Exercises 983

emf induced in the ring and (b) the electric field induced in the ring to a charge-measuring instrument whose resistance is 45.0 Æ.
change? When the coil is rotated quickly from a position parallel to a uni-
Q29.14 . A type-II superconductor in an external field between form magnetic field to a position perpendicular to the field, the
Bc1 and Bc2 has regions that contain magnetic flux and have resist- instrument indicates a charge of 3.56 * 10 -5 C. What is the mag-
ance, and also has superconducting regions. What is the resistance nitude of the field?
of a long, thin cylinder of such material? 29.5 . A circular loop of wire with a radius of 12.0 cm and ori-
Q29.15 Can one have a displacement current as well as a conduc- ented in the horizontal xy-plane is located in a region of uniform
tion current within a conductor? Explain. magnetic field. A field of 1.5 T is directed along the positive
Q29.16 Your physics study partner asks you to consider a parallel- z-direction, which is upward. (a) If the loop is removed from the
plate capacitor that has a dielectric completely filling the volume field region in a time interval of 2.0 ms, find the average emf that
between the plates. He then claims that Eqs. (29.13) and (29.14) will be induced in the wire loop during the extraction process.
show that the conduction current in the dielectric equals the dis- (b) If the coil is viewed looking down on it from above, is the
placement current in the dielectric. Do you agree? Explain. induced current in the loop clockwise or counterclockwise?
Q29.17 Match the mathematical statements of Maxwell’s equa- 29.6 . CALC A coil 4.00 cm in radius, containing 500 turns, is
tions as given in Section 29.7 to these verbal statements. (a) placed in a uniform magnetic field that varies with time according
Closed electric field lines are evidently produced only by changing to B = 10.0120 T>s2t + 13.00 * 10 -5 T>s42t 4. The coil is con-
magnetic flux. (b) Closed magnetic field lines are produced both nected to a 600-Æ resistor, and its plane is perpendicular to the
by the motion of electric charge and by changing electric flux. magnetic field. You can ignore the resistance of the coil. (a) Find
(c) Electric field lines can start on positive charges and end on neg- the magnitude of the induced emf in the coil as a function of time.
ative charges. (d) Evidently there are no magnetic monopoles on (b) What is the current in the resistor at time t = 5.00 s?
which to start and end magnetic field lines. 29.7 . CALC The current in the
Q29.18 If magnetic monopoles existed, the right-hand side of long, straight wire AB shown in Figure E29.7
Eq. (29.21) would include a term proportional to the current of Fig. E29.7 is upward and is
magnetic monopoles. Suppose a steady monopole current is mov- increasing steadily at a rate di>dt. i
ing in a long straight wire. Sketch the electric field lines that such a (a) At an instant when the current B
current would produce. is i, what are the magnitude and r dr
S
direction of the field B at a dis-
tance r to the right of the wire?
EXERCISES (b) What is the flux d£ B through
a L
Section 29.2 Faraday’s Law the narrow, shaded strip? (c) What
29.1 . A single loop of wire with an area of 0.0900 m2 is in a uni- is the total flux through the loop?
form magnetic field that has an initial value of 3.80 T, is perpendi- (d) What is the induced emf in
cular to the plane of the loop, and is decreasing at a constant rate of the loop? (e) Evaluate the numeri- A b
0.190 T> s. (a) What emf is induced in this loop? (b) If the loop has cal value of the induced emf if
a resistance of 0.600 Æ, find the current induced in the loop. a = 12.0 cm, b = 36.0 cm, L = i
29.2 .. In a physics laboratory experiment, a coil with 200 turns 24.0 cm, and di>dt = 9.60 A>s.
enclosing an area of 12 cm2 is rotated in 0.040 s from a position 29.8 . CALC A flat, circular, steel Figure E29.8
where its plane is perpendicular to the earth’s magnetic field to a loop of radius 75 cm is at rest in a
S
position where its plane is parallel to the field. The earth’s mag- uniform magnetic field, as shown in B
netic field at the lab location is 6.0 * 10 -5 T. (a) What is the total an edge-on view in Fig. E29.8. The 60°
magnetic flux through the coil before it is rotated? After it is field is changing with time, accord-
-10.057 s-12t
rotated? (b) What is the average emf induced in the coil? ing to B1t2 = 11.4 T2e .
29.3 .. Search Coils and Credit Cards. One practical way to (a) Find the emf induced in the
measure magnetic field strength uses a small, closely wound coil loop as a function of time. (b) When
1
called a search coil. The coil is initially held with its plane perpen- is the induced emf equal to 10 of its initial value? (c) Find the
dicular to a magnetic field. The coil is then either quickly rotated a direction of the current induced in the loop, as viewed from above
quarter-turn about a diameter or quickly pulled out of the field. (a) the loop.
Derive the equation relating the total charge Q that flows through a 29.9 . Shrinking Loop. A circular loop of flexible iron wire
search coil to the magnetic-field magnitude B. The search coil has has an initial circumference of 165.0 cm, but its circumference is
N turns, each with area A, and the flux through the coil is decreased decreasing at a constant rate of 12.0 cm>s due to a tangential pull
from its initial maximum value to zero in a time ¢t. The resistance on the wire. The loop is in a constant, uniform magnetic field ori-
of the coil is R, and the total charge is Q = I¢t, where I is the ented perpendicular to the plane of the loop and with magnitude
average current induced by the change in flux. (b) In a credit card 0.500 T. (a) Find the emf induced in the loop at the instant when
reader, the magnetic strip on the back of a credit card is rapidly 9.0 s have passed. (b) Find the direction of the induced current in
“swiped” past a coil within the reader. Explain, using the same the loop as viewed looking along the direction of the magnetic
ideas that underlie the operation of a search coil, how the reader field.
can decode the information stored in the pattern of magnetization 29.10 . A closely wound rectangular coil of 80 turns has dimen-
on the strip. (c) Is it necessary that the credit card be “swiped” sions of 25.0 cm by 40.0 cm. The plane of the coil is rotated from a
through the reader at exactly the right speed? Why or why not? position where it makes an angle of 37.0° with a magnetic field of
29.4 . A closely wound search coil (see Exercise 29.3) has an area 1.10 T to a position perpendicular to the field. The rotation takes
of 3.20 cm2, 120 turns, and a resistance of 60.0 Æ. It is connected 0.0600 s. What is the average emf induced in the coil?
984 CHAPTER 29 Electromagnetic Induction

