Kinestetik : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Jasmani 5 (2) (2021)

Kinestetik : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Jasmani

https://ejournal.unib.ac.id/index.php/kinestetik/index
DOI : 10.33369/jk.v5i2.15663

THE EFFECT OF OBESITY AND FLEXIBILITY TOWARD

WOMEN’S BODY FAT IN PRODUCTIVE AGE AT LARASATI
GYMNASTIC SEMARANG MEMBER
Eva Faridah
Physical Education, Health and Recreation, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universitas Negeri
Medan, Indonesia.

Article Info Abstract

_____________________ _____________________________________________________
Article History : Obesity is an body fat increase. Overweight is a relative body weight
increase when compared to the standard. Overweight then became
Received : April 2021 a term that represented "obesity" both clinically and
Revised : May 2021 epidemiologically. Flexibility is the effectiveness of a person in
Accepted :June 2021 adjusting himself to all activities with stretching the body in a wide
Available online : June 2021 area of the joint. The design used in this study is a 2x2 factorial. It
_____________________ is explained about factorial experiments that what is measured is not
only the influence of the main factor of each independent variable
Keywords: on the dependent variable, but also the influence of the interaction
between the independent variables. The population in this study is
Body Fat, Flexibility, Obesity the 50 members of Larasati gymnastics in Semarang, who in
productive age women between 30-40 years.The number of samples
is quite representative (representing) for the large population in this
study. The sampling technique in this study was using purposive
sampling, which is a sampling technique determined by giving
equal opportunity to each member of the population as a sample,
namely the number is adjusted to the member of the subject in each
group, the experimental group of obesity type pear and apple type
obesity control group. Based on the results of the research achieved,
it turns out that women who have high flexibility have a large
reduction in fat if they have the apple type of obesity. Women who
have high flexibility with apple obesity type have a better decrease
in body fat than women with low flexibility and have pear obesity
type. Fcount = 6.962> Ftable = 3.11. The effectiveness that is
applied to reduce body fat is influenced by the type of high
flexibility and type of low flexibility of those women.
Corresponding address : Jalan Willem Iskandar / Pasar V, Medan, ISSN 2685-6514 (Online)
Sumatera Utara
ISSN 2477-331X (Print)
*Corresponding email : [email protected]

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INTRODUCTION entitled "Obesity as a Risk Factor for

Dengue Shock Syndrome" stated that
Obesity is a body fat increase. obesity is a risk factor for shock in DHF
Overweight is a relative body weight (Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever), the risk of
increasing when compared to the SSD (Dengue Shock Syndrome) in obese
standard. Overweight then became a term children is 4.9 times greater than that of
that represented "obesity" both clinically non- obese (S, Arhana, Suandi, &
and epidemiologically. Meanwhile, Sidiartha, 2017). Regular physical
central obesity is a body fat increase, activity can help control body weight and
which is located more in the abdominal reduce the risk of obesity by up to 50%,
area than in the pelvic area, thighs and compared to individuals who do not do
arms. enough physical activity. Thus, obesity is
A study entitled "Ovulation multifactorial and various recent findings
Induction by Metformin Among Obese related to obesity causes the pathogenesis
and Non-Obese Women with Polycystic of obesity to continue to develop. If the
Ovary Syndrome", the results of the study individual does not take care of his body
stated that 109 women with PCOS who health. Balancing the health of the body
were prescribed metformin P3 months with sports activities and paying attention
were included in the study, nearly 60% of to what eating patterns are consumed,
women included in this study were obese, being careful with ready-to-eat food,
possibly ovulation among obese women because the impact is bad for health.
with PCOS was 77.9% (likelihood ratio = Anticipating as early as possible with a
0.221.95% CI 0.052-0.947, P = 0.042) health check, weighing is also one of the
less than that in their obesity record. solutions to maintain health (Endang,
Women with obesity are interrelated, the Ratu, & Dewi, 2010).
older a woman is, many are obese, (Marlinda, 2015) Kinds of
because the reproductive hormone Obesity In general, obesity can be
(estrogen) follows age (Al-Ruthia, Al- divided into two major groups. 1. Obesity
Mandeel, & Alsanawi, 2017). Type Android or Central Type (Apple)
A study entitled "In Utero Fat-shaped body like a barrel, the
Programming and Early Detection of stomach bulges forward, many are found
Cardiovascular Disease In The Offspring in men. This type tends to develop
Of Mothers With Obesity", the results of coronary heart disease, diabetes and
the study described insulin resistance as stroke. The study entitled "HbA1c Levels
increased leptin levels, chronic and Lipid Ratio in Adult Women with
inflammatory conditions, impaired Central Obesity", the results of this study
sympathetic tone and epigenetic showed that there were differences in
modifications contribute to a suboptimal HbA1c values and lipid profiles between
nutritional environment and groups of adult women with central
hemodynamic changes. Deviated obesity and without central obesity,
cardiomyocyte development, impaired although statistically the difference was
endothelial cell relaxation and an not significant (Farmasi & Dan, 2015).
atherogenic lipid profile put children at Determination of central obesity is
risk of developing endothelial cell important because it is associated with
dysfunction. Improve early detection of insulin resistance, which is the basis for
atherosclerotic diseases, prevention and the metabolic syndrome.
treatment strategies (Van De Maele, Flexibility as the ability to
Devlieger, & Gies, 2018). The study perform movements in the joint space,

