H 2 Deci 1

2A Decimals
mep
Mathematics Enhancement Programme
Help Module 2
DECIMALS
Part A
Contents of Part A
Preface
Introductory Notes
Worked Examples and Exercises
Answers
Contents of Part B
Preface
Activities
Tests
Answers
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University of Exeter Education Project
ESSO
PREFACE
This is one of a series of Help Modules designed to help you gain confidence in
mathematics. It has been developed particularly for primary teachers (or student
teachers) but it might also be helpful for non-specialists who teach mathematics in
the lower secondary years. It is based on material which is already being used in
the Mathematics Enhancement Programme: Secondary Demonstration Project.
The complete module list comprises:

1. ALGEBRA 6. HANDLING DATA
2. DECIMALS 7. MENSURATION
3. EQUATIONS 8. NUMBERS IN CONTEXT
4. FRACTIONS 9. PERCENTAGES
5. GEOMETRY 10. PROBABILITY
Notes for overall guidance:

• Each of the 10 modules listed above is divided into 2 parts. This is
simply to help in the downloading and handling of the material.
• Though referred to as 'modules' it may not be necessary to study (or print
out) each one in its entirely. As with any self-study material you must be
aware of your own needs and assess each section to see whether it is
relevant to those needs.
• The difficulty of the material in Part A varies quite widely: if you have
problems with a particular section do try the one following, and then the
next, as the content is not necessarily arranged in order of difficulty.
Learning is not a simple linear process, and later studies can often
illuminate and make clear something which seemed impenetrable at an
earlier attempt.
• In Part B, Activities are offered as backup, reinforcement and extension
to the work covered in Part A. Tests are also provided, and you are
strongly urged to take these (at the end of your studies) as a check on
your understanding of the topic.
• The marking scheme for the revision test includes B, M and A marks.
Note that:
M marks are for method;
A marks are for accuracy (awarded only following
a correct M mark);
B marks are independent, stand-alone marks.
We hope that you find this module helpful. Comments should be sent to:
Professor D. N. Burghes
CIMT, School of Education
University of Exeter
EXETER EX1 2LU
The full range of Help Modules can be found at

www.ex.ac.uk/cimt/help/menu.htm
Mathematics Enhancement Programme Help Module 2: Decimals
2 Decimals Introductory Notes
Historical Background
While visiting North Africa, Leonardo of Pisa (about 1170-1250),
known as Fibonacci, learned from the Arabs about a number system
which they had seen used by the Hindus in India. He returned to Pisa
in 1202 and published a book called Liber Abaci which introduced the
Arabic number system to Europe. This number system, now known
as the decimal system, uses the ten symbols 0 to 9 and place value to
represent numbers of any size. The system makes it possible for
pupils in schools today to carry out calculations which were beyond
the capabilities of learned mathematicians of Greek, Roman and
medieval times.
Early number systems were based on, for example, 60 (Babylonian) or

3 5
12 (Roman) so that 2 . 3′ 5′′ would mean 2 + + .
12 144
Decimal notation was introduced in the 16th and 17th centuries, with
the Dutch engineer, Simon Stevehus, in 1585 using
25 0 3 1 7 2 9 3 to mean 25.379
and the Scottish mathematician, John Napier, using the notation
25, 3′ 7′′ 9′′′ for 25.379.
Nowadays, most systems of measurement are based on a decimal
system, although time is still measured using 60 as the base and in this
country we continue to use miles and feet for distance.
Key Issues
Introduction
• A good starting point for looking at decimals and the number line
is a ruler marked in centimetres and millimetres.
• When reading decimal numbers the figures after the decimal point
are read separately.
e.g. 32.45 is read as thirty-two point four five, not thirty-two point
forty-five, because the 4 is 4 tenths not 4 tens, and the 5 is 5
hundredths not 5 units.
• You need to be aware that multiplying and dividing numbers by
powers of ten has the effect of moving the numbers into different
columns. It may be helpful to use column headings
1 1 1
... Th H T U 10 100 1000
...
initially when considering this.
© CIMT, University of Exeter i

Language / Notation
• The correct notation for writing amounts of money needs to be
emphasised. Common errors include writing
£3.4 instead of £3.40
£2.57 p instead of £2.57
£0.53 p instead of 53 p
• When writing numbers, spaces are now used instead of commas
between thousands.
e.g. 2 300 not 2,300 and 6 000 000 not 6,000,000
Misconceptions and Misunderstandings

• Decimals and their fraction equivalents are essentially the same
number.
1 2
e.g. 0.25, 1 ÷ 4 , , are all the same number. 1 1 3
4 8 4 2 4
i.e. they are all at the same point on a number line. 0 1
0.25 0.5 0.75
• You must beware of rounding errors on a calculator.
e.g. 0.666666666 keyed into the calculator may not give the same
result to a calculation as the same number entered by calculating
2 ÷ 3.
• Decimals such as 3.4, 3.40 and 3.400 are essentially the same
number.
• Rounding a number to a specified number of significant figures
should not be done term by term – the whole number should be
considered.
e.g. 13456 to 2 s.f. is clearly 13000, since 13456 is closer to
13000 than 14000;
but if you round term by term,
13456 ⇒ 13460 to 4 s.f.
⇒ 13500 to 3 s.f.
⇒ 14000 to 2 s.f.
which is not correct.
© CIMT, University of Exeter ii

WORKED EXAMPLES
and EXERCISES
Section Subject Page

2.1 Introduction 1
2.2 Multiplying and Dividing with Decimals 6
2.3 Fractions and Decimals 9
2.4 Long Multiplication and Division 14
2.5 Estimating Answers 16
2.6 Using Brackets and Memory on a Calculator 19
Answers to Exercises 25
© CIMT, University of Exeter

2 Decimals
2.1 Introduction
The use of numbers involving decimal points is very important. Recall that:
1
= 0.1 "one tenth"
10
2
= 0.2 "two tenths"
10
1
= 0.01 "one hundredth"
100
7
= 0.07 "seven hundredths"
100
42
= 0.42 "4 tenths and 2 hundredths"
100
82
= 0.82 "8 tenths and 2 hundredths"
100
7
= 0.007 "7 thousandths"
1000
Worked Example 1
Read the value indicated by each pointer.
(a) (b)
3 4 3 4 5
(c) (d)
3.8 3.9 3.8 3.9 4.0
Solution
(a) Each mark on the scale is 0.1 units apart, so the arrow points to 3.7.
(b) Each mark on the scale is 0.2 units apart, so the arrow points to 4.6.
(c) Each mark on the scale is 0.01, so the arrow points to 3.83.
(d) Each mark on the scale is 0.02 units apart, so the arrow points to 3.82.
Worked Example 2
Find
(a) 0.17 + 0.7 (b) 0.624 + 0.41 (c) 0.12 + 0.742
1
2.1
Solution
0.17 0.624 0.12
(a) (b) (c)
+ 0.7 + 0.41 + 0.742
0.87 1.034 0.862
Note how the decimal points are lined up above each other.
Worked Example 3
A boy spent 48 p on football stickers, 33 p on sweets and 95 p on a comic. Find the total
he spent in £s.
Solution
48
33
+ 95
176
He spent 176 p or £1.76.
Exercises
1. Write each of these as a decimal.
7 8 3
(a) (b) (c)
10 10 10
5 21 42
(d) (e) (f)
100 100 100
5 151 22
(g) (h) (i)
1000 1000 1000
8 13 16
(j) (k) (l)
100 100 1000
5 4 321
(m) (n) (o)
10 100 1000
2. Write each of these as a fraction.

