~
~
~
'"'-~·
...... ......... r- r---- ~
-- -· . - .
~ 115
~
~ ~ .... .......... '-- I'---....._ ~""'-
0
...
.... 44
............ ......... ............
-... - t-- ~
..........
-. - "-.. .....__
-
~ .....
·-
110
r-....... ~
....
..... ~ ric.: .,._
r-...
-
....... r-.. -- I r-... ,...._
~
- ~
---
~
r-..... ....
~
r-....... ....... r--

-
--
~ 10s·
"""""-
....... ....... I""---...._ .......... -.....
-
43
r--... ... r-. "--- r---.... r-,._ t'"-... r-....._ r--
--
I 100
~
r....... r-...
''Ou10 t--..
r-.. - ~ r
r-- r-- .._ .....__ 95
,__
-
42 ,,."'1
~ "Eli r-._ r-..
~ r-. '--
~L.
""" 4 rulit _,, r - 90
r---;.. ~ t-..~ "'- r-- ...._
r-..._
I
I
ff-. t---.... - "'-~

BS
40
• -i
I
I"--~
80
75
I
I
39
i
I
- 60 - 50 - 40 JO - 20 - 10 10 20 30 40 50
SATURATED EVAPORATOR TEMPERATURE, F
Fig. 2. FLOW RATE PER TON OF REFRIGERATION FOR REFRIGERANT 717

12
.PRESSURE DROPS DONOTALLOW 7 -,- - ' -- rr - ~ 7 ---7
0.1
7
.2
7
3 ,4
PRESSURE DROP- PSI/ 100 FT
.s .6 :r .•.9 1.0 2
•
3 4 s 6 7 • ' 10
§
' I I I I I
FOR PULSATING FLOW. IF FLOW rs I I I I I I j
PULSATING, USE NEXT LARGER I I I I " t I / •
PIPEI srz~. I I I I I I III I 1 I II I I ' I 1
1
-- 1 I I l l l l l l lll I I v! .~ L I I I / I I il:,1
!-
+ ~++-t+ ~ 11 IW· +-+=tffi ¥-t-f-Eft++t -·tiFHM+-fffif+--+-Vf I I I 11111 I I !I 111 I tmJ
II
·l
~s~.·~ .-LJLU-A~-4-WLH-H-+4-~~+-HH+.~~hr~~~~~
l
I
....._
n
"""
vnmxnn ~
m
~. Ylfl 1H1m 1 1ttl ITTlmJ-

'Tl
;llJ
1.0 2 3 4 s 10 20 30 so 100 20 30 so 1000 2000 3000 5000 10,000 20,000 30,000 ,..'"
:111:1
FLOW ltA TE - LB/ MIN z

FIG. 3. PRESSURE DROP IN STEEL PIPING FOR REFRIGERANT 717 VAPOR -4
....
w -
....
....
~~i
'j~:
:1111
"'
'Tl
:la
~ VELOCITY -FPS
a
! t 4tfIi DtttfI° t Ft4 I L# I! Jffj 1 I \ I I I I I l IlT
I I 11 l I 111 l I I I I I I I I 11 ttf 2
7
2 2
2 2
'",.,
>
i;ll I I I I 11 1l 11 l I l I I I 11 I:tf 1117/ I ;1/ I It-fL~f I bff7~ JlLI br1 }1 J;f, l~ I I I I I I I I I I l
z
-4
~Fl+ 1111111 Ul=-t-+ +l 144 ~ IJitfWitttzf tfltttt lft1 I I 11111 Jfv

.....
.....
I---+-·· - t -· .
----·rr·4·-
!
i
I
\
1
1
i !
l T1Jfff7fzbZ4 i j7fj;tfjj;zJi21;f4 Ll fJ4iJ{/ Jzjz~fJ1/JjLJ~v
i -IX I I I I/ I /l
2
i I lA YI I Vf I / I /J I VI- I Y ·I Yl 11 / I X IA ! I I II ·I I l.Y~.9 A
A Xl/V1/I
i I! I /I' I I !A1 X I i YLY\ LrJJ{ X l Yl iY IA'! I IY V \/1 I I I I I! IW.M¥r/fAA YLM vi 11
~-·-··
'-~f~~f~~~~~ I II1~~·1 I IIII

~~~m+7f--JztnfJJ1Llf&1td1--fFI- 1t~t7rl 111 111111
J'1 7f-Httltl{tltf71 I I I l~>tf14~tt1f£)''1 111 l J l±W
1
1.0 2
-mttUHVWJt1lli111l I ~%
:s
FLOW RATE-LB/MIN
4 5 10 20 30 50 100 200 300 • 500 1000 2000 3000 5000 10,000 20.000 30,000
fig. 4. VELOCITY IN STEEL PIPING FOR REFRIGERANT 717 VAPOR (SUCTION AND DISCHARGE)
~-
"'I.I
, "- II I
f " r-. i/ I/
ft-~. .s.VI 111 / I l · 1 l 1FT I l 11 l
'- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I X Pl-- J l I I I ! ')<'.l,...o J---V ! ! ! ! !1"1 1 11 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 /
. I VI I
I 111 I I
......
I ~o~~ V
iI I /II V I fi!Jlf
t "'11
I f1fi·
' '
!I I Ii 111 I I !I
i
! I ~ R I I I )' I I VN I11 I V I I I i I I ! /I I I/t'l 1 1J
I !
-J-_-+-t
I !
! .
: ! !
i ! I
3
"~
~
· NOTE: CURVE BASED ON LIQUID AT 90 F.
•· AND CAN BE USED FOR LIQUID
1{ 1
FROM 70 F TO 110 F. FOR OTHER
/~ .2 TEMPERATURES, USE BASIC EQUA· ! •••
·-·· TION. CURVE DOES NOT ALLOW '"ft
~ FOR LIQUID FLASHING. :o
~ I ~
~ o. :.o 2 3 4 5 20 30 50 500 1000 2000 3000 5000 10,000 ::
I~ A.OW RATE-LB/MIN )>
~r::I. Fig. 5. VELOCITY ANDPRESSURE DROP lN STEEL PIPING FORREFRIGERANT 717 LIQUID ~
~-... ~
i~~ ...
.,. ; CTI ""'1
REFRIGERANT 7 I 7 - - - - - - - - - - - ' - - - - - - - - - - - - -
13
t- - - - _i
L
I
j
12
+- I
--
J
v
I,/
11
I/
,J
I
.I
10
/
'
I /
' -· '
I
I
• v
I - - J
I ;;;
L • ...... , 7!"
I
&U / I
":z:- _,
z J I
u"" " I
...• ~ I
a.,, _ v I
..= ... 5
/.
/ .
I
I
I
4
J
/
)/
I
•
I
I
-
I
2
/ •
~
C7
J I
J I
I
v I
1
0
/ 20 30 40 50
0 iii
I I
CHANGE OF ELEVATION-FT
Fig. 6. RELATION OF PRESSURE-CHANGE TO ELEVATION-DIFFERENCE

FOR REFRIGERANT 717 LIQUID
PRESSURE DROP THRQUGH
VALVES AND FITIINGS
.01
.02
.OJ
.04 200 -60F
.OS SUCTION - 40 F
.06
.07 GAS TEMP. 2o F
.08 100
.09 - Of
90
.I IO .01
70
~ DISCH.
..- ........ 50 :g; GAS
.2
,, .... -- .... --
f
v,
40
30
•l~F COND .
11
'-...TEMP.
............
.02
.:a
.4
FPS
20
.....
.... , .OJ
~
.
IC .5 15
.05
l
.6 .06
.7 .07
.I 10 .08
.09"
•'
.9
1 10
7
6
120f--.....
LIQUID Of/
2 TEMP. -60F .20

>P
3 RECEIVER PSI
:a TO .JO
I
METERING
4 2 DEVICE .40
5 I.
.so
•7
.60 -
.70
.eo
•
9 .90
1.00
10
2.00 --
3.00
20
4.00
S.00
NOTE: PHS5URI DIOP DOES NOT ALLOW 6.00
FOi PULSATING FLOW OR LIQUID
7.00
FLASHING.
e.oo
9.00
10.00
20.00
fig. 7. PRESSURE DROP IN VALVES AND FITTINGS FOR REFRIGERANT 717 17

•\VILTER.
~ ·--
-00 ;IQ
'"""
"'a
••
~~ ·
TfMPERATURE PENALTY DUE TO PRESSURE DROP m
AT VARIOUS SATURATION TEMPERATURES
"'
J'
)>
:s · I
/'/?
I/
/ l V' /' v ~
z
-I
'~ ' J )
7
)
II / /
/
I I I I I I
..."
~ /i/ J i/ " v "
~""' 1/ v/ / "' i ' i ! i I I I
I
~~ 4 I I J / v
, I 1/ / /
; I I I I I I I I I I I I ~H;f/1PfIH111/f'" ./11.0
/111 A' YI A' I VI I X I I I ) 7 v
I A A Y v1 Yl vr1-rrr17 v .I
i:
l
JI
i
+ ·~-R-:.-~]~--H
L
0
Ill:
Q
... 1
Ill:
::I T I I I I l
...
"'
1HJftRTlTJffFffifl H-f I I Ifrt=H+

"'
Ill:
Q,.
!
I
1 ~~~,...-f;.,..o~..+'--P~--::~:;+--+~..::;;...+--+--+~,...:::;+--+-i~+--+--+--f~+-:::::1--...::f~---+--+---+~1---+-~~1--+--+-+--+
-,
I
1 I i
~::t::::F:f:t::t==f=-J"':D:4=::f=1=)TJltl!tlltltililiJ;:A
-60
0
-
1 I
-so
I I
-40
I I
-30
I l
-20
I I
-1·0
I I I
0
I I
10
I I
20
J I
:ao
l ·I
40
l
50
I I I
60
I l
70
I I
IO
I I
90
J
100
I
I l
110
I J
120
I I I
SATURATION TEMPERATURE- F
fig. 8. TEMPERATURE PENALTY DUE TO PRESSURE DROP FOR REFRIGERANT 717

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - R E F R I G E R A N T 71 7
TABLE 5
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF REFRIGERANT 717 (AMMONIA)
Density- Enthalpy- Entropy- Temp.-

Temp.- Pressure- Volume- OF
Cu. Ft. per Lb. Lb. per Cu. Ft. Btu per Lb. Btu per {Lb.) ( 0 R)
OF Lb. per Sq. In.
Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Latent Vapor Liquid Vapor
Absolute Gage Liquid
hg Sf sg i
t p p Vf vg 1/vr 1/vg hf hf g
44. 73 43.91 0.02235 -21,2 610.8 589.6 -0.0517 1.4769 -60

-60 5.55 18.6* 0.02278
43.37 .02306 -20. l 610. l 590.0 - .0490 1.4741 -59
-59 5.74 18.2* - .0464 1.4713 -58
42.05 .02378 -19. l 609.5 590.4
-58 5.93 17.8* 1.4686 -57
40. 79 .02452 -18.0 608.8 590.8 - .0438
-57 6.13 17.4* - .0412 l.46S8 -S6
17.0* 39.56 .02528 -17.0 608.2 591.2
-56 6.33
0.02288 38.38 43. 70 0. 02605 -15.9 607.5 591.6 -0.0386 1.4631 -SS
-SS 6.54 16.6* - .0360 1.4604 -54
16.2* 37.24 .02685 -14.8 606.9 592.1
-54 6.75 - .0334 1.4577 -53
15. 7* 36.15 .02766 -13.8 606.2 592.4
-53 6.97 - .0307 l.45Sl -52
35.09 .02850 -12. 7 60S.6 592.9
-52 7.20 1.5.3* .,. .0281 1.4524 -51
14.8* 34.06 .02936 -11. 7 604.9 593.2
-Sl 7.43
33.08 43.49 0.03023 -10.6 604.3 S93.7 -0.0256 1.4497 -so
-so 7.67 14.3* 0.02299
32.12 .03113 - 9.6 603.6 S94.0 - .0230 1.4471 -49
-49 7.91 13.8* -48
31.20 .0320S - 8.S 602.9 594.4 - .0204 1.4445
-48 8.16 13.3* -'47
30.31 .03299 - 7.4 602.3 594.9 - .0179 1.4419
-47 8.42 12.8* -46
29.4S 0.03395 - 6.4 601.6 S95.2 -0.01S3 1.4393
-46 8.68 12.2*
-45 8.95 11. 7* 0.02310 28.62 43.28 0.03494 - 5.3 600.9 595.6 -o. 0127 1.4368 -45
27.82 .03S95 - 4.3 600.3 596.0 - .0102 1.4342 -44
-44 9.23 11. 1 * -43
10.6* 27.04 .03698 - 3.2 599.6 S96.4 - .0076 1.4317
-43 9.51 -42
10.0* 26.29 .03804 - 2.1 S98.9 596.8 - .0051 1.4292
-42 9.81
-41 10.10 9.3* 25.56 .03912 - 1.1 598.3 597.2 - .0025 1.4267 -41
0.02322 24.86 43.07 0.04022 0.0 S97.6 597.6 0.0000 1.4242 -40
-40 10.41 8.7*
24.18 .04135 1.1 596.9 598.0 .0025 1.4217. -39
-39 10.72 8.1 *
23.53 .04251 2.1 596.2 598.3 .0051 1.4193 -38
-38 11.04 7.4*
22.89 .04369 3.2 595.5 598.7 .0076 1.4169 -37
-37 11.37 6.8*
22.27 .04489 4.3 594.8 599.l .0101 1.4144 -36
-36 11. 71 6.1*
0.02333 21.68 42.86 0.04613 5.3 594.2 599.5 0.0126 1.4120 -35
-35 12.05 5.4* -34
4.7* 21.10 .04739 6.4 593.5 599.9 .0151 1.4096
-34 12.41 -33
12.77 3.9* 20.54 .04868 7.4 592.8 600.2 .0176 1.4072
-33 1.4018 -32
13.14 3.2* 20.00 .04999 8.5 592.1 600.6 .0201
-32 -31
13.52 2.4* 19.48 .05134 9.6 591.4 601. 0 .0226 1.4025
-31
0.02345 18.97 42.65 0. 05271 10. 7 590.7 601.4 0.0250 1.4001 -30
-30 13.90 1.6*
18.48 .05411 11. 7 590.0 601. 7 .0275 1.3978 -29
-29 14.30 0.8*
0.0 18.00 .05555 12.8 589.3 602.1 .0300 1.3955 -28
-28 14. 71 -27
15.12 0.4 17.54 .05701 13.9 588.6 602.5 .0325 1.3932
-27 -26
.0350 1.3909
-26 15.55 . 1.3
0.8
0.02357
17.09
16.66 42.44
.05850
0.06003
14.9
16.0
587.9
587.2
602.8
603.2 0.0374 1.3886 -25
-25 15.98 -24
16.42 1. 7 16.24 .06158 17.1 586.5 603.6 .0..199 1:3863
-24 -23
16.88 2.2 15.83 .06317 18.1 585.8 603.9 .0423 1.3840
-23 -22
17.34 2.6 15.43 .06479 19.2 585.l 604.3 .0448 1.3818
-22 -21
17.81 3.1 15.05 .06644 20.3 584.3 604.6 .0472 1.3796
-21
0.02369 14.6~ 42.22 0.06813 21.4 583.6 605.0 0.0497 1.3774 -20
-20 18.30 3.6
14.32.. .06985 22.4 582.9 605.3 .0521 1.3752 -19
-19 18. 79 4.1
4.6 13.97 .07161 23.5 582.2 605. 7 .0545 1.3729 -18
-18 19.30
5.1 13.62 .07340 24.fi 581.5 606.1 .0570 1.3708 -17
-17 19.81
5.6 13.29 .07522 25.b 580.8 606.4 .0594 1.3686 -16
-16 20.34
0.02381 12.97 42.00 0.07709 26.7 580.0 606. 7 0.0618 1.3664 -15
-15 20.88 6.2
6.7 12.66 .07898 27.8 579.3 607.1 .0642 1.3643 -14
-14 21.43 . -13"
.-13 21.99 7.3 12.36 .08092 28.9 578.61 607.5 .0666 1.3621
12.06 .08289 30.0 577.8 ' 607.8 .0690 1.3600 -12
-12 22.56 7.9 -11
-11 23.15 8.5 11. 78 .08490 31.0 577.1 608.1 .0714 1.3579
9.0 0.02393 11.50 41. 78 0.08695 32.1 576.4 608.5 0.0738 1.3558 -10
-10 23.74
24.35 9.7 11.23 .08904 33.2 575.6 608.8 .0762 1.3537 - 9
- 9 1.3516 - 8
- 8 24.97 10.3 10.97 .09117 34.3 574.9 609.2 .0786
25.61 10.9 10.71 .09334 35.4 574.1 609.5 .0809 1.3495 - 7
- 7 .0833 1.3474 - 6
- 6 26.26 11.6 10.47 .095:"5 36.4 S73.4 609.8
10.23 41. 56 0.09i80 37.5 572.6 610.1 0.0857 1.3454 .- 5
- 5 26.92 12.2 0.02406
27.59 12.9 9.991 .1001 38.6 571.9 610.S .0880 1.3433 - 4
- 4
28.28 13.6 9. 763 .1024 JQ.7 571.1 610.8 .0904 1.3413 - 3
- 3 - 2
28.98 14.3 9.541 .1048 40.7 570.4 fil 1. 1 ,0928 1.3393
- 2
- 1 29.69 15.0 9.326 .1072 41.8 569.6 611.4 .0951 1.3372 - 1
"lnehes of mercury below one atmosphere

REF RIG ER ANT 7 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ _ ; __ _
TABLE 5 (Continued)
Volume- Density- Enthalpy- EntrQpy- Temp.-

Temp.- Pressure- OF
Cu. Ft. per Lb. Lb. per Cu. Ft. Btu per Lb. Btu per(Lb.) ( 0 R)
OF Lb. per Sq. In.
Vapor Liquid Vaper Liquid Latent Vapor Liquid Vapor
t
Absolute
p
Gage
p
Liquid
v, Vil l/v 1 l/v 11 ht ht11 hll s, s"
t
9.116 41.34 0.1097 42.9 568.9 611.8 0.0975 1.3352 0

0 30.42 15. 7 0.02419
8.912 .1122 44.0 568.1 612.1 .0998 1.3332 1
1 31.16 16.5 1.3312 2
8. 714 .1148 45. l 567.3 612.4 .1022
2 31.92 17.2 1.3292 3
8.521 .1174 46.2 566.5 612.7 .1045
3 . 32.69 18.0 1.3273 4
18.8 8.333 .1200 47.2 565.8 613.0 .1069
4 33.47
8.150 41.11 0.1227 48.3 565.0 613.3 0.1092 1,3253 5
5 34.27 19.6 0.02432
7:971 .1254 49.4 564.2 613.6 .1115 1. 3234 6
6 35.09 20.4 1.3214 7
21.2 7.798 .1282 50.5 563.4 613.9 .1138
7 35.92 .1162 1.319S 8
22.1 7.629 .1311 51.6 562.7 614.3
8 36.77 .1185 1.3176 9
22.9 7.464 .1340 52.7 S61.9 614.6
9 37.63
7.304 40.89 0.1369 S3.8 561.1 614.9 0. 1208 1.3157 10
10 38.51 23.8 0.02446
7.148 .1399 54.9 S60.3 615.2 ;1231 1.3137 11
11 39.40 24.7 12
6.996 .1429 S6.0 S59.5 615.5 .1254 1.3118
12 40.31 2S.6 13
6.847 .1460 57.1 558. 7 61S.8 .1277 1.3099
13 41.24 26.5 1.3081 14
27.5 6.703 .1492 S8.2 557.9 616.1 .1300
14 42.18
6.562 40.66 0.1524 59.2 557.1 616.3 0.1323 1.3062 lS
15 43.14 28.4 0.02460
6.42S .1556 60.3 556.3 616.6 .1346 1.3043 16
16 44.12 29.4 17
6.291 .1590 61.4 5SS.S 616.9 .1369 l.302S
17 45:12 30.4 1.3006 18
6.161 .1623 62.S S54. 7 617.2 .1392
18 46.13 31.4 1.2988 19
32.5 6.034 0.1657 63.6 5S3.9 617.5 0.1415
19 47.16
S.910 40.43 0.1692 64. 7 SS3.l 617.8 0.1437 1.2969 20
20 48.21 33.5 0.02474
S.789 .1728 6S.8 552.2 618.0 .1460 1.2951 21
21 49.28 34.6 1.2933 22
35. 7 S.671 .1763 66.9 S51.4 618.3 .1483
22 S0.36 .1so5· 1.291 s 23
36.8 . S.SS6 .1800 68.0 5S0.6 618.6
23 51A7 .1528 1.2897 24
S2.59 37.9 S.443 .1837 69.1 549.8 618.9
24
S.334 40.20 0.187S 70.2 548.9 619. l O.lSSl 1.2879 2S
25 53.73 39.0 0.02488 26
S.227 .1913 71.3 S48.l 619.4 .1S73 1.2861
26 54.90 40.2 27
5.123 .1952 72.4 547.3 619.7 .1S96 1.2843
27 56.08 41.4 l.282S 28
42.6 S.021 .1992 73.5 S46.4 619.9 .1618
28 57.28 1.2808 29
4J.8 4.922 .2032 74.6 S45.6 620.2 .1641
29 58.SO
4.82S 39.96 0.2073 75.7 544.8 620.S 0.1663 1.2790 30
30 59.74 45.0 0.02503 31
4.730 .2114 76.8 S43.9 620.7 .1686 1.2773
31 61.00 46.3
4.637 .21S6 77.9 543.1 621.0 .1708 1.2755 32
32 62.29 47.6 33
4.S47 .2199 79.0 542.2 621.2 .1730 1.2738
33 63.59 48.9 34
4.459 .2243 80. l S41.4 621.5 .17S3 1.2721
34 64.91 S0.2
4.373 39.72 0.2287 81.2 540.S 621. 7 0.1775 1.2704 35
35 66.26 Sl.6 0.02S18 36
4.289 .2332 82.3 S39.7 622.0 .1797 1.2686
36 67.63 52.9 37
4.207 .2377 83.4 538.8 622.2 .1819 1:2669
37 69.02 54.3 38
4.126 .2423 84.6 537.9 622.S .1841 1.2652
38 70.43 S5. 7 39
4.048 .2470 8S.7 S37.0 622.7 .1863 1.2635
39 71.87 S7.2
3.971 39.49 0.2518 86.8 536.2 623.0 0. 1885 1.2618 40
40 73.32 S8.6 0.02S33 41
60.1 3.897 .2566 87.9 S3S.3 623.2 .1908 1.2602
41 74.80 1.2S8S 42
61.6 3.823 .2616 89.0 S34.4 623.4 .1930
42 76.31 l.2S68 43
63.1 3.7S2 .266S 90.1 S33.6 623.7 .1952
43 77.83 1.2SS2 44
64. 7 3.682 .2716 91.2 S32. 7 623.9 .1974
44 79.38
3.614 39.24 0.2767 92.3 531.8 624.1 0.1996 l.2S3S 4S
4S 80.96 66.3 0.02S48 46
67.9 3.547 .2819 93.S S30.9 624.4 .2018 1.2519
46 82.5S l.2S02 47
84.18 69.5 3.481 .2872 94.6 S30.0 624.6 .2040
47 1.2486 48
85.82 71.1 3.418 .2926 9S.7 529.1 624.8 .2062
48 .2083 1.2469 49
49 87.49 72.8 3.35S .2981 96.8 S28.2 62S.O
3.294 39.00 0.3036 97.9 S27.3 62S.2 0. 2105 l.24S3 50
so 89.19 74.S 0.02564
3.234 .3092 99.1 S26.4 62S.5 .2127 1.2437 Sl
Sl 90.91 76.2 S2
3.176 .3149 100.2 S2S.S 62S. 7 .2149 1.2421
S2 92.66 78.0 S3
3.119 .3207 101.3 524.6 62S.9 .2171 l.240S
S3 94.43 79.7 54
3.063 .. 326S 102.4 S23.7 626. l .2192 1.2389
54 96.23 81. s
3.008 38. 7S 0.3325 103.5 S22.8 626.3 0.2214 1.2373 SS
SS 98.06 83.4 0.02581
2.954 .3385 104. 7 521.8 626.5 .2236 1.2357 56
56 99.91 85.2
2.902 .3446 105.8 520.9 626. 7 .22S7 1.2341 57
S7 101.8 87.1
2.851 .3508 106.9 520.0 626.9 .2279 1.2325 58
58 103.7 89.0
2.800 .3571 108.1 519.0 627.1 .2301 1.2310 59
59 105.6 90.9
20
VILTER. Since 1867
TABLE 5 (Continued)
Densitv- Enthalpy- Entropy- Temp.-

Temp.- Pressure- Volume- OF
Lb. per Cu. Ft. Btu per Lb. Btu per (Lb.) (" R)
OF Lb. per Sq. In. Cu. Ft. per Lb.
