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    2level System

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    alwin87
    This document describes a two-level quantum system coupled to a thermal reservoir. It contains three key points: 1) The system consists of a ground state |a> and excited state |b> with energy difference ω. It is coupled to a thermal reservoir at temperature T. 2) Transition rates between the system states are derived based on the system-reservoir coupling and Bose-Einstein distribution of reservoir modes. 3) Master equations are written for the time evolution of the system populations. In equilibrium, the ratio of excited to ground state population is equal to the Boltzmann factor e^-ω/T.

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    2level System

    Uploaded by

    alwin87
    5 views3 pages
    This document describes a two-level quantum system coupled to a thermal reservoir. It contains three key points: 1) The system consists of a ground state |a> and excited state |b> with energy difference ω. It is coupled to a thermal reservoir at temperature T. 2) Transition rates between the system states are derived based on the system-reservoir coupling and Bose-Einstein distribution of reservoir modes. 3) Master equations are written for the time evolution of the system populations. In equilibrium, the ratio of excited to ground state population is equal to the Boltzmann factor e^-ω/T.

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    Two-level system coupled to a thermal reservoir

    Original Title

    2level_system

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    This document describes a two-level quantum system coupled to a thermal reservoir. It contains three key points: 1) The system consists of a ground state |a> and excited state |b> with energy difference ω. It is coupled to a thermal reservoir at temperature T. 2) Transition rates between the system states are derived based on the system-reservoir coupling and Bose-Einstein distribution of reservoir modes. 3) Master equations are written for the time evolution of the system populations. In equilibrium, the ratio of excited to ground state population is equal to the Boltzmann factor e^-ω/T.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    5 views3 pages

    2level System

    Uploaded by

    alwin87
    This document describes a two-level quantum system coupled to a thermal reservoir. It contains three key points: 1) The system consists of a ground state |a> and excited state |b> with energy difference ω. It is coupled to a thermal reservoir at temperature T. 2) Transition rates between the system states are derived based on the system-reservoir coupling and Bose-Einstein distribution of reservoir modes. 3) Master equations are written for the time evolution of the system populations. In equilibrium, the ratio of excited to ground state population is equal to the Boltzmann factor e^-ω/T.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    0.

    1 Two level system coupled to thermal reservoir


    • two level system with ground state |ai, excited state |bi and energy differ-
    ence ωba = ω.
    • Thermal reservoir with temperature T

    The rates are


    2π ω 
    Γa→b = ¯ |Cabq |2 n̄ Tq
    ~
    2π  ω 
    Γa→b = ¯ |Cbaq |2 n̄ Tq + 1
    
    ~

    notation adopt the notation

    Γ↑ = Γa→b
    Γ↓ = Γb→a

    there is only particle/energy exchagne between the system and the reservoir
    mode q which has the same energy as the energy difference between the system
    levels, thus for which
    ωq = ω.
    write
    |C| = |Cabq | = |Cbaq |
    furthermore use the short-hand notation
    ω
    n̄ = n̄ .
    T
    So we have
    2π
    Γ↑ = ¯ |C|2 n̄
    ~
    2π 2
    Γ↓ = ¯ |C| (n̄ + 1)
    ~
    simly. Furthermore introduce

    2π
    Γ = ¯ |C|2
    ~
    such that
    Γ↓ = Γ↑ + Γ

    Master equations for populations


    (sec)
    X
    σ̇mn (t) = −ıωmn σab + Rmnop σop
    op

    1
    Assume we are interested in timescales ∆t much larger than the evolution
    timescale of the coherences |1/ωab |. Then, the populations do not douple to
    any of the coherences but only to the populations themselves.

    σ̇aa (t) = Raaaa σaa + Raabb σbb


    σ̇bb (t) = Rbbaa σaa + Rbbbb σbb

    With
    Rmmnn = Γn→m (m 6= n)

    σ̇aa = +Γ σbb − Γ↑ (σaa − σbb )


    σ̇bb = −Γ σbb + Γ↑ (σaa − σbb ) = −σ̇aa
    transformation
    1
    σ± = (σaa ± σbb )
    2
    Use σaa + σbb ≡ 1 such that σ+ ≡ 21 . So

    1
    σaa = σ+ + σ− = + σ−
    2
    1
    σbb = σ+ − σ− = − σ− = 1 − σaa
    2
    Differential equations for σ−
     
    1 1
    σ̇− = (σ̇aa − σ̇bb ) = σ̇aa = Γ σbb − Γ↑ (σaa − σbb ) = Γ − σ− − Γ↑ (2σ− )
    2 2
    or
    1
    σ̇− + (Γ + 2Γ↑ )σ− = Γ
    2
    solution of σ−
    •
    1
    σ− = c1 e−(Γ +2Γ↑ )t + c2
    2
    with
    Γ 1 ω
    c2 = = = tanh
    2Γ↑ + Γ 1 + 2n̄ 2T
    1
    c1 = σ− (0) − c2
    2
    Solution of populations
    1  
    σaa = σaa (0)e−(Γ +2Γ↑ )t + (1 + c2 ) 1 − e−(Γ +2Γ↑ )t
    2
    −(Γ +2Γ↑ )t 1  
    σbb = σbb (0)e + (1 − c2 ) 1 − e−(Γ +2Γ↑ )t
    2

    2
    Equilibrium properties
     
    lim σaa (t) = 1 1 Γ 1 + n̄
    t→∞
    (1 + c2 ) = 1+ =
    2 2 Γ + 2Γ↑ ) 1 + 2n̄
     
    lim σbb (t) = 1 1 Γ n̄
    t→∞
    (1 − c2 ) = 1− =
    2 2 Γ + 2Γ↑ ) 1 + 2n̄

    and
    σbb (∞) Γ↑ n̄
    = = = e−ωba /T
    σaa (∞) Γ + Γ↑ n̄ + 1
    Thus, the stationary (equilibrium) ratio of the populations is equal to the
    ratio of the Boltzmann factors
    σbb (∞) e−ωb /T
    = −ω /T
    σaa (∞) e a

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