29.11 . CALC In a region of space, a magnetic field points in the 29.18 . A cardboard tube is Figure E29.18
+x-direction (toward the right). Its magnitude varies with posi- wrapped with two windings of
a b
tion according to the formula Bx = B0 + bx, where B0 and b are insulated wire wound in oppo-
positive constants, for x Ú 0. A flat coil of area A moves with site directions, as shown in Fig.
uniform speed v from right to left with the plane of its area E29.18. Terminals a and b of
always perpendicular to this field. (a) What is the emf induced winding A may be connected to
in this coil while it is to the right of the origin? (b) As viewed a battery through a reversing
from the origin, what is the direction (clockwise or counter- switch. State whether the Winding A
clockwise) of the current induced in the coil? (c) If instead the induced current in the resistor R Winding B
coil moved from left to right, what would be the answers to parts is from left to right or from R
(a) and (b)? right to left in the following cir-
29.12 . Back emf. A motor with a brush-and-commutator cumstances: (a) the current in winding A is from a to b and is
arrangement, as described in Example 29.4, has a circular coil with increasing; (b) the current in winding A is from b to a and is decreas-
radius 2.5 cm and 150 turns of wire. The magnetic field has magni- ing; (c) the current in winding A is from b to a and is increasing.
tude 0.060 T, and the coil rotates at 440 rev>min. (a) What is the 29.19 . A small, circular ring is
maximum emf induced in the coil? (b) What is the average back emf? Figure E29.19
inside a larger loop that is con-
29.13 .. The armature of a small generator consists of a flat, nected to a battery and a switch, as
square coil with 120 turns and sides with a length of 1.60 cm. The shown in Fig. E29.19. Use Lenz’s
coil rotates in a magnetic field of 0.0750 T. What is the angular law to find the direction of the cur-
speed of the coil if the maximum emf produced is 24.0 mV? rent induced in the small ring S
29.14 . A flat, rectangular coil of (a) just after switch S is closed; (b)
dimensions l and w is pulled with uni- Figure E29.14 after S has been closed a long time;
form speed v through a uniform magnetic (c) just after S has been reopened
l B
S
field B with the plane of its area perpen- after being closed a long time.
dicular to the field (Fig. E29.14). (a) Find w v 29.20 . A circular loop of wire with Figure E29.20
the emf induced in this coil. (b) If the radius r = 0.0480 m and resistance
speed and magnetic field are both tripled, R = 0.160 Æ is in a region of spatially S
B
what is the induced emf? uniform magnetic field, as shown in Fig.
E29.20. The magnetic field is directed out r
Section 29.3 Lenz’s Law of the plane of the figure. The magnetic
29.15 . A circular loop of wire is Figure E29.15 field has an initial value of 8.00 T and
in a region of spatially uniform S
is decreasing at a rate of dB>dt =
magnetic field, as shown in Fig. B -0.680 T>s. (a) Is the induced current in
E29.15. The magnetic field is a
the loop clockwise or counterclockwise?
directed into the plane of the fig- 10.0 cm (b) What is the rate at which electrical energy is being dissipated by
ure. Determine the direction the resistance of the loop?
(clockwise or counterclockwise) 29.21 . CALC A circular loop of wire
of the induced current in the loop Figure E29.21
with radius r = 0.0250 m and resist-
when (a) B is increasing; (b) B is b ance R = 0.390 Æ is in a region of spa- S
decreasing; (c) B is constant with tially uniform magnetic field, as shown B
value B0. Explain your reasoning. in Fig. E29.21. The magnetic field is
29.16 . The current in Fig. directed into the plane of the figure. r
E29.16 obeys the equation I(t2 = I0e -bt, Figure E29.16 At t = 0, B = 0. The magnetic field
where b 7 0. Find the direction (clock- then begins increasing, with B1t2 =
wise or counterclockwise) of the current I 10.380 T> s32t 3. What is the current in
induced in the round coil for t 7 0. the loop (magnitude and direction) at
29.17 . Using Lenz’s law, determine the the instant when B = 1.33 T?
direction of the current in resistor ab of
Fig. E29.17 when (a) switch S is opened Section 29.4 Motional Electromotive Force
after having been closed for several min- 29.22 . A rectangular loop of wire with dimensions 1.50 cm by
utes; (b) coil B is brought closer to coil A with the switch closed; 8.00 cm and resistance R = 0.600 Æ is being pulled to the right out
(c) the resistance of R is decreased while the switch remains of a region of uniform magnetic field. The magnetic field has mag-
closed. nitude B = 3.50 T and is directed into the plane of Fig. E29.22. At
Figure E29.17 Figure E29.22
A B
S
B