Liquid Vapor Liquid Latent Vapor Liquid Vapor
Absolute Gage Liquid Vapor t
t p p 1/vf 1/vg hf hf g hll sf Sii
vf vii
38.50 0.3635 109.2 518.1 627.3 0.2322 1.2294 60
60 107.6 92.9 0.02597 2. 751 61
2.703 .3700 110.3 517.2 627.5 .2344 1.2278
61 109.6 94.9 627.7 .2365 1.2262 62
96.9 2.656 .3765 111.S 516.2
62 111.6 515.3 627.9 .2387 1.2247 63
113.6 98.9 2.610 .3832 112.6
63 .3899 113.7 514.3 628.0 .2408 1.2231 64
64 115.7 101.0 2.565
38.25 0.3968 114.8 513.4 628.2 0.2430 1.2216 65
65 117.8 103.1 0.02614 2 .. 520 66
2.477 .4037 116.0 512.4 628.4 .2451 1.2201
66 120.0 105.3 .2473 1.2186 67
2.435 .4108 117.1 511.5 628.6
67 122. l 107.4 628.8 .2494 1.2170 68
109.6 2.393 .4179 118.3 510.5
68 124.3 509.5 628.9 .2515 1.2155 69
126.5 111.8 2.352 .4251 119.4
69
38.00 0.4325 120.5 508.6 629. l 0.2537 1.2140 70
70 128.8 114.1 0.02632 2.312
.4399 121. 7 507.6 629.3 .2558 1.2125 71
71 131.1 116.4 2.273
2.235 .4474 122.8 506.6 629.4 .2579 1.2110 72
72 133.4 118. 7 .2601 1.2095 73
2.197 .4551 124.0 505.6 629.6
73 135.7 121.0 .2622 1.2080 74
123.4 2.161 .4628 125.1 504.7 629.8
74 138. l
2.125 37.74 0.4707 126.2 503.7 629.9 0.2643 1.2065 75
75 140.5 125.8 0.02650 76
2.089 .4786 127.4 502. 7 630.1 .2664 1.2050
76 143.0 128.3 1.2035 77
2.055 .4867 128.5 501.7 630.2 .2685
77 145.4 130. 7 .2706 1.2020 78
133.2 2.021 .4949 129. 7 500.7 630.4
78 147.9 630.5 .2728 1.2006 79
135.8 1.988 .503i 130.8 499.7
79 150.5
I. 955 37.48 0.5115 132.0 498.7 630.7 0.2749 1.1991 80
80 153.0 138.3 0.02668 81
1.923 .5200 133.I 497. 7 630.8 .2769 1.1976
81 155.6 140.9 1.1962 82
1.892 .5287 134.3 496.7 631.0 .2791
82 158.3 143.6 1.1947 83
1.861 .5374 135.4 495.7 631.1 .2812
83 161.0 146.3 1.1933 84
149.0 1.831 0.5462 136.6 '494. 7 . 631. 3 0.2833
84 ·163.7
1.801 37.21 0.5552 137.8 493.6 631.4 0.2854. 1.1918 85
85 166.4 151. 7 0.02687
I. 772 0.5h43 138.9 492.6 631. 5 .2875 1.1904 86
86 169.2 154.5 1.1889 87
1. 744 0. Si.15 140. I 491.6 631. 7 .2895
87 172.0 157.3 88
160.1 1. 716 0.5828 Hl.2 490.6 631.8 .2917 1.1875
88 174.8 .2937 1.1860 89
163.0 1.688 0.SQ23 142.4 489.5 631.9
89 177. 7
1.661 36.94 0.6019 143.5 488.5 632.0 0.2958 1.1846 90
90 180.6 165.9 0.02707 91
1.635 0.6116 144. 7 487.4 632.1 .2979 1.1832
91 183.6 168.9 92
1.609 0.6214 145.8 486.4 632.2 .3000 1.1818
92 186.6 171.9 1.1804 93
1.584 0.6314 147.0 485.3 fi32. 3 .3021
93 189.6 174.9 94
1.559 0.6415 148.2 484.3 632.5 .3041 1.1789
94 192. 7 178.0
0.02727 1. 534 36.67 0.6517 149.4 483.2 632.6 0.3062 1.1775 95
95 195.8 181. l 96
1.510 0.6620 150.5 482. l 632.6 .3083 1.1761
96 198.9 184.2 97
187.4 1.487 0.6725 t 51. 7 481. l 632.8 .3104 1.1747
97 202.1 .3125 1.1733 98
190.6 1.464 0.6832 152.9 480.0 632.9
98 205.3 .3145 1.1719 99
193.9 1.441 0.6939 154.0 478.9 632.9
99 208.6
1.419 36.40 0.7048 155.2 477.8 633.0 0.3166 1.1705 100
100 211.9 197.2 0.02748
1.397 0.7159 156.4 476.7 633.1 .3187 1.1691 101
101 215.2 200.5 102
1.375 0.7270 157.6 475.6 633.2 .3207 1.1677
102 218.6 203.9 103
1.354 0. 7384 158. 7 474.6 633.3 .3228 1.1663
103 222.0 207.3 104
210.7 1.334 0.7498 159.9 473.5 633.4 .3248 1.1649
104 225.4
1.313 36.12 0. 7615 161. l 472.3 633.4 0.3269 1.1635 105
105 228.9 214.2 0.02769
1.293 0.7732 162.3 471.2 633.5 .3289 1.1621 106
106 232.5 217.8 107
1.274 0. 7852 163.5 470. l 633.6 .3310 1.1607
107 236.0 221.3 108
1.254 0. 7972 164.6 469.0 633.6 .3330 1.1593
. 108 239.7 225.0 109
1.235 0.8095 165.8 467.9 633.7 .3351 1.1580
109 243.3 228.6
1.217 35.84 0.8219 167.0 466.7 633.7 0.3372 1.1566 110
110 247.0 232.3 0.02790
1.198 0.8344 168.2 465.6 633.8 .3392 1.1552 111
111 250.8 236.l 112
1.180 0.8471 169.4 464.4 633.8 .3413 1.1538
112 254.5 239.8 113
243.7 1.163 0.8600 170.6 463.3 633.9 .3433 1.1524
113 258.4 .3453 1.1510 114
262.2 247.5 1.145 0.8730 171. 8 462.1 633.9
114
1.128 35.55 0.8862 173.0 460.9 633.9 0.3474 1.1497 115
115 266.2 251.5 0.02813 116
255.4 1.112 0.8996 174.2 459.8 634.0 .3495 1.1483
116 270.1 117
259.4 1.095 0.9132 175.4 458.6 634.0 .3515 1.1469
117 274.1 1.1455 118
263.5 1.079 0.9269 176.6 457.4 634.0 .3535
118 278.2 1.1441 119
282.3 267.6 1.063 0.9408 177.8 456.2 634.0 .3556
119
1.047 35.26 0.9549 179.0 455.0 634.0 0.3576 1.1427 120
120 286.4 271. 7 0.02836
21
R ff RIG ER ANT 7 1 7 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
TABLE 6
AMMONIA FLOW RATE
POUNDS/MINUTE/TON REFRIGERATION
Booster Discharge Pressure (Psig) Condensing Discharge Pressure (Psig)

Temp. Corres.
of Suction 10 I 20 I 30 I 40 I 50 I 60 I 70 I 80 90 I 100 I 120 I 140 I 160 I 180 I 200 I 220
Suction Pressure Corresponding Discharge Temperature (°F) Corresponding Discharge Temperature (°F)
(oF) (Psig)
-8.S 5.5 16.6 25.8 33.8 '40_9 47.3 53. 2 58.5 63.5 72.6 80.7 88.0 94.6 100.8 106.6
-60 18.6* .367 .377 .386 .394 ,401 .407 .414 .419
-so 14.3* .364 .374 .383 .391 .398 .404 .410 .416 .411
-40 8.7* .362 .372 .380 .388 .394 .401 .407 .412 .408 .413
-30 1.6* .359 .369 .378 .385 .392 .398 .404 .409 .405 .410 .418 .427
-20 3.6 .357 .367 .375 .382 .389 .395 .401 .406 .402 .406 .4i5 .423 .431 .438
-10 9.0 .355 .364 .372 .380 .386 .393 .398 .404 .399 .404 .412 .421 .428 .435 .442
0 15.7 .362 .370 .378 .384 .390 .396 .401 .397 .401 .410 .417 .425 .432 .439 .446
10 23.8 .368 .375 .382 .388 .393 .398 .394 .398 .407 .415 .422 .429 .436 .442
20 33.S .373 .380 .386 .391 .396 .392 .396 .404 .412 .419 .427 .433 .440
30 45.0 .378 .383 .389 .393 .390 .394 .402 .410 .417 .424 .431 .437
40 58.6 .382 .387 .392 .388 .392 .400 .408 .415 .422 .428 .435
*Inches mercury below one atmosphere.
TABLE 7
AMMONIA FLOW RATE
CUBIC FEET/MINUTE/TON REFRIGERATION
Booster Discharge Pressure (Psig) Condensing Discharge Pressure (Psig)
Temp. Corres.
of Suction 10 I 20 I 3o I 40 I 50 I 60 I 10 I 80 9o I 100 I 120 I 140 I 160 I 180 I 200 I 220
Suction Pressure Corresponding Discharge Temperature (°F) Corresponding Discharge Temperature (°F)
(oF) (Psig)
-8.S 5.5 16.6 25.8 33.8 40.9 47.3 53.2 58.S 63.5 72.6 80.7 88.0 94.6 100.8 106.6
-60 18.6* 16.4 16.9 17.3 17.6 17.9 ·18.2 18.S 18.8
-so 14.3* 12.1 12.4 12.7 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.6 13.8 13.6
-40 8.7* 9.00 9.25 9.45 9.65 9.80 9.98 10.1 10.3 10.1 10.3
-30 1.6* 6.82 7.00 7.17 7.30 7.44 7.55 7.66 7.76 7.68 7.78 7.93 8.11
-20 3.6 5.25 5.39 5.51 5.61 5.71 5.80 5.89 5.96 5.90 5.96 6.10 6.21 6.33 6.44
-10 9.0 4.08 4.18 4.28 4.37 4.44 4.52 4.58 4.65 4.59 4.65 4.74 4.84 4.92 s.oo 5.08
0 15.7 3.30 3.38 3.45 3.50 3.56 3.61 3.66 3.62 3.66 3.74 3.80 3.88 3.94 4.00 4.07
10 23.8 2.69 2.74 2.79 2.83 2.87 2.91 2.88 2.91 2.98 3.03 3.08 3.13 3.19 3.23
20 33.5 2.21 2.25 2.28 2.31 2.34 2.32 2.34 2.39 2.44 2.48 2.53 2.56 2.60
30 45.0 1.82 1.85 1.88 1.90 1.88 1.90 1.94 1.98 2.02 2.05 2.08 2.11
40 58.6 1.52 1.54 1.56 1.54 1.56 1.59 1.62 1.65 1.68 1.70 1.73
•Inches mercury below one atmosphere.

Figures to left of heavy line are based on booster flow-rate of two-stage system with liquid subcooling to within 10°F of
intermediate. Figures to ri!i!Jit of heavy line are based on single stage.
22 ~
)~\ VILTER. Slncef867
·- T
REFRIGERANT 12 PIPING DATA
This section presents useful data for the proper economic study, involving power input, system
sizing of Refrigerant 12 (Dichlorodifluorometh- capacity, size of system components-evaporator
ane) piping. Its purpose is not to set design and condenser-and installation cost of pipe and
standards, but to provide the latest pipe-sizing in- pipe insulation, can best determine the optimum
formation available. It also discusses various f ac- pressure-drop allowance. Experience has shown
tors which determine the allowable pressure drops that the allowable pressure drop for suction lines
in different portions of a refrigerant piping sys- should decrease with suction temperature. Dis-
charge lines may have a greater pressure drop, for
tem. a specified temperature penalty, than suction lines.
Basis of Charts and Tables Suction line pressure drop increases the volume
of gas to be handled by the compressor, increases
The pressure-drop charts given herein for single or the ratio of discharge pressure to suction pres-
high stage applications are based on calculations sure, and reduces the volumetric efficiency of the
using the commonly accepted Darcy-W eisbach compressor. This results in less capacity from a
pressure-drop formula and Darcy friction factors given compressor and more power per ton of
from the Moody Chart (see appendix, Sections A-III refrigeration.
and A-IV). Capacity tables for intermediate or low
stage applications are based on calculations using The effect of a particular amount of suction
Fanning's equation for friction loss. line pressure drop is greater as the suction pres-
sure decreases. Fig. 11 indicates this in showing
Pipe Lines. Suction line velocity and pressure- that a particular pressure drop results in a greater
drop values are for saturated vapor temperature "temperature penalty" at a lower saturation tem-
conditions, and the discharge line values are at perature. The result of suction line pressure
pressures corresponding to the condensing tem- drop is that the compressor operates from a suc-
peratures indicated, and superheated to 175 F. tion condition corresponding to the actual evapo-
Liquid line velocities and pressure drops are for rator temperature minus the temperature penalty.
saturated Refrigerant 12 liquid at 90 F and can Larger suction line sizes reduce the pressure
be used with reasonable accuracy for tempera- drop and, therefore, reduce the compressor ca-
tures between 70 F and 110 F. pacity required and also the power per ton. How-
Valves and Fittings. Pressure losses through ever, the larger pipe size increases its cost and
refrigerant valves and fittings are given in a table, ·also its installation and insulation cost. The best
in the form of "K" factors (velocity heads). These size from an economic consideration can be deter-
"K" factors are representative, using average mined by an economic study with the cost of the
values obtained from various tests and manufac- various factors available.
turers' ratings. ·"K" factors vary widely for a giv- Discharge line pressure drop also increases the
en type and size of valve or fitting, dependinR on ratio of discharge pressure to suction pressure
the construction or internal design. and reduces the volumetric efficiency of the com-
For a simplified determination of these pressure pressor. This results in less capacity from a given
drops, "equivalent lengths" of valves and fittings compressor and more power per ton of refrigera-
tion.
are given in a table. These "equivalent. lengths"
have been derived, using the "K" factors in con- The effect Of a particular amount of discharge
junction with friction factors taken from the line pressure drop is less as the discharge satura-
Moody Chart at Reynolds 'Numbers in the range tion temperature increases, but the difference is
not very great in the range of saturation tempera-
of normal usage, for both vapor and liquid lines. tures corresponding to usual .discharge pressures.
"Equivalent lengths" result in a sacrifice of ac- Fig. 11 indicates this by showing the relatively
curacy, depending on the temperature, state and small change in "temperature penalty" for a
velocity of the refrigerant. "K" factors give more particular pressure drop at the temperatures cor-
reliable pressure drop data. For greater accuracy, responding to saturation at normal discharge
particularly for valves, "K" factors should be ob- pressures. Fig. 11 also indicates the smaller
tained from the manufacturer. "temperature penalty" for a given pressure drop
in the saturation temperature range correspond-
Pressure-Drop Limitations (Pipe-Sizing Factors) ing to usual discharge conditions as compared
Vapor line pressure drops result in an increase to the range corresponding to usual suction con-
·in power input to the compressor and a decrease
VILTER.
,,
'~;,
23
in refrigeration capacity. The most critical line
with respect to this is the suction line, as losses ~ Slncel867
in it have the greatest effect on the system. An ...
REFRIGERANT 12 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ; _ , _ _ _ _ _ _ ~.•
)""'
VILTER'" Since 1867
ditions. Because of this, economic considerations How to Use Charts

usually result in the use of a larger pressure drop 1. Tables 1-A and 1-B permit quick selection of suc-
as the basis of deshm for a discharjfe line than tion lines applicable to the conditions listed.
that which would be used for a suction line.
Table 1-A gives suction line capacities (tons) for
Liquid line pressure drop results in no direct intermediate or low stage applications. The
penalty in capacity or power. It is important that values in this table are based on 0°F. saturated
the pressure loss not be such as to produce flash discharge temperature. For intermediate or low
gas. If the pressure loss or liquid lift are such as stage suction line capacities at other saturated
to result in flash gas, the required capacities of discharge temperatures, multiply table value by
liquid solenoid valves and expansion valves must proper line capacity multiplier as given in Table
be increased. Liquid lines cooler than ambient A-7 in appendix.
will take in heat and may sweat.
Higher liquid line velocities should be used with Table 1-B gives suction line capacities (tons) for
single or high stage applications at various suc-
caution because of possible stresses due to rapid
tion temperatures, pressure drops, and at 105°F.
closing of any liquid valve. Solenoid valves or
saturated condensing temperature. foterpolation
solenoid pilot-controlled valves, almost always are
may be used between suction temperatures to
rapid-closing.
determine line capacity at a fixed pressure drop.
When the liquid is to flow upward in a riser, (Do not interpolate between pressure-drop col-
or when pressure drop may cause flashing, sub- umns.) For other condensing temperatures and
cooling can be employed to eliminate flash gas othe.r pressure-drop limitations, follow the steps
in the supply to the expansion valves. Subcoofing outlmed below for detailed sizing of lines.
may make insulation for the liquid line desirable
or necessary. 2. Table 2 can be used to determine the capacities
of dischar~e and liquid lineR at a Rpecified
Basis of Design pressure drop or velocity, as IiRted. For tem-
peratures other than 105 F condensing and
Suction lines should generally be selected for a
pressure drop of 1 to 3 psi per 100 feet of pipe for · 40 .F suction, these capacities are only -ap-
proximate.
temperatures above 20 F. On the other hand,
pressure drop should range from 2 to 0.2 psi per The following steps are used for detailed sizing
100 feet of pipe at temperatures between + 20 of Refrigerant 12 piping:
F and - 60 F. In other words, pressure-drop 3. Determine the flow rate, lb/ (min) (ton) from
allowance should decrease with decreasing suction Fig. 2. Use saturated evaporator tempe~ature
temperatures. and liquid temperature, disregarding any
Discharge lines should generally be selected for suction superheating. Total flow e q u a I s
a nominal pressure-drop between 2 and 5 psi lb/(min) (ton) times system tonnage.
per 100 feet of pipe at any normal condensing 4. Enter Fig. 3 or Fig. 6, depending- on whether
temperature. the lines are steel or copper, and determine the
Liquid lines are normally sized for a low pres- pressure drop, psi per 100 ft, for the total flow.
. sure drop to avoid flash gas. The design condi- (Figs. 3 and 6 are used for suction and dis-
tions most generally accepted are: charR"e lines.) The pressure drop through any
size line is found by projecting vertically, from
a. Condenser to receiver: Velocity of 120 fpm the flow rate on the lower scale, to the inter-
or less. section with the line size to be used. At this
b. Receiver to sy3tem: Velocity range is gen- intersection, follow the horizontal line to the
erally limited to 300 fpm when a solenoid or right and intersect with the vapor tempera-
snap-acting valve is used. When a snap- ture line, and then project upward to the top
acting valve is not employed, velocities some- scale to read the pressure drop. Prorate the
what higher than 300 fpm may be employed. pressure drop according to the actual length,
Within limits of above velocities, selection using either the net length of straight pipe or
on the basis of 2 psi per 100 feet is practiced. the straight pipe plus the equivalent length of
valves and fittings. If net length of straight
c. The liquid line between the expansion valve pipe is used, determine the pressure drop for
and the evaporator is often very short, valves and fittings from Fig. 10, using appro-
with few restrictions, and may then be the priate "K" factors from Table 3 and the vapor-
same size as the expansion valve outlet or line velocity (See Step 5).
the evaporator inlet. However, unless it
is very short, consideration should be given 5. Using the total refrigerant flow, lb per min,
to the size of this line which will be carrying determine the velocity for suction and dis-
both gas and liquid. Common practice :for charge lines in Fig. 4 or Fig. 7, depending on
relatively short lines, containing a service whether the lines are steel or copper. These
valve. is to make them one size larger than charts are read in the same manner as Fig. 3
24 the liquid line. and Fig. 6.
REFRIGERANT 12
6. For liquid lines, determine the pressure drop Pulsating Flow

and velocity, using either Fig. 5 or Fig. 8,
Pulsating flow in refrigerant lines causes in·
depending on the type of pipe used. The liquid-
creased pressure losses beyond those indicated by
flow rate in lb per min, as read on the lower
scale, is projected upward to the intersection Fig. 3 and Fig. 6, which are based on steady flow.
of a given pipe size. The velocity in ft per Reciprocating compressors create pulsating flow
sec can be read at this point and a pressure in both discharge and suction lines. However, be-
drop in psi per 100 ft equivalent length can be cause gas density and the pressure•pulsation
read on the ordinate scale. (The total flow for amplitude are both greater in the discharge line,
liquid lines is the same as that in the vapor the added frictional Joss due to pulsation is also
Jines as found in Step 3.) Prorate the pressure greater in the discharge line. For the same rea.
drop, using the ratio of actual pipe length ver- sons, the additional pressure loss due to pulsating
sus 100 ft. Valves and fittings in liquid lines flow is greater for a single-cylinder compressor
are treate~ in the same manner as outlined in than for a multi-cylinder compressor. Pulsation
Step 4 for vapor lines. is greater as the compression ratio increases.
The refrigerant piping and other components
7. Fig. 9 is used to determine the pressure drop in the system, such as valves, fittings, condenser,
(or gain) in a liquid line when there is an ap- evaporator, etc., attenuate the pulsation, resulting
preciable, change in elevation between the con- in an energy loss that is only slightly above the
denser or receiver and th~ evaporator. frictional loss that occurs when the flow is steady.
Use of a muffler in the discharge line, close to
8. Fig. 11 is used to determine the temperature the compressor, reduces the friction loss in the
penalty for the various refrigerant lines, using line downstream from the muffler. Of course the
the pressure drops determined in the steps frictional loss of the muffler itself must be' con.
above. · sidered in the system design.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
GIVEN Pressure drop for 45 ft of pipe

100 tons refrigeration = 45/100 X 1.6 = 0,72 psi
40 F evaporator temperature Pressure Drop in Fittings:
105 F condensing (liquid) temperature From Fig. 7, velocity = 40 fps.
Piping layout as shown in Fig. 1 From Table 3, 3%" OD long ra·
Select discharge, liquid and suction lines dius ell (sweat fitting) "K" factor
Determine compressor operating conditions =0.23.
From Fig. 10, pressure drop per ell
NOTE: For the purpose of illustration, copper = 0.11 psi.
tubing will be assumed throughout. However, Pressure drop for 3 ells= 3 X 0.11 = 0.33 psi
for economic or other reasons, good practice
might employ all copper, all steel, or some cop·
per and some steel, piping. Temperature Penalty:
From Fig. 11, L05 psi, 105 F satu.
SOLUTION rated temperature, temperature
From Fig. 2, at 40 F evaporator temperature penalty = 0.60 F
and 106 F liquid temperature, the refrigerant
flow rate=4.07 lb/(min) (ton). LIQUID LINES
Refrigerant circulation = 100 tons x 4.07. Condenser to Receiver:
lb/(min) (ton) = 407 lb/min. Select line size so that velocity is
120 fpm or less.
DISCHARGE LINE Using Table 2, select 31Ai" OD
Table 2 indicates 3%" OD copper tube is copper tube. Fig. 8 gives velocity
adequate for 113 tons refrigeration at 2 psi/l 00 of 1.8 fps = 60 X 1.8 = 108 fpm.
ft. Because of gravity flow, no pres·
Pressure Drop in Pipe: sure drop need be calculated.
From Fii. 6, 407 lb/min, 3%'' OD Receiver to Expansion Valve:
copper tube, 105 F condensing Observe upper velocity limit of
temperature, pressure drop= 1.6 300 fpm in selecting this portion
psi/100 ft. of liquid line.
REFRIGERANT 12 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ILTfJl"
Using Table 2, select 21/s" OD cop- refrigeration with a pressure drop of 2
per tube. Fig. 8 gives velocity of psi/100 ft."
4 fps = 240 fpm. Pressure Drop in Pipe:
Pressure Drop in Pipe: From Fig. 6, 407 lb/min, 4%" OD
From Fig. 8, 407 lb/min, 21/s" OD copper tube, 40 F suction tempera-
copper tube, pressure drop= 1.25 ture, p r e s s u r e d r o p = 1.8
psi/100 ft. psi/100 ft. ·
Pressure drop for 28 ft of pipe Pressure drop for 27 ft of pipe
= 28/100 x 1.25 = 0.35 psi = 27 /100 x 1.8 = 0.49 psi
Pressure Drop in Valves and Fittings: Pressure Drop in Fittings:
From Fig. 8, 407 lb/min, 21/s" OD From Fig. 7, velocity= 68 fps.
copper tube, velocity= 4 fps. From Table 3, 4 'lti" OD long radius
From Table 3, 21;8" OD long radius ell (sweat fitting), "K" factor
ell (sweat fitting), "K" factor =0.22.
=0.25. From Fig. 10, pressure drop per
From Fig. 10, pressure drop for 3 ell = 0.12 psi
ells (enter n o m o g r a p h with Pressure drop for2ells
3 X 0.25 = 0.75 combined "K" =2 x 0.12 =0.24 psi
factor) = 0.10 psi Total pressure drop =0.73 psi
From Table 3, 2%" OD angle valve Temperature Penalty:
(sweat fitting), "K" factor= 2.9. From Fig. 11, 0.73 psi, 40 F satu-
From Fig. 10, pressure drop for rated temperature, temperature
angle valve = 0.40 psi penalty = 0.8 F
Expansion Valve to Evaporator: COMPRESSOR SELECTION
As a rule of thumb, increase the The temperature equivalents of pressure drops
line one size after the expansion in the discharge and suction lines require se-
valve, giving a line size of 2%" lecting the compressor to operate at the follow-
OD. ing conditions:
Discharge temperature =
SUCTION LINE 105 F +
0.6 F = 105.6 F
From Table 1-B, select 4 1Ai" OD copper Suction temperature =
tube, which is adequate for 106 tons of 40 F-0.8 F=39.2 F
TABLE l·A. SUCTION LINE CAPACITIES-TONS

(for intermediate or Low Slap Applications)
I Suction Une1
llefrigeronl and dT Line Sin
Type l Suction Temp F Second Stage Discharge
Equivalent of
friction Drop• ·copper ---·------- and Liquid Lines
OD -90 -~o -70 -60 -50 -40 -30
H
Refrigerant 12 %
J-1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
I.Vs 0.17 0.24 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 l.O
1% 0.30 0.42 0.6 0.8 J.l 1.4 I. 7
1% 0.47 0.67 0.9 l.2 l. 7 2.2 2.7
2Ys 1.00 1.40 l.9 2.5 3.5 4.6 5.7
2 F .t.T Per JOO ft 2% 1.7 2 .4 3.3 4.5 6.1 8.0 10.0
Equiv. Lengt!i 3Ys 2.8 3.9 5.4 7.3 10.0 13.0 16.2 See Table 2
3% 4.l 5.9 8.2 10.8 15.0 19.5 24.3
4Ys 6.0 8.5 11.7 15.6 21.5 28.0 35.0
5y8 10.6 15. l 20.8 27.8 38.5 50.0 62.5
6Ys 18. I 25.8 35.4 47.2 65.4 85.0 106.0
NOTES: (3) For other Tons and Equivalent Lengths in a given pipe
(l) Values based on 0 F saturated discharge temp. For capaci- size,
ties at other saturated discharge temp. multiply table value by _ ~ (Actual Tons) 1.1
proper line capacity multiplier 1See appendix. Table A-71. t:i. T- Table t. T X
(2) For other .::.T's and Equivalent Lengths, i. 100 X T a bl e T ons
Line Capat·it.\• (Tons) ( 4 J For pressure drop (psi) corresponding to 4 T. refer to Refrig.
JOO X Actual t.T Loss Desired)o.u erant properlies. ~ 5.
= Table Tons X ( (51 Size low stage (Booster) discharge 'lines same as equivalent
L, Table d T Loss single stage suet ion lines (see Table 1-B).
26 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
TABLE 1-8. SUCTION LINE CAPACITIES--:-TONSt
SUCTION
PIPING l
(for Single or High Stage Applications)
-------------]
Saturated Suction Temperature-F
I I I w
LINE ·----·------- ... ·------·---···-. . ...
SIZE 2
40
(inches) -40 -W 0
Pressure Drop, PSI Per 100 Ft
~-1-Ps__,_ _ _ _,._Yi_,_1_l_2_G___;i ~F / 3 - 11 j_1_j_2_-~2- i 2 3 ~ 1 _2_1~

- - -I _-1=I --1
= =0.20·0.25
- i -- -- - -9.24 - -0.250.31 -
-,0.280.35 =0.250.3610.45 -0.320.470.580.280.400.590.74
-0.310.3~
.
0.24 0.29 i0.22 0.32 0.39 ,0.29 0.410.51I0.26!0.370.53 0.66 0.32 0.46 0.66 0.81
--0.23 0.35 0.44 ~!~,e~32 0.4~ 0.59 0.290.42 ~~ ~~ 0.37 10.54 o. 790.99 0.470;681.001.23
1 1
0.25 0.371o.53 o.67 o.34 o.5o o. 1310. 91 o.45 o.65 o. 951.19 o. 570.841.221.51 o. 721.051.541.89
1
0.2410.35 0.510.63 0.33 0.47 0.68 0.83 0.43 0.610. 87,1.08 0. 55 0. 781.131.380.69 0.981.381.70
0.510. 751.101.36 0.69,1.0011.47 l.85 0. 911.32 l. 94 2.421.171.69·2.47 3.10 l.46 2.14 3.14 3.91
1 0.47 0.67 0. 961.20 0.63 0. 90,1.291.58 0.82,1.171.6712.061.051. 512.142.641.301.87 2.65 3.~~
1-----1-------- 0.901~== 1.921~ ~= ~-·771~·583.22 ~~i2'343.39i4.222.04.=.94~.305.342.583.745.52l~
rn o. 97J .3811.99 2.43 I. 29i1.85;2· 62 3.241.68 2.4013.42!4. 22 2.1613.06 4.35 5.4o 2.68 3.81 s.416. n
1.44 2.09 3.0013. 781.92:2 .82i4.1P 5.10 2. 54 3.68;5. 37!6.62 3. 25 4. 70 6. 908.4614.05 6.02 8.6510. 7
1.47 2.092~98,3.651.9412
1 1 .87 2.52 3.6215.12!6.29 3.25 4'.59 6.54 8.00 4.00 5.70 8.109.83
.78,3.9514
2. 94 4.35 6.30 7.80 4.01,5. 80.8. 44 10. 6 5.28,7. 70,ll.1113.8 6. 70 9. 7514.217 .6 8.4712.317 .9 22.1
2 2.88 4.05 5. 78,7.10 3.8015.40:7. 70 9. 5 4.94!7 '04110.0:12.2 6.35.8. 9512. 715. 6 7.8711.115. 719J
1-----1---1-1-1---l-1----1--!-i--'--- ,_
5.277. 71111.213.9 7.10110.4 15.118. 7 9.44,13. 7'19.6124.512.017 .4 25.4 31.0 15.0 21.9 31.5 39.3
4.52 6.50 9.24,11.4 6.0218. 55,12.214. 9 7.86111.215. 719.310.114.1,20.2 24. 712.417 .625.030.1
8.5312.417 .9 22.411.3\16.6123 .9129.9 15.0121.8 31.4 39.319.0 27 .8 40.5 49.9 23.8 34.9 50.5 62.E
3 8.0211.416.2'19.910.6ll5.0l21. 6:26. 513.819.6 27 .8.34.417 .6 24.9 35.2 43.5 21.9 30. 7 44.3 54.C
12. 718.4 26.8 32. 916.9124.5!35. 8!44.4 22.232.1!46.1151.920. 5 41.2 59.3 74.135.6 51.6 75.o 92.<
1 - - - - ' - - l - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - _ _, _ _ - - -----,-·-----!- ,_
11. 125.8 37 .4 46.3 23. 7134.6 50.162.3 31.4 45.8 65. 5182.0 40.o 57. 183.5 10550.312 .5 106 ·13<!
4 16.6 23.8 32.8 41. 2 21.8 31.4 44.4 55.5 28.6 40.6 157. 2170. 7 36.2 51.8 73.4 90.4 45.0 64.4 91.0 lll
32.146.367.083.242.7,62.390.7111356.181.3 119! 14671.7 103 150 18689.7 130 189 233
5 30.042.660.974.639.9156.580.3199.351.773.6 105 12865.993.0 134 16281.5 117 165 202
51.274.5 108 13469.4 100, 145 18091.0 131 190 236 ll5 165 240 300 145 209 300 371
llsW 264 32s
1
1---6___ ,_ _ _ _,4_8-.769.097.5 12164._5191.2r130 rn83.5 201 106 151 211 132 187 265
8 99.5 140 199 245 130 1861262 322 170 242 339 422 216 306 435 540 268 381 540 669
10 181 258 361 446 239 338 480 588 310 438 618 759 3951 553 . 788 965 489 689 9701'205
12 290. 406 574 706 3821 538, 7651 936 490 695 984,1210 623188212601550 774109315481891l

2 "IPS" data based on Schedule 40 steel piping "OD" data based on Type Lcopper tubing
~
1tr\VILTER.
