Laser Doppler Velocimetry

Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer:

Introduction

© 2008, TSI Incorporated

Presenters:
Mike Khoo, Ph.D.
Applications Engineer, Fluid Mechanics group, Asia/Pacific
Wing T. Lai, Ph.D.
Product Specialist, Fluid Mechanics group
Dan Troolin, Ph.D.
Applications Engineer, Fluid Mechanics group

• About 40 minutes of presentation ; 15 minutes for questions

and answers
• Participants will be muted during the presentation
• Submit your questions to [email protected] or the Chat box
• Questions will be discussed and answered at the end of the
presentation

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 Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV)

LDV is a non-intrusive technique for fluid flow (liquid

and gas) measurement
• Based on using laser beams to form a
measurement volume
• Rely on tracer particles injected in the fluid to
provide the signal for the flow information
• Obtain very reliable flow measurement, turbulence
and flow statistics

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 Characteristics of LDV
• No Probe in the Flow
• Small Measuring Volume (tens of microns)
– Good Spatial Resolution
– Point Measurement
• No Velocity Calibration
• Large Velocity Range
• Desired Velocity Components measured directly
• High Frequency Response

• Requires Optical Access

– Curved windows present issues
• Requires “Seeding” the flow
– Assumes seeding is following the flow
• Data points randomly spaced in time
– Requires special techniques for determining power spectra
– Requires high Data Density

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Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer (PDPA)

PDPA is a non-intrusive technique for simultaneous

fluid flow and droplet size measurements
• Extension of LDV system
• Based on using laser beams to form a
measurement volume
• Measure the droplet velocity and size at the same
time
• Obtain very reliable flow and size measurements,
turbulence and statistics
• Primary technique for spray diagnostics

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 Characteristics of PDPA
• No Probe in the Flow
• Small Measuring Volume (tens of microns)
– Good Spatial Resolution
– Point Measurement
• No Velocity and Size Calibration
• Large Velocity and Size Range
• Desired Velocity Components and Size measured directly
• High Frequency Response

• Requires Optical Access

– Curved windows present issues
• Data points randomly spaced in time
– Requires special techniques for determining power spectra
– Requires high Data Density
• Size measurement requires spherical particles

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 Typical LDV/PDPA System
2-Component System

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Interference Fringes caused by crossing
laser beams

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As a particle passes through the fringes, it
reflects bursts of light

Velocity = Distance Between Fringes/

Time it Takes
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 Dual-Beam System - Fringe Description

df

λ
df =
2sinκ λ = wavelength of light
ux = fD df fD = frequency detected
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LDV Technique

Signal
Photodetector processor

particles moving
with the fluid

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 Collection Optics Location

Off-axis Off-axis
backscatter forward scatter

Transmitter Receiver Receiver

Backscatter Forward scatter

Φ = 180 Φ=0
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Scattered light intensity variation
4
10

Mie Scattering Theory

Scattered light intensity, relative units Polysterene Latex Particle
10
3 Fluid=Water
Diameter =0.5 µm
λ=0.5145 µm

2
10

1
10

100

10-1
° ° °
0 90 180
Forward Scatter Backscatter

Receiver Orientation Φ

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 Measuring Volume Dimensions

κ z e-2 contour
d De- 2
x

κ
De- 2

de −2 = 4 f λ / π De− 2 Fringes
2κ
dm = de −2 / cos κ lm y
z dm
l m = de −2 / sin κ x

dm 127
. d
NFR = =
df De− 2

3
y
2
V = π de −2 / (6 cos κ sin κ)
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Two-Component Measurements–
Perpendicular to Optical Axis

•Blue

•4 Beam system
•Green

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 3 Component System
Two probe arrangement
UY
If θ1 = θ2 = θ

uy = (uA + uB)/(2 cosθ )

ux = (uA - uB)/(2 sinθ ) uv

θv
Ux
θg
ug
Green (Unshifted)
Violet (Shifted)
Green (Shifted)
Violet (Unshifted)
Blue