R v

+
S a b
 Exercises 985

the instant when the speed of the loop is 3.00 m> s and it is still par- ignore friction. (d) Compare the rate at which mechanical work is
tially in the field region, what force (magnitude and direction) does done by the force 1Fv2 with the rate at which thermal energy is
the magnetic field exert on the loop? developed in the circuit 1I 2 R2.
29.23 . In Fig. E29.23 a conducting 29.28 . A 1.50-m-long metal bar Figure E29.28
Figure E29.23
rod of length LS = 30.0 cm moves in a is pulled to the right at a steady
magnetic field B of magnitude 0.450 T S
5.0 m>s perpendicular to a uni- a
B b
directed into the plane of the figure. The form, 0.750-T magnetic field. The
rod moves with speed v = 5.00 m>s L bar rides on parallel metal rails R
S
B
in the direction shown. (a) What is the connected through a 25.0-Æ resis-
v
potential difference between the ends a
tor, as shown in Fig. E29.28, so b
of the rod? (b) Which point, a or b, is the apparatus makes a complete
at higher potential? (c) When the charges in the rod are in equilib- circuit. You can ignore the resistance of the bar and the rails.
rium, what are the magnitude and direction of the electric field (a) Calculate the magnitude of the emf induced in the circuit.
within the rod? (d) When the charges in the rod are in equilibrium, (b) Find the direction of the current induced in the circuit (i) using
which point, a or b, has an excess of positive charge? (e) What is the magnetic force on the charges in the moving bar; (ii) using
the potential difference across the rod if it moves (i) parallel to ab Faraday’s law; (iii) using Lenz’s law. (c) Calculate the current
and (ii) directly out of the page? through the resistor.
29.24 . A rectangle measuring 29.29 . A 0.360-m-long metal Figure E29.29
30.0 cm by 40.0 cm is located Figure E29.24 bar is pulled to the left by an
inside a region of a spatially uni- applied force F. The bar rides on S
30.0 cm S B
form magnetic field of 1.25 T, B parallel metal rails connected
with the field perpendicular to the through a 45.0-Æ resistor, as
40.0 cm

2.00 cm/s R
plane of the coil (Fig. E29.24). shown in Fig. E29.29, so the v
The coil is pulled out at a steady apparatus makes a complete cir-
rate of 2.00 cm>s traveling per- cuit. You can ignore the resist-
pendicular to the field lines. The ance of the bar and rails. The
region of the field ends abruptly as shown. Find the emf induced in circuit is in a uniform 0.650-T magnetic field that is directed out of
this coil when it is (a) all inside the field; (b) partly inside the field; the plane of the figure. At the instant when the bar is moving to the
(c) all outside the field. left at 5.90 m> s, (a) is the induced current in the circuit clockwise
29.25 . Are Motional emfs a Practical Source of Electricity? or counterclockwise and (b) what is the rate at which the applied
How fast (in m>s and mph) would a 5.00-cm copper bar have to force is doing work on the bar?
move at right angles to a 0.650-T magnetic field to generate 1.50 V 29.30 . Consider the circuit shown in Fig. E29.29, but with the
(the same as a AA battery) across its ends? Does this seem like a bar moving to the right with speed v. As in Exercise 29.29, the bar
practical way to generate electricity? has length 0.360 m, R = 45.0 Æ , and B = 0.650 T. (a) Is the
29.26 . Motional emfs in Transportation. Airplanes and induced current in the circuit clockwise or counterclockwise?
trains move through the earth’s magnetic field at rather high speeds, (b) At an instant when the 45.0-Æ resistor is dissipating electrical
so it is reasonable to wonder whether this field can have a substan- energy at a rate of 0.840 J>s, what is the speed of the bar?
tial effect on them. We shall use a typical value of 0.50 G for the 29.31 . A 0.250-m-long bar
Figure E29.31
earth’s field (a) The French TGV train and the Japanese “bullet moves on parallel rails that are
train” reach speeds of up to 180 mph moving on tracks about 1.5 m connected through a 6.00-Æ
apart. At top speed moving perpendicular to the earth’s magnetic resistor, as shown in Fig. E29.31,
field, what potential difference is induced across the tracks as the so the apparatus makes a complete S
B
R
wheels roll? Does this seem large enough to produce noticeable circuit. You can ignore the resist-
effects? (b) The Boeing 747-400 aircraft has a wingspan of 64.4 m ance of the bar and rails. The cir-
and a cruising speed of 565 mph. If there is no wind blowing (so cuit is in a uniform magnetic field
that this is also their speed relative to the ground), what is the maxi- B = 1.20 T that is directed into the plane of the figure. At an
mum potential difference that could be induced between the oppo- instant when the induced current in the circuit is counterclockwise
site tips of the wings? Does this seem large enough to cause and equal to 1.75 A, what is the velocity of the bar (magnitude and
problems with the plane? direction)?
29.27 . The conducting rod Figure E29.27 29.32 .. BIO Measuring Figure E29.32
ab shown in Fig. E29.27 makes Blood Flow. Blood con-
contact with metal rails ca and c a tains positive and negative
S
B
db. The apparatus is in a uni- ions and thus is a conductor. d v
S v
form magnetic field of 0.800 T, B 50.0 cm A blood vessel, therefore, can
perpendicular to the plane of be viewed as an electrical
the figure (a) Find the magni- d b wire. We can even picture the
tude of the emf induced in the flowing blood as a series of parallel conducting slabs whose thick-
rod when it is moving toward the right with a speed 7.50 m>s. ness is the diameter d of the vessel moving with speed v. (See
(b) In what direction does the current flow in the rod? (c) If the Fig. E29.32.) (a) If the blood vessel is placed in a magnetic field B
resistance of the circuit abdc is 1.50 Æ (assumed to be constant), perpendicular to the vessel, as in the figure, show that the
find the force (magnitude and direction) required to keep the rod motional potential difference induced across it is E = vBd. (b) If
moving to the right with a constant speed of 7.50 m>s. You can you expect that the blood will be flowing at 15 cm> s for a vessel
986 CHAPTER 29 Electromagnetic Induction