......, 21
DISCHARGE AND
LIQUID PIPING
TABLE 2. DISCHARGE AND LIQUID LINE CAPACITIES-TONS 1

LINE
SIZE 2 Temperature 175 F To Receiver To System
(Inches)
Pressure Drop Velocity Pressure Drop
Psi/100 ft. fpm Psi/100 ft
IPS OD Yi l II 2 3 100 2
Yi - 0.33 I 0.48 0.60 - -

o/a 0.42
0.48
0.62
0.70
I 0.90
0.98
1.13
1.21
3.18
3.20
4.23
3.62
Yz
0.73 1.06 1.54 1.92 4.77 7.25
*
Vs l.11 1.62 2.36
------
2.92 6.61 11.2
1.02 1.46 2.06 2.54 5.90 8.17
* lYa 2.26 3.30 4.80 6.02 11.2 23.1
l 1.94 2.78 3.96 4.80 9.85 16.1
1% 3.96 5.72 8.25 .10.3 17.1 4o.o-
..
Bi 3.98 5.72 8.15 9.95 17.5 34.4

w. 6.27 9.10 13.4 16.5 24.3 64.0
lYz 5.97 8.45 12.1 14.8 24.1 52.6
2Ya 13.0 18.8 27.3 34.0 42.3 133
2 11.6 16.6 23.4 29.0 45.7 123
------
2% 23.l 33.7 48.0 60.2 65.1 236
2Yz 18.4 26.6 37.4 45.5 65.5 197
3Ya 36.9 53.6 77.5 95.5 93.0 376
3 32.4 46.2 ! 65.l 80.0 101 350
3o/a 54.6 79.2 113 140 126 565
-
4Ya 76.7 lll 160 198 163 795
4 67 .1 94.7 135 165 174 712
5Ya 138 199 288 357
5 122 172 244 298
6Ya 222 320 455 570
----
6 195 280 394 480
8 398 573 810 985
10 725 1030 I 1450 1770
12 1145 1625
I 2310 2830
NOTES: 1 Based on fluid flow at 105 F saturated condensing temperature and 40 F saturated evaporating temperature
2 "IPS" data based on Schedule 40 steel piping except that liquid lines l\1'' and smaller are Schedule 80
"00" data based on Type Lcopper tubing

REFRIGERANT 12
VALVES AND FITTINGS

K-FACTORS
TABLE 3. UK-FACTORS" (VELOCITY HEADS) FOR VALVES AND FITTINGS I
FERROUS VALVES AND FITTINGS 2
LINE GLOBE VALVE ANGLE VALVE SHORT-RADIUS ELL LONG-RADIUS Ell TEE, LINE-FLOW TEE, BRANCH-FLOW
SIZE
(Inches)
IPS I I
I
Screwed Flanged Screwed Flanged Screwed Flanged Welded Screwed Flanged Welded Screwed Flanged Welded I I I I
Screwed Flanged Welded
Yz 15 - 8.4 - 2.1 - - -- - -- 0.9 - - 2.4 - -

11 -- 5.7 - 1. 7 - 0.9 - -- 0.9 2.0 -
*
·- - - -
1 9.3 15.5 4.3 5.0 1.4 0.43 0.46 0.73 0.40 0.32 0.9 0.26 0.43 1.8 1.0 1.37
- - ---- - - - - - ----- -- - . ------ - - ---- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
I
1% 8.4 12.8 3.5 4.0 1.3 0.40 0.42 0.60 0.37 0.29 0.9 0.24 0.36 1. 7 0.90 1.31
lYz 7.8 11.5 2:9 3.4 1.2 0.39 0.40 0.52 0.34 0.27 0.9 0.22 0.31 1.5 0.88 1.27
2 7.0 9.9 2.2 2.8 1.0 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.30 0.25 0.9 0.19 0.28 1.4 0.80 1.17
2Yz - 9.0 -- 2.5 - 0.34 0.37 -·-· 0.27 0.24 -- 0.17 0.26 - 0.75 1.13
··- - - - - ______ j_' ----- - - -· - - --
3 - 8.3
- 2.4 - 0.33 0.36 --·- 0.25 0.23 -· 0.16 0.24 - 0.72 1.10
4 - -
7.5 2.3 - 0.31 0.35 -- 0.22 0.22 -- 0.14 0.22 - 0.68 1.05
5 - -
7.0 2J - 0.30 0.34 -·- 0.20 0.21 ·- 0.13 0.19 - 0.64 1.01
6 - -
6.7 2.3 - 0.28 0.32 --- 0.18 0.20 - 0.12 0.18 - 0.60 0.98
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -
8 - 6:2 - 2.3 - 0.27 0.31 -- 0.'15 0.19 --· 0.10 0.15 - 0.57 0.93
10 - 6.0 - 2.3 - 0.25 0.30 - o. !4 0.18 -·· 0.09 0.14 - 0.52 0.90
12 - 6.0 - 2.3 - 0.25 0~29 -· 0.13 0.18 - 0.08 0.13 - 0.50 0.88
I I
NON-FERROUS VALVES AND FITTINGS 3 • 4 • 6
LINE
SIZE GLOBE VALVE ANGLE VALVE SHORT ·RADIUS Ell LONG-RADIUS Ell TEE, LINE-FLOW TEE, BRANCH-FLOW
(Inches)
OD Flare or Sweat Flare or Sweat Flare or Sweat Flare or Sweat Flare or Sweat Flare or Sweat
Yz 37 12.8 2.5 1.7 0.9 3.5

% 28 9.9 2.2 1.5 0.9 3.2
23 7.8 2.0 1.4 0.9 3.0
*
~ 19 6.7 1.9
-- - - - - - - ------· - ------ ....
1.3
______ .
0.9 2.8
-----
lYa 15.0 5.0 0.46 0.32 0.43 1.37
1% 13.4 4.4 0.42 0.29 0.36 1.33
1% 12.0 3.5 0.40 0.27 0.31 L29
2Ya 10.4 2.9 0.38 0.25 0.28 1.19
NOTES: 1 K=2gh/V2
s Based on Type L copper tubing

'for screwed valves and fittings, use ferrous K-Factors
6 for OD sizes above 2~ r, use welded ferruos K-factors
REFRIGERANT 12 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _,
VALVES AND FITTINGS

EQUIVALENT LENGTHS
TABLE 4. EQUIVALENT LENGTHS OF VALVES AND FITTINGS 1
FERROUS VALVES AND FITTINGS 2 • 3
LINE GLOBE VALVE ANGLE VALVE SHORT-RADIUS ELL LONG-RADIUS Ell TEE:, LINE-FLOW TEE, BRANCH-FLOW
SIZE
(Inches)
IPS I I
Screwed Flanged Screwed Flanged Screwed Flanged Welded Screwed . Welded IFl~nged Screwed Flanged Welded Screwed Flanged Welded
29 16 4.1
--1-- I
1.8 -
--
-
~ - - - -
I_ - 4.7
--- --- ·- -
% 31 - 16 - 4.7 - - 2.5 - - 2.5 - 5.6 - -
35 57 16 19 5.3 1.6 2.8 1.5
-~~ 1.6 6.8 3.8 5.2
I 1.8 l.2
lY4 46 69 19 22 7. l 2.2 2.3 3.3 2.0 1.6 4.9 1.3 2.0 9.2 4.9 7.1
lY2 51 76 19 22 7.9 2.6 2.6 3.4 2.2 1.8 5.9 1.4 2.0 9.9 5.8 8.4
2 63 89 20 25 9.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 2.7 2.3 8.1 1.7 2.5 12.6 7.2 10.5
2~ ·- 101 - 28 -- 3.8 4.2 - 3.0 2.7 - 1. 9 2.9 - 8.4 13
3 - 123 - 36 - 4.9 5.3 --- 3.7 3.4 - 2.4 3.6 -- 11 16
7.2 4.5
4 155-- 48 6.2
I 4.5 2.9 4.5 14 22
_
- - - _,_
-
5 -- - 190- -- 63 -- 8.1 9.2 5.4 5.7 3.5 5.1 - 17 27
6 -- - 227-- 11 -- 78 - 9.5 6.1 6.8 4.1 6.1 - 20 33
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---··--- - - - - - - - - - - - --
8 - 295 - 110 -- 13 15 ---- 7.1 9.0 - 4.7 7.1 - 27 44
10 - 370' - 142 -- 16 18 -- 8.7 11 --- 5.6 8.7 - 32 56
12 - 465 - 173 - 19 22 - 10 114 - 6.2 10 - 39 68
I I
NON-FERROUS VALVES AND FITTINGS 2
LINE GLOBE VALVE ANGLE VALVE SHORT-RADIUS ELL LONG-RADIUS Ell TEE, LINE-FLOW TEE, BRANCH-FLOW
SIZE
(Inches) - i
OD Screwed Olher • Screwed Other• Screw~d I other• Screwed Other• Screwed Other• Screwed Other•
~ 40 70 21 24 4.7 4.7 - 3.2 1.9 1. 7 5.1 6.6

% 39 72 22 25 5.4 5.7 --- 3.9 2.3 2.3 6.2 8.2
39 75 23 25 6.2 6.5 2.9 4.5 2.9 2.9 7.1 9.7
---- --- *rs --------1---- --------
7.0 7.8 5.3 3.7
lYa
45
54
78
87
23
25
28
29 8.1 I 2. 7 I3.7
4.2 I. 9 5.2
3.7
2.5
8.2
11
12
8.0
1% 64 I 102 27 33 9.9 I 3.2 4.6 2.2 6.9 2.7 13 10
1% 75 ! 115 28 34 12 ! 3.8 5.0 2.6 8.7 3.0 14 12
I -------- - - -
ZYa
2%
95
-
141
159
30
-
39
44
14
-
5.2
6.5
5.4
-- I 3.4
4.2
12
-
3.8
4.6
19
-
16
20
3Ys - 185 - 53 - 8.0 - 5.1 - 5.4 - 25
3% - 216 66 -- 10 - 6.3 - 6.6 - 30
4Ya
------
248 ~-1 76 --
-----
12 -- 7.3
--
- 7.3 - 35
5Ve - 292 -- 96 - 14 - I 8.8 - 7.9 - 42
- -
6Ve - 346 -·--
I 119 --
'
17
I 10 9.3 - 50
NOTES: IL.= K(D/f)

2 Friction factors (f) determined al "practical" Reynolds Numbe;s based on 40 F suction lines having pressure-drop of 1.8 psi/100 ft
' Basf!d on Schedule 40 pipe

'Flare, sweat, flanged, etc., and based on Type L copper tubing
30 ,(.t, VILJED'"
I~ ·~~.l
LEGEND:
0 lnditates Length of Line , FT
* OD Oe•ignates Size of Copper Tube
*Elbows - Long radius type
CONDENSER
~~·~
- - - - - · 2 5/B" 00
COMPRESSOR
:a
m
"Ill
SJ-
:ia
------~ig. t SCH.EMAT;~ PIPING LAYOUT FOR S-~~L; PR~B~EM

m
:ii=
----· >
z
~
'.::....;,
- II.>
IUfitlGERANT 1 2 - - - - - - - - - ·
5 .o
\ \ __"'
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fig. 2. FLOW RATE PER TON Of REFRIGERATION FOR REFRIGERANT 12

PRESSURE DROP- PSI/ 100 FT
.3 .4 .s .6 .7 .•.91.0 4 S 6 7 I 910
NOTE: ~~*;¥fi~~:~t~~:a-1Jf 11 tA 11111 A 1Y1 1r1· 11411 x·-r M1vi 11 tk1 v1r1 11 11111J
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FIG. 3. PRESSURE DROP IN STEEL PIPING FOR REFRIGERANT 12 VAPOR z
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...z
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fig. 6. PRESSURE DROP IN COPPER TUBING FOR IBFRIGERANT 12 VAPOR

______ R E FR I G ER A NT 1 2
37
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FLOW RATE-LB/MIN
fig. 8. VELOCITY AND PRESSURE DROP IN COPPER TUBING FOR REFRIGERANT 12 LIQUID
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fig. 9. RELATION OF PRESSURE-CHANGE TO ELEVATION-DIFFERENCE 39
FOR REFRIGERANT 12 LIQUID 6, VILTER'"

~ ·-·~'
R EFR IGEIA NT I 2 - - - . . . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
PRESSUIE DROP THROUGH

VALYES AND FITIINGS
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NOTE: PRESSURE DIOP DOES NOT AllOW

FOi PUUATING A.OW 01 LIQUID
Fl.ASHING.
20
40 Fia. 10. PRESSURE DROP IN VALVES AND FITTINGS FOR REFRIGERANT 12

,4},.VILTER.
~ -·~·
TEMPERATURE PENALTY DUE TO. PRESSURE DROP
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SATURATION TEMPERATURE-F
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REF RIG ER ANT 1 2 - - - - - - - - - - · - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
TABLE 5
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF REFRIGERANT 12
Density- Enthalpy- Entropy - Temp.-

Temp.- Pressure- Volume- "F
Cu. Ft. per Lb. Lb. per Cu. Ft. Btu per Lb. Btu per (Lb.) (°R)
"F Lb. per Sq. In.
Absolute Gage Liquid s t
t p p vf v l/v 1 I/vii hf hf 11 hll sf II
II
0.074216 -9.3782 77 .289 67.911 -0.023S99 0.18267 -SS
-8S 2.4371 24.9593* 0.010118 13.474 98.830 -so'
2.8807 24.0560* .010164 11. 533 98.382 0.086708 -8.3451 76.812 68.467 - .020862 .18143
-80 - .018156 .18027 -75
-7S 3.3879 23.0234* .010211 9.9184 97.930 0.10082 -7.3101 76.333 69.023
0.11670 -6.2730 75.853 69.580 - .01S481 .17916 -70
-70 3.9651 21.8482* .010259 8.S687 97.475 -65
4.6193 20.5164* .010308 7.4347 97.016 0.13451 -S.2336 75.371 70.137 - .012834 .17812
-65
0.15438 -4.1919 74.885 70.693 -0.010214 0.17714 -60
-60 S.3575 19.0133* 0.010357 6.4774 96.553 -55
17.3237* .010407 5.6656 96.086 0.17650 -3.1477 74.397 71.249 - .007622 .17621
-SS 6.1874 -so
95.616 0.20104 -2.1011 73.906 71. 805 - .005056 .17 533
-so 7.1168 15.4313* .010459 4.9742
.OlOSll 4.3828 95.141 0.22816 -t.0519 73.411 72.359 - .002S16 .17451 -45
-4S 8.1540 13.3196* -40
10.9709* .010564 3.87SO 94.661 0.25806 0.0000 72.913 72.913 .000000 .17373
-40 9.3076
0.27084 0.4215 72.712 73.134 0.001000 0.17343 -38
-38 9.803S 9.9611* 0.010586 3.6922 94.469 -36
8.909* .010607 3.Sl98 94.27S 0.28411 0.8434 72.511 73.354 .001995 .17313
-36 10.320 .002988 .17285 -34
-34 10.858 7.814* .010629 3.3571 94.081 0.29788 1.2659 72.309 73.S75
0.31216 1.6887 72.106 73. 795 .003976 .17257 -32
-32 11.417 6.675* .010651 3.203S 93.886 -30
11.999 5.490* .010674 3.0585 93.690 0.32696 2.. 1120 71.903 74.015 .004961 .17229
-30
0.34231 2.5358 71.698 74.234 O.OOS942 0.17203 -28
-28 12.604 4.2S9* 0.010696 2. 9214 93.493 -26
13.233 2.979* .010719 2.7917 93.296 0.35820 2.9601 71.494 74.454 .006919 .17177
-26 .007894 . l 71Sl -24
-24 13.886 l.649* .010741 2. 6691 93.098 0.37466 3.3848 71.288 74.673
0.39171 3.8100 71.081 74.891 .008864 .17126 -22
-22 14.564 0.270* .010764 2.5529 92.899
92.699 0.40934 4.2357 70.874 75.110 .009831 .17102 -20
-20 15.267 0.571 .010788 2.4429
0.427S8 4.6618 70.666 7S.3.28 0.010795 0.17Q78 -18
-18 lS.996 l.300 0.010811 2.3387 92.499
0.4464S S.0885 70.4S6 7S.54S .011755 .17055 -16
-16 16.753 2.0S7 .010834 2.2399 92.298 -14
2.840 .010858 2.1461 92.096 0.46595 S.Sl57 70.246 7S. 762 .012712 .17032
'.""14 17.536 .013666 .17010 -12
-12 18.348 3.652 .010882 2.0S72 91.893 0.48611 5.9434 70.036 75.979
0.50693 6.3716 69.824 76.196 .014617 .16989 -10
-10 19.189 4.493 .010906 1.9727 91.689
o.52843 6.8003 69.611 76.411 0.015564 0.16967 -8
-8 20.0S9 5.363 0.010931 1.8924 91.485 -6
6.264 .01095S 1.8161 91.280 O.SS063 7.2296 69.397 76.627 .016508 .16947
-6 20.960 .017449 .16927 -4
-4 21.891 7.19S .010980 1. 7436 91.074 0.57354 7.6594 69.183 76.842
8.0898 68.967 77.057 .018388 .16907 -2
-2 22.8S4 8.158 .011005 1.6745 90.867 0.59718
90.6S9 0.62156 8.S207 68.750 77.271 .019323 .16888 0
0 23.849 9.153 .011030 1.6089
90.4SO 0.64670 8.9522 68.S33 77.485 0.020255 0.16869 2
·2 24.878 10.182 0.011056 l.S463
90.240 0.67263 9.3843 68.314 77.698 .021184 .16851 4
4 2S.939 11.243 .011082 1.4867 6
27.036 12.340 .011107 1.4299 90.030 0.69934 9.8169 68.094 77.911 .022110 .16833
6 67.873 78.123 .023033 .16815 8
8 28.167 13.471 .011134 1.3758 89.818 0.72687 10.250
1.3241 89.606 0.75523 10.684 67.651 78.33S .023954 .16798 10
10 29.335 14.639 .011160
89.392 0.78443 11.118 67.428 78.546 0.024871 0.16782 12
12 30.539 15.843 0.011187 1.2748 14
31.780 17.084 .011214 1.2278 89.178 0.81449 11. 554 67.203 78. 757 .025786 .16765
14 16
33.060 18.364 .011241 1.1828 88.962 0.84544 11. 989 66.977 78.966 .026699 .167SO
16 79.176 .027608 .16734 18
18 34.378 19.682' .011268 1.1399 88.746 0.87729 12.426 66.750
88.529 0.91006 12.863 66.522 79.385 .028515 .16719 20
20 35.736 21.040 .011296 1.0988
88.310 0.94377 13.300 66.293 79.593 0.029420 0.16704 22
22 37.135 22.439 0.011324 1.0596 24
38.574 23.878 .Oll3S2 1.0220 88.091 0.97843 13. 739 66.061 79.800 .030322 .16690
24 80.007 .031221 .16676 26
26 40.056 25.360 .011380 0.98612 87.870 1.0141 14.178 6S.829
87.649 1.0507 14.618 65.596 80.214 .032118 .16662 28
28 41.580 26.884 .011409 0.95173 30
43.148 28.452 .011438 0.91880 87.426 1.0884 15.058 6S.361 80.419 .033013 .16648
30
87.202 1.1271 15.500 65.124 80.624 0.033905 0.16635 32
32 44.760 30.064 0.011468 0.88725 34
46.417 31.721 .011497 0.85702 86.977 1.1668 15. 942 64.886 80.828 .034796 .16622
34 81.031 .035683 .16610 36
36 48.120 33.424 .011527 0.82803 86. 751 1.2077 16.384 64.647
0.80023 86.524 1.2496 16.828 64.406 81.234 .036569 .16598 38
38 49.870 35.174 .011557 40
36.971 .011588 0.77357 86.296 1.2927 17.273 64.163 81.436 .037453 .16586
40 51.667
•Inches of mercury below one atmosphere
42
TABLE 5 (Continued)
Volume- Density- Enthalpy- Entropy- Temp. -

Temp.- Pressure- Btu per (Lb.) ("R) OF
Cu. Ft. per Lb. Lb.- per Cu. Ft. Btu per Lb.
OF Lb. per Sq. In.
Absolute Gage Liquid s t
sf
t p p Vr v
s
l/vf 1/v
8
h, hrs hi
0.038334
•
0.16574 42
0.011619 0.74798 86.066 t.3369 17.718 63.919 81.637
42 53.513 38.817 81.837 .039213 .16562 44
40.711 .011650 .72341 85.836 1.3823 18.164 63.673
44 55.407 82.037 .040091 .16551 46
57.352 42.656 .011682 .69982 85.604 1.4289 18.611 63.426
46 1.4768 19.059 . 63.177 82.236 .040906 .16540 48
48 59.347 44.651 .011714 .67715 85.371
.011746 .65537 85.136 1.5258 19.507 62.926 82.433 .041839 .16530 50
50 61.394 46.698
0.011779 0.63444 84.900 1.5762 19.957 62.673 82.630 0.042711 0.16519 52
52 63.494 48.798 82.826 .043581 .16509 54
65.646 50.950 .011811 .61431 84.663 1.6278 20.408 62.418
54 20.859 62.162 83.021 .044449 .16499 56
56 67.853 53.157 .011845 .59495 84.425 1.6808
.011879 .57632 84.185 1.7352 21.312 61.900 83.215 .045316 .16489 58
58 70.115 55.419 60
57.737 .011913 .55839 83.944 1.7909 21. 766 61.643 83.409 .046180 .16479
60 72.433
60.111 0.011947 0.54112 83.701 1.8480 22.221 61.380 83.601 0.047044 0.16470 62
62 74.807 83.792 .047905 .16460 64
77.239 62.543 .011982 .52450 83.457 1.9066 22.676 61.116
64 23.133 60.849 83.982 .048765 .16451 66
66 79.729 65.033 .012017 .50848 83.212 1.9666
.012053 .49305 82.965 2.0282 23.591 60.580 84.171 .049624 .16442 68
68 82.279 67.583 .050482 .16434 70
70.192 .012089 .47818 82.717 2.0913 24.050 60.309 84.359
70 84.888
0.46383 82.467 2.1559 24.511 60.035 84.546 0.051338 0.16425 72
72 87.559 72.863 0.012126 74
75.596 .012163 .45000 82.215 2.2222 24.973 59. 759 84.732 .052193 .16417
74 90.292 .053047 .16408 76
93.087 78.391 .012201 .43666 81.962 2.2901 25.435 59.481 84.916
76 25.899 59.201 85.100 .053900 .16400 78
78 95.946 81.250 .012239 .42378 81. 707 2.3597
.012277 .41135 81.450 2.4310 26.365 58.917 85.282 .054751 .16392 80
80 98.870 84.174
0.012316 0.399:15 81.192 2.5041 26.832 58.631 85.463 0.055602 0.16384 82
82 101.86 87.16 84
90.22 .012356 .38776 80.932 2.5789" 27.300 58.343 85.643 .056452 .16376
84 1"04.92 85.821 .057301 .16368 86
108.04 93.34 .012396 .37657 80.671 2.6556 27.769 58.052
86 2.7341 28.241 57.757 85.998 .058149 .16360 88
88 111.23 96.53 .012437 .36575 80.407
.012478 .35529 80.142 2.8146 28.713 57.461 86.174 .058997 .16353 90
90 114.49 99.79
0.012520 0.34518 79.874 2.8970 29.187 57.161 86.348 0.059844 0.16345 92
92 117.82 103.12 94
106.52 .012562 .33540 79.605 2.9815 29.663 56.858 86. 521 .060690 .16338
94 121.22 86.691 .061536 .16330 96
124.70 110.00 .012605 .32594 79.334 3.0680 30.140 56.551
96 30.619 56.242 86.861 .062381 .16323 98
98 128.24 113.54 .012649 .31679 79.061 3.1566
.012693 .30794 78.785 3.2474 31.100 55.929 87.029 .063227 .16315 100
100 131.86 117.16
0 012738 0.29937 78.508 3.3404 31.583 55.613 87.196 0.064072 0.16308 102
102 135.56 120.86 104
139.33 124.63 .012783 .29106 78.228 3.4357 32.067 55.293 87.360 .064916 .16301
104 54.970 87.523 .065761 .16293 106
106 143.18 128.48" .012829 .28303 77.946 3.5333 32.553
.012876 ,27524 77.662 3.6332 33.041 54.643 87.684 .066606 .16286 108
108 147.11 132.41 110
136.41 .012924 .26769 77.376 3. 7357 33.531 54.313 87.844 .067451 .16279
110 151.11
0.26037 77.087 :3.8406 34.023 53.978 88.001 0.068296 0.16271 112
112 155.19 140.49 0.012972 114
144.66 .013022 .25328 76.795 3.9482 34.517 53.639 88.156 .069141 .16264
114 159.36 88.310 .069987 ;16256 116
163.61 148.91 .013072 .24641 76.501 4.0584 35.014 53.296
116 52.949 88.461 .070833 .16249 118
118 167.94 153.24 .013123 .23974 76.205 4.1713 35.512
.23326 75.906 4.2870 36.013 52.597 88.610 .071680 .16241 120
120 172.35 157.65 .013174
0.013227 0.22698 75.604 4.4056 36.516 52.241 88.757 0.072528 0.16234 122
122 176.85 162.15 124
166.73 .013280 .22089 75.299 4.5272 37.021 51.881 88.902 .073376 .16226
124 181.43 .074225 .16218 126
186.10 171.40 .013335 .21497 74.991 4.6518 37.529 51.515 89.044
126 51.144 89.184 .075075 .16210 128
128 190.86 176.16 .013390 .20922 74.680 4.7796 38.040
.20364 74.367 4.9107 38.553 50.768 89.321 .075927. .16202 130
130 195.71 181.01 .013447
0.19821 74.050 5.0451 39.069 50.387 89.456 0.076779 0.16194 132
l'32 200.64 185.94 0.013504 134
190.97 .013563 .19294 73.729 5.1829 39.588 50.000 89.588 .077633 .16185
134 205.67 89.718 .078489 .16177 136
210.79 196.09 .013623 .18782 73.406 5.3244 40.110 49.608
136 40.634 49.210 89.844 .079346 .16168 138
138 216.01 201.31 .013684 .18283 73.079 5.4695
.17799 72.748 5.6184 41.162 48.805 89.967 .080205 .16159 140
140 221.32 206.62 .013746 '
IT••'JE'D'"
<~'> ....L A
43
~
... ,,.... Slncel867

TABLE 6
REFRIGERANT 12 FLOW RATE
POUNDS/MINUTE/fON REFRIGERATION
Booster Discharge Temperature (°F) Condensing Discharge Temperature (°F)
Temp. Corres.
10 I w I ~ I ~ I ~ l 60 10 I
80 9o ·1 loo 110 i 120 I ·1
of
Suction
Suction
Pressure Corresponding Discharge Pressure (Psig) Corresponding Discharge Pressure (Psig)
-
(oF) (Psig)
14.64 21.04 28.45 36.97 46.70 57.74 70.19 84.17 99.79 117;2 136.4 157. 7
-60 19.01* 3.46 3.60 3;7s 3.91 4.09 4.29 4.29 4.51
-so . lS.43* 3.39 3.S2 3.67 3.82 4.00 4.19 4.19 4.40 4.64
-40 10.97* 3.33 3.46 3.60 3.74 3.91 4.08 4.08 4.29 4.52 4.78
-30 5.49* 3.27 3.39 3.52 3.67 3.82 4.00 4.00 4.20 4.41 4.66 4.94
-20 O.S7 3.21 3.33 3.46 3.60 3. 75 3.92 3.92 4.10 4.31 4.54 4.81 5.12
-10 4.49 3.16 3.27 3.39 3.S2 3.67 3.84 3.84 4.01 4.21 4.44 4.69 4.98
0 9.1S 3.10 3.21 3.34 3.46 3.60 3. 76 3.76 3.93 4.12 4.33 4.57 4.8S
10 14.64 3.16 3.28 3.40 3.53 3.68 3.68 3.8S 4.03 4.23 4.46 4.72
20 21.04 3.22 3.34 3.47 3.62 3.62 3.77 3.94 4.14 4.36 4.61
30 28.4S 3.29 3.41 3.S5 3.55 3.70 3.87 4.05 4.26 4.50
40 36.97 3.41 3.48 3.48 3.63 3.80 3.98 4.18 4.41

50 46.70 3.43 3.43 3.57 3.72 3.90 4.09 4.31
60 57.74 3.37 3.51 3.66 3.82 4.01 _4.22
•Inches mercury below one atmosphere.
TABLE 7
CUBIC FEET/MINUTE/fON REFRIGERATION
B,ooster Discharge Temperature (°F) Condensing Discharge Temperature (° F)
Temp.
of
Corres.