(a) 0.4 (b) 0.3 (c) 0.04
(d) 0.32 (e) 0.45 (f) 0.06
(g) 0.08 (h) 0.14 (i) 0.008
(j) 0.147 (k) 0.036 (l) 0.04
(m) 0.1 (n) 0.009 (o) 0.107
2
2.1
3. Read the value indicated by each pointer.
(a) (b)
5 6 3 4
(c) (d)
7 8 6.4 6.5
(e) (f)
7.1 7.2 3.7 3.8
(g) (h)
4 5 6 3 4 5
(i) (j)
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.8 3.9 4.0
(k) (l)
10 11 1 1.5 2
4. On a copy of the scale, mark as accurately as possible the given value.
(a) 4.6 (b) 10.4

4 5 10 11
(c) 8.7 (d) 5.45

8 9 5 6
(e) 8.91 (f) 7.47

8.9 9.0 7.4 7.5
(g) 3.245 (h) 5.175

3.2 3.3 5.1 5.2
(i) 6.495
6.49 6.50
5. Find.
(a) 0.7 + 0.81 = (b) 0.004 + 0.42 = (c) 0.1 + 0.182 =
(d) 0.863 − 0.024 = (e) 0.802 + 0.3 = (f) 0.321 − 0.04 =
(g) 0.86 − 0.002 = (h) 0.85 − 0.112 = (i) 0.386 − 0.014 =
(j) 8.67 + 3.2 = (k) 8.571 + 3.72 = (l) 4.8 + 12.68 =
(m) 18.2 − 9.47 = (n) 28.6 + 102.05 = (o) 82.01 − 32.004 =
Information
The sides of the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt are about 230.5 m long. Although it was
built thousands of years ago by thousands of slaves, the lengths of its sides vary by no
more than 11.5 cm!
3
2.1
6. In each number below, does the 5 represent

5 tenths, 5 hundredths or 5 thousandths?
(a) 0.152 (b) 0.522 (c) 0.05
(d) 3.572 (e) 1.475 (f) 3.115
7. The table below shows how five children spent pocket money in one week.
Child Sweets Stickers Toys Magazines/Comics

Hester 84 p 24 p 70 p 80 p
Katie 25 p – 80 p 49 p
Relah 16 p 48 p 99 p 65 p
Hien 86 p 48 p 42 p 99 p
(a) Find the total that each child spent in 2 weeks.

(b) Find the amount that the four children spent together in one week.
(c) How much did they spend on sweets in one week?
8. Convert the following amounts in pence to £s.

(a) 328 p (b) 152 p (c) 842 p
(d) 1121 p (e) 48 p (f) 127 p
(g) 64 p (h) 32 011 p (i) 8421 p.
9. Mr Krishnan buys five 20 p stamps and three 26 p stamps.

(a) How much does he spend in £'s?
(b) How much change would he get from a £5 note?
10. The cost of travelling by bus from Mrs Barnes' home to the city centre is £1.10 for
adults and 65 p for children.
(a) Find the cost if Mrs Barnes goes to the city centre with her two children.
(b) Find the cost if Mr Barnes also goes.
11. Jackie measures her height.
How tall is she?

1.90
1.80
(LON)
4
2.1
12. Chippy the carpenter marks a 3 metre length

of wood into three pieces. 84 cm
1.40 m
One piece is 1.40 metres long.
Another piece is 84 centimetres long.
How long is the third piece of wood?
(LON)
13.
3.5
0
0.5
3
A
1
2.5
These kitchen scales weigh in kilograms.
2 1.5
Write down the weight when the pointer is at A.
(MEG)
14. John goes into a post-office to buy some 19 p stamps.

(a) What is the greatest number of stamps he can buy for £1?
John pays for the stamps with a £1 coin.
(b) How much change should John get?
(LON)
15. Ann flies from Manchester to Hong Kong.
At Manchester Airport her case is weighed

and the scales show 15.7 kg.
In Hong Kong she buys four presents for her family.

They weigh:
4 kg, 2.50 kg, 0.75 kg, 3.60 kg.
(a) What is the total weight of these presents in kilograms?

(b) Ann puts the presents in her case when she packs it to fly home.
What does it weigh now?
(c) If her case now weighs more than 20 kg, there is an extra charge.
She has to pay 15 dollars for every kg or part kg over 20 kg.
How much does Ann have to pay?
(NEAB)
5
2.2 Multiplying and Dividing With Decimals