5.0 mm in diameter, what strength of magnetic field will you need 29.38 . A metal ring 4.50 cm in diameter is placed between the
to produce a potential difference of 1.0 mV? (c) Show that the north and south poles of large magnets with the plane of its area
volume rate of flow (R) of the blood is equal to R = pEd>4B. perpendicular to the magnetic field. These magnets produce an ini-
(Note: Although the method developed here is useful in measur- tial uniform field of 1.12 T between them but are gradually pulled
ing the rate of blood flow in a vessel, it is limited to use in surgery apart, causing this field to remain uniform but decrease steadily at
because measurement of the potential E must be made directly 0.250 T>s. (a) What is the magnitude of the electric field induced
across the vessel.) in the ring? (b) In which direction (clockwise or counterclockwise)
29.33 . A 1.41-m bar moves through Figure E29.33 does the current flow as viewed by someone on the south pole of
a uniform, 1.20-T magnetic field with the magnet?
a speed of 2.50 m>s (Fig. E29.33). In y 29.39 . A long, straight solenoid with a cross-sectional area of
each case, find the emf induced b 8.00 cm2 is wound with 90 turns of wire per centimeter, and the
between the ends of this bar and iden- windings carry a current of 0.350 A. A second winding of 12 turns
S
tify which, if any, end (a or b) is at a
B encircles the solenoid at its center. The current in the solenoid is
the higher potential. The bar moves in 37.0° turned off such that the magnetic field of the solenoid becomes
x
the direction of (a) the +x-axis; (b) O zero in 0.0400 s. What is the average induced emf in the second
the -y-axis; (c) the +z-axis. (d) winding?
29.40 . The magnetic field B at all points within the colored cir-
S
How should this bar move so that the emf across its ends has the
greatest possible value with b at a higher potential than a, and what cle shown in Fig. E29.15 has an initial magnitude of 0.750 T. (The
is this maximum emf? circle could represent approximately the space inside a long, thin
29.34 .. A rectangular circuit is moved at a constant velocity of solenoid.) The magnetic field is directed into the plane of the dia-
3.0 m> s into, through, and then out of a uniform 1.25-T magnetic gram and is decreasing at the rate of -0.0350 T>s. (a) What is the
field, as shown in Fig. E29.34. The magnetic-field region is consid- shape of the field lines of the induced electric field shown in Fig.
erably wider than 50.0 cm. Find the magnitude and direction (clock- E29.15, within the colored circle? (b) What are the magnitude and
wise or counterclockwise) of the current induced in the circuit as it is direction of this field at any point on the circular conducting ring
(a) going into the magnetic field; (b) totally within the magnetic with radius 0.100 m? (c) What is the current in the ring if its resist-
field, but still moving; and (c) moving out of the field. (d) Sketch a ance is 4.00 Æ? (d) What is the emf between points a and b on the
graph of the current in this circuit as a function of time, including the ring? (e) If the ring is cut at some point and the ends are separated
preceding three cases. slightly, what will be the emf between the ends?
Figure E29.34
Section 29.7 Displacement Current
and Maxwell’s Equations
/
3.0 m s
29.41 . CALC The electric flux through a certain area of a dielec-
tric is 18.76 * 10 3 V # m>s42t 4. The displacement current through
S
B (1.25 T)
12.5 V 75.0 cm that area is 12.9 pA at time t = 26.1 ms. Calculate the dielectric
constant for the dielectric.
50.0 cm 29.42 . A parallel-plate, air-filled capacitor is being charged as in
Fig. 29.22. The circular plates have radius 4.00 cm, and at a partic-
Section 29.5 Induced Electric Fields ular instant the conduction current in the wires is 0.280 A. (a)
29.35 . The magnetic field within a long, straight solenoid with a What is the displacement current density jD in the air space
circular cross section and radius R is increasing at a rate of dB>dt. between the plates? (b) What is the rate at which the electric field
(a) What is the rate of change of flux through a circle with radius r1 between the plates is changing? (c) What is the induced magnetic
inside the solenoid, normal to the axis of the solenoid, and with field between the plates at a distance of 2.00 cm from the axis?
center on the solenoid axis? (b) Find the magnitude of the induced (d) At 1.00 cm from the axis?
electric field inside the solenoid, at a distance r1 from its axis. Show 29.43 . Displacement Current in a Dielectric. Suppose that
the direction of this field in a diagram. (c) What is the magnitude of the parallel plates in Fig. 29.22 have an area of 3.00 cm2 and are
the induced electric field outside the solenoid, at a distance r2 separated by a 2.50-mm-thick sheet of dielectric that completely
from the axis? (d) Graph the magnitude of the induced electric field fills the volume between the plates. The dielectric has dielectric
as a function of the distance r from the axis from r = 0 to r = 2R. constant 4.70. (You can ignore fringing effects.) At a certain
(e) What is the magnitude of the induced emf in a circular turn of instant, the potential difference between the plates is 120 V and the
radius R>2 that has its center on the solenoid axis? (f) What is the conduction current i C equals 6.00 mA. At this instant, what are (a)
magnitude of the induced emf if the radius in part (e) is R? (g) What the charge q on each plate; (b) the rate of change of charge on the
is the induced emf if the radius in part (e) is 2R? plates; (c) the displacement current in the dielectric?
29.36 .. A long, thin solenoid has 900 turns per meter and 29.44 . CALC In Fig. 29.22 the capacitor plates have area
radius 2.50 cm. The current in the solenoid is increasing at a uni- 5.00 cm2 and separation 2.00 mm. The plates are in vacuum. The
form rate of 60.0 A>s. What is the magnitude of the induced elec- charging current i C has a constant value of 1.80 mA. At t = 0 the
tric field at a point near the center of the solenoid and (a) 0.500 cm charge on the plates is zero. (a) Calculate the charge on the plates,
from the axis of the solenoid; (b) 1.00 cm from the axis of the the electric field between the plates, and the potential difference
solenoid? between the plates when t = 0.500 ms. (b) Calculate dE>dt, the
29.37 .. A long, thin solenoid has 400 turns per meter and radius time rate of change of the electric field between the plates. Does
1.10 cm. The current in the solenoid is increasing at a uniform rate dE>dt vary in time? (c) Calculate the displacement current density
di>dt. The induced electric field at a point near the center of the sole- jD between the plates, and from this the total displacement current
noid and 3.50 cm from its axis is 8.00 * 10 -6 V>m. Calculate di>dt. i D. How do i C and i D compare?
 Problems 987