Probe 2 Probe 1

θ© g2008, TSI Incorporated θv

 Fiberoptic Probe
Single component system

collimating
transmitting fibers receiving fiber scattered light
lenses

receiving lens focusing lens

to PDM

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 Schematic of Phase Doppler Optics

Particle
Optics
Receiving
Laser
Angle

A θ
Fringes Move B Slit

FlowSizer C

PDM Receiving
FireWire Optics
FSA
Fiber-optic
Photo-detectors
Signal Processor
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 Phase Shift of Light Refracted Through
a Sphere
λ

2κ Enlarged View

Ray 1 m

Ray 2

• Two representative rays are pulled out of the crossing beams

• Light rays enter the drop at different angles
• Passing on different optical paths to reach an arbitrary point “P” results
in a phase shift between the two rays

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FlowSizer Software

•New Fitting Routines

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Turbulence Characteristics of a Swirling
Jet

Courtesy of Courtesy of Prof. J. Naughton and R. Semaan, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Univ. Wyoming.

Full turbulence statistics measured with a 3D LDV system.

See AIAA paper number 2008-761 for details.

© 2008, TSI Incorporated

 Turbulence Characteristics of a
Swirling Jet

Courtesy of Courtesy of Prof. J. Naughton and R. Semaan, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Univ. Wyoming.

Axial normalized turbulent stress distribution (uu/U2o) for a swirl number

of 0.39,
Reynolds number of 100,000, and solid body type swirl.
See AIAA paper number 2008-761 for details.

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 Probes for Underwater LDV
Sealed Stainless Steel
Probes
Prism Attachments

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PDPA Measurements in a Lean Low-NOx
Aircraft Combustor
SMD with Combustion
Lean Low NOx Combustor
(GE CFM 56 Engine) 2
2.4

1.5 2.2

1 2

0.5
1.8

D32 / Do
Y / Ro
1.6

-0.5
1.4
-1

1.2
-1.5

-2 1

-2.5 0.8

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

X / Ro

Courtesy of Jonathan Colby and Georgia Institute of Technology

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 High Density Diesel Spray
Particle Diameter Distribution

Uncorrected Diameter
600
Corrected Diameter
Corrected Area
Velocity 1 Realtime Corrected Volume
120 6.0

Normalized Diameter Count (%/um)

Particle Con. per Bin 500

Particle Concentration 1/(cc*um)

96
Velocity Ch. 1 (m/sec)

4.6 400

72
300
3.2
48
200
1.8
24
100

0 0.4
0 2.00x10 -3 4.00x10 -3 6.00x10
0
Time Ch. 1 (sec) 0 16 32 48 64 80
Diameter (um)

Courtesy CMT – Polytechnic Univ. Valencia

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 High Density Diesel Spray

Extended Diameter Statistics

Diameter Statistics
PVC Spatial x 23.64
D10 (um) 16.41 16.07 16.39 q 3.95
D20 (um) 17.51 17.19 17.60 LWC (g/m3) 31.0776
D30 (um) 18.55 18.25 18.70 Volume Flux X (cc/cm2 s) 0.0586
D32 (um) 20.82 20.57 21.11 Volume Flux Y (cc/cm2 s) 0.0000
D43 (um) 23.05 22.79 Volume Flux Z (cc/cm2 s) 0.0000
PhaseAB Mean (degree) 70.54 Volume 1 (%) 7.39
PhaseAB RMS (degree) 30.04 Volume 10 (%) 13.37
Volume 50 (%) 21.54
PhaseAC Mean (degree) -18.78
Volume 90 (%) 29.19
PhaseAC RMS (degree) 121.04
Volume 99 (%) 34.79
Size Data Rate (Hz) 514 Total Particle Conc.(1/cc) 9762.7988
Size Valid Count 25000
Epsilon Exception 4554

Courtesy CMT – Polytechnic Univ. Valencia

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PDPA Measurements in Supersonic Wind
Tunnel (Jet in Crossflow)

Mach 1.94
d0=0.5 mm
q0=7
GLR=5%
x/d0=200

Courtesy of Dr. Steven Lin, TaiTech Inc.

© 2008, TSI Incorporated

 Thank you!

• Questions?

www.tsi.com/fluidmechanics

[email protected]

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