When multiplying or dividing by 10, 100, 1000, etc. the decimal point can simply be
moved to the left or the right. When numbers such as 20, 200 or 300 are involved, the
numbers can be multiplied by 2 or 3 and then the decimal point can be moved the correct
number of places.
Worked Example 1
Find
(a) 362 × 100 (b) 4.73 × 10 (c) 576 ÷ 10 (d) 4.2 ÷ 1000
Solution
(a) To multiply by 100 move the decimal point 2 places to the right.
To do this it is necessary to add two zeros to the number. So
362 × 100 = 362.00 × 100
= 36 200 .
(b) To multiply by 10, move the decimal point one place to the right. So
4.73 × 10 = 47.3 .
(c) To divide by 10, move the decimal point one place to the left. So
576 ÷ 10 = 57.6 .
(d) To divide by 1000 move the decimal point three places to the left. To do
this it is necessary to put some extra zeros in front of the number.
4.2 ÷ 1000 = 0.0042 .
Worked Example 2
Find:
14.8 42
(a) 3.4 × 20 (b) (c)
20 0.7
Solution
(a) First multiply the 3.4 by 2 to give 6.8. Then multiply the 6.8 by 10 to give 68; so
3.4 × 20 = 3.4 × 2 × 10
= 6.8 × 10
= 68 .
(b) First divide 14.8 by 2 to give 7.4. Then divide by 10 to give 0.74.
14.8 7.4
=
20 10
= 0.74 .
6
2.2
(c) First multiply both numbers by 10 so that the 0.7 becomes a 7. This will
make the calculation easier. Then divide 420 by 7 to give 60.
42 420
=
0.7 7
= 60 .
Exercises
1. Find.
(a) 4.74 × 10 (b) 6.32 × 100 (c) 41.6 ÷ 10
(d) 12.74 × 100 (e) 16.58 ÷ 100 (f) 32.4 ÷ 10
(g) 6.3 × 100 (h) 4.7 × 1000 (i) 3.2 × 10 000
(j) 47 × 1000 (k) 6.8 ÷ 1000 (l) 82 ÷ 100
(m) 192 ÷ 1000 (n) 14 ÷ 1000 (o) 0.18 × 1000
2. Find.
(a) 1.8 × 20 (b) 4.7 × 300 (c) 15 × 700
(d) 66 × 2000 (e) 15 × 400 (f) 1.3 × 8000
(g) 66 ÷ 20 (h) 74 ÷ 200 (i) 21 ÷ 3000
(j) 35 ÷ 5000 (k) 3.42 ÷ 20 (l) 52 ÷ 400
(m) 18.1 × 600 (n) 47.2 × 500 (o) 4.95 ÷ 50
(p) 3 × 0.02 (q) 15 × 0.04 (r) 5 × 0.000 7
3. Find.
16 500 64
(a) (b) (c)
0.4 0.2 0.8
24 264 465
(d) (e) (f)
0.04 0.02 0.15
156 48 56
(g) (h) (i)
0.03 0.012 0.08
4. A factory produces washers which it sells at 1.2 pence each.

(a) Find the income in pence from the sale of:
(i) 300 washers (ii) 50000 washers (iii) 4000 washers.
(b) Convert your answers to (a) from pence to pounds.
(c) £3600 was paid for a batch of washers. How many washers were in this
batch?
7
2.2
5. A company made a large profit one year and decided to give a bonus to each
department. The bonus was divided equally among all the staff in each department.
Department Total Bonus Number of staff

Production £12 487 100
Sales £8 260 20
Delivery £5 350 50
Finance £4 896 40
Find the bonus that would be paid to staff in each department.
6. A snail moves at a speed of 0.008 miles per hour.

(a) How far would the snail travel in 1.5 hours?
(b) How long would it take the snail to travel:
(i) 40 miles (ii) 0.72 miles?
7. The cost of making a chocolate bar is 2.7 pence.

(a) What is the cost of producing:
(i) 4000 (ii) 17 000 (iii) 30 000 chocolate bars?
(b) A consultant says that he can reduce the production costs by 0.4 pence
per bar. How much would this save on the production of:
(i) 5 000 (ii) 22 000 (iii) 30 000 chocolate bars?
8. A new pop group are trying to produce their first CD.

(a) They are told that it will cost £1.20 to make each CD. If they can afford
to spend £1800 on producing the CDs, how many can they make?
(b) One of the group find another CD manufacturer who will manufacture the
CDs for 90 pence each. How many more can they produce at this price?
9. It is established that a lorry can carry 64000 cans of soft drinks. Each can contains
0.33 litres of drink.
Find the total volume of the drink carried by the lorry.
10. For a major sporting event, a stadium is expected to hold its limit of
70 000 spectators.
(a) How much money is taken in ticket sales if the price of the tickets were:
(i) £5 (ii) £8 (iii) £11?
(b) If £432 000 is taken in ticket sales when the ticket price is £6, how many
spectators will not be able to get into the ground?
8
2.2
11. (a) 900 × 0.6
Work out the answer to this sum in your head. Do not use a calculator.
Explain clearly the method you used.
(b) 40 ÷ 0.8
Work out the answer to this sum in your head. Do not use a calculator.
Explain clearly the method you used.
(NEAB)
12. (a) Multiply 65 by 100.

(b) Write the number one thousand and thirty seven in figures.
(c) Add your answer for part (b) to your answer for part (a).
(MEG)
13. Fill in the missing numbers.

(a) 7 × 100 = 2 0 (b) 0 × 30 = 80
(NEAB)
14. (a) Write down the value of:

(i) 2×9 (ii) 9 × 9.
(b) Use your answers in part (a) to calculate the value of 29 × 9 , showing
your working in full.
(MEG)
2.3 Fractions and Decimals

Some fractions can be written as decimals with a fixed number of decimal places, for
example:
1
= 0.25
4
These are called terminating decimals. Others have an infinite number of decimal places,
for example:
1
= 0.333 333 . . .
3
Numbers that contain an infinite number of decimal places are usualy rounded to a
specified number of significant figures or decimal places.
Worked Example 1
Round each number in the list below to:
(i) 3 significant figures (ii) 3 decimal places.
(a) 4 732.165 (b) 4.736 1 (c) 417.923 5
(d) 0.056 234 (e) 0.004 721
9
2.3
Solution
(a) (i) 4 732.165 = 4 730 to 3 significant figures.
Note that only the first 3 figures are considered.
(ii) 4 732.165 = 4 732.165 to 3 decimal places. There is no charge as there
are exactly 3 figures behind the decimal point.
(b) (i) 4.736 1 = 4.74 to 3 significant figures. The first three figures are
considered and the 3 is rounded up to a 4, because it is followed by a 6.
(ii) 4.736 1 = 4.736 to 3 decimal places. The 6 is not rounded up because it is
followed by a 1.
(c) (i) 417.923 5 = 418 to 3 significant figures. The first 3 figures are used and
the 7 is rounded up to 8 because it is followed by a 9.
(ii) 417.923 5 = 417.924 to 3 decimal places. There are three figures behind
the decimal point and the 3 is rounded up to a 4 because it is followed by a 5.
(d) (i) 0.056 234 = 0.056 2 to 3 significant figures. Note that the zeros at the start
of this number are not counted.
(ii) 0.056 234 = 0.056 to 3 decimal places.
(e) (i) 0.004 721 = 0.004 72 to 3 significant figures. Note that the zeros in front
of the 4 are not counted.
(ii) 0.004 721 = 0.005 to 3 decimal places. The 4 is rounded up to a 5
because it is followed by a 7.
Worked Example 2
Convert each of the following fractions to decimals,
1 2 4 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 3 5 7
Solution
In each case the bottom number should be divided into the top number. This will require
long division.
1
(a) To convert , divide 4 into 1.
4
0.2 5
4 1.0 0
8
20
20
0
1
So = 0.25 .
4
10
2.3
2
(b) To convert , divide 3 into 2.
3
0.6 6 6 . . .
3 2.0 0 0
1 8
20
18
2
2
So = 0.666 6 . . . = 0.667 to 3 decimal places.
3
4
(c) To convert , divide 5 into 4.
5
0.8
5 4.0
4 0
0
4
So is exactly 0.8.
5
3
(d) To convert into a decimal divide 7 into 3.
7
0.4 2 8 5 7 . . .
7 3.0 0 0 0 0
2 8
20
14
60
56
40
35
50
49
1
There will be an infinite number of decimal places in this case, but
3
= 0.428 6
7
correct to 4 decimal places.
Just for Fun