29.45 . CALC Displacement Current in a Wire. A long, rectangle 2.0 m by 4.0 m, while Figure P29.49
straight, copper wire with a circular cross-sectional area of 2.1 mm2 the small one has dimensions
carries a current of 16 A. The resistivity of the material is 2.0 * a = 10.0 cm and b = 20.0 cm. S
10 -8 Æ # m. (a) What is the uniform electric field in the material? The distance c is 5.0 cm. (The +
C
a
(b) If the current is changing at the rate of 4000 A>s, at what rate is figure is not drawn to scale.) –
the electric field in the material changing? (c) What is the displace- Both circuits are held stationary. b
ment current density in the material in part (b)? (Hint: Since K for Assume that only the wire near- R0 c
copper is very close to 1, use P = P0.) (d) If the current is changing est the small circuit produces
as in part (b), what is the magnitude of the magnetic field 6.0 cm an appreciable magnetic field
from the center of the wire? Note that both the conduction current through it. (a) Find the current in the large circuit 200 ms after S is
and the displacement current should be included in the calculation closed. (b) Find the current in the small circuit 200 ms after S is
of B. Is the contribution from the displacement current significant? closed. (Hint: See Exercise 29.7.) (c) Find the direction of the cur-
rent in the small circuit. (d) Justify why we can ignore the mag-
Section 29.8 Superconductivity netic field from all the wires of the large circuit except for the wire
29.46 . At temperatures near absolute zero, Bc approaches 0.142 T closest to the small circuit.
for vanadium, a type-I superconductor. The normal phase of vana- 29.50 .. CP CALC In the circuit in Fig. P29.49, an emf of 90.0 V
dium has a magnetic susceptibility close to zero. Consider a long, is added in series with the capacitor and the resistor, and the capac-
thin vanadium
S
cylinder with its axis parallel to an external magnetic itor is initially uncharged. The emf is placed between the capacitor
field B0 in the + x-direction. At points far from the ends of the cylin- and the switch, with the positive terminal of the emf adjacent to the
der, by symmetry, all the magnetic vectors are parallel to the x-axis. capacitor. Otherwise, the two circuits are the same as in Problem
At temperatures
S
near absolute Szero, what are the resultant magnetic 29.49. The switch is closed at t = 0. When the current in the large
field B and the magnetization
S
M inside and outsideS
the cylinder (far circuit is 5.00 A, what are the magnitude and direction of the
from the ends) for (a) B0 ! 10.130 T)ın and (b) B0 ! 10.260 T)ın ? induced current in the small circuit?
29.47 . The compound SiV3 is a type-II superconductor. At temper- 29.51 .. CALC A very long, straight solenoid with a cross-
atures near absolute zero the two critical fields are Bc1 = 55.0 mT sectional area of 2.00 cm2 is wound with 90.0 turns of wire per
and Bc2 = 15.0 T. The normal phase of SiV3 has a magnetic sus- centimeter. Starting at t = 0, the current in the solenoid is increas-
ceptibility close to zero. A long, thin SiV3 cylinder has its axis par- ing according to i1t2 = 10.160 A>s22t 2. A secondary winding of
S
allel to an external magnetic field B0 in the + x-direction. At points 5 turns encircles the solenoid at its center, such that the secondary
far from the ends of the cylinder, by symmetry, all the magnetic winding has the same cross-sectional area as the solenoid. What is
vectors are parallel to the x-axis. At a temperature near absolute the magnitude of the emf induced in the secondary winding at the
zero, the external magnetic field is slowly increased from zero. instant that the current in the solenoid is 3.20 A?
29.52 . A flat coil is oriented with
S S
What are the resultant magnetic field B and the magnetization M
inside the cylinder at points far from its ends (a) just before the the plane of its area at right angles to Figure P29.52
magnetic flux begins to penetrate the material, and (b) just after the a spatially uniform magnetic field.
B
material becomes completely normal? The magnitude of this field varies
with time according to the graph in
Fig. P29.52. Sketch a qualitative
PROBLEMS (but accurate!) graph of the emf
29.48 ... CALC
t
A Changing Magnetic Field. You are testing a induced in the coil as a function of O t1 t2 t3
new data-acquisition system. This system allows you to record a time. Be sure to identify the times t 1,
graph of the current in a circuit as a function of time. As part of the t 2, and t 3 on your graph.
test, you are using a circuit made up of a 4.00-cm-radius, 500-turn 29.53 . In Fig. P29.53 the Figure P29.53
coil of copper wire connected in series to a 600-Æ resistor. Copper loop is being pulled to the right
has resistivity 1.72 * 10 -8 Æ # m, and the wire used for the coil at constant speed v. A constant
has diameter 0.0300 mm. You place the coil on a table that is tilted current I flows in the long wire, I a
30.0° from the horizontal and that lies between the poles of an in the direction shown. (a) Cal-
r
electromagnet. The electromagnet generates a vertically upward culate the magnitude of the net S
v
magnetic field that is zero for t 6 0, equal to 10.120 T2 * emf E induced in the loop. Do b
11 - cos pt2 for 0 … t … 1.00 s, and equal to 0.240 T for this two ways: (i) by using Fara-
t 7 1.00 s. (a) Draw the graph that should be produced by your day’s law of induction (Hint:
data-acquisition system. (This is a full-featured system, so the See Exercise 29.7) and (ii) by
graph will include labels and numerical values on its axes.) (b) If looking at the emf induced in
you were looking vertically downward at the coil, would the cur- each segment of the loop due to
rent be flowing clockwise or counterclockwise? its motion. (b) Find the direction (clockwise or counterclockwise)
29.49 .. CP CALC In the circuit shown in Fig. P29.49 the capaci- of the current induced in the loop. Do this two ways: (i) using
tor has capacitance C = 20 mF and is initially charged to 100 V Lenz’s law and (ii) using the magnetic force on charges in the loop.
with the polarity shown. The resistor R0 has resistance 10 Æ. At (c) Check your answer for the emf in part (a) in the following spe-
time t = 0 the switch is closed. The small circuit is not connected cial cases to see whether it is physically reasonable: (i) The loop is
in any way to the large one. The wire of the small circuit has a stationary; (ii) the loop is very thin, so a S 0; (iii) the loop gets
resistance of 1.0 Æ>m and contains 25 loops. The large circuit is a very far from the wire.
988 CHAPTER 29 Electromagnetic Induction