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and is also determined by the elasticity of connective tissue, tissue response, muscle
the muscles, tendons and ligaments. elasticity, tendons and ligaments, bone
Flexibility is the effectiveness of a person composition, joint shape, body
in adjusting himself to carry out all body temperature or temperature, age, sex, and
activities with a broad stretch, especially biorhythms (Rahayu & Rustiana, 2017).
the muscles and ligaments around the Several factors influence the incidence of
joints. Flexibility is the effectiveness of a obesity, including:
person in adjusting himself to all 1. Age, although it occurs at all ages,
activities with stretching the body in a obesity is often referred to as a
wide area of the joint. disorder in middle age. Obesity that
The study entitled "Bad Posture appears in the first year of life in order
Habits That Interfere with Health of that the child rapidly becomes large
Temporomandibular Joint", the results of for his age. The research entitled "The
this study stated that daily activities that Effect of Age on Postural Balance",
result in wrong posture that last for years The results of the study assume that
cause trauma to the stomatognathic with age the balance decreases, and it
system, especially in the muscles. - should be noted that the further it is
Muscles and joints are thus a direct cause divided into several stages and each
of STM (Temporomandibular Joint) control of the body is at a different
disorders. Treatment must be done by level, the aging of the individual level
eliminating etiological factors (Winarti & and its type is very important. on the
Rikmasari, 2011). The study entitled impact of balance (Pankanin &
"The Effect of Range of Motion (ROM) Medicum, 2018).
Exercise on Knee Joint Flexibility in the 2. Gender, especially in women, is
Elderly at the Wening Wardoyo Ungaran caused by an endocrine effect,
Nursing Home" The results showed that because this condition occurs at times
there was a significant increase between of hormonal changes.
the first-second measurements on flexion 3. Social level, obesity is often found in
of the right and left knee joints between women from poor families because it
the first-third measurements on flexion of is difficult to buy foods that are high
the left knee joint. ROM exercises during in protein content and can only afford
the left knee joint can increase flexibility cheap foods that generally contain a
by 35o or 43.75% (Sarah & Bambang, lot of charcoal hydrate. Obesity found
2010). among executives or businessmen
The study entitled “The agility arises from high fat foods
and ankle flexibility method on dribbling accompanied by the use of alcoholic
skills”, states that flexibility is an beverages.
individual's ability to make the widest 4. Physical activity, obesity is often
possible movement by involving joints, found in people who do not do
ligaments and tendons in activities. There physical activity and mostly sit.
are two kinds of flexibility, namely static Increased mechanisms and ease of
flexibility and dynamic flexibility. Static transportation tend to be less mobile,
flexibility is determined by the size of the thus using less energy for daily
range of motion of one joint or several activities.
joints. Meanwhile, dynamic flexibility is 5. The most dominant factor associated
a person's ability to move at high speed. with the incidence of obesity was
Factors that affect a person's level of education level (OR = 2.85; 95% CI =
flexibility include the composition of 1,240-6,502). The high prevalence of

