Fundamentals of Atom, Molecule

& Ions

Presented by
Dr. Ujwalkumar Trivedi
Head
Department of Biotechnology
Marwadi University
Rajkot (Gujarat)
Democritus (400 BC)
 His theory: Matter could
not be divided into smaller
and smaller pieces forever,
eventually the smallest
possible piece would be
obtained.
 This piece would be
indivisible.
 He named the smallest
piece of matter “atomos,”
meaning “not to be cut.”
 Two thousand years
later a British chemist
and schoolteacher
brings back
Democritus’s idea of
the atom
 He performed many
experiments to study
how elements join
together to form new
substances
 He found that they
combine in specific
ratios (remember the
electrolysis of water)
and he supposed it was
because the elements
are made of atoms.
1. Elements are composed of extremely small
particles called atoms. All atoms of a given
element are identical, having the same size,
mass and chemical properties. The atoms of one
element are different from the atoms of all other
elements.
2. Compounds are composed of atoms of more
than one element. The relative number of atoms
of each element in a given compound is always
the same.
3. Chemical reactions only involve the rearrangement
of atoms. Atoms are not created or destroyed in
chemical reactions.
2.1
Law of conservation of
Mass (Dalton’s Theory)

16 X + 8Y 8 X2Y
J.J. Thomson (Discovery of
Electron)
 What particle did Thomson
discover? J.J. Thomson
discovered that atoms are
made of smaller negatively-
charged particles called
electrons.
 Thomson’s discovery was
the result of doing
experiments with “cathode
ray tubes”
Cathode Ray Tube
Experiment

J.J. Thomson, measured mass/charge of e-

(1906 Nobel Prize in Physics)
Thomson’s Plum Pudding
Model of Atom
 Thomson did not know
how the electrons in an
atom were arranged. He
believed they were mixed
throughout an atom.
 He proposed that the atom
was a sphere of positively
charged material. Spread
throughout the atom were
the negatively charged
electrons similar to plums
in a pudding or chocolate
chips in ice cream.
Robert Milikan (Milikan’s
Oil Drop Experiment)

Measured mass of e-
(1923 Nobel Prize in Physics)
Ernest Rutherford
Discovery of Proton
 Awarded the Nobel Prize in
Chemistry for his discovery
of alpha particles, positively
charged particles emitted
from radioactive elements
 Was a student of J.J.
Thomson but disagreed with
the “Plum Pudding Model”
 Devised an experiment to
investigate the structure of
positive and negative
charges in the atom.
Ernest Rutherford
Discovery of Proton
Rutherford’s Gold Foil
Experiment
(1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry)

 particle velocity ~ 1.4 x 107 m/s

(~5% speed of light)

1. atoms positive charge is concentrated in the nucleus

2. proton (p) has opposite (+) charge of electron (-)
3. mass of p is 1840 x mass of e- (1.67 x 10-24 g)
 Most of the particles traveled straight through
the gold foil

What was the surprising behavior of

a few of the particles?

• A few
of the particles were deflected
and some even bounced back
Result: Most of the positively charged particles went
straight through the gold foil.
Atomic Theory: Most of the matter of the atom is found in
a very small part of the atom. This is called the nucleus
of the atom. It is very tiny and extremely dense.

Result: Some of the positively charged particles were

deflected or even
bounced back.
Atomic Theory: Like charges repel so the nucleus must
have a positive charge. If electrons have a negative
charge they could not be in a positively charged nucleus.
Electrons must surround the nucleus at a distance.
Result: The diameter of the nucleus is 100,000 times
smaller than the diameter of the entire gold atom.
Atomic Theory: Atoms are mostly empty space with a tiny,
massive nucleus at the center .
Rutherford’s Model of the
Atom

atomic radius ~ 100 pm = 1 x 10-10 m

nuclear radius ~ 5 x 10-3 pm = 5 x 10-15 m
The diameter of a pinhead is 100,000 times smaller than
the diameter of a stadium. Likewise the diameter of the
nucleus of an atom is 100,000 times smaller than the
diameter of an atom
 H atoms - 1 p; He atoms - 2 p
mass He/mass H should = 2
measured mass He/mass H = 4

2
4 + 9Be 1n + 12C + energy

neutron (n) is neutral (charge = 0)

n mass ~ p mass = 1.67 x 10-24 g
 Bohr proposed that
electrons move in
paths at certain
distances around the
nucleus.
 Electrons can jump
from a path on one
level to a path on
another level.
 Bohr proposed that
electrons move in paths
at certain distances
around the nucleus.
 Electrons can jump
from a path on one
level to a path on
another level.
 Click here
http://www.colorado.e
du/physics/2000/quan
tumzone/bohr.html
 Electrons travel
in regions
called “electron
clouds”
 You cannot
predict exactly
where an
electron will be
found
 The energy that an
electron has is based on
its location around the
nucleus. (Electrons that
are closer to the nucleus
have less energy than
those that are farther away
from the nucleus)
A bookshelf can help you understand
the movement of electrons.