29.54 . Suppose the loop in Figure P29.54 S

constant force F directed to the right. The rails are infinitely long
Fig. P29.54 is (a) rotated about z and have negligible resistance. (a) Graph the speed of the rod as a
the y-axis; (b) rotated about the function of time. (b) Find an expression for the terminal speed (the
x-axis; (c) rotated about an edge A speed when the acceleration of the rod is zero).
parallel to the z-axis. What is y 29.60 .. CP CALC Terminal Speed. A bar of length L = 0.36 m is
the maximum induced emf in v
S free to slide without friction on horizontal rails, as shown in
each case if A = 600 cm2, v = B Fig. P29.60. There is a uni-
35.0 rad>s, and B = 0.450 T? Figure P29.60
form magnetic field B = 1.5 T
29.55 ... As a new electrical x
directed into the plane of the S
B
engineer for the local power figure. At one end of the rails
company, you are assigned the project of designing a generator of +
there is a battery with emf E
sinusoidal ac voltage with a maximum voltage of 120 V. Besides –
E = 12 V and a switch. The bar
plenty of wire, you have two strong magnets that can produce a L
has mass 0.90 kg and resistance
constant uniform magnetic field of 1.5 T over a square area of 5.0 Æ, and all other resistance
10.0 cm on a side when they are 12.0 cm apart. The basic design in the circuit can be ignored.
should consist of a square coil turning in the uniform magnetic field. The switch is closed at time
To have an acceptable coil resistance, the coil can have at most 400 t = 0. (a) Sketch the speed of the bar as a function of time.
loops. What is the minimum rotation rate (in rpm) of the coil so it (b) Just after the switch is closed, what is the acceleration of the
will produce the required voltage? bar? (c) What is the acceleration of the bar when its speed is
29.56 . Make a Generator? You are shipwrecked on a 2.0 m>s? (d) What is the terminal speed of the bar?
deserted tropical island. You have some electrical devices that you 29.61 . CP Antenna emf. A satellite, orbiting the earth at the
could operate using a generator but you have no magnets. The equator at an altitude of 400 km, has an antenna that can be mod-
earth’s magnetic field at your location is horizontal and has magni- eled as a 2.0-m-long rod. The antenna is oriented perpendicular to
tude 8.0 * 10 -5 T, and you decide to try to use this field for a gen- the earth’s surface. At the equator, the earth’s magnetic field is
erator by rotating a large circular coil of wire at a high rate. You essentially horizontal and has a value of 8.0 * 10 -5 T; ignore any
need to produce a peak emf of 9.0 V and estimate that you can changes in B with altitude. Assuming the orbit is circular, deter-
rotate the coil at 30 rpm by turning a crank handle. You also decide mine the induced emf between the tips of the antenna.
that to have an acceptable coil resistance, the maximum number of 29.62 . emf in a Bullet. At the equator, the earth’s magnetic
turns the coil can have is 2000. (a) What area must the coil have? field is approximately horizontal, is directed toward the north, and
(b) If the coil is circular, what is the maximum translational speed has a value of 8 * 10 -5 T. (a) Estimate the emf induced between
of a point on the coil as it rotates? Do you think this device is fea- the top and bottom of a bullet shot horizontally at a target on the
sible? Explain. equator if the bullet is shot toward the east. Assume the bullet has a
29.57 . A flexible circular loop 6.50 cm in diameter lies in a length of 1 cm and a diameter of 0.4 cm and is traveling at
magnetic field with magnitude 1.35 T, directed into the plane of 300 m>s. Which is at higher potential: the top or bottom of the bul-
the page as shown in Fig. P29.57. The loop is pulled at the points let? (b) What is the emf if the bullet travels south? (c) What is the
indicated by the arrows, forming a loop of zero area in 0.250 s. emf induced between the front and back of the bullet for any hori-
(a) Find the average induced emf in the circuit. (b) What is the zontal velocity?
direction of the current in R: from a to b or from b to a? Explain 29.63 .. CALC A very long, Figure P29.63
your reasoning. cylindrical wire of radius R
Figure P29.57 carries a current I0 uniformly
distributed across the cross
section of the wire. Calculate
the magnetic flux through a I0
W
rectangle that has one side of
a R
length W running down the
R
center of the wire and another
b
side of length R, as shown in
Fig. P29.63 (see Exercise 29.7).
29.64 . CALC A circular conducting
Figure P29.64
ring with radius r0 = 0.0420 m lies in
29.58 ... CALC A conducting rod with length L = 0.200 m, mass the xy-plane in Sa region of uniform mag- y
m = 0.120 kg, and resistance R = 80.0 Æ moves without friction netic field B ! B031 - 31t>t 022 +
on metal rails as shown in Fig. 29.11. A uniform magnetic field 21t>t 0234kN . In this expression, t 0 = r0
r
with magnitude B = 1.50 T is directed into the plane of the figure. 0.0100 s and is constant, t is time, nk is
The rod is initially at rest, and then a constant force with magnitude the unit vector in the +z-direction, and
F = 1.90 N and directed to the right is applied to the bar. How B0 = 0.0800 T and is constant. At k a b x
many seconds after the force is applied does the bar reach a speed points a and b (Fig. P29.64) there is a
12.0 V
of 25.0 m>s? small gap in the ring with wires lead- z
29.59 ... Terminal Speed. A conducting rod with length L, ing to an external circuit of resistance
mass m, and resistance R moves without frictionSon metal rails as R = 12.0 Æ. There is no magnetic field at the location of the
shown in Fig. 29.11. A uniform magnetic field B is directed into external circuit. (a) Derive an expression, as a function of time, for
the plane of the figure. The rod starts from rest and is acted on by a the total magnetic flux £ B through the ring. (b) Determine the emf
 Problems 989