Suction 10 I M I ~ I ~ I ~ l 60 10 I
80 90 -I
100 110 i 120 I ·1
Suction Pressure Corresponding Discharge Pressure (Psig) Corresponding Discharge Pressure (Psig)
(OF) . (Psig) 36.97 46.70 S7.74 70.19 84.17 99.79 117.2 136.4 157.7
14.64 21.04 28.45
-60 19.01* 22.4 23.3 24.3 25.3 26.S 27.8 27.8 29.2 I
-so 15.43* 16.9 17.5 18.3 19.0 19.9 20.9 20.9 21.9 23.1
-40 10.97* 12.9 13.4 14.0 14.5 15.2 15.8 15.8 16.6 17.5 18.S
-30 5.49* 10.0 10.4 10.8 11.2 11. 7 12.2 12.2 12.8 13.S 14.3 15.1
-20 0.57 7.85 8.15 8.46 8.80 9.17 9.58 9.58 10.0 10.5 11.1 11.8 12.5
-10 4.49 6.24 6.45 6.69 6.95 7.25 7.58 7.S8 7.91 8.31 8.76 9.25 9.83
0 9.15 4.98 5.16 S.37 S.57 S.79 6.0S 6.0S 6.32 6.63 6.97 7.36 7.80
10 14.64 4.19 4.3S 4.St 4.68 4.88 4.88 S.10 5.3S S~61 S.91 6.26
20 21.04 3.S4 3,67 3.81 3.98 3.98 4.14 4.33 4.SS 4.79 s.oo
30 28.4S 3.02 3.14 3.26 3.26 3.40 3.S6 3.72 3.92 4.14
40 36.97 2.64 2.70 2.70 2.81 2.94 3.08 3.24 3.41

so 46.70 2.2S 2.25 2.34 2.44 2.56 2.68 2.82
60 57.74 1.88 1.96 2.04 2.13 2.24 2.36
-·
Figures to left of heavy line are based on booster flow-rate of two-stage system with liquid subcooling to within 10°F of
intt>rmediate. Figures to right of heavy line are based on single stage.
44
REFRIGERANT =t2

This section presents useful data for the proper pipe insulation, can best determine the optimum
sizing of Refrigerant 22 (Monochloroditluoro- pressure-drop allowance. Experience has shown
methane) piping. Its purpose is not to set design that the allowable pressure drop for suction Jines
standards, but to provide the latest pipe-sizing should decrease with suction temperature. Dis-
information available. It also discusses various charge lines may have a greater pressure drop, for
factors which determine the allowable pressure a specified temperature penalty, than suction lines.
drops in different portions of a refrigerant piping Suction line pressure drop increases the volume
system. of gas to be handled by the compressor, increases
Basis of Charts and Tables the ratio of discharge pressure to suction pres-
sure, and reduces the volumetric efficiency of th€
The pressure-drop charts given herein for single or compressor. This results in less capacity from a
high stage applications are based on calculations given compre~sor and more power per ton of
using the commonly accepted Darcy- Weisbach refrigeration.
pressure-drop formula and Darcy friction factors The effect of a particular amount of suction
from the Moody Chart (see appendix, Sect.ions A-III line pressure drop is greater as the suction pres-
and A-IV). Capacity tables for intermediate or low sure decreases. Fig. 11 indicates this in showing
stage applications are based on calculations using that a particular pressure drop results in a greater
Fanning's equation for friction loss. "temperature penalty" at a lower saturation tem-
Pipe Lines. Suction line velocity and pressure- perature. The result of suction line pressure
drop values are for saturated vapor temperature drop is that the compressor operates from a suc-
conditions, and the discharge line values are at tion condition corresponding to the actual evapo-
pressures corresponding to the condensing tem- rator temperature minus the temperature penalty.
peratures indicated, and superheated to 200 F. Larger suction line sizes . reduce the pressure
Liquid line velocities and pressure drops are for drop and, therefore, reduce the compressor ca-
saturated Refrigerant 22 liquid at 90 F and can pacity required and also the power per ton. How-
be used with reasonable accuracy for tempera- ever, the larger pipe size increases its cost and
tures between 70 F and 110 F. also its installation and insulation cost. The best
.Valves and Fittings. Pressure losses through size from an economic consideration can be deter-
refrigerant valves and fittings are given in a table, mined by an economic study with the cost of the
in the form of "K" factors (velocity heads). These various factors available.
"K" factors are representative, usin'g average Discharge line pressure drop also increases the
values obtained from various tests and manufac- ratio of discharge pressure to suction pressure
turers' ratings. "K" factors vary widely for a P.nd reduces the volumetric efficiency of the com-
given type and size of valve or fitting, depending pressor. This results in less capacity from a given
on the construction or internal design. compressor and more power per ton of refrigera-
For a simplified determination of these pressure tion.
drops, "equivalent lengths" of valves and fittings The effect of a particular amount of discharge
are given in a table. These "equivalent lengths" line pressure drop is less as the discharge satura-
have been derived, using the "K" factors in con- tion temperature increases, but the difference is
junction with friction factors taken from the not very great in the range of saturation tempera-
Moody Chart at Reynolds Numbers in the range tures corresponding to usual discharge pressures.
of normal usage, for both vapor and liquid Jines. Fig. 11 indicates this by showing the relatively
"Equivalent lengths" result in a saci:ifice of ac- small change in "temperature penalty" for a par-
curacy, depending on the temperature, state and ticular pressure drop at the temperatures cor-
velocity of the refrigerant. "K" factors give more responding to saturation at normal discharge
reliable pressure drop data. .l:<"or greater accuracy, pressures. Fig. 11 also indicates the smaller
particularly for valves, "K" factors should be ob- "temperature penalty" for a given pressure drop
tained from the manufacturer. in the saturation temperature range correspond-
ing to usual discharge conditions as compared
Pressure-Drop Limitations (Pipe-Sizing Fadon) to the range corresponding to usual suction con-
Vapor line pressure drops result in an increase ditions. Because of this, economic considerations
in power input to the compressor and a decrease usually result in the use of a larger pressure drop
in refrigeration capacity. The most critical line as the basis of design for a discharge line than
with respect to this is the suction line, as losses that which would be used for a suction line.
in it have the greatest effect on the system. An
economic study, involving power input, system
capacity, size of system components--evaporator ~
~& VJLTER.. 51ncel867
45
and condenser-and installation cost of pipe and

.. T
Liquid line pressure drop results in no direct How to Use Cham
penalty in capacity or power. It is important that l. Tables 1-A and 1-B permit quick selection of suc-
the presimre loss not be such as to produce flash tion lines applicable to the conditions listed.
gas. If the pressure loss or liquid lift are such as
to result in flash gas. the required capacities of Table I-A gives suction line capacities (tons) for
, liquid solenoid valves and expansion valves must intermediate or low stage applications. The
be increased. Liquid lines cooler than ambient values in this table are based on 0°F. saturated
will take in heat and may sweat. discharge temperature. For intermediate or low
Higher liquid line velocities should be used stage suction line capacities at other saturated
with caution because of possible stresses due to discharge temperatures, multiply table value by
rapid closing of any liquid valve. Solenoid valve8 proper line capacity multiplier as given in Table
or solenoid pilot-controlled valves, almost always A-7 in appendix.
are rapid-clm;ing. · Table 1-B gives suction line capacities (tons) for
When the liquid is to flow upward in a riser, single or high stage applications at various suc-
or when pre81mre drop may cause flashing, suh- tion temperatures, pressure drops, and at I 05°F.
cooling can be employed to eliminate flash i.;as saturated condensing temperature. Interpolation
in the supply to the expansion valves. Subcooling may be used between suction temperatures to
may make immlation for th<' liquid line desirable determine line capacity at a fixed pressure drop.
or necessary. (Do 1101 interpolate between pressure-drop col-
umns.) For other condensing temperatures and
othe_r pressure-drop limitations, follow the steps
outlmed below for detailed sizing of lines.
Basis of Design
Suction lines should generally be selected for a 2. Tab!~ 2 can be used to determine the capacities
pressure drop of 1 to 3 psi per 100 feet of pipe for of drncharge and liquid line8 at a specified
temperatures above 20 F. On the other hand, prel'u~ure drop or velocity, as listed. For tem-
pressure drop Rhould range from 2 to 0.2 p8i per peratures other than 105 F condensing and
100 feet of pipe at temperatures between + 20 40 ~ suction, the8e capacitie8 are only ap-
F and - 60 F. In other words, pressure-drop proximate.
allowance should decreage with decreasing suction - .1:he following steps are used for detailed
temperatures. Rizwg of Refrigerant 22 piping.
Discharge Unes should generally be Relected for :t I!~te~mine the flow rate, lb/(min)(ton), from
a nominal pressure-drop between 2 and fi psi F 1g. ~: ~se saturated evaporator temperature
per 100 feet of pipe at any normal condensing ~nd l:qu1d temperature, disregarding any suc-
temperature. t10~ ~ u p e r h e .a t i n g. Total flow equals
lb_ (mml (ton) times system tonnage.
Liquid line.~ are normally sized for a low pres-
4. Enter Fig. 3 or Fig. 6, depending on whether
$Ure drop to a void flash gas. The deRign condi- the lines are steel or copper, and determine the
tions most generally accepted are: pr~ssure drop, psi per l 00 ft, for the total flow.
a. Conden._r1er to receiver: Velocities from about (Figs. 3 and 6 are used for suction and dis-
-75 fpm in smaller sizes to HiO fpm in c~ar~e li!1es.) The pressure drop through any
larger sizes are commonly used. Higher size hne 1s found by projecting verticaJiy, from
velocities may be used where the line is short the flow rate on the lower scale, to the inter-
and direct, or other conditions permit. section with the line size to be used. · At this
intersection, follow the horizontal line to the
b. Receiver to system: Velocity range of 100 to right and intersect with the vapor temperature
300 fpm, with pressure drop of 2 psi/100 line, and then project upward to the top scale
ft or greater. to read the pressure drop. Prorate the pres-
c. The liquid line between the expansion valve s?re drop according to the actual length, using
and the evaporator is often very short and either the net length of straight pipe or the
straight pipe plus the equivalent length of
may then be the same size as the expansion
v~lve~ and fittings. If net length of straight
valve outlet or the evaporator inlet. How- pipe 1s used, determine the pressure drop for
ever, unless it is very short, consideration valves and fittings from Fig. 10, using appro-
should be given to the size of this line which priate "K" factors from Table 3 and the vapor
will be carrying both gas and liquid. Com- line velocity. (See Step 5.)
mon practice for relatively short lines, con- 5. Using the total refrigerant flow, lb per min
taining a service valve, is to make them determine the velocity for suction and dis:
one size larger than the liquid line. charge Jines in Fig. 4 or Fig. 7, depending on
46
~
.~11,VILTER. Slncel867
.. T
whether the lines are steel or copper. These Pulsatina Flow
charts are read fn the same manner as Fig. 8 .Pulsating flow in refrigerant lines causes in-
and Fig. 6. creased pressure losses beyond those indicated by
Fig. 3 and Fig. 6, which are based on steady flow.
6. For .liquid linee, determine the pressure drop
and velocity, using either Fig. 6 or Fig. 8, Reciprocating compressors create pulsating flow
depending on the type of pipe used. The in both discharge and suction lines. However, be-
liquid-flow rate in lb per min, as read on the cause gas density and the pressure-pulsation
lower scale, is projected upward to the inter- amplitude are both greater in the discharge line,
section of a given pipe size. The velocity in the added frictional loss due to pulsation is also
ft per sec can be read at this point and a pres- greater in the discharge line. For the same rea-
sure drop in psi per 100 ft equivalent length can sons, the additional pressure loss due to pulsating
be read on the ordinate scale. (The total flow flow is greater for a single-cylinder compressor
for liquid lines is the same as that in the than for a multi-cylinder compressor. Pulsation
vapor lines as found in Step 3.) Prorate the
is greater as the compression ratio increases.
pressure drop, using the ratio of actual pipe
length versus 100 ft. The refrigerant piping and other components
Valves and fittings in liquid lines are treated in the system, such as valves, fittings, condenser,
in the same manner as outlined inStep 4 for evaporator, etc., attenuate the pulsation, resulting
vapor lines. in an energy loss that is only slightly above the
7. Fig. 9 is used to determine the pressure drop frictional loss that occurs when the flow is steady.
(or gain) in a liquid line when there is an ap- Use of a muffler in the discharge line, close to
preciable change in elevation between the con-
the compressor, reduces the friction loss in the
denser or receiver and the evaporator.
8. Fig. 11 is used to determine the temtierature line downstream from the muffler. Of course, the
penalty for the various refrigerant lines, using frictional loss of the muffler itself must be con-
the pressure drops determined in the steps sidered in the system design.
above. ·
SAMPLE PROBLEM
GIVF;N Pre,c;sure drop for 45 ft. of pipe
100 tons refrigeration === 45/100 X 1.8 = 0.81 psi
10 F evap. temperature Pressure Drop in Fittings:
100 F condensing (liquid) temperature From Fig. 7, velocity at 308 lb/min
Piping layout as shown in Fig. 1 and 100 F condensing tem-
Select discharge, liquid and suction pera lure through 3%" OD copper
line sizes tube"= 36 fps
Determine' compressor operating From Table 3, for 31/s" OD long
conditions radius ells (sweat fittings) K =
023
NOTE: For the purpose of illustration, copper tub-
ing will be assumed throughout. However, for From Fi~. 10. for velocity= 36
economic or other reasons, good practice might fps and K ~ 0.23, pressure drop
employ all copper, all steel, or some copper and per ell ""= 0.09 psi
some steel, piping 3 ells X 0.09 psi =0.27 psi
SOLUTION Temperature Penalty:
From Fig. 2, the lb/ (min) (ton) at From Fig. 11, 1.08 psi, 100 F satu-
10 F evaporator temperature and rated temperature, temperature
100 F condensing temperature = 3.08 penalty = 0.40 F
Refrigerant circulation = 100 tons
X 3.08 lb/(min) (ton) = 308 lb/min LIQUID LINES
Condenser to Recei\'er
DISCHARGE LINE Select 3 1.it" OD liquid line from Ta-
Table 2 indicates 31,11" OD copper ble 2 for velocity of approximately
100 fpm.
tube is adequate for 104 tons refrig-
eration at 2 psi/100 ft. Because of gravity flow, no prM-
sure drop need be calculated.
From Fig. 6, pressure drop at 308 Receiver to Expansion Valve:
lb/min and 100 F condensing tern- Using Table 2, select 2 1/8" 0.D. pipe
perature through 3%" OD= .1.8.. \l/J[T£Jl"' size or, from Fig. 8, select 2 1/8" O.D.
psi/100 ft.
'T' .
,A. ;·<'¥''·
pipe size for 308 lb/min liquid, result-
Since 1867 ·
47
R EFR I GE I ANT 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - . . , . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
ing in about 0.8 psi actual pressure From Fig. 6, pressure drop at 10 F
drop per 100 ft. velocity= 3.2 fps = suction temperature and 308 lb /min
192 fpm. for 4%" OD= 1.6 psi/100 ft.
Pressure Drop ·in Pipe: Pressure drop for 27 ft. of pipe
Pressure drop for 28 ft. of pipe = = 27/100 X 1.6. = 0.43 psi
28/100 x 0.8 psi/100 ft. :;:: 0.22 psi Pressure Drop in Fittings:
Pressure Drop In Valves and Fittings: From Fig. 7, velocity at 10 F suction
From Fig. 8, 308 lb/min copper tube temperature and 308 lb/min for 4MI"
velocity = 3.2 fps. From Table 3, K = 0D=70 fps
0.38 for one S.R. sweat ell. Using Fig.
Pressure drop for two 41,-i" OD Jong
10 with K = 0.38 and 3.2 fps and radius ells {sweat fitting)
100 ° F. liquid tempera tu re, the From Table 3, K = 0.22
pressure drop (per sweat ell) is .03 psi From Fig. 10, pressure drop per ell
x 3 ells = 0.09 psi = 0.10 psi. Pressure drop for 2 ells
Pressure drop for one 2 1/8" flanged =2 x 0.10 = 0.20 psi
angle valve using K = 2.9 from Table Total pressure drop = 0.63 psi
3 and 3.2 fps from Fig. 8, then using Temperature Penalty:
Fig. IO = 0.24 psi From Fig. 11, 0.63 psi, 10 F satu-
Total ·Liquid Lines Pressure Drop 0.55 psi= rated temperature, temperature pen-
Expansion Valve to Evaporator: . alty --: O.7 F
One size larger than 2%", or 2%". COMPRESSOR SELECTION
SUCTION LINE Therefore, a compressor must be selected for 100
tons capacity at 10 - 0.7 = 9.3 F suction tem-
From Table 1-B, select 4'Ai" OD cop- perature and 100 + 0.4 = 100.4 F condensing
per tube, which by interpolation is temperature.
adequate for 113.8 tons of refrigera-
tion with a pressure drop of 2
psi/100 ft.
TABLE l·A. SUCTION LINE CAPACITIES--TONS

(For Intermediate or Low Staae Applications}
I Suction W..1
Refrigoront altd AT Line Sin
Equivalent of r,,,.L Suction Temp F Second Stage Discharge
and Liquid Lines
Friel/Oii Drop• Copper
OD -90 -ao -TO -60 -50 -40 -30
~
Ya
Refrigerant 22 ~ 0.16 0.23 0.31 0.44 0.57 0.75 .094
lYs 0.34 0.48 0.65 0.91 1.19 1.55 1.93
I~ 0.59 0.81 1.12 1.59 2.07 2.7 3.4
1% 0.93 1.34 1.8 2.5 3.3 4.3 5.4
2Ys 1.9 2.8 3.7 5.2 6.8 8.9 11. l
2 FAT Per 100 ft 2% 3.5 5.0 6.6 9.4 12.3 16.0 20.0
Equiv. Length 3Ys 5.5 8.0 10.6 15.0 19.6 25.5 32.0 See Table 2
3% 8.4 12.0 16.0 22.6 2<J.5 38.5 48.0
4Vs 12.0 ~.2 22.9 32.3 42.3 55.0 68.8
5Ys 21.2 .6 41.0 57.5 75.0 98.0 122.0
6Ys 34.8 50.0 66.5 94.0 123.0 160.0 200.0
NOTES: . (3) For other Tons and Equivalent Lengths in a given pipe
(1) Values based on 0 F saturated discharge temp. For capaci- size,
ties at other uturated diachar~e temp, multiolv table value by . L. {Actual Tons)'·'
proper line capacity multiplier(See apptmdix. Table A-ii. AT .. T a bl eAT X - X
(2) For other ti.T's and Equivalent Lengths, L. 100 Table Tons
Line Capacity {Tone) I~} For pressure drop (psi) corresponding to 4 T. refer to Re frig.
100 Actual AT Loss Desired)o.u erant properties. Table 5.
= T a bl e T ons X ( -
L.
X --------
Table AT Loss
15 l Size low stage (Booster) discharge lines same as equivalent
single stage suction lines (see Table 1-8).
48
REFRIGERANT 22
[ SUCTION
PIPING
TABLE 1-B. SUCTION LINE CAPACITIES-TONSI

(for Single or High Stage Applications)
Saturated Suction Temperature-f
LINE
SIZE -40 -20 0 20 40
(inches)
Pressure Drop-Psi Per 100 ft
I3
IPS OD
. !.i
~ 1 2 3 Yi
- - - - - - - - - -1-=10.38
l 2 3 Yzl1l2f3
-0.430.52 -o.381o.ssro.69 n.34

-
Y2 l
-i--
2
-
Yi
-0.390.47 -0.33 0.48 0.5C

0.480.710.87
1
I0.410.60 0.87 t.rn

2 3
% 0.34 0.40
~ 0.40 0.48 0.360.490.61 0.31 o.45
1
0.63 o. 78 0.40 0.560.800.96 b.490.70 0.99 1.21
--0.39 0.56 0.69 0.37 0.52·0. 74 0.90 0.460.67·0.94 l.17 0.57 0.841.211.53 ~.731.16 1.54 UM
%
I0.42 0.61 I0.87 1.07 I0.53 0.7
- - ,_ -
91.12 l.41 0.701.0 21.461.84
- 1- - - -
I0.88,1.281.90 2.33 1.131.64 2.35 2.9:
·-
% *
l~
I0.39 0.56 0.79 0.9E 0.51 0.731.03 1.26 0.650.931.311.62 I0.811.161.64 2.02 kl.991.42 2.03 2.~
I0.83 1.19 1.73 2.lE 1.09 1.56 2.29 2.81 1.402.022.9013.77 1.782.613.86 4.72 12.28 3.28 4.80 5.~
1 I0.74 1.05 1.50 1.81 I0.98 1.381.95 2.42 1.251.78 2.513.12 1.5612.2513.18 3.92 1.96 2. 72 4.04 4.9<
"1% 1.45 2.11 3.05 3.89 1.90 2.76 4.14 5.03 ,2.503.61 5.20,6.40 ~4.61,6.76 8.2tl 4.04 5.69 8.35 ,_...,...
lOJ
___ ---
l~ 1.53 2.20 3.18 3.8E 1.98 2.84 4.05 5.0012.533.74 5.156.37 3.214.506.43 7.97 ~.04 5.69 8.05 9.94
1% 12.30 3.38 4.76 5.91 12.96 4.35 6.23 7.7713.s315.60 8.109.96 14.957.1710.8 12.916.2318.9413. l is::
l~ 12.33 3.35 4.76 6.0~ 13.00 4.35 6.15 7.54 ~.93 5.49 7.799.52 14.816.919.65 12.016.03 8.47 i2.0 l(!
2% 14.79 6.9 10.1 12-4 16.24 9.05 13.2 16.3 ~.1111.7 17.02U 10.314.922.2 27J 13.119.C 27.1 3V
2 14.47 6.4 8.95 10.f 15.70 8.19 11.7 14.1 7.37 10.3 14.9 18.4 ~.31 13.0 18.7 22.8 11.5 16.4 23.2 28.! ·~
2% 8.30 12.1 17.3 21.6 10.9 15.8 23.1 28.4 14.0 20.6 29.0 38.4 18.0 26.2 39.2 4U 22.8 32.8 47.0 59.~
2~ 7.15 10.1 14.1 17.3 9.1 12.9 18.6 23.0 11.7 16.5 24.0 29.3 14.7 20.9 29.4 38.( 18.2 26.2 37.7 46.:
3% 13.2 19.4 27.7135.2 17.7 25.2 36J 45.8 ~2.6 33.0 47.7 58.3 28.9 41.8 60.0 76.6 ~5.7 52.9 76.2 94.~
3 12.4 17.9 25.4 31.I 16.l 23.4 34.2 40.4121.0 29.6 42.0 52.3 126·.1 38.0 53.0 64.3 ~2.5 45.7 65.6 au
3% ~.o 28.9 41.3 SIU 125.8 38.1 53.8 67.7 133.7 49.2 70.4 86.2 143.2 62.7 89.~ 113 54.6 78.2 114,_ llS
- - ,__ - - - ~ -
4~ 27.4 40.0 57.6 73.E 136.6 52.7 76.3 96.4 147. 7 68.5 99.5 125 ~9.5 87.5 128 16'l 7U 112 161 1~
4 25.6 36.4 50.5 63.5 ~2.0 47.1 65.9 81.7 142.7 59.1 84.5 107 53.7 75.5 105 129 64.7 91.7 132 1~
5~ 50.0 73.7 107 132 66.0 96.5 138 174 89.3 124 180 222 110 '159 230 286 135 199 286 3~1
5 46.4 65.7 92 m 59.3 85.0 121 149 77.4 109 154 189 96.5 133 191 234 118 167 234 291
6% 79.6 117 169 207 105 151 215 272 136 193 284 359 171 251 373 450 218 314 457 57~
- - ,__ - - 1-
6 75.0 105 149 18( 96 138 195 23~ 124 176 249 309 156 222 312 396 192 270 397 47i
8 156 222 317 392 206 291 410 515 262 373 530 656 331 470 660 82{ 407 579 827 101<
10 274 396 533 678 365 519 719 890 458 670 920 1120 570 817 1140 140( 718 1020 1420 174(
12 442 606 8821060 555 810 1140142ll 7171020,1490181_0 .901 1290 1830 225C 1130 1600 2280 281C
I
2 ''IPS" data based on Schedule 40 piping "OD" data based on Type L copper tubing
49
REFRIGERANT 22
DISCHARGE AND
LIQUID PIPING
1
TABLE 2. DISCHARGE AND LIQUID LINE CAPACITIES-TONS

l--------------------------1----·------------I
LINE
SIZE 2 Temperature 200 F To Receiver To System
(Inches)
Pressure Drop, Velocity Pressure Drop
Psi/100 ft fpm Psi/100 ft
l - - - - - 0 - - - - - 1 - - - - - : - - - - - - 0 - - - - - - · - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ------
IPS OD 2 3 100 2
0.33 0.48 0.69 0.86 2.34 2.89

0.59 0.88 1.27 I l.63 3.78 5.48
0.71 1.00 l.40 1. 71 3.81 4.65
l.05 1. 53 2.22 2.74 5.55 9.20
i - - - - - - 1 - - - - l f - - - - - - - --------- -·------ ---- --------- ---- ------- - - --- ·-- --- ·- ----
1.64
I.SO
2.36
2.09
I
I
3.42
3.oo
I 4.32
3.82
7.85
1.05
14.3
10.3
!Va 3.29 4.71 6.91 8.64 13.4 29.2
::~~ 1_~·_·rs_, _____~~:i8 -------~~:! -- -----

2.82 20.2
Bis 5.71 51.5
1______
l~ 5.75 8.21 11.6- 13.8 20.9 44.l
!Ya 8.97 13.1 19. 0 23.6 28.9 83.0
1 66.4
1Yi 8.64 12.4 17.2 21.6 28.8
49.8 50.4 168
2
2Ya 19.3
16.6
27.2
23.6 I 40.5
33.1 41.9 54.6 159
1 - - - - l - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - -------- --------
2% 32. 9 48.2 68.8 87.0 77.6 296
2Yi 26.6 39.2 53.2 65.8 77.9 248
JV. 53.2 77 .1 ll l 136 111 475
3 47.2 66.4 93.7 116 120 459
3% 79.0 115 165 203 150 742
1------1----- - - - - - - - - - - ------ ------ ------- - - ---- - - - - 1
Ill 163 232 291 194 984
4 95.0 133 189 232 207 911
199 292 419 522 303
5 l7l 239 346 425 325
6Va 316 459 658 823 434
J - - - - - - l - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - · - · · ! - - - - - - ----- ---------- - - - - -
6 281 409 572 681 471

8 588 844 1180 1440 815
1020 1430 2040 2490 1280
10
12 1640 2320 3300 I
_,
4080 1840
NOTES: 1 Based on fluid flow at 105 f saturated condensing temperature and 40 F saturated evaporating temperature
2 "I PS" data based on Schedule 40 steel piping except that liquid lines 1W and smaller are Schedule 80
"OD" data based on Type L copper tubing

VALVES AND FITTINGS
K-FACTORS
l
I
TABLE 3. K-FACTORS" (VELOCITY HEADS) FOR VALVES AND FITTINGS

11
I
FERROUS VALVES AND FITTINGS 2
LINE GLOBE VALVE ANGLE VALVE SHORT-RADIUS ELL LONG-RADIUS ELL TEE, LINE-FLOW TEE, BRANCH-FLOW
SIZE
(Inches)
IPS I I ,. I
Screwed Flanged Screwed Flanged Screwed Flanged Welded Screwed Flanged ·1 Welded Screwed Flanged Welded Screwed Flanged Welded
1
1
~ ~~9.3 = ~:~ = i:~ =I = o~ =I =· ~:~ I = = ~:ci
15.5 4.3 5.0 1.4 0.431 0.46 0.73
1
0.40 0.32 0.9 0.26 0.43 1.8 1.0
. ---
1.37
1
------------------------·----- - - - - - - - - ---
rn 8.4 ,. 12.8 3.5 4.o 1.3 o.4o o.42 0.60 I o.31 0.29 o.9 0.24 o.36 1.1 o.9o 1.31
lYz 7.8 11.5 2.9 3.4 1.2 0.39 0.40 0.52 0.341 0.27 0.9 0.22 0.31 1.5 0.88 1.27
2 7.0, 9.9 2.2 2.8 1.0 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.30 0.25 0.9 0.19 0.28 1.4 0.80 1.17
:Yz - ::: - ::: _I ::::I :::: ~~ -::::I :::~~- :::: :::: - ::;: ::::
4 - 7.5 - 2.3 - 0.31 0.35 - 0.22 0.22 - 0.14 0.22 - 0.68 1.05
5 - 7.0 - 2.3 -·- 0.30 0.34 -- 0.20 0.21 - 0.13 0.19 - 0.64 1.01
6 - 6.7 - 2.3 - 0.28 0.32 - 0.18 0.20 - 0.12 0.18 - 0.60 0.98
2.3 0.2] 0.31 - 0.15 0.19 0.10. 0.15 0.57

8 6.2 -
I - 0.93
- - -
IO - 6.0 - 2.3 - 0.25 0.30 - 0.14 0.18 - 0.09 0.14 - 0.52 0.90
12 - 6.0 - 2.3 - 0.25 I 0.29 - 0.13 0.18 - 0.08 0.13 - 0.50 0.88
I I
NON-FERROUS VALVES AND FITTINGS 3 ·u
LINE GLOBE VALVE ANGLE VALVE SHORT-RADIUS ELL LONG-RADIUS ELL TEE, LINE-FLOW TEE, BRANCH-FLOW
SIZE --
(Inches) Flare or Sweat Flare or Sweat flare or Sweat flare or Sweat Flare or Sweat Flare or Sweat
OD
Yz 37 12.8 2.5 1. 7 0.9 3.5

% 28 9.9 2.2 1.5 0.9 3.2
23 7.8 2.0 1.4 0.9 3.0
*
Va 19 6.7
-- -·
1.9 1.3 0.9 2.8
His 15.0 5.0 0.46 0.32 0.43 1.37
lo/a 13.4 4.4 0.42 0.29 0.36 1.33
1% 12.0 3.5 0.40 0.27 0.31 1.29
2Ya 10.4 2.9 0.38 0.25 0.28 1.19
NOTES: 1 K=2gh/V2
1 Based on Type L copper tubing
•For screwed valves and fittings, use ferrous K-Factors
6 for OD sizes above 2Ya', use welded ferrous K-Factors
51
VALVES AND FITIINGS
EQUIVALENT LENGTHS
TABLE 4. EQUIVALENT LENGTHS OF VALVES AND FITTINGS 1
-
FERROUS VALVES AND FITIINGS 2 • 1
LINE GLOBE VALVE ANGLE VALVE SHORT-RADIUS Ell LONG-RADIUS. Ell TEE, LINE-FLOW TEE, BRANCH-FLOW
SIZE
(Inches)
IPS I I
Screwed Flanged Screwed Flanged Screwed Flan1ed Welded Screwed Flanged Welded Screwed Flanged Welded Screwed Flanged Welded
~ 29 - 16
-- 4.1
-- - - -
-- 1.8
-- - - - 4.7
-
31 - 16 - 4.7 - - 2.5 - - 2.5 - - - - 5.6
1 * 35 57 16 19 5.3 1.6 1.8 2.8 1.5 1.2 3.4 1.0 1.6 3.8 5.2
- - - -- -- -
6.8
B4 46 69 19 22 7.1 2.2 2.3 3.3 2.0 1.6 4.9 1.3 2.0 9.2 4.9 7.1
1!.1 51 76 19 22 7.9 2.6 2.6 3.4 2.2 1.8 5.9 1.4 2.0 9.9 5.8 8.4
2 63 89 20 25 9.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 2.7 2.3 8.1 1.7 2.5 12.6 7.2 10.5
z~ - 101 - 28 - 3.8 4.2 - 3.0 2.7 - 1.9 2.9 - 8.4 13
3 - 123 - 36 - 4.9 5.3 - 3.7 3.4 - 2.4 3.6 - 11 16
4 - 155 - 48 - 6.2 7.2 - 4.5 4.5 - 2.9 4.5 - 14 22
5 - 190 - 63 - 8.1 9.2 - 5.4 5.7 - 3.5 5.1 - 17 27
6 - 227 - 78 - 9.5 11 - 6.1 6.8 - 4.1 6.1 - 20 33
--
8 - 295 - 110 - 13 15 - 7. l 9.0 - 4.7 7.1 - 27 44
10 - 370 - 142 - 16 18 - 8.7 11 - 5.6 8.7 - 32 56
12 - 465 - 173 - 19 22 - 10 14 - 6.2 10 - 39 68
NON-FERROUS VALVES AND FITTINGS 2
LINE GLOBE VALVE ANGLE VALVE SHORT ·RADIUS ELL LONG-RADIUS Ell TEE, LINE-FLOW TEE, BRANCH-FLOW
SIZE
(Inches)
OD Screwed Other• Screwed Other• Screwed Other• Screwed Other• Screwed Other• Screwed Other•
!7 40 70 21 24 4.7 4.7 - 3.2 1.9 1.7 5.1 6.6

% 39 72 22 25 5.4 5.7 - 3.9 2.3 2.3 6.2 8.2
39 75 23 25 6.2 6.5 2.9 4.5 2.9 2.9 7.1 9.7
*
~ 45 78 23 28 7.0 7.8 3.7 5.3 3.7 3.7 8.2 12
lYs 54 87 25 29 8.1 2.7 4.2 1.9 5.2 2.5 11 8.0
lYa 64 102 27 33 9.9 3.2 4.6 2.2 6.9 2.7 13 10
1% 75 115 28 34 12 3.8 5.0 2.6 8.7 3.0 14 12
2Ys 95 141 30 39 14 5.2 5.4 3.4 12 3.8 19 16
2% - 159 - 44 - 6.5 - 4.2 - 4.6 - 20
3Ys - 185 - 53 - 8.0 - 5.1 - 5.4 - 25
3% - 216 - 66 - 10 - 6.3 -- - 6.6 - 30
4Ys - 248 - 76 - 12 - 7.3 - 7.3 - 35
5Ys - 292 - 96 - 14 - 8.8 - 7.9 - 42
6Ys - 346 - 119 - 17 - 10 - 9.3 - 50
NOTES: 1
L.= K(D /f)
2
friction factors (f) determined at "practical" Reynolds Numbers based on 40 f suction lines having pressure-drop of 1.8 psi/100 ft
a Based on Schedule 40 pipe
•flare, sweat, flanged, etc., and based on Type Lcopper tubing
52 /~0 \/ILTER'. Since 1867

LEGEND:
0 Indicates Leneth of Line

*
OD Designates Size of Copper Tube
*Elbow•- Long redlua type
~~
'
:~;~
~
.•-•
Ill
~.