Without moving 6 adjacent numbers of the face of a clock, rearrange the other six so that
the sum of every pair of adjacent numbers is a prime number.
11
2.3
Exercises
1. Write each of the following numbers correct to:
(i) 2 decimal places (ii) 2 significant figures.
(a) 18.643 (b) 1 024.837 (c) 16.04
(d) 181.435 (e) 16.824 (f) 0.083 741
(g) 0.009 562 (h) 4.837 5 (i) 3.864 9
2. Write the number 48 637.012 45 correct to

(a) 3 significant figures (b) 2 decimal places
(c) 4 decimal places (d) 4 significant figures
(e) 3 decimal places (f) 2 significant figures.
3. Write each number correct to the number of decimal places or significant figures
specified.
(a) 0.00472 (2 s.f.) (b) 48.234 (3 s.f.) (c) 15.83 (1 s.f..)
(d) 4.862 (2 d.p.) (e) 18.415 (2 d.p.) (f) 21.804 (2 d.p.)
(g) 14862 (2 s.f.) (h) 0.00463 (3 d.p.) (i) 0.004178 (3 s.f.)
(j) 15682 (3 s.f.) (k) 54631 (2 s.f.) (l) 31.432 (3 s.f.)
(m) 14.176 (4 s.f.) (n) 0.815 (2 s.f.) (o) 1.84149 (3d.p.)
(p) 15.013 (3 s.f.) (q) 14.1704 (3 d.p.) (r) 201.04 (3 s.f.)
4. The number of spectators that enter a football ground for a big match is 44 851.
(a) Write this number correct to 1, 2, 3 and 4 significant figures.
(b) Which of your answers to (a) makes the number of spectators appear
(i) the largest (ii) the smallest?
5. Each of the fractions below can be written as a terminating decimal. Write each
fraction as a decimal.
1 3 2
(a) (b) (c)
2 4 5
3 1 5
(d) (e) (f)
5 8 8
3 7 1
(g) (h) (i)
8 8 5
Information
Blaise Pascal (1623–1662) invented and made the first calculating machine at the age of
18 years.
12
2.3
6. Write each of he following fractions as a decimal correct to 4 decimal places.

1 1 4
(a) (b) (c)
3 6 7
1 5 5
(d) (e) (f)
7 7 6
1 2 4 5
7. (a) Write , , and as decimals correct to 5 decimal places.
9 9 9 9
(b) Describe any patterns that you notice in these decimals before they are
rounded.
7 8
(c) How would you expect and to be written as decimals?
9 9
Check your answers.
1 2 3 4
8. (a) Write , , and as decimals correct to 5 decimal places.
11 11 11 11
(b) By looking at any patterns that you observe, write down
5 6 7 8 9 10
, , , , and
11 11 11 11 11 11
as decimals.
7 10
(c) Check your answers for and by division.
11 11
9. Write down two different numbers that are the same when rounded to:
(a) 2 decimal places and 2 significant figures,
(b) 3 decimal places and 5 significant figures,
(c) 1 decimal place and 8 significant figures,
(d) 4 decimal places and 2 significant figures.
4
10. (a) Change to a decimal.
5
(b) Write these numbers in order of size. Start with the smallest.
4
0.805, 0.85, , 0.096.
5
(SEG)
11. P
1
(a) Mark with an X a point approximately of the way along the line from P.
3
(b) Mark with a Z a point approximately 0.75 of the way along the line from P.
(LON)
13
2.4 Long Multiplication and Division

This section revises long multiplication and long division. These techniques will be useful
when estimating and checking more complex calculations with decimal numbers.
Worked Example 1
Find
(a) 127 × 24 (b) 146 × 137
Solution
(a) 127
× 24
5 0 8 ← 127 × 4
127 × 2 → 2 5 4 0 ← Insert 0
3048
(a) 146
×137
1 0 2 2 ← 146 × 7
146 × 3 → 4 3 8 0 ← Insert 0
146 × 1 → 1 4 6 0 0 ← Insert 00
20002
Worked Example 2
Find
(a) 1675 ÷ 5 (b) 312 ÷ 13
Solution
(a) 335
5 1675
15 ←3×5
17
15 ←3×5
25
25 ←5×5
0
(b) 24
13 312
2 6 ← 2 × 13
52
5 2 ← 4 × 13
0
14
2.4
Exercises
You should not use a calculator for these questions.
1. (a) 15 × 23 = (b) 18 × 38 = (c) 19 × 27 =
(d) 64 × 142 = (e) 28 × 261 = (f) 48 × 321 =
(g) 52 × 49 = (h) 128 × 15 = (i) 324 × 72 =
(j) 84 × 121 = (k) 56 × 42 = (l) 38 × 147 =
(m) 212 × 416 = (n) 58 × 2312 = (o) 4718 × 12 =
2. (a) 760 ÷ 5 = (b) 762 ÷ 3 = (c) 1038 ÷ 6 =

(d) 1004 ÷ 4 = (e) 1356 ÷ 3 = (f) 2996 ÷ 7 =
(g) 1476 ÷ 12 = (h) 490 ÷ 14 = (i) 228 ÷ 19 =
(j) 768 ÷ 24 = (k) 432 ÷ 18 = (l) 3366 ÷ 22 =
(m) 2144 ÷ 16 = (n) 3638 ÷ 17 = (o) 1573 ÷ 121 =
3. Calculators are packed in boxes of 16. A shop receives 22 boxes of calculators and
sells them for £6 each. How much money would the shop take if it sold all the
calculators?
4. In a school every class has 28 pupils. If there are 25 classes in the school, what is
the total number of pupils?
5. A sports supplier donates 156 footballs to a group of 12 schools. The balls are
divided equally between the schools. How many footballs does each school get?
6. A delivery van contains 14 sacks of potatoes. Each sack has a mass of 25kg.
Find the total mass of the potatoes.
7. A group of 6 people win £2000 in a competition. They share the prize out equally.
Find the amount each person gets to the nearest penny.
8. The students who attended a sports training course are split into 16 groups.
How many students are there in each group if:
(a) 208 students attend (b) 112 students attend?
A maximum of 15 students can be put in every group. What is the maximum
number of students that can attend the course?
9. Cassette tapes are sold in packets of 15 which cost £11. John wants to buy 200
tapes. How much must be spent to get the 200 tapes?
10. A salesman travels an average of 742 miles per week. How far would he expect to
travel in a year if he has:
(a) 4 weeks holiday (b) 6 weeks holiday?
15
2.4
11. Do not use your calculator in this question. Show all your working.
A school is planning a disco for 936 pupils. Each pupil will be given 1 can of drink.
Cans of drink are sold in trays of 24.
Work out how many trays of drink will be needed.
(LON)
12. Do not use your calculator in this question.