induced in the ring at time t = 5.00 * 10 -3 s. What is the polarity goal is that the person doing the exercise is to do work at the rate
of the emf? (c) Because of the internal resistance of the ring, the of 25 watts when moving the bar at a steady 2.0 m>s. What should
current through R at the time given in part (b) is only 3.00 mA. be the resistance R? (b) You decide you want to be able to vary the
Determine the internal resistance of the ring. (d) Determine the power required from the person, to adapt the machine to the per-
emf in the ring at a time t = 1.21 * 10 -2 s. What is the polarity of son’s strength and fitness. If the power is to be increased to 50 W
the emf? (e) Determine the time at which the current through R by altering R while leaving the other design parameters constant,
reverses its direction. should R be increased or decreased? Calculate the value of R for
29.65 . CALC The long, straight wire shown in Fig. P29.65a car- 50 W. (c) When you start to construct a prototype machine, you
ries constant current I. A metal bar with length L is moving at con- find it is difficult to produce a 0.25-T magnetic field over such a
S
stant velocity v, as shown in the figure. Point a is a distance d from large area. If you decrease the length of the bar to 0.20 m while
the wire. (a) Calculate the emf induced in the bar. (b) Which point, leaving B, v, and R the same as in part (a), what will be the power
a or b, is at higher potential? (c) If the bar is replaced by a rectan- required of the person?
gular wire loop of resistance R (Fig. P29.65b), what is the magni- 29.69 .. CP CALC A rectan- Figure P29.69
tude of the current induced in the loop? gular loop with width L and a
slide wire with mass m are as
Figure P29.65 shown in Fig. P29.69. AS uni- S
form magnetic field B is v B L
(a) (b)
I I directed perpendicular to the
plane of the loop into the plane
d d
of the figure. The slide wire is
a given an initial speed of v0 and then released. There is no friction
between the slide wire and the loop, and the resistance of the loop
S S is negligible in comparison to the resistance R of the slide wire.
v v
L L (a) Obtain an expression for F, the magnitude of the force exerted
on the wire while it is moving at speed v. (b) Show that the distance
x that the wire moves before coming to rest is x = mv0R>a 2B 2.
b W 29.70 .. A 25.0-cm-long metal rod lies in the xy-plane and makes
an angle of 36.9° with the positive x-axis and an angle of 53.1°
29.66 . The cube shown in Fig. Figure P29.66 with the positive y-axis. The rod is moving in the +x-direction
P29.66, 50.0 cm on a side, is in a with a speed of 6 .80 m>s. The rod is in a uniform magnetic field
S
uniform magnetic field of 0.120 T, z B ! 10.120 T2ın " 10.220 T2≥n " 10.0900 T2kN . (a) What is the
directed along the positive y-axis. magnitude of the emf induced in the rod? (b) Indicate in a sketch
Wires A, C, and D move in the C which end of the rod is at higher potential.
29.71 . The magnetic field B, at all
S
directions indicated, each with a
Figure P29.71
speed of 0.350 m>s. (Wire A points within a circular region of
moves parallel to the xy-plane, C S radius R, is uniform in space and
A B
moves at an angle of 45.0° below directed into the plane of the page a
the xy-plane, and D moves paral- D as shown in Fig. P29.71. (The
y S
lel to the xz-plane.) What is the x region could be a cross section B r
potential difference between the inside the windings of a long, c r b
ends of each wire? straight solenoid.) If the magnetic
29.67 . CALC A slender rod, 0.240 m long, rotates with an angu- field is increasing at a rate dB>dt, R
lar speed of 8.80 rad>s about an axis through one end and perpen- what are the magnitude and direc-
dicular to the rod. The plane of rotation of the rod is perpendicular tion of the force on a stationary pos-
to a uniform magnetic field with a magnitude of 0.650 T. (a) What itive point charge q located at points
is the induced emf in the rod? (b) What is the potential difference a, b, and c? (Point a is a distance r above the center of the region,
between its ends? (c) Suppose instead the rod rotates at 8.80 rad>s point b is a distance r to the right of the center, and point c is at the
about an axis through its center and perpendicular to the rod. In center of the region.)
this case, what is the potential difference between the ends of the 29.72 . CALC An airplane propeller of total length L rotates
rod? Between the center of the rod and one end? around its center with angular speed v in a magnetic field that is
29.68 . A Magnetic Exercise Machine. You have designed a perpendicular to the plane of rotation. Modeling the propeller as a
new type of exercise machine with an extremely simple mecha- thin, uniform bar, find the potential difference between (a) the cen-
nism (Fig. E29.28). A vertical bar of silver (chosen for its low ter and either end of the propeller and (b) the two ends. (c) If the
resistivity and because it makes the machine look cool) with length field is the earth’s field of 0.50 G and the propeller turns at 220 rpm
L = 3.0 m is free to move left or right without friction on silver and is 2.0 m long, what is the potential difference between the
rails. The entire apparatus is placed in a horizontal, uniform mag- middle and either end? It this large enough to be concerned about?
netic field of strength 0.25 T. When you push the bar to the left or 29.73 ... CALC A dielectric of permittivity 3.5 * 10 -11 F>m
right, the bar’s motion sets up a current in the circuit that includes completely fills the volume between two capacitor plates. For t 7 0
the bar. The resistance of the bar and the rails can be neglected. the electric flux through the dielectric is 18.0 * 10 3 V # m>s32t 3.
The magnetic field exerts a force on the current-carrying bar, and The dielectric is ideal and nonmagnetic; the conduction current in
this force opposes the bar’s motion. The health benefit is from the the dielectric is zero. At what time does the displacement current in
exercise that you do in working against this force. (a) Your design the dielectric equal 21 mA?
990 CHAPTER 29 Electromagnetic Induction