C'>
. fig. I. SCHEMATIC PIPING LAYOUT FOR SAMPLE PROBLEM •"'

>
...z
N
O'I
<:.:>
""
'REFRIGERANT 22 _ _ _ _ __
4.3
-
--- i----- -~- ' - - c-- -~
42
- - - - -~-
4.1 ['.__
~ ·----- ---- 1---.....-- ·-·- +--·- ~ ~-- -·--
.o
!"-.
~
~ -- -- -
~ ~- -- . - -
J ..
.~
f',.
" f',.
"~
"' "' " r-.. --- - - --- --- - -
3 "' ~
~
1-........
,__ L- --- - --- ·-- '--- -·- +-- 0---
""'
-~
3 .1"- "' r--. .............

-.. f',. 'f',.
~
""' """ !"'- K "~ ........
t - ----
6 -........"-
"'"" '--
~ "' ~
r-...
f'.. ~I
f" ~
- '-- ·- t-- - -- -- L--
;
.SI'- '"' "'-- ~ r......... i ""-
l
"' f'h ~
~
--..... ....... ['... ~~
~-
~
-- ·--
r-.......
.__
'-f-
"'- "' ~ .......
....
!"-.
.......
~ "'- t-" ~ K
I
~
.4 -........
~ -- ~
I
""- ·-·-
~ ........_ ~- ~ - +-
.3 -........
~
.......
"' ~ '-..
['-.. :--....
~
........ ['...
~
:-............
bi.. ~ h- f'...
~
-
" .f'... t'. r-...... ... t'-.. ...
~---
2 .......
f'....
........
"'-.
.....
r--..... "' ~ "" 'r---...._
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FOR REFRIGERANT 22 LIQUID
RE FR I GER ANT 2 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - · - - _ _ , - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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VALVES AND FITTINGS
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NOTE: PRESSURE DROP DOES NOT ALLOW

FOR PULSATING FLOW OR LIQUID
FLASHING.
s2 ·fig.10. PRESSURE DROP IN VALVES AND FITTINGS FOR REFRIGERANT 22

.~,,VILTER™
~ ......,
TEMPERATURE PENALTY DUE TO PRESSURE DIOP
5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5
v /
3.0
10
)/ / ,,v
,/ / ~/ v l/
/ /y ,Iv / / ,I 2.5
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,,lj ./.,,, ,./
7 _....v l/
v /~ / ~ . . v /" .. / 2.,0 :
LL.J_-4--+--+-t-1-t-+-+-i--t-'.--1·+-
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~60 ·-SO -40 - 30 - 20 -10 0 10 20 JO 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
.,.m
~ SATURATION TEMPERATURE - F ::Ill
i
Q
l'l'I
Fig. 11. TEMPERATURE PENALTY DUE TO PRESSURE DROP FOR REFRIGERANT 22 lll:I
>
I
...z
O'l w
::.; w
TABLE 5
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF REFRIGERMT 22
Temp. - Pressure-
. Volume- Density- Enthalpy Entropy- Temp.-
op
.,
OF Cu. Ft. per Lb. Lb. per Cu. Ft. Btu per Lb. Btu per {Lb.) (0 R)
Lb. per Sq. In.
Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Latent Vapor Liquid VaP<>r
••
Absolute Gage t
t p p v, v, llvr l/v1 b,. hrc he .
27.691~ 0.010462 32.280 95.587 0.026124 -19.185 110.205 91.020 -0.05055 .0.27388 -120
-120 1.0954 .27090 -115
~us 1.3455 27.1818' .010511 31.594 95.137 .031652 -18.038 109.646 91.608 - .04720
26.5788' .010561 26.242 94.684 .038106 -16.886 lO!l.082 92.196 - .04389 .26805 -110
-110 1.6417 .26533 -105
1.9903 25.8689• . 010613 21.930 . 94.228 .045599 -1s:128 108.512 92.783 - .04060
-105 .26274 -100
-100 2.3983 25.0383' .010664 18.433 93.770 .054252 -14.564 107.935 93.371 - .03734
0.064192 -13.393 107.351 93.958 -0.03411 0.26025 ·-95
-95 2.8731 24.0715' 0.010717 15.578 93.308
22.9522' .010771 13. 235 92.843 .075557 -12.216 106.759 95.544 - .03091 .25787 -90
-90 3.4229 .25560 -85
-85 4.0562 21.6628' .010825 ll.301 92.376 .088491 -11.031 106.159 95.128 - .02773
20.1846' .010881 9.6949 91.905 .10315 - 9.838 105.548 95. 710 - .02457 .25342 -80
-80 4.7822 .25257 -7S
-78 S.1007 19.5361' .010903 9.1301 91.715 .10953 - 9.359 105;302 95;943 - -.02331
18.8528' 0.010926 8.6043 91.525 0.11622 - 8.878 105.053 96.175 -0.02206 0.25174 -76
-76 S.4363 .25092 -74
-74 S.7896 18.1334• .010949 8.1145 91.335 .12324 - 8.397 104.803 96.406 - .02081
6.1614 17.3766" .010972 7.6579 91. 144 .13058 - 7.914 104.551 96.637 - .01956 .25012 -72
-72 - .01832 .24932 -70
-70 6.5522 16.5809' .010995 7.2318 90.952 .13828 - 7.429 104.297 96.868
6.9628 15.7449' .011018 6.8339 90.760 .14633 - 6.944 104.042 97.098 - .01708 .24855 -68
-68
14.8671' 0.011041 6.4621 90.568 0.15475 - 6.457 103.785 97.328 -0.01584 0.24778 -66
-66 7.3939
7.8463 13.946~ .011065 6.1144 90.374 .16355 - S.968 103.525 97.557 - -.01460 .24703 -64
-64 .24629 -62
,....62 8.3208 12.9800' .011089 5.7891 90.180 . 17274 - 5.479 103.264 97.786 - .01337
8.8180 l 1.9677• .011113 5.4844 89.986 .18233 - 4.987 103.001 98.014 - .01214 .24556 -60
-60 .24484 -58
-58 9.3388 10.9074• .011137 5.1989 89.791 .19235 - 4.-195 102.736 98.241 - .01092
9.8839 9.7975' 0.011161 4.9312 89.595 0.202i9. - 4.001 102.469 98.468 -0.00969 0.24414 -56
-56 .24345 -54
-54 10.454 8.636* .011186 4.6799 89.399 .21368 - 3.506 102.200 98.694 - .00847
11.051 7.422* .011211 4.4440 89.202 .22502 - 3.009 101.929 98.920 - .00725 .24276 -52
-52 .24209 -50
-50 11.674 6.154" .011235 "4.2224 89.004 .23683 - 2.511 101.656 99.144 - .00604
4.829" .011261 4.0140 8~.806 .24913 - 2.012 101.381 99.369 - .00483 .24143 -48
-48 12.324
13.004 j_445• 0.011286 3.8179 88.607 0.26192 - 1.511 101.103 99.592 -0.00361 0.24078 -46
-46 .24014 -44
-44 13.712 2.002" .011311 3.6334 88.407 .27523 - 1.009 100.823 99.814 - .00241
14.451 0.498* .011337 3.4596 88.207 .28905 - 0.505 100.541 100.036 - .00120 .23951 -42
-42 .00000 .23888 ~40
-£0 15.222 0.526 .011363 3.2957 88.006 .30342 0.000 100.25i 100.257
1..128 .011389 3.1412 87.805 .31835 0.506 99.971 100.477 .0.0120 .23827 ,-38
-38 16.024
16.859 2.163 0.011415 2.9954 87.602 0.33384 1.014 99.682 100.696 0.00240 0.23767 -36
-36 .23707 -34
-34 17.728 3.0.12 .. 011442 2.8Si8 87.399 .34992 1.524 99.391 i00.914 .00359
.011469 2.i2i8 Si.195 .36660 2035 99.097 101.132 .00479 .23649- -32
l
-32 18.633 3.937
19.573 4.87i .011495 2.60-i9 86.991 .38389 2.547 98.801 101.348 .00598 .23591 -30
-30
-28 20.549 5.853 .011523 2.4887 86. 785 .40182 3.061 98.503 101.564 .00716 .23534 -28
21.564 6.868 0.011550 2.3787 86.579 0.42040 3.5i6 98.202 101.778 0:00835 0.23478 -26
-26 .23423 -24
-24 22.617 7.921 .011578 2.2746 86. 372 I .43964 4.093 97.899 tOJ.992 .00953
-22 23.711 9.015 .011606 2.1760 86.1651 .45956 4.611 97.593 102.204 .01072 .2;}369 -22
24.845 10.149 .011634 2.0826 85.956 .48018 5.131 97.285 102.415 .01189 .23315 -20
-20 -18
-18 26.020 11.324 .011662 1.9940 85.747 .50151 5.652 96.974 102.626 .01307 .23262
27.239 12.543 0.011691 J.9099 85.53710.52358 6.175 96.660 102.835 0.01425 0.23210 -16
-16 -14
..,.14 28.501 13.805 .011720 1.8302 85.326 .54640 6.6QlJ 96.344 103.043 .01542 .23159
29.809 15.113 .011749 1.i544 85.JJ4 .56999 7.224 96.025 103.250 ..01659 .23108 -12
-12 -10
-10 31.162 16.466 .0117i8 1.6825 84.901 .5Q436 7. 751 95. 704 103.455 .01776 .23058
-8 32.563 17.867 .011808 1.6141 84.688 .61954 8.280 95.380 103.660 .01892 .23008 -8
-6 34.011 19.315 0.011838 t.5491 84.473 0.64555 8.810 95.053 103.863 0.02009 0.22960 -6
-4 35.509 . 20.813 .011868 1.48i2 84.258 .67240 9.341 94. 724 104.065 .02125 .22912 -4
.011899 1.4283 84.042 .70012 9.874 94.391 104.266 .02241 .22864 -2·
-2 37.057 22.361
0 38.657 23:961 .011930 1.3723 83.825 . 72872 10.409 94.056 104.465 .02357 .22817 0
40.309 25.6U .011961 1.3189 83.606 .75822 10.945 93. 718 104.663 .02472 .22771 2
2 '
4 42.014 27.318 0.011992 l. 2680 83.387 0. 78865 11.483 93.378 104.860 0.02587 0.22725 4
6 43.775 . 29 ..079 .012024 · 1. 2L95 83. 167 .82003 . i2.022 93.034 105.056 .02703 .22680 6
8 45.591 J0.895- .012056 I. li 32 82.946 .85237 12. 562 92.688 105.250 .02818 .22636 8
10 47.464 32.768 .012088 1.1290 82.724 .88571 J3.104 92.338 JOS.442 .02932 .22592 10
12 49.396 34.700 .012121 1.0869 82.501 .9200S 13.648 91.986 105.633 .03047 .22548 12
14 51.387 . 36.691 0.012154 1.0466 82.276 0.95544 14.193 91.630 105.823 0.03161 0.22505 14
16 53.438 38.742 .012188 1.0082 82.051 0.99188 14.739 91.272 106.0li .03275 .22463 16
55.551 <t0.855· .Ol222i 0.9il44 81.825 1.0294 15.288 90.910 106.198 .03389 .22421 18 :
18
20 57.7'Z1 43.031 .012255 0.93631 81.597 1.0680 15.837 90.545 106.383 .03503 .22379 20
.012290 0.90270 81.368 1.1078 16.389 90.178 106.566 .03617 .22338 ~2
22 59.967 45.271
*Inches or men:-ury below one standard atmosphere.
64
- ..
-~ .' ,.._.
TABLE 5 (Continued)
THERllODYIAllC PROPERTIES OF REFRIGERANT 22
Temp. -
OF
Pressure-
Lb. per Sq. In.
- Volume-
Cu. Ft. per Lb.
Density-
Lb. per Cu. Ft.
Enthalpy
Btuper Lb.
Entropy-
Btu per (Lb.) (0 R)
Temp.-
oy
Gage Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Latent Vapor Liquid Vapor
t
Absolute
p p v; VS llvt t/v1 ht h11 hi s, s, t
47.576 0.012325 0.87055 81.138 1.1487 16.942 89.807 106.748 0.03730 0.22297 24
24 62.272
49.948 .012360 .83978 80.907 1.1908 17.496 89.433 106.928 .03844 .22257 26
26 64.644
.012395 .81031 80.675 1.2341 18.052 89.055 107.107 .03958 .22217 28
28 67.083 52.387
69.591 54.895 .012431 .78208 80.441 1.2786 18.609 88.674 107.284 .04070 .22178 JO
30 19.169 88.290 107.459 .04182 .22139
32 72.169 57.473 .012468 .75503 80.207 1.3244 32
74.818 60.122 0.012505 0.72911 79.971 1.3715 19.729 87.903 107.632 0.04295 0.22100 34
34 107.804 .04407 .22062
77.540 62.844 .012542 .70425 79. 733 1.4199 20.292 87.512 36
36 107.974 .04520 .22024
38 80.336 65.640 .012579 .68041 79.495 1.4697 20.856 87.118 38
68.510 .012618 .65753 79.255 1.5208 21.422 86.720 108.142 .04632 .21986 40
40 83.206
86.153 71.457 .012656 .63557 79.013 1.5734 21.989 86.319 108.308 .04744 .21949 42
42
89.177 74.481 0.01269S 0.61448 78. 770 1.6274 22.558 8S.914 108.472 0.048SS 0.21912 44
44
92.280 77.584 .01273S .59422 78.S26 1.6829 23.129 85.S06 108.634 .04967 .21876 46
46
9S.463 80.767 .01277S .57476 78.280 1. 7398 23.701 8S.094 108.79S .05079 .21839 48
48
so 98.727 84.031 .012815 .55606 78.033 1.7984 24.275 84.678 108.953 .OS190 .21803 so
102.07 87.38 .012856 .S3808 77.784 . 1.858S 24.851 84.2S8 109.109 .05301 .21768 S2
S2
S4 105.50 90.81 0.012898 O.S20i8 77.S34 1.9202 25.429 83.834 109.263 O.OS412 0.21732 54
56 109.02 94.32 .012940 .50414 77.282 1.9836 26.008 83.407 109.415 .OSS23 .21697 56
112.62 97.93 .012982 .48813 7i.028 2.0486 26.S89 82.97S 109.S64. .05634 .21662 58
S8
60 116.31 101.62 .013025 .47272 76.773 2.1154 27.172 82.540 109.712 .05745 .21627 60
62 120.09 lOS.39 .013069 .4S788 76.515 2.1840 27.757 82.100 109.857 .0585S .21592 62
64 123.96 109.26 0.013114 0.44358 76.257 2.2544 28.344 81.656 110.000 0.05966 0.21558 64
127.92 113.22 .013159 .42981 75.996 2.3266 28.932 81.208 110.140 .06076 .21S24 66
66 .21490
68 131.97 117.28 .013204 .41653 75.733 2.4008 29.523 80.755 110.278 .06186 68
70 136.12 121.43 .013251 .40373 75.469 2.4769 30.116 80.298 110.414 .06296 .214S6 70
72 140.37 125.67 .013297 .39139 7S. 202 2.5550 30.710 79.836 110.547 .06406 .21422 72
74 144.71 130.01 0.<113345 0.37949 74.934 2.6351 31.307 79.370 110.67'7 0.06516 0.21388 74
76 149.15 134.45 .013393 .36800 74.664 2.7174 31.906 78.899 110.805 .06626 .21355 76
78 153.69 138.99 .013442 .35691 74.391 2.8018 32.506 78.423 110.930 .06736 .21321 78
80 158.33 143.63 .013492 .34621 74.116 2.8885 33.109 77.943 lll.OS2 .06846 .21288 80
82 163.07 148.37 .013543 .33S87 73.839 2.9774 33.714 77.457 111.171 ,06956 .212SS 82
84 167.92 153.22 0.013594 0.32588 73.560 3.0686 34.322 76.966 111.288 0.0706S 0.21222 84
86 172.87 158.17 .013647 .31623 73.278 3.1622 34.931 76.470 111.401 .07175 .21188 86
88 177.93 163.23 .013700 .30690 72.994 3.2583 35.S43 75.968 111.512 .0728S .211S5 88
9o 183.09 168.40 .013754 .29789 72.708 3.3570 36. IS8 75.461 111.619 .07394 .21122 90
92 188.37 173.67 .013809 .28917 72.419 3.4582 36.774 74.949 111.723 .07S04 .2Hl89 92
94 193.76 179.06 0.013864 0.28073 72.127 3.5621 37.394 74.430 111.824 0.07613 0.2JOS6 94
96 199.'26 i84.S6 .013921 .27257 71.833 3.6688 38.016 73.905 111.921 .07723 .21023 96
98 204.87 19().18 .013979 .26467 71.S36 3.7783 38.640 73.375 112.015 .07832 .20989 98
100 210.60 19S.91 .014038 .2S702 71.236 3.8907 39.267 72.838 112.105 .07942 .20956 100
102 216.45 201.76 .014098 .24962 70.933 4.0062 39.897 72.294 112.192 .080S2 .20923 102
104 222.42 207.72 0.0141S9 0.24244 70.626 4.1247 40.530 71. 744 112.274 0.08161 0.20889 104
106 228.SO 213.81 .014221 .23549 70.317 4.2465 41.166 71.187 112.353 .08271 .208S5 106
108 234.71 220.02 .014285 .22875 70.005 4.3715 41.804 70.623 112.427 .08381 .20821 108
110 241.04 226.35 .014350 .22222 69.689 4.5000 42.446 70.0S2 112.498 0.08491 .20787 110
112 247.50 232.80 .014416 .21589 69.369 .J.6321 43.091 69.473 112.564 .08601 .207SJ 112
114 254.08 239.JS 0.014483 0.20974 69.046 4.7677 43.739 68.886 112.626 0.08711 0.20718 114
116 260.79 . 246.10 .014552 .20378 68.719 4.9072 44.391 68.291 112.682 .08821 .20684 116
118 267.63 2S2.94 .014622 .19800 68.388 5.0506 45.046 67.688 112.735 .08932 .20649 118
120 274.60 259.91 .014694 .19238 68.054 5.1981 4S.705 67.077 112. 782 .09042 .20613 120
122 281.71 267.01 .014768 .18692 67.714 5.3498 46.368 66.456 112.824 .091S3 .20578 122
124 288.95 274.2S 0.014843 0.18163 67.371 5.5058 47.034 65.826 112.860 0.09264 0.20542 124
126 296.33 281.63 .014920 .. 17648 67.023 5.6665 47.70S 65.186 112.891 .0937S .20SOS 126
128 303.84 289.14 .014999 .17147 66.670 5.8319 48.380 64.537 112.917 .09487 .20468 128
-, 130 JU.SO 296.80 .015080 .16661 66.312 6.0022 49.059 63.877 112.936 .09S98 .20431 130
132 319.29 304.60 .015163 .16187 65.949 6.1777 49.743 63.206 112.949 .09711 .20393 132
134 327.23 312.S4 0.015248 0.15727 65.581 6.3585 S0.4J2 62.S23 112.95S 0.09823 (o.20354 134
136 335.32 320.63 .015336 .15279 65.207. 6.S450 51.125 61.829 112.954 .09936 .2031S 136
138 343.56 328.86 .015426 .14843 64.826 6.7374 s 1.824 61.123 112.947 .10049 .20275· 138
140 351.94 337.25 .015518 .14418 64.440 6.9360 52.528 60.403 112.931 .10163 .2023S 140
~
A>VILTER'" Slncet867
65
····T·
TABLE 6
POUNDS/MINUTE/TON REFRIGERATION
Booster Discharge Temperature (° F) Condensing Discharge Temperatme ('!F'.) ..·
Temp.
of
Corres.
Suction -20 1-10 o I 10 I
20 ·1 30 40 I so I I 60 I 10 80I 90 I
100 I
ito 1:io I l
Suction Pressure Corresponding Discharge Pressure (Psig) Conesponding Discharge Pressure (Psig)
(°F) (Psig)
10.3 16.6 24.1 32.9 43.3 55.2 69.0 84.7 102.5 122.5 145.0 170.1 197.9 228.7 262.6
-70 16.55* 2.25 2.32 2.39 2.47 2.56 2.66 2.77 2.90 2.90·
-60 11.89* 2.22 2.29 2.3·6 2.44 2.52 2.62 2.73 2.85 2.85 2.98
-so 6.03* 2.19 2.26 2.32 2.40 2.48 2.58 2.68 2.80 2.80 2.93 3.08
-40 0.61 2.16 2.22 2.29 2.37 2.45 2.54 2.64 2.75 2.75 2.88 3.02 3.18
-30 5.02 2.13 2.20 2.26 2.34 2.41 2.50 2.60 2.71 2.71 2.83 2.97 3.12 3.30
-20 10.30 2.17 2.24 2.30 2.38 2.47 2.56 2.67 2.67 2.78 2.92 3.07 3.24 3.42
-10 16.60 2.20 2.27 2.35 2.43 2.52 2.63 2.63 2.74 2.87 3.02 3.18 3,36 3.57
0 24.10 2.24 2.32 2.40 2.49 2.59 2.59 2.70 2.83 2.97 3.12 3.29 3.50
10 32.90 2.29 2.37 2.46 2.56 2.56 2.66 2.78 2.92 3.07 3.24 3.43
20 43.30 2.34 2.43 2.52 2.52 2.63 2.75 2.88 3.02 3.18 3.37
30 55.20 2.40 2.49 2.49 2.59 2.71 2.83 2.98 3.14 3.32
40 69.00 2.46 2.46 2.56 2.67 2.80 2.94 3.09 3.26
so 84.70 2.43 2.53 2.64 2.76 2.90 3.05 3.22
TABLE 7
REFRIGERAllT 22 FLOW RATE
CUBIC FEET/MINUTE/TON REFRIGERATION
Booster Discharge Temperature (°F) Condensirig Discharge Temperature ("F)
Temp. Corres.
of Suction -20 f-10 o I I
lo : 20 30 40 I I I so 60 I 10 I
80 90 I
loo 110 120I I I
Suction Pressure Cotrespondin&: Discharge Pressure (Psig) Corresponding Discharge Pressure (Psie)
(OF) (Psig)
10.3 16.6 24.1 32.9 43.3 55.2 69.0 I 84.7 102.S 122.5 145.o· 170.1 197.9 228.7. 262.6
-70 16.55• 16.2 16.7 17.2 17.8 18.4 19.1 . 19.9 20.8 20.8
-60 11.89* 12.1 12.S. 12.9 13.3 13.7 14.3 14.9 15.5 15.S 16.2
-so 6.03* 9.18 9.48 9.73 10.1 10.4 10.9 11.2 11.7 11.7 12.3 12.9
-40 0.61 7.08 7.28 7.52 7.77 8.04 8.33 8.66 9.02 9.02 9.45 9.90 10.4
-30 5.02 ~.52 5.70 ·S.85 6.06 6.25 6.48 6.73 7.02 7.02 7.33 7.70 8.08 8.55
-20 10.30 4.50 4.64 4.77 4.93 5.12 5.31 S.54 5.54 5.77 6.06 6.37 6.72 7.09
-10 16.60 3.70 3.82 3.95 4.09 4.23 4.42 4.42 4.61 4.82 S.08 5.35 5.65 6.QO
0 24.10 3.08 3.19 3.30 3.42 3.56 3.56 3.71 3.89 4.08 4.28 4.52 4.81
10 32.90 2.59 2.68 2.78 2.89 2.89 .3.0J 3.14 3.30 3,47 3.66 3.88
20 43.30 2.19 2.28 2.36 2.36 2.46 2.58 2.70 2.83 2.98 3.16
30 ss.20 1.88 1.95 1.95 2.02 2.12. 2.21 2.33 .2.46 2.60
40 69.00 1.61 1.61 1.68 1.75· 1.84 1.93 2.03 2.14
so 84.70 1.35 1.40 1.46 1.53 1.61 1.69 1.78
• Inches of mercury below one atmosphere rl

I
Ficure• to left of heavy line are based on booster Dow-rate of two.-stage system with liquid subco~ling to within 10°F of
intermediate. Figures to right of heavy line are based on single stage.