(a) A travel company takes a party of people to a hockey match at Wembley.
17 coaches are used. Each coach has seats for 46 passengers. There are
twelve empty seats altogether. How many people are in the party?
Write down all your working to show you do not use a calculator.
(b) 998 football supporters use another travel company to go to a football

match at Wembley. Each coach has seats for 53 passengers.
(i) How many coaches are needed?
Write down all your working to show you do not use a calculator.
(ii) How many empty seats are there?
(NEAB)
2.5 Estimating Answers

If you do a calculation such as
4.1721 × 3.846
18.21 + 5.73
you need to use a calculator to find the answer. This section looks at ways of estimating the
answers to calculations such as this.
Worked Example 1
Estimate the answers to each of the following problems.
47.932 18.51 + 11.23
(a) 18.42 × 3.76 (b) (c)
4.071 3.0712
Solution
Estimates can be obtained by using each number correct to 1 or 2 significant figures.
47.932 48
(a) 18.42 × 3.76 ≈ 20 × 4 (b) ≈
4.071 4
≈ 80
≈ 12
18.51 + 11.23 20 + 10
(c) ≈
3.0712 3
30
≈
3
≈ 10
16
2.5
Exercises
1. Write each of the following numbers correct to 1 significant figure.
(a) 47.316 (b) 18.45 (c) 27.65
(d) 9.632 (e) 15.01 (f) 149.32
(g) 62.84 (h) 0.176 (i) 0.039 4
(j) 1.964 (k) 21.87 (l) 1.849
2. Estimate the answers to the following problems:
(a) 6.74 × 8.31 (b) 4.35 × 12.46 (c) 236 × 4.321

(d) 16.67 × 3.21 (e) 5.92 × 105.3 (f) 16.78 × 32.51
192.7 284 963

(g) (h) (i)
17.35 37.2 51.8
47.63 36.72 17.24
(j) (k) (l)
0.4185 8.26 0.374
Now find the answer to each problem using a calculator, giving your answer to
4 significant figures. In each case compare your answers and estimates.
3. Estimate the answers to each of the following calculations.

6.6 × 9.5 0.32 × 8.43 12.8 + 45.3
(a) (b) (c)
32.4 6.21 17.3
33.6 + 77.9 888 + 723 560 + 2.01
(d) (e) (f)
15.72 38.4 29.47
16.5 × 3.82 82.4 + 91.9 82.6 × 19.41
(g) (h) (i)
4.162 1.04 + 1.43 0.024 × 405
4. When cars leave a factory they are parked in a queue until they are delivered.
The length of each car is 4.32 m. A queue contains 54 cars.
(a) Estimate the length of the queue, if there are no gaps between the cars.
(b) Find the length of the queue if there are no gaps between the cars.
(c) If there is a gap of 0.57 m between each car, estimate the length and find the
actual length.
5. A cross-country runner has an average speed of 6.43 m s −1 .

(a) Estimate and find the distance run in 200 seconds, if he runs at his average
speed.
(b) Estimate and find, to 3 significant figures, the time it takes him to run 1473 m.
17
2.5
6. Drivers at a motor racing circuit complete practice laps in times of 130.21, 131.43 and
133.62 seconds. The length of the circuit is 5214 metres.
(a) Estimate the average speed of the drivers.
(b) Find their speeds correct to 2 decimal places.
7. A car travels 12.43 km on 1.12 litres of petrol.

(a) Estimate and then calculate the distance that the car would travel on 1 litre of
petrol.
(b) Estimate the distances that the car would travel on 41.1 litres and 33.8 litres of
petrol.
8. A factory produces 108 portable CD players every day. The cost of producing the CD
players is made up of £4 125 for labour costs and £2 685 for parts.
Estimate and then calculate:
(a) the total cost of producing a CD player,
(b) the cost of the parts to make a CD player,
(c) the cost of the labour to make a CD player.
9. Carpet tiles are made so that they are square with sides of length 48 cm.
Estimate and then calculate the number of tiles needed for rooms with sizes:
(a) 6.41 m by 3.28 m (b) 3.84 m by 2.91 m (c) 4.29 m by 4.62 m.
10. (a) Write down the numbers you could use to get an approximate answer to
59 × 32 .
(b) Write down your approximate answer.
(c) Using a calculator find the difference between your approximate answer and the
exact answer.
(LON)
11. Flour costs 48 p per kilogram. Brett bought 205 kg and shared it equally among
14 people. He calculated that each person should pay £0.72.
Without using a calculator, use a rough estimate to check whether this answer is about
the right size.
You must show all your working.
(SEG)
Investigation
A man died leaving behind 23 cows to his three children. His will stated that the eldest child
should have half of the fortune, the second child should have one third and the youngest one
eighth . The childrens could not decide how to divide up the cows without it being necessary
to kill any of them.
A wise man came to the scene. He brought along his only cow and put it with the other 23
cows to give a total of 24 cows. He gave half of the 24 cows (12) to the eldest child, one third
of the 24 cows (8) to the second child and one eighth of the 24 cows to the youngest child. He
then took his own cow back. Can you discover the clue to this solution?
18
2.6 Using Brackets and Memory On a

Calculator
By using the bracket and memory keys on a calculator it is possible to carry out tasks fairly
quickly and easily.
Some of the standard memory keys which are found on a calculator are:
Min Places the current number into the memory, replacing any previous number.
MC Clears the memory.
M+ Adds the number displayed to the memory.
MR Recalls the number that is currently in the memory.
Brackets can be used to tell the calculator the order in which to do calulations.
For example, to find:

3.62 + 4.78
,
3.9 − 1.4
use
( 3 . 6 2 + 4 . 7 8 ) ÷ ( 3 . 9 – 1 . 4 ) =
Worked Example 1
Find:
(a)
3
(b)  5.2 − 3.6 
3.2 + 1.8  4.7 
Solution
(a) Use the brackets as shown below
3 ÷ ( 3 . 2 + 1 . 8 ) =
to obtain 0.6.
(b) Use brackets to enclose the top part of the fraction ,as shown below,
( 5 . 2 − 3 . 6 ) ÷ 4 . 7 =
to obtain 0.5835 correct to 4 decimal places.
19
2.6
Choose a number.
Worked Example 2
↓
Call it x
Follow the instructions given in the flow chart
for a student who chooses the number 20 ↓
as a starting point. Write it down.
↓
Solution Call the new
Calculate
x+2
↓
Starting with 20 leads to the calculation number x
x
20 + 2
20
= 1.1 ↓
Write it down.
To perform the remaining calculations,
follow the steps below. NO
↓
Have you written
↓
1. Press Min to place the value displayed in the memory. down 6 numbers?
2. Press + 2 = which adds 2 to the value of x. ↓YES

Stop
3. Press ÷ MR = which divides the displayed value
by the number in the memory.
4. Go back to Step 1.
Worked Example 3
A factory produces plastic tanks in 4 different sizes. The table shows the orders placed one
day.
Tank Size Price Number Ordered

Giant £126 5
Large £ 87 16
Medium £ 56 44
Small £ 33 31
Find the value of the orders, using the memory keys on your calculator.
Solution
1. First press MC to clear the memory.
2. For the Giant tanks, the value of the order is given by 126 × 5 . Find this on your
calculator and press the M+ key.
3. For the Large tanks, find 87 × 16 and press M+ again.
4. For the Medium tanks, find 56 × 44 and press M+ again.
5. For the Small tanks, find 33 × 31 and press M+ again.
6. Finally press MR to obtain the total, which is £5509.

20
2.6
Exercises
1. Carry out the following calculations, using the bracket keys on your calculator.
Give all answers to 3 significant figures.
15.6 + 3.2
(a) 4 × (8.1 + 16.2) = (b) (5.6 − 3.2) × 11.4 = (c) =
5.3
19 + 24 33 19 + 61
(d) = (e) = (f) =
16 127 − 84 20 + 32
4 14.1 × 2 16 + 22
(g) = (h) = (i) =
9 + 24 18 + 4 18 − 4
2 2
 8.2 + 4  3 + 4.9  4.7 − 3.2 
(j)   = (k) = (l)   =
 13 + 7  7.32 × 18.4  8 × 0.22 
2. Work through the flow chart of Worked Example 2, starting with a number of your
own choice.
3. Find the mean of each set of numbers, using the brackets on your calculator.
(a) 15, 16, 17.5, 18, 20.
(b) 22, 21, 32, 28.
(c) 112, 114, 140, 130, 132, 126, 128, 110.
4. Use the flow chart shown in the diagram, Start with x = 1

giving final answers to 5 significant figures.
↓
Calculate
1  10 
↓
× x+
2  x
↓
Let x be the
new value.
↓
(a) Work through the flow chart as shown. Write down
the new value.
(b) Follow the flow chart but start
with x = 2 instead of x = 1 .
↓
NO Have you written
down 6 numbers?
↓
↓ YES
(c) How does this affect your final answer?
Stop
21
2.6
5. (a) Carry out the following calculation on your calculator inserting brackets
where shown.
(i) (24 × 2) + (12 × 4) + (3 × 15) =

24 × 2 + 12 × 4 + 3 × 15 =
(ii) (24 + 2) × (15 + 3) =

24 + 2 × 15 + 3 =
(iii) (24 × 2) ÷ (5 × 3) =
24 × 2 ÷ 5 × 3 =
24 × 2 ÷ (5 × 3) =
(b) In each of the following decide which brackets, if any, could be missed out
without changing the answer that would be obtained.
Check your answers with your calculator.
(i) (3 × 6) + (5 × 51) + (15 × 2) =

(ii) (3 + 6 ) × ( 5 × 2 ) =
(iii) (3 − 4) × (8 − 2) =
(iv) (3 + 4 ) ÷ ( 5 × 2 ) =
(v) (3 × 4 ) ÷ ( 5 + 2 ) =
(vi) (3 × 2 ) ÷ ( 4 × 6 ) =
6. The formula
A = 2π r (r + h)
is used to calculate the surface area of a drinks can.

(a) Find A if r = 6 cm and h = 10 cm .
(b) Find A if r = 3.7 cm and h = 7.4 cm .
7. The volume of plastic used to make a pipe is l

given by the formula
(
V = π l R2 − r 2 ) R
(a) Find V if
(i) R = 25 mm , r = 20 mm and l = 3000 mm ,
(ii) R = 3 cm , r = 2.4 cm and l = 500 cm .
22
2.6
The formula can be rearranged as
V
l =
( )
.
π R − r2
2
(b) Find l if:
(i) V = 800 cm 3 , R = 5 cm and r = 4.5 cm .

(ii) V = 100 cm 3 , R = 1 cm and r = 0.8 cm .
8. Find the value of f using the formula

1 1 1
= +
f u v
if u = 28.2 and v = 18.4 . Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures.
9. The acceleration due to gravity, g, on any planet can be found using the formula
Gm
g=
d2
Find g if G = 6.67 × 10 −11 , m = 7.4 × 10 30 and d = 8.4 × 10 9 .

Give your answer correct to 2 decimal places.
10. Use a calculator to find the value of

3.86 + 17.59 9.76 + 1.87
(a) (b)
5 18.3 − 15.8
330 1
(c) (d)
1.2 × 5.5 (0.16)
(NEAB)
11. Use your calculator to evalulate
(a) (2.37 − 8.42)2 (b) (2.37 − 8.42)2 + 17.42

(MEG)
12. Some students are using calculators to work out four questions.
2.34 + 1.76
Question 1
3.22 + 1.85
2.34 + 1.76
Question 2 + 1.85
3.22
1.76
Question 3 2.34 + + 1.85
3.22
1.76
Question 4 2.34 +
3.22 + 1.85
23
2.6
(a) Tom presses keys as follows:
2 . 3 4 + 1 . 7 6 ÷ 3 . 2 2 + 1 . 8 5 =
For which of the four questions is this the correct method?
(b) Jayne presses keys as follows.
2 . 3 4 + 1 . 7 6 = ÷ 3 . 2 2 + 1 . 8 5 =
For which of the four questions is this the correct method?

(SEG)
13. Trudie uses the formula

v−u
a= .
t
She has to calculate the value of a when v = 118.07 , u = 17.76 and t = 4.8 .
Trudie estimates the value of a without using her calculator.
(a) (i) Write down numbers Trudie could use to estimate the value of a.
(ii) Write down the estimate these values would give for the value of a.
Trudie then uses her calculator to find the value of a.
(b) Here is the sequence of keys that she presses.