29.74 .. CP CALC A capacitor has two parallel plates with area A Find the net torque (magnitude and direction) that acts on the loop
separated by a distance d. The space between plates is filled with a when it has rotated through an angle f from its original orientation
material having dielectric constant K. The material is not a perfect and is rotating downward at an angular speed v. (b) Find the angu-
insulator but has resistivity r. The capacitor is initially charged lar acceleration of the loop at the instant described in part (a). (c)
with charge of magnitude Q 0 on each plate that gradually dis- Compared to the case with zero magnetic field, does it take the
charges by conduction through the dielectric. (a) Calculate the loop a longer or shorter time to rotate through 90°? Explain. (d) Is
conduction current density jC1t2 in the dielectric. (b) Show that at mechanical energy conserved as the loop rotates downward?
any instant the displacement current density in the dielectric is Explain.
equal in magnitude to the conduction current density but opposite 29.77 ... A metal bar with length L, mass m, and resistance R is
in direction, so the total current density is zero at every instant. placed on frictionless metal rails that are inclined at an angle f
29.75 .. CALC A rod of pure silicon (resistivity r = 2300 Æ # m2 above the horizontal. The rails have negligible resistance. A uni-
is carrying a current. The electric field varies sinusoidally with time form magnetic field of magnitude B is directed downward as
according to E = E 0 sin vt, where E 0 = 0.450 V>m, v = 2pƒ, shown in Fig. P29.77. The bar is released from rest and slides
and the frequency ƒ = 120 Hz. (a) Find the magnitude of the max- down the rails. (a) Is the direction of the current induced in the bar
imum conduction current density in the wire. (b) Assuming from a to b or from b to a? (b) What is the terminal speed of the
E = E0, find the maximum displacement current density in the bar? (c) What is the induced current in the bar when the terminal
wire, and compare with the result of part (a). (c) At what frequency speed has been reached? (d) After the terminal speed has been
ƒ would the maximum conduction and displacement densities reached, at what rate is electrical energy being converted to ther-
become equal if E = E0 (which is not actually the case)? (d) At the mal energy in the resistance of the bar? (e) After the terminal speed
frequency determined in part (c), what is the relative phase of the has been reached, at what rate is work being done on the bar by
conduction and displacement currents? gravity? Compare your answer to that in part (d).

Figure P29.77
CHALLENGE PROBLEMS
29.76 ... CP CALC A square, conducting, wire loop of side L,
S
total mass m, and total resistance R initially lies in the horizontal B
a
xy-plane, with corners at 1x, y, z2 = 10, 0, 02, 10, L, 02, 1L, 0, 02,
S
and 1L, L, 02. There is a uniform, upward magnetic field B ! BkN L
S
in the space within and around the loop. The side of the loop that B b
extends from 10, 0, 02 to 1L, 0, 02 is held in place on the x-axis;
the rest of the loop is free to pivot around this axis. When the loop
f
is released, it begins to rotate due to the gravitational torque. (a)

Answers

?
S S S
tion of motion. With this orientation, L is parallel to v : B. If you
Chapter Opening Question S
hold theSrod in any horizontal orientation, L will be perpendicular
As the magnetic stripe moves through the card reader, the coded S
to v : B and no emf will be induced. If you walk due north or
S
pattern of magnetization in the stripe causes a varying magnetic S
south, v : B ! 0 and no emf will be induced for any orientation
flux and hence an induced current in the reader’s circuits. If the of the rod.
card does not move, there is no induced emf or current and none of 29.5 Answers: yes, no The magnetic field at a fixed position
the credit card’s information is read. changes as you move the magnet. Such induced electric fields are
not conservative.
Test Your Understanding Questions 29.6 Answer: (iii) By Lenz’s law, the force must oppose the
29.2 Answers: (a) (i), (b) (iii) (a) Initially there is magnetic flux motion of the disk through the magnetic field. Since the disk mate- S
into the plane of the page, which we call positive. While the loop is rial is now moving to the right through the field region, the force F
being squeezed, the flux is becoming less positive 1d£ B>dt 6 02 is to the left—that is, in the opposite direction to that
S
shown
S
inSFig.
and so the induced emf is positive as in Fig. 29.6b 29.19b. To produce a leftward magnetic force S
F ! IL : B on
1E = - d£ B>dt 7 02. If you point the thumb of your right hand currents moving through a magnetic field B directed out of the
into the page, your fingers curl clockwise, so this is the direction of plane of the figure, the eddy currents must be moving downward
positive induced emf. (b) Since the coil’s shape is no longer chang- in the figure—that is, in the same direction shown in Fig. 29.19b.
ing, the magnetic flux is not changing and there is no induced emf. 29.7 Answers: (a) Faraday’s law, (b) Ampere’s law A credit
29.3 Answers: (a) (i), (b) (iii) In (a), as in the original situation, card reader works by inducing currents in the reader’s coils as the
the magnet and loop are approaching each other and the downward card’s magnetized stripe is swiped (see the answer to the chapter
flux through the loop is increasing. Hence the induced emf and opening question). Ampere’s law describes how currents of all
induced current are the same. In (b), since the magnet and loop are kinds (both conduction currents and displacement currents) give
moving together, the flux through the loop is not changing and no rise to magnetic fields.
emf is induced.
29.4 Answers: (a) (iii); (b) (i) or (ii); (c) (ii) or (iii) You will get
the maximum motional emf if you hold the rod vertically, so that
Bridging Problem
its length is perpendicular to both the magnetic field and the direc- Answer: vt = 16rmrRg>B 2