66
~
A.i VILTER'" Slncel867
_ _ _ _ _ REFRIGERANT 502

Piping data for Refrigerant R-502 is available from several manufacturers. How-
ever, since the majority of the information in this section was taken from a Du
Pont company bulletin, no changes have been made in changing the "Freon" 502
Du Pont trademark reference to the generic R-502 nomenclature.
Data for the proper sizing of "Freon" 502 refrigerant piping are shown in Table I and in chart form in Figures 1
through 5. The diagrams are not intended to set standards, but to provide pressure drop and velocity data which
can assist the design engineer,in determining proper pipe sizing for individual applications.
Table 1 gives "Freon" 502 line capacities for single or high stage applications. Values are based on 105°F.
condensing temperatures. Multipliers for other condensing temperatures appear under Table 1, footnote number
(3).
Basis of Charts
The pressure-drop charts given here are based on calculations using the c.:>mmonly accepted Darcy-Weisbach
formula and Darcy friction factors from the Moody Chart. The calculations and presentation are consistent with
those used in the other refrigerant sections of this manual. Tables of"K-factors", equivalent lengths of valves
and fittings, and piping dimensions in the other refrigerant sections will also apply to "Freon" 502 calculations.
Refrigerant Flow
For the determination of velocity and pressure drop in refrigerant piping it is necessary to know the refrigerant
flow rate.
Figure 1 provides a method tor determining refrigerant flow in pounds per minute per ton ofrefrigeration. It is
based on no liquid subcooling and no superheating of the vapor at evaporator conditions. Enter the chart at the
appropriate evaporating temperature and move vertically to the design condensing temperature. At this
intersection read the refrigerant flow in pounds per minute per ton. Multiply the nominal capacity in tons by this
factor and an estimate of pounds flow per minute is obtained. This flow rate is then used to enter the other
charts. Refrigerant flow rates calculated by other means and used with the charts in this bulletin may result in
incorrect line sizes.
Factors for Selecting Suction Vapor Line Sizes

Compressor suction vapor lines must be sized with the best compromise between minimum pressure drop and
adequate velocity for.oil return. Pressure drop in these return gas lines will result in loss in compressor or system
·capacity. On the other hand, systems designed only for minimum pressure drop in the return lines may have
velocities too low for the adequate return of oil. Experience to date indicates that the velocity in "Freon" 502
refrigei:ant return gas lines from systems utilizing suction line heat exchangers should be at least equal to that
recommended for Refrigerant 22 refrigerant systems. Adequate oil return has been obtained from all systems
designed for Refrigerant 22 and converted to "Freon" 502. In most cases these conversions resulted in slightly
higher return gas velocities for"Freon" 502. Care must be exercised in selecting suction line heat exchangers and
suction iine filters as the higher density of the returning" Freon" 502 gas may result in excessive pressure drop
relative to Refrigerant 22.
Factors for Selecting Discharge Vapor Line Sizes

Pressure drop in compressor discharge lines also affects compressor capacity but to a lesser degree than
pressure drop in suction lines. Oil movement through these lines is not normally a consideration in their
selection. Engineering and economic considerations used in selecting Refrigerant 22 discharge pipe sizes apply to
sy8tems utilizing "Freon" 502. In general, it is suggested that discharge lines for" Freon" 502 systems be the same
as for Refrigerant 22 systems of equivalent capacity. ·
67
Factors for Selecting Liquid Line Sizes
Pressure drop in Iiquid lines does not adversely affect system capacity or power unless flashing occurs in these
lines. The volume flow rate of "Freon" 502 in liquid lines will be from 50% to 100% greater than that in an
equivalent Refrigerant 22 system. Figure 4 provides the pressure drop and velocity data for the flow of"Freon"
502 through liquid lines. Pipe size selection for liquid lines between condenser and receiver, and between receiver
and evaporator should be based on the same velocity and pressure drop considerations as used for Refrigerant 22.
In some instances, this may result in larger liquid lines for "Freon" 502.
How to Use the Charts

1. Determine the flow rate in pounds per minute from Figure 1. With Figure 1 use saturated evaporator
temperature and liquid temperature, disregarding any suction superheating. Total flow equals lb/ (min) (ton)
times system tonnage. ·
2. Determine pressure drop, psi per 100 ft, in copper tubing for the suction and discharge lines for the total flow,
from Figure 2. The pressure drop through any size line is found by projecting vertically, from the flow rate on
. the lower scale. to the intersection with the line size to be used. At this intersection, follow the horizontal line
to the right and intersect with the vapor temperature line, and then project upward to the top scale to read
the pressure drop. Prorate the pressure drop according to the actual length using the straight pipe length plus
the equivalent length of valves and fittings (equivalent lengths are listed on pages 10, 30, and 52 of this
Manual). · ·
3. Using the total refrigerant flow, lb per min, determine the velocity for suction and discharge lines in Figure 3.
This chart is read in the same manner as Figure 2.
4. For liquid lines, determine the pressure drop and velocity, using Figure 4. The liquid-flow rate in lb/min, as
read on the lower scale, is projected upward to the intersection of a given pipe size. The velocity in ft per sec
can be read at this point and a pressure drop in psi per I 00 ft equivalent length can be read on the ordinate
scale. (The total flow for liquid lines is the same as that in the vapor lines as found in Step 1.) Prorate the
pressure drop, using the ratio of actual pipe length versus I 00 ft. Valves and fittings in liquid lines are treated
in the same manner as outlined in Step 2 for vapor lines.
5. Figure .5 is used to determine the pressure drop (or gain) in a liquid line when there is an appreciable change in
elevation between the condenser or receiver and the evaporator .
.TABLE I
REFRIGERANT LINE CAPACITIES FOR REFRIGERANT 502
(FOR SINGLE OR HIGH STAGE APPLICATIONS)
(Toni of Refriger0tion Resulting in a line Friction Orop (t.I' in psi) per i 00 Fi Equivalent l'iP. lenglfl as Sliowit, wilfl
· Corresponding (AT) Change in Soluralion Temp.)
Suction Unes AT=2 F _Oittlrarge AT=1.0 F liquid lines"

Une Size Unes Al'=3.i5
Type l Suction Temp, F line Size
Saturated Suction Temp Type L Velocity AT"==I F ·
Copper,
=100
~o
OD -60 ·~-'o 20 ,0 Copper,. .yl=J.15
,0
tJ.
t..P=0.31
0.10
Al'=0.9'
0.11
AP= 1.83
0.15 I 0.22
AP=2.43
0.34
Al'=3.1'
0.49
-40
0.61
0
0.62 0.78
00
tJ.
"""1.61 2.40
0.11 0.15 0.26 0.42 0.63 0.91 1.14 1.27 1.45 a 2.58 4.52
.
I
7
ll
0.23
0.46
0.41
0.82
0.68
1.38
1.09
2.20
1.64
3.33
2.39
4.83
2.98
6.02
3.34
6.74
3.80
7.66 ll•
:! 5.35
9.13
12.01
24.43
lj 0.80 1.44 2.42 3.84 5.80 8.41 10.49 11.74 13.34 Ij 13.90 42.. 71
Ii 1.27 2.28 3.83 6.07 !1.16 13.29 16.51 18.49 21.01 Ii 19.68 67.69
2.65 4.76 7.97 12.63 18.98 27.45 34.03 38.14 43.36 21 34.23 140.87
21
-·
?! 4.71 8.44 14.12 22.29 33.50 48.38 5!L93 67.18 76.35
-·
·H. 52.79 249.43
u
4l
7.56
11.30
15.98
13.54
20.15
28.47
22.58
33.58
47.39
35.56
52.83
74.49
53.38
79.25
111.78
77.02
114.56
160.90
95.34
141 .4
199.0
107.2
158.6
223.1
121.5
180.1
253.5
;ll
31
41
75.35
101.9
132.5
-
398.62
593.10
837 .2·1
-
·.. 51 28.71 . 51.07 84.85 133.32 199.37 286.92 354.3 397.2 451.2 -
61 46.35 82.31 136.77 2i4.07 319.89 459.97 567.6 636.5 723.l
:r·
- - -
. -
NOTES: (3~Values are based on 105 F condensing temperature. For
other condensing temperatures, multiply table tona by the fol-
(l} For Other t..T's and Equivalent Lengths, L, lowing factors:
Line Capacity (Tons)
100 Actual AT Loss Desired)o.11 Condensing Temp F Suction Lines Hot Gail-Lines
= T a ble T ons X ( - X --------
L, Table t..T Loss . 80 .83
1.20
(2} For other Tons and Equivalent Lengths in a given pipe Bize 90 1.12 .91
1 100 1.04 .97
T T bl L. (Actual Tons) ·• 110 .96 1.02
A = a et.TX 100 X Table Tons 120 .88 1.08
' ·. A I
68 • •L
n•·n·o·M
.~
130 .80 1.16
_ _ _ _ _ REFRIGERANT 502
e.o-----~~-
~i-----+----l-·-----+----·---+--·
I
- I I ! j
._______,,.....__~_---~- + .i 1
~~~---_ :_;_-~-----L _· ·. : -_ -:- .~--- _:_ J __ -~ -t~ :·~=
J
--~-::_-_,_ ____,,
I I
-.r I l .
_-: __-_; - -
-- --+--
-~-~t---~~--IL
I .. -- ..
+~--- --+-J--~ ---t-------
t-~
___,_________.
---+-----i
,
..
I .
- ,._ ...... _ .i. - ... -..
i '
-·t-. -------- -------
-i ----!- ··-i---- --------
~&.0--~""'-
..____L .. - ·-- ------ -.. t......---+-----+
:1 TI ---- . ---
:::::
a>
__,
I
w
~
Cl: u - - - + - - - - - i f - - '.....
~
0__,
u..
4.0 1-----+-
t----+----- ----
----+------- ------- -·-----·- --------· _ ., __ . _ ----------- ----· ---+---~---!
UL---'---.1..--_.J,...--~-_...i--~---1---1----L....---J-----'
-60 . -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
SATURATED EVAPORATOR TEMPERATURE, f
Fig. 1. FLOW RATE PER TON OF REFRIGERATION FOR "FREON" 502
~
-•. VILTER
... . ~ ~
69
--.:i
0
PRESSURE DROP- PSl/100 FT.
i '. z 3 4 5 6 7
~.
-- _,__l -
. i
~- --t--:-·
~---
~ .
•~-...---tI --!<.,"
·- -
-
-t -
·--+-- 1-.4-..+ I 111
~~~=·+~~
. c:.
t·~-~·~·-
.c:. i
I
_j_ ··--· \:' ~· -~
r. .. l "'' I
·1 - i··-
~·· --·- ! .f_ ...j..J..~4-A--1-
.
. i
o~
""'"q
r..,...-__,,~.L I "<-"-<;,
"~.,.
$'
~....
<.."-"°
~~
.L
I
r11 r
1 .
-+·-~~rr·r
: -L:
- .,.... ' -
I ~~Jr•
, , , 'I ,r·/I A' 1,£ i,r
.
I~
NOTE : PRESSURE DROPS DO NOT ALLOW
FOR PULSATING FLOW. IF FLOW
IS PULSATING, USE NEXT LARGER
··1-r, PIPE S.IZE.
-i---+-+--
: I
1--,
i--
2 3 4 5 10 20 30 so 100 200 300 500 1000 2000 3000 5000
FLOW RATE - LB/MIN

Fig. 2. PRESSURE DROP IN COPPER TUBING FOR "FREON" 502 VAPOR
---------·-·- ___ ... __ .. ----------·-------------REFRIGERANT 502
8Q
......
,_
co
..,
0
..
~
u
...
....,
(/)
a::
...., <N
Cl.
I-
w
w ~
Q
u. 8
I -
>-
I-
u
9w
> ... ~
......
§ z
"' 0
80 w
~
N
.....
LL
~
§ 0
~
<!)
z
..-+-~+--+-"r~~.......i §
-::>
. «O
....
~
w
a.
a.
0
u
-....z>
u-0
_,
w
>.
(")
.
·-
LL
CJ)
71
....J 100
t,,;,
90
80
-~- .,<.,
70
60
50 1 :Stt
<f<
I I ,
:Ill
"'
"II
•-
40.
30 SI I I IIII 11 ,,,.
Q
•"',.
z
20 1---1-t:.:1 I !
-..i i I
I I I I I I 1+-++~ -I y '.J I~ I \'1-111: ~
-4
VI
s
~
.....
t lb]
IOI
I I i I ft1tt1 M : :)'kl tlit!-."~d "'-1 N lh! I I I I I v 11 v {
I
I
I!
~ 4
! I
~
I
3I I i i/ I 1'.J i
:I
a:
Q
L\J
a:
2 t----1---
!
II 1
;:)
en
en II
L\J
It 1.0 r----t----t-~+--1-~ II
.9 r----i--t;~~-l--J/..
·8 r1-t-t--r~-A--H-Htt--l~h~==+:stt:t
.7 t---1--+l---l-~
·6 1-rrt-=t=r~=--F~;f:-l~~!:=.:~~
.5 r---Y---+-+-+-+l--4-- NOTE : CURVE BASED ON LIQUID AT 90 F
·4 l/~l llY ~ ANO CAN BE USED FOR LIQUID

TEMPERATURES, USE BASIC EOUA·
.3 I ,t I I I/ I I I/ I I I .f I A "-.." I :A I V I I 'VJ: I I I I '<l I/ i TION, CURVE DOES NOT ALLO.W
FOR LIQUID FLASHING.
.2 I I I/ I I V I I 1 I I I I · I
0.1 I I I I /l I A I I A I I It I I I I I I I I I I I]!:,,, I I I I{, I"'' y I I I I I I I I I
1.0 2 3 4 5 ro 20 30 50 100 200 300 500 rooo 2000 3000 5000
FLOW RATE - LB./MIN.
Fig. 4. VELOCITY AND PRESSURE DROP IN COPPER TUBING FOR "FREON" 502 LIQUID
(/)
Q.
w
•
C>
z
c(
%:
(.)
w
«
::I
(/)
U)
l&J
a:
0..
10 20 30 40 50
0
CHANGE OF ELEVATION ·FT.
Fig. 5. RELATION OF PRESSURE-CHANGE TO ELEVATION-DIFFERENCE

FOR "FREON" 502 LIQUID
73
TABLE 2
Temp.- Preaaure- Volume- Density- Enthalpy- Entropy- Temp.-

OF Cu. Ft. per Lb. Lb. per Cu. Ft. Btu per Lb. Btu per (Lb.) (0 R) oy
Lb. per Sq. In.
Absolute Gage Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Latent Vapor Liquid Vapor
t
t p p Vf v, l/v 1 l/v 1 hr hr, h, s, s,
6.278 17.14* 0.01036 S.8453 96.55 0.1711 -10.17 80.14 69.97 -0.0254 0.1857 -80
-80
7.318 15.02* 0.01041 5.0696 96.05 0.1973 -8.90 79.53 70.63 -0.0221 0.1846 -75
-75
12.63* 0.01047 4.4158 95.SS 0.2265 -7.65 78.93 71.28 -0.0189 0.1837 -70
-70 8.490
9.806 9.96• 0.01052 3.8621 9S.04 0.2589 -6.39 78:32 71.93 -0.0156 0.1828 -6S
-65
11.28 6.96• 0.01058 3.3910 94.52 0.2949 -S.12 77.70 72.58 -0.012S 0.1819 -60
-60
12.92 3.62* 0.01064 2.9884 94.00 0.3346 -3.8S i7.08 73.23 -0.0093 0.1811 -SS
-SS
-so 14.74 0.04 0.01070 2.6428 93.47 0.3784 -2.S7 76.44 73.87 -0.0062 0.1804 -so
2.06 0.01076 2.3451 92.94 0.4264 -1.29 75.81 74.52 -0.0031 0.1797 -4S
-4S 16. 7S
0.01082 2.0874 92.40 0.4791 0.00 7S.16 7S.16 0.0000 0.1791 -40
-40 18.97 4.28
0.0108S 1.9942 92.18 0.5015 0.52 i4.QO 75.42 0.0012 0.1788 -38
-38 19.92 5.23
0.01087 1.9060 91.06 0.5247 1.03 i4.64 75.67 0.0024 0.1786 -36
-36 20.91 6.21
7.24 0.01090 1.8226 01. 74 0.~4R7 l.~6 74.:i7 75.93 0.0037 0.1784 -34
-34 21.93
-32
8.30 0.01093 1. 7436 91.52 0.5735 2.07 74.11 76.18 0.0049 0.1781
-32 23.00
0.01095 1.6687 91.30 0.5993 2.60 73.84 76.44 0.0061 0.1779 -30
-30 24.10 9.40
0.01098 1.5978 91.08 0.62S9 3.12 73.S7 76.69 0.0073 0.1777 -28
-28 2S.24 10.54
0.01101 1.5305 90.85 0.6534 3.64 73.30 76.94 0.0085 0.177S -26
-26 26.42 11. 72
0.01103 1.4667 90.63 0.6818 4.16 73.03 77.19 0.0097 0.1773 -24
-24 27.64 12.9S
0.01106 1.4061 90.40 0.7112 4.69 72.75 77.44 0.0109 0.1771 -22
-22 28.91 14.21
0.01109 1.3486 90.18 0. 7415 5.21 72.48 77.69 0.0121 0.1769 -20
-20 30.22 lS.52
0.01112 1.2939 89.95 0. 7729 5. 74 72.20 77.94 0.0133 0.1767 -18
-18 31.57 16.88
1.2-tl9 89.72 0.8052 6.27 71.92 78.19 0.0145 0.1766 -16
-16 32.97 18.28 0.01115
0.01117 1.1925 89.49 0.8386 6.80 71.64 78.44 0.0156 0.1764 -14
-14 34.42 19. 72
89,26 0.8731 7.33 71.36 78.69 O.Ol68 0.1762 -12
-12
-10
-8
35.91
37.46
39.05
21:22
22.76
24.35
0.01120
0.01123
0.01126
I l.14S4
1.1006
1.0579
89.02
88.iQ
0.9086
0.9453
7.86
8.40
71.07
70.78
78.93
79.18
0.0180
0.0192
0.1760
0.1759
-10
-8
0.01129 1.0172 88.55 0.9831 8.93 70.49 79.42 0.0204 0.17S7 -6

-6 40.69 26.00 -4
0.01132 O.CJ784 88.32 1.0220 9.47 70.20 79.67 0.021S 0.1756
-4 42.39 27.69
0.9414 88.08 1.0622 10.00 69.91 79.91 0.0227 0.1754 -2
-2 44.14 29.44 0.0113S
87.84 1.1036 10.S4 69.61 80.15 0.0239 0.1753 0
0 45.94 31.24 0.01138 0.9061
0.8724 87.60 1. 1463 11.08 69.31 80.39 0.02SO 0.17Sl 2
2 47.79 33.10 0.01142
87.36 1.1902 11.62 69.01 80.63 0.0262 0.1750 4
4 .49.71 3S.01 0.01145 0.8402
0.8094 87.12 1.2354 12.16 68. 70 80.86 0.0273 0.1749 6
6 51.68 36.98 0.01148
8
10
53.70
SS. 79
39.01
41.09
O.OllSl 0. 7800
0.011S4 I 0. 7519
86.88
86.63 I 1.2820
1.3300
12.70
13.2S
"68.40
68.08
81.10
81.33
0.0285
0.0296
0.1747
0.1746
8
10
12 57.94 43.24 o.011s.8 I
0.7250 86.39 I
I
1.3793 13.80 67. ;;
;
81.Si 0.0308 0.1745 12
14
1.4301 14.34 67.46. 81.80 0.0319 0.1743
14 60.14 4S.4S 0.01161 I 0.6'?Q;!
116.141
0.6746• 85.89 1.4824 14.89 67.14 82.03 0.0331 0.1742 16
16 62.41 47.72 0.011641
85.64 1.5362 iS.44 66.82 82.26 0.0342 0.1741 18
18 64.7S SO.OS 0.01168 0.6510
I l.S915 15.99 66.50 82.49 0.0354 0.1740 20
I
20 67.14 S2.45 0.01171 0.6283 8S.39
85.14 1.6485 16.54 66.17 82.71 0.0365 0.1739 22
22 69.61 54.91 0.01175 0.6066
84.88 1. 7070 17.10 65.84 82.94 0.0376 0.1738 24
24 72.13 S7.44 0.01178 0.5858
84.63 1. 7672 17.65 65.51 83.16 0.0388 0.1736 26
26. 74.73 60.04 0.01182 I 0.5659
28
30
77.40
80.13
62.70
65.44
0.01185
0.01189
I 0.5467
0.5283
84.37
84.11
1.8292
1.8928
18.21
18. i6
65.17
64.84
83.38
83.60
0.0399
0.0410
0.1735
0.1734
28
30
83.85 1. 9!i83 19.32 64.49 83.81 0.0422 0.1733 32
32 82.94 68.24 0.01193 0.5106
83.59 2.0256 19.88 64.15 84.03 0.0433 0.1732 34
34 85.82 71.12 0.01196 0.4937
2.0948 20.44 63.80 84.24 0.0444 0.1731 36
36 88.77 74.07 0.01200 0.4774 83.33
83.07 2.16S9 21.01 63.44 84.45 0.04SS 0.1730 38
38 91.80 77.10 0.01204 0.4617
82.80 2.2390 21.S7 63.09 84.66 0.0466 0.1729 40
40 94.90 80.20 0.01208 0.4466
2.3142 22.14 62. 73 84.87 0.0478 0.1728 42
42 98.08 83.38 0.01212 0.4321 82.S3
. •Inches of mercury below one atmosphere.
74
~
~+, VILTER.
· Since 1867
.. T
TABLE 2 (Continued)
Temp.- Pressure- - Volume- Density-

Lb. per Cu. Ft.
Enthalpy-
Btu per Lb.
Entropy-
Btu per (Lb.) (" R)
Temp.-
•F
•F Lb. per Sq. In. Cu. Ft. per Lb.
Gage Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Latent Vapor Liquid Vapor
Absolute t
t p p v, v, l/vr l/v 1 hr hr, h, s, s,
86.64 0.01216 0.4182 82.26 2.3914 22. 71 62.36 8S.07 0.0489 0.1727 44
44 101.3
89.97 0.01220 0.4047 81.99 2.4708 23.28 61.99 8S.27 0.0500 0.1726 46
46 104.7
93.39 0.01224 0.3918 81. 72 2.5524 23.85 61.62 85.47 0.0511 0.1725 48
48 108.l
so 111.6 96.89 0.01228 0.3793 81.44 2.6362 24.42 61.25 85.67 0.0522 0.1724 so
0.01232 0.3673 81.17 2. 7224 25.00 60.87 8S.87 O.OS33 0.1723 S2
52 115.2 100.5
0.01236 0.35S7 80.89 2.8110 25.S8 60.48 86.06 0.0544 0.1722 S4
S4 118.8 104.1
0.01241 0.3446 80.61 2.9020 26.16 60.09 86.25 0.0555 0.1721 56
56 122.6 107.9
111.7 0.01245 0.3338 80.33 2.9956 26.73 59.70 86.43 0.0566 0.1720 58
58 126.4
0.01249 0.3234 80.04 3.0918 27.32 S9.30 86.62 0.0578 0.1719 60
60 130.3 115.6
0.3134 79.76 3.1907 27.91 58.89 86.80 0.0589 0.1717 62
62 134.3 119.6 0.01254
0.01258 0.3037 79.47 3.2923 28.48 S8.49 86.97 0.0600 0.1716 64
64 138.4 123. 7
0.2944 79.18 3.3968 29.08 58.07 87.lS 0.0611 0.1715 66
66 142.6 127.9 0.01263
0.01268 0.2854 78.88 3.5043 29.67 57.65 87.32 0.0622 0.1714 68
68 146.9 132.2
0.01272 0.2766 78.59 3.6147 30.25 57.23 87.48 0.0633 0.1713 70
70 151.3 136.6
0.2682 78.29 3. 7284 30.85 S6.80 87.65 0.0644 0.1712 72
72 155.8 141.1 0.01277
0.2601 77.99 3.8452 31.45 56.36 87.81 0.0655 0.1711 74
74 160.3 145.6 0.01282
0.2522 77.68 3.9654 32.04 55.92 87.96 0.066S 0.1709 76
76 165.0 150.3 0.01287
0.2446 77.38 4.0890 32.64 5S.47 88.11 0.0676 0.1708 78
78 169.8 155.1 0.01292
0.2372 77.07 4.2l62 33.24 55.02 88.26 0.0687 0.1707 80
80 174.6 159.9 0.01298
0.2300 76.76 4,3471 33.84 54.56 88.40 0.0698 0.1706 82
82 179.6 164.9 0.01303
0.2231 76.44 4.4819 34.45 54.09 88.54 0.0709 0.1704 84
84 184.7 170.0 0.01308
0.2164. 76.13 4.6206" 35.06 53.62 88.68 0.0720 0.1703 86
86 189.8 175.1 0.01314
0.0131<) 0.20<)9 75.80 4. 7634 35.67 53.14 88.81 0.0731 0.1701 88
88 195.1 180.4
0.2036 75.48 4.9105 36.28 52.65 88.93 0.0742 0.1700 90
90 200.5 185.8 0.01325
0.01331 0.1<176 75.15 5.0619 36.89 52.16 89.05 0,0753 0.1698 92
92 206.0 191.3
0.1916 74.82 5.2180 37.51 51.6S 89.16 0.0764 0.1697 94
94 211.6 196.9 0.01337
0.18SQ 74.48 5.3789 38.13 51.14 89.27 0.077S 0.169S 96
96 217.3 202.6 0.01343
0.0134<) 0.1804 74.15 5.5447 38.75 50.62 89.37 0.0786 0.1693 98
98 223.l 208.4 100
0.01355 0.1750 73.80 5. 7157 3<).37 50.10 89.47 0.0796 0.1692
100 229.1 214.4
0.1697 73.45 5.8921 40.00 49.56 89.56 0.0807 0.1690 102
102 235.l 220.4 0.01361
73.10 6.0741 40.62 49.02 89.64 0.0818 0.1688 104
104 241.3 226.6 0.01368 0.1646
0.1597 72.74 6.2620 41.25 48.47 89.72 Q.0829 0.1686 106
106 247.6 232.9 0.01375
0.1549 72.38 6.4560 41.88 47.90 89.78 0.0840 0.1684 108
108 254.0 239.3 0.01382
0.1502 72.01 6.6564 42.52 47.33 89.8S 0.0851 0.1682 110
110 260.5 245.8 0.01389
0.1457 71.64 6.8634 43.15 46.75 89.90 0.0862 0.1679 112
112 267.1 252.4 0.01396
0.01403 0.1413 71.26 7.0775 43.79 46.15 89.94 0.0872 0.1677 114
114 2i3.9 259.2 116
0.01411 0.1370 70.87 7.2988 44.43 45.55 89.98 0.0883 0.1674
116 280.8 266.1
0.1328 70.48 7.5279 45.07 44.93 90.00 0.0894 0.1672 118
118 287.8 273.l 0.01419
70.08 7 ..7649 45.71 44.31 90.02 0.0905 0.1669 120
120 295.0 280.3 0.01427 0.1288
0.1248 69.68 8.0105 46.36 43.67 90.03 0.0916 0.1666 122
122 302.2 287.5 0.01435
69.26 • 8.2648 47.00 43.02 90.02 0.0926 0.1663 124
124 309.7 295.0 0.01444 0.1210
68.84 8.5285 47.65 42.36 90.01 0.0937 0.1660 126
126 317.2 302.5 0.01453 0.1173
0.1136 68.41 S.8019 48.29 41.69 89.98 0.0948 0.1657 128
128 324.9 310.2 0.01462
67.96 9.0855 48.95 41.00 89.95 0.0958 0.1654 130
130 332.7 318.0 0.01471 0.1101
67.51 9.3798 49.59 40.30 89.89 0.0969 0.16SO 132
132 340.6 325.9 0.01481 0.1066
67.05 9.6854 50.24 39.59 89.83 0.0979 0.1646 134
134 348.7 334.0 0.01491 0.1032
66.58 10.003 50.88 38.87 89.75 0.0990 0.1642 136
136 357.0 342.3 0.01502 0.09997
66.09 10.332 51.53 38.13 89.66 0.1000 0.1638 138
138 365.3 350.6 0.01513 0.09679 140
65.59 10.674 52.17 37.38 89.55 0.1011 0.1634
140 373.8 35<).1 0.01525 0.09368
APPENDIX
SECTION A-1
General Statement of Limitations and Assl'"'ptions
The charts and tables included in this manual con- in the "Refrigerant Piping Data" in the first
tain the data necessary for proper selection of piping portion of the section on each refrigerant.
for refrigerating systems using Refrigerant 717 i am- ;{ rt is assumed that the condition of the fluid does
monia), Refrigerant 12 ( dichlorodifluoromethane). not change appreciably throughout the sec-
Refrigerant 22 (monochlorodifluoromethane) or He- tion being considered. If the change in temp-
frigerant 502 (Azeotrope of R-22 and R- ll 51 over the erature or pr~ssure exceeds 10% to 15% of the
range of capacities commonly used. In order that they initial absolute temperature or pressure, an
should be applied correctly, the conditions of flow intelJigently selected average condition should
should meet the following requirements: be used. If there. is a rather abrupt change of
1. All pipe or tubing referred to is of circular condition, the piping may be considered in
cross-section and it is assumed that the fluid separate sections before and after the point of
occupies the full cross-secti9n. abrupt change.