•Each shelf represents an energy level

•Each book represents an electron
•You can move a book to a higher or
lower shelf with the correct amount of
energy.
•A book cannot be between shelves
(An electron can move by gaining or
losing energy but can never be
between energy levels)
 Mass Charge Charge
Particle
(g) (Coulombs) (units)
- -28 -19
Electron (e ) 9.1 x 10 -1.6 x 10 -1

Proton (p+) 1.67 x 10-24 +1.6 x 10-19 +1

Neutron (n) 1.67 x 10-24 0 0

mass p = mass n = 1840 x mass e-

2.2
Representation of an
Element
Atomic number (Z) = number of protons in nucleus
Mass number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons
= atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons
Isotopes are atoms of the same element (X) with different
numbers of neutrons in their nuclei

Mass Number A
ZX
Element Symbol
Atomic Number

1 2 3
1H 1H (D) 1H (T)
235 238
92 U 92 U
Isotopes (Identical Atomic
Number but Different Mass

Isotopes differ in the number

of neutrons.
Self Review

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 146 C?

6 protons, 8 (14 - 6) neutrons, 6 electrons

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in 116 C?

6 protons, 5 (11 - 6) neutrons, 6 electrons

2.3
 2.4

Noble Gas
Halogen
Group
Periodic Table

Period
Alkali Earth Metal
Alkali Metal
Molecules
A molecule is an aggregate of two or more atoms in a
definite arrangement held together by chemical bonds

H2 H2O NH3 CH4

A diatomic molecule contains only two atoms

H2, N2, O2, Br2, HCl, CO

A polyatomic molecule contains more than two atoms

O3, H2O, NH3, CH4
Ions
cation – ion with a positive charge
If a neutral atom loses one or more electrons
it becomes a cation.

11 protons 11 protons
Na 11 electrons Na+ 10 electrons

anion – ion with a negative charge

If a neutral atom gains one or more electrons
it becomes an anion.
17 protons 17 protons
Cl 17 electrons Cl- 18 electrons
Types of Ions

A monatomic ion contains only one atom

Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, O2-, Al3+, N3-

A polyatomic ion contains more than one atom

OH-, CN-, NH4+, NO3-
Self Review

27 3 +
How many protons and electrons are in 13 Al ?

13 protons, 10 (13 – 3) electrons

How many protons and electrons are in 78

34 Se 2- ?

34 protons, 36 (34 + 2) electrons

2.5
Monoatomic Ions

2.5
Standard Models and Formulas
to Represent Molecules

2.6
Molecular Formula V/S
Empirical Formula
A molecular formula shows the exact number of
atoms of each element in the smallest unit of a
substance
An empirical formula shows the simplest
whole-number ratio of the atoms in a substance

molecular empirical
H2O H2O
C6H12O6 CH2O

O3 O
N2H4 NH2
Ionic Compounds
ionic compounds consist of a combination of cations
and an anions
• the formula is always the same as the empirical formula
• the sum of the charges on the cation(s) and anion(s) in each
formula unit must equal zero
The ionic compound NaCl
Formula for Ionic
Compounds
2 x +3 = +6 3 x -2 = -6

Al2O3
Al3+ O2-

1 x +2 = +2 2 x -1 = -2

CaBr2
Ca2+ Br-

1 x +2 = +2 1 x -2 = -2

Na2CO3
Na+ CO32-
 NH4+ ammonium SO42- sulfate
2- 2-
CO3 carbonate SO3 sulfite
- -
HCO3 bicarbonate NO3 nitrate
ClO3- chlorate NO2- nitrite
Cr2O72- dichromate SCN- thiocyanate
2- -
CrO4 chromate OH hydroxide

2.7
 Ionic Compounds
◦ often a metal + nonmetal
◦ anion (nonmetal), add “ide” to element name

BaCl2 barium chloride

K2O potassium oxide
Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide

KNO3 potassium nitrate

2.7
 Transition metal ionic compounds
◦ indicate charge on metal with
Roman numerals

FeCl2 2 Cl- -2 so Fe is +2 iron(II) chloride

FeCl3 3 Cl- -3 so Fe is +3 iron(III) chloride

Cr2S3 3 S-2 -6 so Cr is +3 (6/2) chromium(III) sulfide

2.7
Molecular Compounds

 Molecular compounds
◦ nonmetals or nonmetals + metalloids
◦ common names
 H2O, NH3, CH4, C60
◦ element further left in periodic table is 1st
◦ element closest to bottom of group is 1st
◦ if more than one compound can be formed from the
same elements, use prefixes to indicate number of
each kind of atom
◦ last element ends in ide

2.7
Molecular Compounds
HI hydrogen iodide

NF3 nitrogen trifluoride

SO2 sulfur dioxide

N2Cl4 dinitrogen tetrachloride

NO2 nitrogen dioxide

N2O dinitrogen monoxide

2.7
Acids

An acid can be defined as a substance that yields

hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.
HCl
•Pure substance, hydrogen chloride
•Dissolved in water (H+ Cl-), hydrochloric acid
An oxoacid is an acid that contains hydrogen,
oxygen, and another element.

HNO3 nitric acid

H2CO3 carbonic acid
H2SO4 sulfuric acid
Naming Oxoacids and
Oxoanions

2.7
Base

A base can be defined as a substance that yields

hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.

NaOH sodium hydroxide

KOH potassium hydroxide
Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxide
Visualization of Molecules by
Atomic Force Microscopy
 Thank You
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