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obesity in workers requires more with a carefully planned diet, energy

serious attention from the company in needs can still be met, exercises with
overcoming the problem of obesity the right dose and selection of
through efforts to increase exercise models as well as
communication, information, and psychological approaches through
nutrition education programs that are self-monitoring and Cognitive
more targeted and programmed and it Behavioral Treatment can be used to
is necessary to conduct socialization treat obesity disorders in a person. In
to monitor body weight and waist-hip the above case, patients with high
circumference on a regular basis to discipline in doing therapy can
prevent the onset of coronary heart eventually experience weight loss
disease (Christina, Ayu, & Sartika, gradually in about three months, their
2011). body weight approaches the ideal
6. Eating habits, there are different body weight (Windows, Corporation,
habits in each person in people who Hori, & Sakajiri, n.d.).
are obese. Drinking sugary drinks, Basically, all types of sports
preferably in a dose that is not activities can reduce body fat if they are
excessive, because it is harmful to the carried out seriously according to a
health of the body. Consuming 2 liters predetermined exercise program, if you
of water (clear water) every day is do sports half-heartedly you will get
very good for the body. When viewed results that are not optimal. Intention is a
from the color white water (clear determining factor for someone to
water) looks normal, but water is very actively do sports (Panggraita &
meaningful for the health of the body Soenyoto, 2017). In general, obesity can
(Lakoro, Hadi, & Julia, 2016). aggravate the disease in several ways: 1).
7. Psychological factors, economic Metabolic changes: Due to increased fat,
stability is related to obesity because fat cells enlarge and produce a number of
and can be one of the triggers for chemicals that increase the risk of getting
Diabetes Mellitus. The impact of diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension,
solving deep emotional problems is gallstones, and some types of cancer. 2)
an important protector of those Increased mass: increased body weight
concerned. These circumstances causes structural disorders that result in
eliminate obesity without providing a cell damage and disease, including
satisfactory alternative solution will osteoarthritis and sleep apnea. 3).
only exacerbate the problem. Dangerous types of fat cells: fat that is
8. Genetic factors, are factors that play a distributed in the abdominal area and
role in the incidence of obesity. The upper part of the body causes a higher
onset of obesity in the family is more health risk compared to fat that is spread
determined because of the eating in the form of pears around the thighs and
habits in the family concerned and pelvis (Ngurah et al., 2015).
genetic factors that are specific to this A fat body makes people lazy to
kind of incident. The study entitled move, while being lazy to move results in
"Obesity, Causes and Forms of small calories used, and unused calories
Treatment" The results of this study will accumulate and be stored in the sub-
showed that a combination of diet, layer of the skin as fat. Zumba exercises
exercise and psychological therapy is can also reduce body fat, but the progress
an effective and safe alternative that is slower than aerobic exercise, because
can be used to treat obesity, because the Zumba movements are identical to

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dancing combined with gymnastic Table 1. 2x2 factorial