4. It is assumed that the rate of flow is reasonably
2. The fluid is assumed to be all gas or all liquid. steady. Pulsating flow will result in a greater
The only part of the piping in which a mixture resistance than if the same average rate occurs
of gas and liquid is considered is in the line at a constant velocity. Normally, even with
between the expansion valve and the evapora- reciprocating compressors, the. multi-cylinder
tor. This line is usually very short, and precise type in curreut use reduces the pulsation to the
pressure-drop calculations are.not normally of point where its influence on pipe size is small
much value. A rough means of sizing is given or negligible.
SECTION A-11
Nomenclature
h =pressure loss (in feet of the particular fluid). g -~'-'acceleration of gravity=32.17 ft per (sec) (sec)
ft
Re= Reynolds number= D~t> (dimensionless)
f =friction factor (dimensionless)
p =mass density of fluid in lb (mass) per cu ft
L = length of pipe or tube, ft
µ 00.-~absolute viscosity of fluid, lb (mass) per (ft)
L.= equivalent length of pipe for same pressure (sec) ~-0.000672 x centipoises
Joss as fitting, ft K = resistance coefficient for valve or fitting, ex-
D =diameter of pipe or tube, ft pressed in velocity heads (dimensionless)
V =velocity (in feet per second) fps P -oo== pressure loss (in lb per sq in), psi
SECTION A-111
General Equation for Pressure Drop in Pipe
The discussion which follows is applicable to all Certain general laws, based upon observation
liquids, and approximately to gases, when the and experiment, appear to govern fluid friction in
pressure drop is not more than 10 per cent of the pipes and are expressed in all the generally ac-
initial absolute pressure. Changes in density of cepted pipe formulas. These laws, briefly stated,
gases which result from larger drops in pressure are:
introduce factors which will not be considered.
This discussion, so far as it applies to fluids in 1. Frictional loss in turbulent flow generally in-
general, is therefore subject to this limitation creases with the roughness of the pipe. When
Conside_r a straight pipe of internal diameter the flow is laminar the frictional loss is inde-
D in which fluid, of mass density ,, and viscosity pendent of the roughness.
µ, is flowing at a mean velocity V. Let the pressure 2. Frictional loss is directly proportional to the
loss in length L be denoted by h. area of the wetted surface, or to 7TDL.
76
l~,VJLTER.
~ Slncel867
'T
3. Frictional loss varies inversely as some power quired for practical application were determined
of the pipe diameter, or as I . and the well-known pipe-flow formula, known as
D• the Darcy-Weisbach formula, ·was obtained:
4. Frictional loss varies as some power of the
velocity or as Vn. (1)
5. Frictional loss varies as some power of the
ratio of viscosity to density of the fluid, or as where f is known as the "friction factor" and
( µ. ) ~. is dependent upon the roughness of the pipe sur-
face, and the Reynolds number of the fluid,
p
Over a period of years, the various values re-
nv,,.
Re=------
µ.
SECTION A-IV
The Moody Chart
Osborne Reynolds first showed that in pipes two a rather complete determination of the relation-
distinct types of flow exist, namely, laminar or ship between friction factor, Reynolds number and
streamline flow, and turbulent flow. Furthermore, pipe roughness. Moody has made an extensive
he found that laminar flow would change over to correlation of much of the data. For turbulent
turbulent flow under certain conditions, with a flow, it is found experimentally that f is primarily
drastic change in pressure-drop characteristics. dependent on the relative roughness, and that as
Laminar flow is characterized by parallel flow Re increases, f tends to become constant for a
of all the fluid particles crossing any section of given pipe roughness.
pipe. Experimentally, laminar flow ordinarily It is of paramount importance to note that a
exists up to Re values of approximately 2000. For single graph applies to all fluids, both liquids and
laminar flow the friction factor is practically gases, all pipe sizes, and that separate friction
independent of pipe roughness, and it can be data are not needed for each particular fluid.
shown both analytically and experimentally that In the range 2000 < Re < 3000 the flow may be
64 either laminar or turbulent, and theoretical com-
f =Re· putations in this region may be subject to con-
siderable error. Pipe-size selection should avoid
Turbulent flow exists for values of Re above this range, and the velocity ranges in the text
approximately 3000. It is characterized by flow provide for this, as well as other considerations.
in random directions within the pipe, with mixing The chart showing the relation of friction factor
constantly taking place between fast and slow to Reynolds number and pipe roughness can be
moving portions of the fluid. No completely referred to in various places, including the ASRE
satisfactory analysis has been made of turbulent Air Conditioning Refrigerating Data Book and the
flow. ASH RAE Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditwn-
However, thousands of tests have resulted in in g Guide.
SECTION A-V
Losses in Valves and Filtir.91
"K" Factors: It is generally recogni~ed that tion coefficient:

bends and fittings cause greater pressure losses vz
than straight pipe of equal axial length. These h = K Zg (2)
excess losses, over and above skin friction, thus where K is a proportionality constant, numerical
far have eluded rational evaluation. The most values for which are commonly referred to as
generally accepted method of computing the "K" factors, and V is the average velocity in the
resistance to flow, caused by a valve or fitting, connecting pipe or tube of the same nominal size.
assumes the excess loss to be a direct function Values of K for valves and fittings are given
of the velocity head, and independent of the fric- in the tables in this booklet. Particularly for
valves, there is considerable variation in K values
among different types and manufacture. If greater (5)
accuracy is desired, the manufacturer may be The term L. is known as the additional "equiva-
able to give a K value for his product. lent length", which .must be added to the actual
Equation (2) may also be written: straight pipe length to include the resistance of
·valves or fittings. The value shown in equation
v2P (5) for this term includes the friction coefficient.
p = K (2g) 144 (3)
If the "K" value is constant• for any given valve
The nomographs given in the text solve this or fitting, then the equivalent length will vary
equation for the various refrigerants. with the friction factor, which in turn is a func-
tion of the Reynolds number. The equivalent
Equivalent Length: Equation (2) is the gener- lengths given have been calculated using Reynolds
ally accepted expression for indicating head loss numbers applying to conditions normally used.
caused by a valve or fitting. It assumes the
head loss to be a direct function of the velocity • This assumption is not strictly justified in light of
head and independent of the friction coefficient. recent experiments, but "K" is essentially constant over
a large range of Reynolds numbers, provided the ftow is
Also, the loss in straight pipe is as given in equa- turbulent. "K" is also affected by the roughness of the
tion (1) . Since h is the only term on one side of pipe leading to and from the valve or fitting. In other
both equations (1) and (2), words, a given valve installed in rough pipe would not
necessarily have the same "K" value as if it were installed
f ~ v2 = K v2 <4) in smooth pipe. For practical problems, however, this
D 2g 2g effect can be neglected.
SECTION A-VI
Bibliography
1. Lapple, C. E., "Compressibility in Gas Flow and Fittinga" Colorado Agricultural Ex-
Problems" Chemical En_qineeri.ng, May, periment Station Bulletin 41-1950
1949 10. Corp, "Experiments on Loss of Head in Valves
2. Bridge, 1. E., "How to Design the Piping for and Pipes of One-Half to Twelve Inches
Conveying Flashing Hot Water" Heating, Diameter" University of Wisconsin Bulle-
Piping and Air Conditioning, March, April, tin Vol. IX No. 1-1922
May, 1949 11. Lansford, "Loss of Head in Flow of Fluids
3. Tube Turns Research Staff, "Fluid Flow in Through Various Types of One and, One-
Pipe" Tube Turns, Inc., Piping Engineer- Half Inch Valves" University of Illinois,
ing Bulletin No. 3.01-1951 Bulletin 340-1943
4. "Flow of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings, and 12. Foster, D. E., "Effect of Fittings on Flow of
Pipe" Crane Company Technical Pa71ers: Fluids Through Pipes, Including Chart for
No. 409-1942, No. 410-1957 Flov,· of Steam in Pipes" ASME Trans-
5. The Hydraulic Institute, "Pipe Friction actions 1920 p. 647
Manual-1954" rn. Moody, Lewis F., "Friction Factors for Pipe
6. "Bibliography on Flow of Flashing Mixtures" Flow" ASME 1'rnnsactions Vol. 66, No. 8,
Tube Turns, Inc., Catalog 211, Page 262 Nov~mber, 1944
7. Daniels, C. M.. "Pressure Losses in Flexible 14. Giesecke, F'. E., and Badgett, W. H., "Loss of
Metal Tubing" Product Engineering, April. Head in Copper Pipe and Fittings" Heat-
1956. ing, Piping and Air Conditioning, June,
1932 .
8. Pigott, R. J. S .. "Pressure Losses in Tubing,
Pipes and Fittings" ASME Transactions 15. Reed, P. B., "Refrigerants", Chapter 7 Air
' 19:>0, p. 679 Conditioning Refrigerating Data Book,
10th Edition, 1957-58 American Society of
9. Rohwer. "Friction Losses in Selected Valves Refrigerating Engineers
SECTION A-VII
Suction and Hot Gas Risers
TABLE A·l.
MINIMUM TONNAGE. FOR OIL ENTRAINMENT UP SUCTION RISERS
(TYPE L COPPER TUBING)
Refriger-
ant
-, 6.812 9.213
----
11.97
--40
-20
o 1
i
0.061
.077
.093 I
,. 0.110
.138
.161
II 7.49
9.36
11.4
I0.9
13.7
16.6
15.1
19.0
23.2
20 I .112 . .201 .332 so 1 .97 1.65 2.55 i 5.l , 8.73 i
! 13.6 19.9 27.6
I t-~::;-ii'--~; t -~:~: t-::::

0:~1-~~:8 :~ II -::~--r '~-:- i~i~1 23.4 32.6
_: 11 16.I 22.4
I 19.6 27.4
j
-20 .II .20 33 50 ,. .% i 1.60 25 5.0 8.7 13.5
R-22~ 0
0 .13 .24 .39 j .59 1.2 1.96 30 6.1 I0.4 16.2 23.6 32.8
I
•
20 .16 I .28 .46 70 1.4 i 2.30 3.5 I 7.1 12.I 18.9 1 27.6 38.1
j- __Zl~-t I 32.1
_ -~-
-60
.i. 18
0.053
-f- .33
0.10
__5~--
I 0.16
_ 81
0.24 I
1.6
0.46 :
!
0.78 I
4.1___ .,__ _!!_!__ ~-~
I2 2.4 I
!.
4.1 i-·------r
: 22.0
I ~:1 9.4
44.6
13.0
-40
-200
.070
.084
12
.15
.20
.25
:
I
.30
.38
.5'1
.74 ;
1.0
1.3
J
1' I5
1.9 I 3.1
3.8
5.3
6.6
I
I
12.0
15.0
16.8
20.9
I ~ I
1 10.3
1i:! Jj}~
R-502t .104 .19 .31 .47 .91 1.5 2.4 4.7 8.1 18.4 25.7
----''---~ - __ ::_~~ i JL_L:~j L :~~. l .J~L_l_ g. __ JLJ. g 7.8 i 22.2

26.0
30.8
36.1
' Minimum tonnage values are based on the indicated saturation 1cmpera1ures (SSn with 15 F deg of superhea1 and 90 F liquid temperature.
• R-12. R· 22. reduc.: or increase table values I•;. for I0 F deg less or more superheat.
t For R-S02, red11ce or increase table values r; for 10 F deg less or more superheat.
For liquid temperatures other tl~an 90 F. !"uhiply the table values by the corresponding factor listed in the following tab)e:
~~_L R-so2 _L_

f
c:::.:·r'"";~_.;, ·1~, i:~-11'._~~~~t+= :~~; j-1_~;+ :r::r---~--~o_s--41---~-_::__+-_o_·.4_7:_
1.21> __l_t.~o__ ---~ 13__ .J.... ~-~ ___ !~__ _l_ 09_4_1_ ___1!_~_0_.s_2_....__o_.1_1>_..___o_.1_0_
•;, VILTER. 19
""" Stace t867

DOUBLE SUCTION RISERS
To return oil in suction lines at reduced loads.
(A)
(B)
EVAPORATOR
(C)
Description and Operation
1. The minimum load riser indicated by (A) is sized so that it returns oil at the minimum possible load.
2. The second riser (B), which is usually larger than riser (A), is sized so that the parallel pressure drop
through both risers at full load is satisfactory providing this assures oil return at full load.
3. A trap is introduced between the two risers as shown. During ·partial load operation, when the gas
velocity is not sufficient to return oil through both risers, the trap gradually fills with oil until these-
cond riser ( B) is sealed off. When this occurs, the gas travels up riser (A) only and has enough velocity to
carry oil along with it back into the horizontal suction main.
4. The fittings at the bottom of the riser must be close coupled so that the oil flooding capacity of the trap
is limited to a minimum. If this is not done, the trap can accumulate enough oil on partial load opera-
tion to seriously lower the crankcase oil level. Also, larger flood-backs of oil to the compressor occur
when the trap clears out on increased load operation.
5. The larger riser ( B) forms an inverted trap as it enters the top of the horizontal header. This prevents
drainage into this line during periods when this line is "idle" due to minimum loads.
6. Risers (A) and (B) are to be sized using the minimum design velocities as described by ASHRAE for
various refrigerants at the system design temperature.
7. The horizontal suction line (C) should be designed according to good suction line practice for minimum
pressure drop while maintaining the proper velocity for oil return.
80
TABLE A-2.
MINIMUM TONNAGE FOR OIL ENTRAINMENT UP HOT GAS RISERS
(TYPE L COPPER TUBING)
31/o
Area, Sq. In.
.146 .233 -348 ~4~-:;--F""'T'"' r·~~-r,.,;;-~--4-_7;-~6.111-2 9.213 11.97

80
90
.17
.17
.JI
_jJ
.so
.51
.77
.77
I
1·
I.SI
1.51
2.54
2S4
J.93
3.92
I 7.84
7.84
13.S
13.5
21.0
21.0
30.7
30.7
41.6
42.6
•: l : : I .:
100 .17 .JI .51 .77 1.51 2.54 3.92 7.84 13.S 21.0 30.7 42.6
110 .17 .31 .51 .77 I 1.50 I 2.53 3.90 7.81 13.4 20.9 30.S 42.2
120 .11 .3o .5o .15 • 1.41 I 2.49 3.84 1.66 13.2 20.6 3o.o 4t.6
130 .17 .30 .49 .72 1.4!\ I 2.44 3.77 7.54 12.9 20.3 29.4 40.8
:~: ~:~81,---:::3 :::• .;::o :::: ~::: :::: ::::

I
J
90 .23 .42 .69 1.04 2.0 3.4 5.J 10.6 18.2 28.2 41.3 57.3
•oo .23 .42 .69 1.03 2.0 3.4 5.3 10.5 18.0 28.• 41.0 56.7
R-22• 110 .23 .41 .67 1.02 2.0 I 3.4 5.2 I0.4 17.9 27.9 40.8 S6.S
120 .22 .40 .66 1.00 2.0 I 3.3 , 5.1 10.2 17.S 27.4 39.9 S5.4
___ :~ :~i__ ~): ~ :~-+- ::tL_lL_ J g J ~-~ JJ:~_1_J~:~_

_j_ __~_~:-~__,-~_:_:g_,___;~_:~_
80
90
I. 1178 ,. ..3321 . 5531 ·.7807 ,. •,_-4595 ,1 22 _ 152 !·.912
J Ii
~:~ I
I :~:! !I i~:~ I ~:; 44.3
42.3
R-S02t :n 1,· ::~ ! :ig : :~~ :~~

II ::~ I i:~~ i n1 j:~; g-~ I i~u:~I 27.3
~::~ ~::
120
130
_ __,___1_40
fil_l54 1U28
.145
_ _1_.m
I .26
.24 ~
.46
.431
.69
.65
.61 _
1.33 2.26 I 3.52
1.27 I 2.14 3.34
U8_j _I!_~ _ 3.08
l 7.0
6.62
12.4 18.7
l l.4J 17.8
___6_.1~--10~ _16.4
2S.9
37.9
3S.9
_24_.o_~_3J_.3_
• Minimum tonnages are based on a saturated suction temperature of + 20 F with IS F deg of superheat at the indicaied saturated condensing temperatures with
IS F deg subcooling and actual discharge temperature based on 70% compressor efficiency. For suction temperatures ulher than 20 F. multiply !he table values by
. 1he following factors: . . . . .
Sat. Suet. Temperature -40 -20 0 +20 +40
Correction Factor 0.85 0.90 0.9S 1.0 I 06
t Minimum tonnages are based on a saturated temperature of - 20 F. All other .-.mditions are lhe same as above. For suction temperatures other than -20 F.
multiply !he table values b)" !he following factors·
Sat. Suet. Temperature --60 -40 ·- 20 0 + 20 -t 40
Correction Factor 0.87 0.94 1.0 1.08 LIS :1.21
81
SECTION A-VIII
LINE SIZING FOR LIQUID RECIRCULATION

(OVERFEED) SYSTEMS
In the case of liquid recirculation systems, the sizing considerations for the liquid feed lines to the evapora-
tors and the wet return lines to the low pressure receiver are different than conventional systems.
It is necessary to take the overfeed ratio into account to size the feed Jines. The TR capacities for conven-
tional liquid lines must be divided by the overfeed ratios in order to obtain the equivalent capacities for liq-
uid feed lines. For example, for a 50 TR ammonia system having a 4 to 1 overfeed ratio, the line should be
sized for 4 x 50 = 200 TR duty by normal sizing methods.
Several alternative design methods are used for wet return lines as suggested in Chapter 25 of the ASHRAE
Systems Handbook. These are as follows:
l. Use one pipe size larger than indicated for the vapor flow alone.
2. Use a velocity selected for dry expansion reduced by the factor (circulating ratio) - 0.5. This method
suggests that the wet return velocity for a 4 to 1 rate of recirculation should be 0.5 that of the accept-
able dry vapor velocity.
3. It is also possible to use the tables developed as a result of ASHRAE Research Project RP-107. The
final report was made by Messrs. J.B. Chaddock, D.P. Werner and C.G. Papachristou.
When designing wet return lines in which vertical risers are incorporated, consideration should be given to
the possibility of liquid holdup. In certain cases it may be necessary to incorporate different arrangements
than are employed for conventional suction lines. For those applications where liquid holdup may be a
possibility, it may be necessary to employ double risers to handle partial foad conditions. Otherwise, it must
be recognfaed that excessive pressure drops may be experienced if liquid holdups exist. In some cases it may
be necessary to separate the liquid and transfer it by pumps.
It has been recognized that the conventional practices for estimating pressure drops thru valves and fittings
do not apply for wet return connections. The geometry and position of the fittings can have an influence on
the pressure drop thru these. Work is being done on this by various researchers, including ASHRAE RP-142
organized by Professor J.B. Chaddock at Duke University. Until more specific information is available, it is
advisable to be conservative when selecting and sizing valves and fittings for wet return systems.
82
SECTION A·IX
Miscellaneous Data
TABLE A.-3. VISCOSITY OF REFRIGERANTS

(,. in Centipoises) 1
Temperature Liquids at Saturation Pressure Vapors at 1 atmosphere

·--
F 717 12 22 717 12 22
-40
-20
0
0.423
0.371
0.335
0.351
0.316
0.291
0.0106
0.0109
0.0113
I 0.0105
0.0109
0.0113
+5 0.250 0.0085
20 0.240 0.308 0.271 0.0088 0.0116 0.0118
40 0.230 0.286 0.256 0.0093 0.0119 0.0122
60 0.269 0.243 0.0123 0.0126
80 0.210 0.255 0.232 0.0126 0.0130
100 0.200 0.242 0.223 0.0105 0.0129 0.0133
120 0.232 0.214 0.0132 0.0137
140 0.222 0.207 0.0135 0.0141
150 0.0116
160 0.214 0.201 0.0138 0.0145
180 0.207 0.195 0.0140 0.0148
200 0.200 0.0143 0.0152
·220 0.0146 0.0156
240 0.0149 0.0159
t Reprinted from 10th Edition, 1957-58, Air Conditioning· Refrigerating Data Book, by courtesy of The American
Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Eng-ineers.
.
.
Table A-4. STEEL AND WROUGHT IRON PIPE-DIMENSIONS AND PHYSICAL DATA
Diameter
Inches
Transverse Arca
Square lnrhes
Lineal Feet per
Square Foot of I Weight Per
Thickness Lineal Feet Foo~
of !\fetal Internal Containing I Plain Ends
Internal Inches Internal Surfare Cubic Foot Pounds
•
ca
ii
=·
·-.,
E!.a
-;;
~
.
l'I
Schedule &hedule
..
a;
c:
!l
Schedule a; .,
e~
., ::s
_.-
Schedule Schedule Schedule
~1~ ~I ~I~
0 ., >( >( >C :;
z.S t.:i 40 80 t.:i 80 r>:l~ 40 80 40 80
~ .405 .2i0 .215 .068 .095 .128 .057 .036 9.434 14.151 17.i66 2533.00,3966..t .2-14 .314
u .540 .364 .302
.423
.088 .Jl9
.126
.229
.358
.104
.191
.072 7.0i5 10.500 12.648 1383.2812010.3 .424 .535
~ .675 .493 .091 .141 5.658 7.732 9.030 75-1.32 102-1. 7 .567 .738
J.i .840 .622 .546 .109 .147 .554 .. 30-1 .234 4.5-17 6.132 6.995 473.84, 615.0 .850 I.087
~~ 1.050 .824 .742 .113 .154 .866 .533 .433 3.6.18 4.6.15 5.147 270.02 333.02 1.130 1.473
1 1.315 1.048 .957 .134 .179 1.358 .861 .719 2.904 3.645 3.991 167.25 200.2 l.6i8 2.171
IU 1.660 1.380 J.278 .140 . 191 2.16-1 1,496 1.28.'l 2.301 2.i68 2.988 96.26 112.25 2.2i2 2.996
1)-i 1.900 I .610 1.500 .145 .200 2.835 2.036 l.i6i 2.010 2.3i2 2.5-16 i0.73 81.48 2.717 3.631
2 2.375 2.067 1.939 .154 .218 4.430 3.356 2.953 1.608 1.848 1.969 42.91 48.76 3.652 5.022
2)-i 2.875 2.468 2.323 .204 .276 6.492 4.78 4.238 1.329 1.5-18 1.64-1 30.3-1 33.9i 5.793 7.661
3 3.500 3.067 2.900 .217 .300 9.621 7.383 6.605 1.091 1.245 1.317 19.51 21.80 7.575 10.252
3M 4.000 3.548 3.364 .226 .318 12.566 9.887 8.888 0.955 1.077 1.135 14.57 16.20 9.109 12.505
'
4 4.500 4.026 3.826 .237 .337 15.904 12.730 ll.49i .849 0.949 0.998 11.31 12.520 10.790 14.983
5 5.56.3 5.045 4.813 .259 .375 24.:\06 19.986 18.19-1 .68i .757 .793 7.20 7.915 14.617 20.778
6 6.625 6.065 5.761 .28 .432 3-1.472 28.890 26.067 .5i6 .630 .663 4.98 5.525 18.97-1 28.573
8 8.625 7.981 7.625 .322 .500 58.426 50.027 45.663 .4-13 .479 .500 2.87 3.154 28.554 43.388
10 J0.75 10.02 9.75 .366 .500 90.763 78.823 H.662 .355 .381 .391 1.83 1.929 40.483 54.735
12 12.75 12.00 11 .75 .375 .500 127.67 113.09 108.43 .300 .318 ;325 1.27 1 ..328 49.562 65.415
-----4m1.a
I . . · .1
APPENDIX-----------
Table A-5. COPPER, BRASS OR SEAMLESS-STEEL TUBING-DIMENSION$ AND PHYSICAL DATA 1
Lineal
Transverse Lineal Feet Lineal Lineal Feet
Thick- Area Per Siuare Feet Feet Occupy- Weight
Nominal Square Inches Foot of urface Contain- Contain- ing l Per
Size Internal ness of
Type Diameter Metal in\,l ing 1 Cubic Foot
OD Cu. oat Gallon Foot of Pounds
Inches Inches Inches
External Internal External Internal Space
.080
u -- .190 .030. .049 .028
------·--- - - - -
15.25 20.00 5090.0 681.0 2940.0
--·-
.311 .032. .llO .076 10.45 12.29 1895.0 253.0 1310.0 .I34
% K
- - - - --·---·-- --------
~ K .402 .049 .196 .127 7.65 9.50 1135.0 151.0 735.0 .269
: L .430 .035 .144 8.89 1001.0 133.5 .198
'----1---- ---- - - - -----1 ---·----------- .------ ---- ----- ___ ,___
----.~-··--·-
I
I ~a
%
K
K
L
.652
.527
.545
.o49
.049
.040
.539
.306
.333
. I
I
I
s.10 ;
.218
.232
5.&5 I
432.5.
6.10
88.0
82.6
470.0
-·- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --··---- --,--. -- --- - -- --- - - 1-···------ - - - - ------1----11----1

57.5 267.0
7.25
7.00
.344
.284
.418
660.5
621.0
L .660 .042 I .341 I 5.79 422.0 I 56.l .362

% -K-
-~5- --
~06~- -----·:-s;;-~ --1--
--~43;---1 4 :~;6 ~:~;-- .
-- -
331. o- __4_4___ ·-
1
0_ --24-0-.5- --.6-41-
----~~~--!-------- __ ~~~.:__, ______ --; -~--~~--- ___ 299~ _ _39.8 _____ 1_ _.4_5_4_1
.13: l
, _ _ _ _ 1_ _L_ _ 1__._1_85
__
lYe ~ I~ ~~g I- _"" ~: ;~:_ :~::~ _J~; _1_4_5_.9_1 ___:~_~_:_,

K 1.245 .065 1.481 1.215 2.78 . 3.06
118.9 15.8 97.3 1.040
L 1.265 .055 1.255 3.02
115.0 15.3 .882
,_ _ _ _ , - - - · 1 - - - - 1 - - - - · · - - - - - - · - - - - - ------·- . - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - ·
K 1.481 .072 2.070 I. 725 2.35 2.57 83.5 II. I 69.6 I.36
1%
L 1.505 .060 I. 771 2.54 81.4 I0.8 1. ~4
1----1----r----"--1----1~· - - - - - - - - - ' - - - - - - - - - 1 - . . . . . . : . _ . - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - 1
K 1.959 .083 3.540 3.000 48.J) 1.80
6.39 40.6 1.95
2.06
L I.985 .070. 3.090 46.6 6.20 1.92
1.75
1 - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - : 1 - - - - 1 - - · - - - - · - - - ... - - - . .. - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - 1----1
K 2.435 .095 5.400 4.620 1.45 I.57 31.2 4.I5 27.6 2.92
2.% L 2.465 .080 4. 760 1.55 30.2 4.0I 2.48
L.----11----1----11----J----I------- -----•---- -1----1----1----1----I
K 2.907 .109 7.750 6.620 1.22 1.31 21.8 2.90 18.6 4.00
L 2.945 .090 6.810 1.29 21.1 2.80 3.33
3.% K
L
I
1-----11----1----- ----1--·---- -----· .. ----- ----·--1----1-·---- - - - - -·---·
3.385
3.425
.120
1.13
J .11
.100
10.350 8.96
9.21 j
1.05 16.1
I5.6
2.14
2.07
13.9 5.12
4.29
1-----1---1--- - - - ----- -----1--·-----·--·· - - - · - - - -- _____ ,____ 1----·
4Ye K
L
3.857
3.905
.134
.110
13.320 11.6~ II
111.92
.93 .99
.98
I I
12.4
12.l I
1.65
l.61
7.50 6.51
5.38
~
-:~~~- :~~~---20.s30- -!~j~--,---~;;i--:·~~-·1----~~~ ;::
1
5Ye 1.04 ~::r
~-6-Ye--l--K-~ 1 -'--5-.7_4_1_ -19_2__ - 29. 400-- - 25. 80--1 ... ·_--;;-2-· -1------~ 67 --r-;. 59 ----:7~
1- - . 4. 90 13 .87
L 5.845 .140 I 26.61 I I .66 5.41 .72 10.20
f-----1-----
8Ye K
L
-----1-----
1
7.583
7.725
l
-~------!---~--·- ---···---~-
.271
.200
. 51.700
.