1 1 8 . 0 7 − 1 7 . 7 6 ÷ 4 . 8 =
This gives an answer of 114.37, which is not the correct answer.

Change the sequence above so that it will give the correct answer.
(LON)
14. Tony uses his calculator to work out

4.2 × 86
.
3.2 × 0.47
He is told to do this in one sequence, writing down only the answer. He presses the
keys as follows:
4 . 2 × 8 6 ÷ 3 . 2 × 0 . 4 7 =
This gives him the wrong answer. Explain what is wrong with Tony's method.
(SEG)
Investigation
In country X, only 5 p and 8 p stamps are available. You have to post letters which cost
23 p, 27 p, 77 p and £19.51 respectively. Which of these amounts can you make exactly?
Make a comlpete list of the amounts between 1 p and 99 p which cannot be made exactly.
24
Answers to Exercises
2.1 Introduction
1. (a) 0.7 (b) 0.8 (c) 0.3 (d) 0.05 (e) 0.21 (f) 0.42
(g) 0.005 (h) 0.151 (i) 0.022 (j) 0.08 (k) 0.13
(l) 0.016 (m) 0.5 (n) 0.04 (o) 0.321
4 3 4 32 45
2. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
10 10 100 100 100
6 8 14 8 147
(f) (g) (h) (i) (j)
100 100 100 1000 1000
36 4 1 9 107
(k) (l) (m) (n) (o)
1000 100 10 1000 1000
3. (a) 5.6 (b) 3.3 (c) 7.8 (d) 6.42 (e) 7.17 (f) 3.73
(g) 4.6 (h) 4.8 (i) 3.16 (j) 3.94 (k) 10.2 (l) 1.4
5. (a) 1.51 (b) 0.424 (c) 0.282 (d) 0.839 (e) 1.102
(f) 0.281 (g) 0.858 (h) 0.738 (i) 0.372 (j) 11.87
(k) 12.291 (l) 17.48 (m) 8.73 (n) 130.65 (o) 50.006
6. (a) hundredths (b) tenths (c) hundredths (d) tenths

(e) thousandths (f) thousandths
7. (a) £5.16, £3.08, £4.56, £5.50 (b) £9.15 (c) £2.11
8. (a) £3.28 (b) £1.52 (c) £8.42 (d) £11.21 (e) £0.48
(f) £1.27 (g) £0.64 (h) £320.11 (i) £84.21
9. (a) £1.78 (b) £3.22
10. (a) £2.40 (b) £3.50
11. 1.87
12. 76 cm
13. 0.8 kg
14. (a) 5 (b) 5p
15. (a) 10.85 kg (b) 26.55 kg (c) 105 dollars
25
Answers
2.2 Multiplying and Dividing with Decimals
1. (a) 47.4 (b) 632 (c) 4.16 (d) 1274 (e) 0.1658
(f) 3.24 (g) 630 (h) 4700 (i) 32000 (j) 47000
(k) 0.0068 (l) 0.82 (m) 0.192 (n) 0.014 (o) 180
2. (a) 36 (b) 1410 (c) 10500 (d) 132000 (e) 6000

(f) 10400 (g) 3.3 (h) 0.37 (i) 0.007 (j) 0.007
(k) 0.171 (l) 0.13 (m) 10860 (n) 23600 (o) 0.099
(p) 0.06 (q) 0.6 (r) 0.0035
3. (a) 40 (b) 2500 (c) 80 (d) 600 (e) 13 200

(f) 3100 (g) 5200 (h) 4000 (i) 700
4. (a) (i) 360 p (ii) 60 000 p (iii) 4800 p

(b) (i) £3.60 (ii) £600 (iii) £48 (c) 300 000
5. £124.87 , £413 , £107 , £122.40
6. (a) 0.012 miles ( ≈ 21 yards ≈ 63 ft ≈ 760 inches ≈ 19 m )

(b) (i) 5000 hours (ii) 90 hours
7. (a) (i) £108 (ii) £459 (iii) £810 (b) (i) £20 (ii) £88 (iii) £120
8. (a) 1500 (b) 500
9. 21 120 litres
10. (a) (i) £350 000 (ii) £560 000 (iii) £770 000 (b) 2000
11. (a) 540 (b) 50
12. (a) 6500 (b) 1037 (c) 7537
13. (a) 72 × 100 = 7200 (b) 60 × 30 = 1800
14. (a) (i) 18 (ii) 81 (b) 261
2.3 Fractions and Decimals

1. (a) (i) 18.64 (ii) 19 (b) (i) 1024.84 (ii) 1000 (c) (i) 16.04 (ii) 16
(d) (i) 181.44 (ii) 180 (e) (i) 16.82 (ii) 17 (f) (i) 0.08 (ii) 0.084
(g) (i) 0.01 (ii) 0.0096 (h) (i) 4.84 (ii) 4.8 (i) (i) 3.86 (ii) 3.9
2. (a) 48 600 (b) 48 637.01 (c) 48 637.0125 (d) 48 640

(e) 48 637.012 (f) 49 000
26
Answers
2.3 3. (a) 0.0047 (b) 48.2 (c) 20 (d) 4.86 (e) 18.42
(f) 21.80 (g) 15 000 (h) 0.005 (i) 0.00418
(j) 15 700 (k) 55 000 (l) 31.4 (m) 14.18 (n) 0.82
(o) 1.841 (p) 15.0 (q) 14.170 (r) 201
4. (a) 40 000 , 45 000 , 44 900 , 44 850 (b) (i) 2 s.f. (ii) 1 s.f.
5. (a) 0.5 (b) 0.75 (c) 0.4 (d) 0.6 (e) 0.125 (f) 0.625
(g) 0.375 (h) 0.875 (i) 0.2
6. (a) 0.3333 (b) 0.1667 (c) 0.5714 (d) 0.1429 (e) 0.7143 (f) 0.8333
7. (a) 0.11111 , 0.22222 , 0.44444 , 0.55556

(b) Recurring decimal which is the same as the numerator
(c) 0.7777... , 0.8888...
8. (a) 0.09091 , 0.18182 , 0.27273 , 0.36364

(b) 0.45455 , 0.54545 , 0.63636 , 0.72727 , 0.81818 , 0.90909
4
10. (a) 0.8 (b) 0.096 , , 0.805 , 0.85
5
2.4 Long Multiplication and Division