movements (Faridah, 2017). The research
entitled "Effect of Multimedia-Based Attributive Variable
Gymnastics Method and Obesity of Fat High Low
Reduction at The Waist" The results of Flexibility Flexibility
the study stated that the method of Manipulative Variable (b1) (b2)
exercise and obesity can affect the
relationship between Body Mass Index Pear Obesity (a1) a1b1 a1b2
and fat percentage, information about
obesity is needed to find out how much Apple Obesity (a2) a2b1 a2b2
someone wants to reduce obesity and
body fat, especially waist fat, which is the
With:
focus. Exercise methods affect
a1b1: Group of obese pear type women
physiological conditions, by exercising a
with high flexibility
person can reduce body fat. Having an
a1b2: Group of obese pear type women
obese body for most individuals is a
with low flexibility
hindrance when doing activities, because
a2b1: Group of obese apple type women
it is difficult to move, gasping for breath,
with high flexibility
even shortness of breath. When the
a2b2: Group of obese apple type women
body's condition is trained to exercise to
with low flexibility
do activities regularly, it allows the fat in
the body to decrease, so that the body
Participants
mass index is also reduced and is in a
normal value, balanced with weight loss. The population is the whole
One of the sports that is carried out is object that becomes the center of research
bodybuilding exercises for women in attention and a place to generalize the
reproductive age (Faridah & Ks, 2019). research findings. The population in this
Therefore, with activities that are study is the 50 members of Larasati
routinely carried out every day can make gymnastics in Semarang, who in
the body flexible and not lazy to move productive age women between 30-40
wherever and whenever you are even years. The number of samples of 40
though you have various types of obesity. people is quite representative
(representing) for the large population in
this study. The sampling technique in this
METHODS
study was using purposive sampling,
which is a sampling technique
The design used in this study is a determined by giving equal opportunity
2x2 factorial. It is explained about to each member of the population as a
factorial experiments that what is sample, namely the number is adjusted to
measured is not only the influence of the the member of the subject in each group,
main factor of each independent variable the experimental group of obesity type
on the dependent variable, but also the pear apple type obesity control group.
influence of the interaction between the
independent variables. The research Sampling Procedures
design can be described as follows: Research variable in this study
involved three variables, namely the
independent variable, the attributive
variable and the dependent variable.
Independent variables (independent)

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consist of manipulative variables (obesity The things that get attention from
type) and attributive variables the values listed in the table above are as
(flexibility). The dependent variable follows:
(dependent) in this study is the decrease
in body fat of women in productive age, 1. In the pear obese treatment group had
30-40 years, members of Larasati an average of initial test 66,400 and a
gymnastics Semarang. final test of 62,600 with an average of
body fat decrease 2,800. In the obese
Procedures treatment group, apples had a initial
The data collection technique in test of 65,800 and a final test of 59,300
this research is to measure flexibility and and an average of body fat decrease
body fat. Preparation for the 5,500. When the two treatments were
implementation of this research and data compared, the average reduction in
analysis, all measurement data is required body fat with apple obesity treatment
to be collected by measuring using was better than pear obesity.
skinfold calipers in the following
manner: Measures the amount of fat 2. The treatment group on subjects with
present in all parts of the body with a low flexibility had an average initial
benchmark percentage of fat based on measurement of 67,350 and a final
measurements. Determining the level of measurement of 62,000 with a
flexibility of mothers with high flexibility decrease in body fat of 4,350. In the
and low flexibility categories according group of subjects who had high
to the sit and reach test guidelines. flexibility had an average initial
measurement of 68,050 and a final
RESULT measurement of 61,450 with a body
The descriptions of the results of fat decrease of 5,600.
the data analysis of the results of the body
fat tests carried out according to the 3. When the two groups were compared,
groups being compared are presented as the group of subjects with high
follows: flexibility had better body fat
reduction in average than the group of
Table 2. Data Description of Body Fat Test subjects with low flexibility.
Results for Each Group Based on the Type
of Obesity and Type of Flexibility 4. In order to obtain a complete picture of
the body fat decrease values for each
Body
Treatmen Flexibilit Statisti
Initial Final
Fat of the main study factors, comparisons
Test Test
t y c
Result Result
Decreas need to be made. Each cell (treatment
e
Total
group) has a different body fat
664.00 626.00 28.00
Average 66.400 62.600 2.800
decrease. The average value of body
High
SD 6.336 6.121 1.619 fat reduction that reaches each
Pear type
obesity
Total 703.00 636.00 57.00 treatment group is presented in the
Low
Average 70.300 63.600 5.700 form of a histogram.
SD 7.693 7.897 1.889 An overview of the body fat
Total 683.00 614.00 59.00 decrease in each group based on the level
Average 68.300 61.400 5.900
High of exercise and flexibility can be seen on
Apple SD 8.753 7.462 1.234
type Total
the histogram as follows:
658.00 593.00 55.00
obesity Average 65.800 59.300
Low 4.500
SD 8.426 9.067 1.581