II 44.80
46.60
I .47 I
···-- ··-------- - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - 1
.50
.49 i
3.22
3.09
.43
.41
2.78 25.90
19.29
1 Conforms to ASA B-9 Code and ASTM Specifications B280-55T and 888-51. •Conforms to ASA B-9 Code.
TABLE A·6.
_______R_,E_CE_IV_ER TO CONDENSER EQUALIZING LINE SIZES
·;;;;,;;;~.. -F;--l:~-1
J________ .l__ .1~1 --~--
Mu Tons-Refrigerant 717 _____
;
s_o ____ ___. _l_ _ _!_7!_;
; ;
_3_10_ _J -_ _42_s_ _..1--_ _ss_o_ _
~
2
,./& VILTER.
....
84
~ Slnce1867
,_
TABLE A-7.
LOW STAGE REFRIGERANT LINE
CAPACITY MULTIPLIERS
- Soi. o;,. A111111011ia aofr/geranl 1 2 l•higeronl 22
cltarg•
Telftp, F Oi«ltarg• Suction DiKi..rge SuclH>n I Discharge
-30 1.12 0.M 1.09 0.58
-20 1.07 0.70 1.06 0.71
-10 0.77 1.03 0.85 1.03 0.85
0 1.00 I.00 1.00 1.00 I.00
10 1.23 0.96 1.25 0.97 1.20
20 1.45 0.93 1.50 0.94 1.45
30 1.67 0.90 1.80 0.90 l.80
TABLE A-8.
PRACTICAL GAS LINE VELOCITIES FOR
VARIOUS REFRIGERANTS (fpm)
I:?, 22, 502 1,200-4,000 2,000-3,500

711 (Ammonia) ~5,000 3,000-6,000
Velocities indicsted &tt for .,...tom deoisn load.
TABLE A-9. CONVERSION TABLE FOR FAHRENHEIT AND CENTIGRADE

Fehr. Cent. Temp. Fahr. Cent. Temp. F•hr. Cent. Temp. F•hr.
Cent. Temp. Fehr. Cent. Temp.
-21 -s.8 -4.44 24 7S.2 20.0 68 154.4 44.S 112 233.6
-73.2 -100 -148.0 -29.3 156.2 45.l 113 235.4
-28.8 -20 -4.0 -3.89 2S ·77.0 20.6. 69
-67.6 -90 -uo.o 70 158.0 45.6 114 237.2
-90 -112.0 -21.2 -19 -2.2 -3.33 26 78.8 21. l
-62.t 27 80.6 21.7 71 1S9.I 46.2 115 239.0
-59.3 -1s -103.0 -27.7 -18 -0.4 -2.78
1.4 -2.22 28 82.4 22.2 72 161.6 46.7 116 240.8
-56.5 -70 -94.0 -27.l -11
3.l -1.67 29 84.2 22.8 73 163.4 47.3 117 242.6
-53.7 -6S -85.0 -26.S -16 118 2·'4.4
-1s s.o -1.11 30 86.0 23.3 74 165.2 47.8
-51.0 -60 -76.0 -26.0 167.0 48.4 119 246.2
-74.2 -25.4 -14 6.8 -O.S6 JI 87.8 23.9 7S
-50.4 -59 89.6 24.4 76 168.8 48.9 120 248.0
-51 -72.4 -24.9 -13 8.6 0 32
-49.9 33 91.4 25.0 77 170.6 49.5 121 249.8
-10.6 -24.3 -12 10.4 o.~6
-49.3 -57
-11 12.2 1.11 34 93.2 2S.6 78 172.4 SO.I 122 251.6
-41.7 -56 -61.1 -23.I 174.2 50,6 123 253.4
1.67 35 95.0 26.1 79
-41.2 -ss -67.0 -23.2
-22.7
. -10
-9
14.0
15.8 2.22 36 96.8 26.7 80 176.0 51.2 124 255.2
-47.6 -54 -65.2 177.8 51.7 125 257.0
-63.4 -22.1 -8 17.6 2.78 37 98.6 27.2 81
-47.l -53 27.8 82 179.6 52.3 126 251.8
-52 -61.6 -21.s -1 19.4 3.33 38 100.4
-46.S
-6 21.2 3.89 39 102.2 28.3 83 181.4 52.8 127 260.6
-46.0 -SI -59.8 -21.0 121 262.4
-45.4 -so -sa.o -20.4 -s 23.0 4.44 40 104.0 28.9
2«1.4
84
85
183.2
185.0
53.4
53.9 129 264.2
-49 -56.2 -19.9 -4 24.8 5.00 41 105.8
-44.9 42 107.6 30.0 16 186.8 54.0 130 266.0
-44.3 -48 -54.4 -19.3 -3 26.6 S.56
-2 28.4 6.11 43 109.4 30.6 87 188.6 57.3 135 275.0
-43.7 -47 -s2.6 -11.8
-1 30.2 6.67 44 I ll.2 31.l 88 190.4 60.0 140 284.0
-43.:z -46 -so.a -18.3 293.0
-11.8 0 32.0 7.22 4S 113.0 31.7 89 192.2 62.8 145
-42.6 -45 -49.0 194.0 66.0 150 302.0
-47.2 -11.2 l 33.8 7.78 46 114.8 32.2 90
-42.l -44 91 195.8 61.4 155 311.0
-43 -45.4 -16.7 2 35.6 8.33 47 116.6 32.8
-41.5 8.89 48 118.4 ll.3 92 197.6 71.0 160 320.0
-41.0 -42 -43.6 -16.l 3 37.4
39.2 9.44 49 120.2 33.9 93 199.4 73.9 165 329.0
-40.4 -41 -41.8 -15.6 4 338.0
-15.0 s 41.0 10.0 so 122.0 34.4 94 201.2 77.0 170
-40.0 -40 -40.0 203.0 79.5 175 347.0
-38.2 -14.4 6 42.8 10.6 SI 123.8 35.0 95
-39.3 -39 96 204.8 82.0 180 356.0
-38 -36.4 -13.9 7 "44.6 11.1 S2 12S.6 35.6
-38.8 53 127.4 36.1 97 206.6 85.0 185 365.0
-31.2 -37 -34.6 -13.3 8 46.4 11.7
129.2 36.7 98 208.4 88.0 190 374.0
-37.6 -36 -32.8 -12.a 9 48.2 12.2 54
131.0 37.2 99 210.2 90.6 195 383.0
-35 -31.0 -12.2 10 so.o 12.8 SS
-37.l 56 132.8 37.8 100 212.0 93.0 200 392~0
-34 -29.2 -11.1 11 Sl.8 13.3
-36.5
-33 -27.4 -11.1 12 53.6 13.9 57 134.6 38.4 101 213.8 99.0 :no 410.0
-36.0 58 136.4 39.0 102 215.6 100.0 212 413.0
-35.4 -37 -25.6 -10.6 13 SS.4 14.4
57.2 lS.O S9 138.2 39.5 103 217.4 104.0 220 428.0
-34.9 -31 -23.8 -10.0 14 446.0
-9.44 IS 59.0 15.6 60 140.0 40.l 104 219.2 110.0 230
-34.3 -30 -22.0 105 221.0 116.0 240 464.0
-29 -20.2 -8.89 16 60.8 16.1 61 141.8 40.6
-33.8 62 143.6 41.2 106 222.8 121.0 250 482.0
-33.2 -28 -18.4 -a.33 17 62.6 16.7
64.4 17.2 63 14S.4" 41.7 107 224.6 127.0 260 500.0
-32.6 -21 -16.6 -7.71 18
17.8 64 1.47.2 42.3 108 226.4 132.0 270 SILO
-32.1 -26 -14.I -7.22 19 66.2 280 Sl6.0
-6.67 20 68.0 18.3 6S 149.0 42.8 109 228.2 138.0
-31.S -2s -13.0 110 230.0 143.0 554.0
-11.2 -6.ll 21 69.8 18.9 66 150.8 43.4 . 2'°
-31.0 -24 43.9 111 231.8 149.0 300 s12_.o
-23 -9.4 -,.S.56 22 71.6 19.4 67 152.6
-30.4
-29.9 -22 -7.6 -s.oo 23 73.4
The numbera In the TEMPERATURE column (center column) refer to the temper•ture either In Centicrade or Fehrenhelt, which one deeire• to
convert to the other ecele. If convertlnc F•hrenheit to Centlcrade, the equivalent temperature will ~ found In the CENTIGRADE column
(left column). If convertlnc Centlcrade to Fahrenheit, the equlv•lent t<'mpe...,ture will be round in the FAHRENHEIT column .(richt column).
•, VILTER,.
~ Slnc.1867
85
VILTER.
TABLE A-10.
~
... ,,.
,4;
Sln<el867
FLOW OF WATER THROUGH SCHEDULE 40 STEEL PIPE

PRESSUl<E DROP PER 100 FEET ANO VELOCITY JN SCHEDULE 40 PIPE FOR WATER AT 60"F.
DISCHARGE Veloc- Pren. Y•loe- PreH. Veloc- Preaa. Veloc- Preaa. Veloc- Preaa. Veloc~ Pre••· Veloc- Pre a a. Veloc- Preaa.
tty Drop lty Drop lty Drop lty Drop ity Drop ity Drop lty Drop ity Drop
Gallons Cubic Ft. Feet Lba. Feet Lba. Feet Lba. Feet Lba. Feet Lbs. Feet Lb• feet Lba Feet Lbs
per per per per per per per per per per per per per per per per per per
Minute Second Second Sq. In. Second Sq.In. Second Sq.In. Second Sq. Jn. Second Sq. In. Second Sq. In. Second Sq. In. Second Sq. In.
1;." %" %" 'l,"

.2 0.000446 J.13 J.86 0.616 0.359
.3 0.000668 J.69 4.22 0.924 0.903 0.504 0.159 0.317 0.061
.4 0.000891 2.26 6.98 1.23 I .61 0.672 0.345 0.422 0.086 %"
.5 0.00111 2 .82 10.5 1.54 2.39 0.840 0.539 0.528 0.167 0.301 0.033
.6 0.00134 3.39 14.7 1.85 3.29 t.01 0.751 0.633 0.240 0.361 0.041
.8 0.001 78 4.52 25.0 2.46 5.44 1.34 J.25 0.844 0.408 0.481 0.102 I" 11;."
I
2
0.00223
0.00446
5.65 37.2
11.29 134.4
3.08
6.16 JO.I
8.28 l.68
3.36
1.85
6.58
1.06
2.11
0.600
2.10
0.602
1.20
0.155
0.526
0.371 0.048
0.743 0.164 0.429 0.044 11~"
3 0.00668 9.25 64.I 5.04 13.9 3.17 4.33 1.81 t .09 1.114 0.336 0.644 0.090 0.473 0.043
4 0.00891 12 .33 I 11.2 6.72 23.9 4.22 7.42 2.41 J.83 t .49 0.565 0.858 0.150 0.630 0.071
5 0.01114 2" 8.40 36.7 5.28 11.2 3.01 2 .75 1.86 0.835 t .073 0.223 0.788 0.104
6 0.01337 0.574 0.044 10.08 51.9 6.33 15.8 3.61 3.84 2 .23 1.17 1.29 0.309 0.946 0.145
8 0.01 782 0.765 0.073 2'l," 13.44 91.l 8.45 21.7 4.81 6.60 2.97 1.99 1.72 0.518 J.26 0.241
10 0.02228 0.956 0.108 0.670 0.046 10.56 42 .4 6.02 9.99 3.71 2.99 2.15 0.774 I .58 0.361
I5 0.03342 1.43 0.224 1.01 0.094 3" 9.03 21.6 5.57 6.36 3.22 J.63 2.37 0.755
20 0.04'456 J.91 0.375 1.34 0.158 0.868 0.056 3'/i" 12.03 37 .8 7.43 10.9 4.29 2.78 J.16 1.28
25 0.05570 2.39 0.561 1.68 0.234 1.09 0.083 0.812 0.041 9.28 16.7 5.37 4.22 3.94 J.93
30 0.06684 2.87 0.786 2.01 0.327 J.30 0.114 o.974 0.056 4" 11.14 23.8 6.44 5.92 4.73 2 .72
35 0.07798 3.35 1.05 2.35 0.436 1.52 0.151 1.14 0.074 0.882 0.041 12.99 32.2 7.51 7.90 5.52 3.64
40 0.08912 3.83 1.35 2.158 0.556 1.74 0.192 1.30 0.095 1.01 0.052 14.85 41.5 8.59 10.24 6.30 4.65
45 0.1003 4.30 1.67 3.02 0.668 t.95 0.239 1.46 0.117 1.13 0.064 9.67 12.80 7.09 5.85
so 0.1114 4.78 2.03 3.35 0.839 2.17 0.288 1.62 0.142 1.26 0.076 10.74 IS.66 7 .88 7 .15
60 0.1337 5.74 2.87 4.02 1.18 2.60 0.406 1.95 0.204 I.SI 0.101 5" 12.89 22.2 9.47 10.21
70 0.1560 6.70 3.84 4.69 J.59 3.04 0.540 2.21 0.261 l.76 0.143 1.12 0.047 II.OS 13.71
80 0.1782 7.65 4.97 5.36 2.03 3.47 0.687 2.60 0.334 2.02 0.180 1.28 0.060 12.62 17 .59
90 0.2005 8.60 6.20 6.03 2.83 3.91 0.861 2.92 0.416 2.27 0.224 1.44 0.074 6" 14.20 22.0
100 0.2228 9.56 7.59 6.70 3.09 4.34 1.05 3.25 0.509 2.52 0.272 l.60 0.090 1.11 0.036 15.78 26.9
125 0.2785 11.97 11.76 8.38 4.71 5.43 1.61 4.06 0.769 3.15 0.415 2.01 0.135 l.39 0.055 19.72 41.4
150 0.3342 14.36 16.70 10.0S 6.69 6.51 2.24 4.87 1.08 3.78 0.580 2.41 0.190 t.67 0.077
175 0.3899 16.75 22.3. 11.73 8.97 7.60 3.00 5.68 1.44 4.41 0.774 2.11 0.253 1.94 0.102
200 0.4456 19.14 28.8 13.42 11.68 8.68 3.87 6.49 1.85 5.04 0.985 3.21 0.323 2.22 0.130 8"
225 0.5013 ... ... 15.09 14.63 9.77 4.83 7.30 2.32 5.67 t.23 3.61 0.401 2.50 0.162 l.44 0.043
250 0.557
0.6127
...
...
...
...
. ..
... ..
.. .
10.85
.
5.93
7 .14
8.12
8.93
2.84
3.40
6.30
6.93
J.46 4.01
4.41
0.495
0.583
2.78
3.05
0.195
0.234
t.60
t.76
0.051
0.061
275 11.94 t.79
.....
300 0.6684 ... ... ... . 13.00 8.36 9.74 4.02 7.56 2.11 4.81 0.683 3.33 0.275 t.92 0.072
325 0.7241 ... ... . .. 14 .12 9.89 10.53 4.09 8.19 :z.47 5.21 0.797 3.61 0.320 2.08 0.083
350 0.7798 ... . .. ... ... ll.36 5.41 8.82 2.84 5.62 0.919 3.89 0.367 2 .24 0.095
375 0.8355 ... ... ... . .. 12.17 6.18 9.45 3.25 6.02 1.05 4.16 0.416 2.40 0.108
400 0.8912 ... ... ... .. . 12·.98 7.03 lO.oa 3.68 6.42 l.19 4.44 0.471 2.56 0.121
425
450
475
0.9469
1.003
l .059 l.93
10"
0.054
...... ...
...
...
...
...
. ..
. ..
...
13.80
14.61
...
7.19
8.10
...
10.71
ll .34
11.97
4:12
4.60
5.12
6.12
7.22
7.62
1.33
1.48
1.64
4.72
s.oo
5.27
0.529
0.590
0.653
2.73
2.89
3.04
0.136
0.151
0.166
500 J.114 2.03 0.059 ... . .. ... ... 12.60 5.65 9.02 1.81 5.55 0.720 3.21 0.112
550
600
1.225
1.337
2.24
2.44
0.071
0.083
...
...
...
...
...
...
. ..
...
13.85
15.12
6.79
8.04
8.82
9.63
2.17
2.s5
6.11
6.66
0.861
1.02
3.53
3.85
0.219
0.251
650 1.448 2.64 0.097 12" ... ... .. . ... ... . .. 10.43 2.98 7.22 1.18 4.17 0.301
700 1.560 2.85 0.112 2.01 0.047 ... ... . .. ... 11.23 3.43 7.78 J.35 4.49 0.343
750 l.671 3.05 0.127 2.15 0.054 14" ...
...
... . .. . .. 12.03 3.92 8.33 t.55 4.81 0.392
800
850
900
t.782
1.894
2.005
3.25
3.46
3.66
0.143
0.160
0.179
2.29
2.44
2.58
0.061
0.068
0.075
2.02
2.13
0.042
0.047
...
...
...
...
...
......... . ..
.. .
. ..
12.83
13.64
14.44
4.43
s.oo
5.51
8.88
9.44
9.99
J.75
l.96
2.18
$.13
5.45
s.11
0.443
0.497
0.554
950 2.117 3.16 0.198 2.72 o.083 2.25 0.052 ... . .. 15.24 6.21 10.55 2.42 6.09 0.613
1,000 2.228 4.07 0.218 2.87 0.091 2.37 0.057
16" ... . .. 16.04 6.84 11.10 2.68 6.41 0.675
1,100 2.451 4.41 0.260 3.15 0.110 2.61 0.068 ... . .. 17 .65 8.23 12.22 3.22 7.05 0.807
l,200 2.674 4.81 0.306 3.44 0.128 2.85 0.080 2.18 0.042 ... ... ... ... 13.33 3.81 7.70 0.948
1,300 2,896 5.29 0.355 3.73 0.150 3.08 0.093 2.36 0.048 ... ... ... . .. 14.43 4.45 8.33 1.11
1,400 3.119 S.70 0.409 4.01 0.171 3.32 0.107 2.54 0.055 15.55 5.13 8.98 1.28
1,500 3.342 6.10 0.466 4.30 0.195 3.56 0.122 2.72 0.063 16.66 5.85 9.62 1.46
l,600 3.565 6.51 0.527 4.59 0.219 3.79 0.138 2.90 0.071 1811 ·17.77 6.61 10.26 l.65
1,800 4.010 7.32 0.663 5.16 0.276 4.27 0.172 3.27 0.088 2.58 0.050 19.99 8.37 11.54 2.08
2,000 4,456 8.14 0.808 5.73 0.339 4.74 0.209 3.63 0.107 2.87 0.060 22.21 10.3 12.82 2.55
2,500 5.570 10.17 1.24 7.17 0.515 5.93 0.321 4.54 0.163 3.59 0.091 20 11
16.03 3.94
3,000 6.684 12.20 l.76 8.60 0.731 7 .11 0.451 5.45 0.232 4.30 0.129 3.46 0.075 19.24 5.59
3,500 7.798 14.24 . 2.38 10.03 0.982 8.30 0.601 6.35 0.312 5.02 0.173 4.04 0.101 24 11
22.44 7.56
4,000 8.912 16.27 3.08 11.47 1.27 9.48 0.717 7.26 0.401 5.74 0.222 4.62 0.129 3.19 0.052 25.65 9.80
4,500 10.03 18.31 3.87 12.90 J .60 10.67 0.990 8.17 0.503 6.46 0.280 5.20 0.162 3.59 0.065 28.87 12.2
s.ooo 11.14 20.35 4.71 14.33 1.95 11.85 i.:u .9.08 0.617 7.17 0.340 5.77 0.199 3.99 0.079 ... ...
6,000 13.37 24.41 6.74 17.20 2.77 .14.23 l.71 10.89 0.877 8.61 0.413 6.93 0.210 4.79 0.111 ... . ..
7,000 15.60 78.49 9.11 20.07 3.74 16.60 2 .31 12.71 l.18 10.04 0.652 8.08 0.376 5.59 0.150 ... ...
8,000
9,000
17 .82
20.05
...
...
...
... :U.93
25.79
4.84 18.96
21.34
2.99 14.52 J.51
1.90
11.47
12.91
0.839 9.23 0.411 6.31 0.192 . ..
...
. ..
. ..
6.09 3.76 16.34 1.05 10.39 0.608 7.18 0.242
10,000
12,000
22.28
26.74
...
...
...
... 28.66
34.40
7.46
10.1
23.71 4.61 18.15
21.79
2.34
3.33
14.34
17.21
1.28 11.54
13.85
0.739 7.98 0.294
0.416
. ..
. ..
...
...
28.45 6.59 J.83 1.06 9.58
14,000 31.19 ... ... . .. ... 33.19 8.89 25.42 4.49 20.08 2.45 16.16 1.43 11.17 0.562 . .. . ..
16,000
18,000
35.65
40.10
...
...
...
...
. ..
. .. ...
... ...
... ...... 29.05
32.68
5.83
7.31
22.95
25.82
3.11
4.03
11.47
20.77
1.15
2.32
12.77
14.36
0.723
0.907
. ..
. ..
. ..
. ..
20,000 44.56 ... ... ... ... ... . .. 36.31 9.03 21.69 •. 113 23.08 2.86 15.96 1.12 . .. . ..
For pipe len11tha other than JOO faat, the prsHure drop I• proportional to the lensth. Thua, for SO feet of pipe, the preeaure drop la •PJWOS.•
imetely one-half .the value elven In the table .•. Cor 300 feet, three time• the 11iven value, etc.
B6 Velyclty la • function of the cro•• eectlonel flow area; thu1. it i• conotent fore 11iven flow re ta end lo lndepen;dent of pipe len11th.
TYPICAL CONVERSION FACTORS
(U.S. TO S.I. METRIC)
CONVENTIONAL MULTIPLIED BY GIVES S. I. METRIC UNIT
U.S. UNIT CONVERSION FACTOR METRIC SYMBOL
inch 25.40 millimetres mm

inch 2.54 centimetres cm
feet 0.3048 metres m
square feet 0.0929 square metres m'
cubic feet 0.02832 cubic metres m'
microns (of Hg) 0.133322 pascals Pa
(equivalent to newtons
per square metre) Nim'
pound 0.453592 kilograms kg
pounds of force 4.448 newtons N
pounds of force
per square inch (p.s.i.I 6.895 kilopascals kPa
short ton 0.9091 metric tons
gallon 3.785 litres
gallon 0.003785 cubic metres m'
gallons per minute
(g.p.m.) 0.06308 litres per second Ifs
gallons per minute cubic metres
(g.p.m.) 0.00006309 per second m'/S
horsepower (hp) 746.0 watts w
horsepower (hp) 0.7460 kilowatts kW
tons of refrigeration 3.5168 kilowatts kW
revolutions per
minute (r.p.m.) 0.104720 radians per second rad/s
British thermal
units (Btu) 1.055.0 joules J
Btu's per pound 2.326 kilojoules per
kilogram kJ/kg
convection coefficient
and u-value watts + (square
(Btu/(hr x ft>x°F.) 5.678286 metres x degrees
kelvin) W/(m 2 ·K)
temperature level (°F.) x5/9 (after
subtracting 32) degrees celsius -c
temperature difference
(°F. delta T) 0.555 degrees kelvin deg K
acres (plant site area) 0.4047 hectares (10.000 m1 ) ha
Stu's per hour 0.293067 watts w
density (lb./ft>) 16.0185 kilograms per
cubic metre kgtm•
feet per second 0.3048 meters per
second m/s
~
-~ VILTER'" Slncol867
87
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
125
45
120
115
44
110
105
43
100
95
42
90
85
41
80
75
40
39
-60 -50 -40 -30 -20 - 10 0 10 20 30 40 50

R
5555 S Packard Ave

Cudahy, WI 53110
414-744-0111

Vilter Refrigeration Piping Data Manual en US 5419418 02

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52

VILTER™ Since 1867

Refrigerant 717 (Ammonia) Page

REFRIGERANT 717 (AMMONIA) PIPING DATA

-50 -40 -30

3-2 40 0.26 0.38 0.50 0.62

TABLE 1-8. SUCTION LINE CAPACITIES-TONSl

. Saturated Suction Temperature-F

NOTES: 1 Based on fluid flow at 90 F saturated condensing temperature

TABLE 2. DISCHARGE AND LIQUID LINE CAPACITIES-.TONS 1

DISCHARGE LINES LIQUID LINES

rn 14.7 21.1 30.4 37.2 75.3 225

2 43.0 61.4 87.6 107 197 805

4 244 351 ·497 608 745 4630

.TABLE 3. °K-FACTORS" (VELOCITY HWS) I FOR VALVES AND FITTINGS

~ 15 - 8.4 - 2.1 - - - - - 0.9 - - 2.4 - -

- - 0.33 0.36 - 0.25 0.23 - 0.16 0.24 - 0.72 1.10

- - 0,25 0.30 - 0.14 0.18 - 0.09 0.14 - 0.52 0.90

2,,, VILTER. Sln<e 1867

TABLE 4. EQUIVALENT LENGTHS Of VALVES AND FITTINGS 1

FERROUS VALV-ES AND FITTINGS2. 3

~ 29 - 16 - 4.1 - - - - - 1.8 - - 4.7 - -

2~ - 101 - 28 - 3.8 4.2 - 3.0 -

4 - 155 - 48 - 6.2 7·.2 - 4.5 4.5 - 2.9 4.5 - 14 22

5 - 190 - 63 - 8.1 9.2 - 5.4 5.7 - 3.5 5.1 - 17 27

6 - 227 - 78 - 9.5 11 - 6.1 6.8 - 4.1 6.1 - 20 33

10 - 370 - 142 - 16 ·1s - 8.7 11 - 5.6 8.7 - 32 56

IPS Desifnates s;.. of Steel Pipe-

·~r::I Fig. 1. SCHEMATIC PIPING LAYOUT FOR SAMPLE PROBLEM

... r-.... r---....

... r--.... ""--

r-....... ....... r--

r--... ... r-. "--- r---.... r-,._ t'"-... r-....._ r--

ff-. t---.... - "'-~

SATURATED EVAPORATOR TEMPERATURE, F

Fig. 2. FLOW RATE PER TON OF REFRIGERATION FOR REFRIGERANT 717

~. Ylfl 1H1m 1 1ttl ITTlmJ-

FLOW ltA TE - LB/ MIN z

~Fl+ 1111111 Ul=-t-+ +l 144 ~ IJitfWitttzf tfltttt lft1 I I 11111 Jfv

'-~f~~f~~~~~ I II1~~·1 I IIII

Fig. 6. RELATION OF PRESSURE-CHANGE TO ELEVATION-DIFFERENCE

.04 200 -60F

2 TEMP. -60F .20

fig. 7. PRESSURE DROP IN VALVES AND FITTINGS FOR REFRIGERANT 717 17

1HJftRTlTJffFffifl H-f I I Ifrt=H+

fig. 8. TEMPERATURE PENALTY DUE TO PRESSURE DROP FOR REFRIGERANT 717

Density- Enthalpy- Entropy- Temp.-

44. 73 43.91 0.02235 -21,2 610.8 589.6 -0.0517 1.4769 -60

"lnehes of mercury below one atmosphere

Volume- Density- Enthalpy- EntrQpy- Temp.-

9.116 41.34 0.1097 42.9 568.9 611.8 0.0975 1.3352 0

Densitv- Enthalpy- Entropy- Temp.-

Booster Discharge Pressure (Psig) Condensing Discharge Pressure (Psig)

•Inches mercury below one atmosphere.

ditions. Because of this, economic considerations How to Use Charts

6. For liquid lines, determine the pressure drop Pulsating Flow

GIVEN Pressure drop for 45 ft of pipe

TABLE l·A. SUCTION LINE CAPACITIES-TONS

Pressure Drop, PSI Per 100 Ft

~-1-Ps__,_ _ _ _,._Yi_,_1_l_2_G___;i ~F / 3 - 11 j_1_j_2_-~2- i 2 3 ~ 1 _2_1~

'-~ff~ I II1·1 I IIII

-- ...... - - - :\., -~----=~~~

::~~ 1_~·_·rs_, _____:i8 -------:! -- -----