1. (a) 345 (b) 684 (c) 513 (d) 9088 (e) 7308 (f) 15408
(g) 2548 (h) 1920 (i) 23 328 (j) 10 164 (k) 2352
(l) 5586 (m) 88 192 (n) 134 096 (o) 56 616
2. (a) 152 (b) 254 (c) 173 (d) 251 (e) 452 (f) 428
(g) 123 (h) 35 (i) 12 (j) 32 (k) 24 (l) 153
(m) 134 (n) 214 (o) 13
3. £2112
4. 700
5. 13
6. 350 kg
7. £333.33
8. (a) 13 (b) 7 ; 240
9. £154
10. (a) 35616 (b) 34132
11. 39
12. (a) 770 (b) (i) 19 (ii) 9
27
Answers
2.5 Estimating Answers
1. (a) 50 (b) 20 (c) 30 (d) 10 (e) 20 (f) 100
(g) 60 (h) 0.2 (i) 0.04 (j) 2 (k) 20 (l) 2
2. Approximate answers are:

(a) 56 (b) 48 (c) 960 (d) 51 (e) 600 (f) 540
(g) 10 (h) 7 (i) 20 (j) 120 (k) 5 (l) 45
Actual answers are :
(a) 56.01 (b) 54.20 (c) 1020 (d) 53.51 (e) 623.4
(f) 545.5 (g) 11.11 (h) 7.634 (i) 18.59 (j) 113.8
(k) 4.446 (l) 46.10
3. Approximate answers are:

(a) 2 (b) 0.5 (c) 3 (d) 7 (e) 40 (f) 20
(g) 15 (h) 70 (i) 150
4. (a) 200 m (b) 233.28 m (c) 264.06 m
5. (a) Estimate 1200 , Actual 1286 (b) Estimate 250 s , Actual 229 s
6. (a) About 40 ms-1 (b) 40.04 , 39.67 , 39.02
7. (a) 10 or 11 , 11.08 km (b) about 480 km , 360 km
8. (a) Estimate £70 , Actual £63.06 (b) Estimate £30 , Actual £24.86
(c) Estimate £40 , Actual £38.19
9. (a) Estimate 72 , Actual 91.25 (b) Estimate 48 , Actual 48.5

(c) Estimate 80 , Actual 86.02
10. (a) 60 × 30 (b) 1800 (c) 88
11. No ; it should be £7.02 (accurate answer: £7.03)
2.6 Using Brackets and Memory on a Calculator

1. (a) 97.2 (b) 27.40 (c) 3.55 (d) 2.69 (e) 0.767
(f) 1.54 (g) 0.348 (h) 1.28 (i) 1.65 (j) 0.372
(k) 0.0587 (l) 0.726
3. (a) 17.3 (b) 25.75 (c) 124
4. (a) 5.5 , 3.6591 , 3.1960 , 3.1625 , 3.1623 , 3.1623

(b) 3.5 , 3.1786 , 3.1623 , 3.1623 , 3.1623 , 3.1623
(c) Both sequences are converging to 3.1623, which is 10 , but using 2 converges
more quickly.
28
Answers
2.6 5. (a) (i) 141 , 141 (ii) 468 , 57 (iii) 3.2 , 28.8 , 3.2
(b) (i) 3 × 6 + 5 × 51 + 15 × 2 = (ii) (3 + 6) × 5 × 2 =
(iii) & (iv) need all the brackets (v) 3 × 4 ÷ (5 + 2) =
(vi) 3 × 2 ÷ ( 4 × 6) =
6. (a) 603.2 cm 2 (b) 258.1 cm 2
7. (a) (i) 2120575 mm 3 (ii) 5089 cm 3 (b) (i) 53.6 cm (ii) 88.4
8. 11.1
9. 7.00
10. (a) 4.29 (b) 4.652 (c) 50 (d) 2.5
11. (a) 36.6025 (b) 7.35
12. (a) Question 3 (b) Question 2
13. (a) (i) v = 120 , u = 20 , t = 5 (ii) a = 20 (b) = needed after 6
14. Last × should be replaced by ÷ , or insert brackets around 3.2 × 0.47
29

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2A Decimals

Mathematics Enhancement Programme

CIMT Sponsored by Gatsby Technical

The complete module list comprises:

Notes for overall guidance:

The full range of Help Modules can be found at

2 Decimals Introductory Notes

Early number systems were based on, for example, 60 (Babylonian) or

© CIMT, University of Exeter i

Misconceptions and Misunderstandings

© CIMT, University of Exeter ii

Section Subject Page

© CIMT, University of Exeter

2. Write each of these as a fraction.

3. Read the value indicated by each pointer.

4. On a copy of the scale, mark as accurately as possible the given value.

(a) 4.6 (b) 10.4

(c) 8.7 (d) 5.45

(e) 8.91 (f) 7.47

(g) 3.245 (h) 5.175

6. In each number below, does the 5 represent

Child Sweets Stickers Toys Magazines/Comics

(a) Find the total that each child spent in 2 weeks.

8. Convert the following amounts in pence to £s.

9. Mr Krishnan buys five 20 p stamps and three 26 p stamps.

11. Jackie measures her height.

How tall is she?

12. Chippy the carpenter marks a 3 metre length

14. John goes into a post-office to buy some 19 p stamps.

15. Ann flies from Manchester to Hong Kong.

At Manchester Airport her case is weighed

In Hong Kong she buys four presents for her family.

(a) What is the total weight of these presents in kilograms?

2.2 Multiplying and Dividing With Decimals

4. A factory produces washers which it sells at 1.2 pence each.

Department Total Bonus Number of staff

Find the bonus that would be paid to staff in each department.

6. A snail moves at a speed of 0.008 miles per hour.

7. The cost of making a chocolate bar is 2.7 pence.

8. A new pop group are trying to produce their first CD.

11. (a) 900 × 0.6

12. (a) Multiply 65 by 100.

13. Fill in the missing numbers.

14. (a) Write down the value of:

2.3 Fractions and Decimals

Just for Fun

2. Write the number 48 637.012 45 correct to

6. Write each of he following fractions as a decimal correct to 4 decimal places.

2.4 Long Multiplication and Division

2. (a) 760 ÷ 5 = (b) 762 ÷ 3 = (c) 1038 ÷ 6 =

12. Do not use your calculator in this question.

(b) 998 football supporters use another travel company to go to a football

2.5 Estimating Answers

2. Estimate the answers to the following problems:

(a) 6.74 × 8.31 (b) 4.35 × 12.46 (c) 236 × 4.321

192.7 284 963

3. Estimate the answers to each of the following calculations.

5. A cross-country runner has an average speed of 6.43 m s −1 .

7. A car travels 12.43 km on 1.12 litres of petrol.