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there is a significant interaction between

the main factors in the form of two-factor
interaction. The analysis conclusion
group can be further elaborated as
follows:

1. Effects of pear type obesity and apple

type obesity. Based on testing the first
hypothesis, it turns out that there is a
significant difference between the
group of women who have pear type
obesity and apple type obesity in body
fat decrease. In the group of women
who were obese, apple type obesity
had a better decrease in body fat than
the group of women who have pear
type obesity. From the figures
generated in the data analysis, it shows
Figure 1. Histogram of Average Body Fat Loss that the ratio of the average decrease
in Each Group Based on the Type of Obesity
and Type of Flexibility
in the percentage of body fat produced
by apple type obesity is 1.45 greater
The group of women who had the pear than that of pear type obesity.
type obesity and the apple type obesity
had a different in body fat decrease. If the 2. The influence between high flexibility
women were compared, it can be seen and low flexibility. Based on the
that the apple type obesity treatment second hypothesis testing, it turns out
group had a body fat decrease by 1.45, that there is a significant effect
which was greater than the apple type between groups of women with high
obesity treatment group. flexibility and low flexibility in body
The difference in the level of flexibility fat decrease. In the group of women
has an effect on decreasing body fat. If with high flexibility had a greater body
the group of women with high flexibility fat decrease than the group of women
and low flexibility is compared, it can be with low flexibility. From the figures
seen that the group of women who have generated in the data analysis, it shows
high flexibility has a body fat decrease by that the ratio of the average body fat
1.25, which is greater than the group of decrease levels in women with high
women who have low flexibility. flexibility is 1.25 greater than that in
the group of women who have low
DISCUSSION flexibility. Effect of the Interaction
Between Obesity and Flexibility From
The discussion this study the summary table of the results of the
provides a further interpretation of the two-factor analysis of variance, it
results of the data analysis that have been appears that the main research factors
stated. Based on hypothesis testing, it in the form of two factors show a real
resulted in two groups of analysis interaction. The interaction between
conclusions, namely: (a) there is a the two research factors can be seen in
significant difference in the influence the following figure:
between the main research factors (b)

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better body fat decrease than women

with low flexibility and have pear type
obesity. Fcount = 6,962> Ftable = 3.11 ..
The effectiveness of which is applied to
reduce body fat is influenced by women
who have high flexibility and low
flexibility type.

CONCLUSION

Based on the results of the

research and data analysis that have been
carried out, the following conclusions can
be obtained:

1. There is a significant effect between

the obesity pear type and obesity apple
type in decreasing body fat. The effect
of the obesity pear type is better than
the obesity apple type on the reduction
of body fat. Low flexibility can only
reduce body fat slightly, in contrast to
high flexibility can reduce more body
fat levels.

2. There is a significant effect of

decreasing body fat levels between
Figure 2. Forms of Interaction Change the Amount women who have high flexibility and
of Decline body fat with A1 = Pear type obesity, A2 low flexibility. The body fat decrease
= Apple type obesity, B1 = High Flexibility, B2 =
Low Flexibility
in women with low flexibility
decreased their body fat compared to
On the basis of the picture above, women with low flexibility with only
that the shape of the line of change in the a slight decrease in body fat. There is
value of body fat is not parallel and a significant interaction between the
crosses. The line of change in body fat type of obesity and flexibility in body
loss between groups has a point where it fat decrease.
meets or crosses. Between the types of a. The group of women who have
obesity to lower body fat levels and high flexibility has a large
flexibility has a cross point. This means reduction in waist fat levels if you
that there is a significant interaction have pear-type obesity.
between the two. The figure shows that b. The group of women who had low
the type of flexibility has an effect on flexibility had better body fat loss if
obesity outcomes. Based on the results of they had apple-type obesity.
the research achieved, it turns out that
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