KENYA LEARNER DRIVER HANDBOOK

1
 KENYA LEARNER DRIVER HANDBOOK

For

Light and Professional Light Motor Vehicle

 Kenya Learner Driver Handbook
Guide for Light and Professional Light Motor Vehicle

Copyright © 2016

Compiled by NTSA

National Transport and Safety Authority

Hill Park Building; Upper Hill
PO Box 3602
Nairobi 00506

Ofice: 020 663 2000

Mobile: +254 09 932 000

Email: [email protected]
Web: www.ntsa.go.ke

Illustrations by
Simon Ndonye

Published by
Impact Africa
CONTENTS

FOREWORD....................................................................................................5

UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO DRIVING.............................................................6

UNIT 2: FUNDAMENTAL DRIVING RULES..........................................................7

UNIT 3: MODEL TOWN..................................................................................9

UNIT 4: HUMAN FACTORS IN TRAFFIC...........................................................14

UNIT 5: VEHICLE CONSTRUCTIONS AND CONTROLS.....................................21

UNIT 6: SELF - INSPECTION OF VEHICLE.........................................................28

UNIT 7: OBSERVATION..................................................................................31

UNIT 8: VEHICLE CONTROL...........................................................................33

UNIT 9: COMMUNICATION ON THE ROAD...................................................38

UNIT 10: SPEED MANAGEMENT....................................................................43

UNIT 11: SPACE MANAGEMENT....................................................................46

UNIT 12: EMERGENCY MANOEUVRES...........................................................48

UNIT 13: SKID CONTROL AND RECOVERY......................................................50

UNIT 14: ADVERSE DRIVING CONDITIONS.....................................................52

UNIT 15: PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE............................................................57

UNIT 16: CONDITIONS OF CARRIAGE...........................................................58

UNIT 17: HAZARDOUS MATERIALS..................................................................59

UNIT 18: EMERGENCY PROCEDURES.............................................................61

UNIT 19: WORK PLANNING.........................................................................66

UNIT 20: CUSTOMER CARE ...........................................................................68

UNIT 21: THE EXAMINATION.........................................................................71

TRAFFIC SIGNS ............................................................................................72

MODEL TOWN ILLUSTRATIONS .....................................................................80

FOREWORD

This handbook is prepared as a guide for use by drivers. It is a comprehensive

information source for the rules and regulations, information and advice that
you need to drive safely on the Kenyan roads.

It is important for every learner to get adequate training and practice before
being issued with a rider’s licence. You can become a safe rider through
acquiring the necessary skills and understanding of the road environment, by
always being alert and defensive and by accepting that the prime responsibility
for your safety on the road is yours.

This book will help learners prepare for the rider licence exam and also enable
experienced riders to refresh their skills from time to time.

NTSA

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UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO DRIVING

Motor vehicles are an important part of our day-to-day living and provide
a means for people and goods to be transported from one location to another.

The goal of driver training is ensure that you, as the driver, are equipped with
the right knowledge of how to handle your vehicle and how to act appropriately
when using the road.

Most trafic accidents are caused by human error, however this can be easily
prevented when the driver is adequately prepared for the trafic situation. This

safe and eficient transport services for goods and for passengers.
training also ensures that you are prepared with the necessary skills to provide

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UNIT 2: FUNDAMENTAL DRIVING RULES

The road is governed by rules and regulations that ensure order is

maintained on the roads at all times. These rules and regulations are derived from
international, regional and Kenyan law. As a road user, you should be
knowledgeable of these rules as it is the initial step in ensuring that you and other
road users are safe on the road.

• The Trafic Act

These rules and regulations can be found in the following documents:

• The Highway Code

The Trafic Act sets out the laws that govern the use of roads and the expected
The Traffic Act

conduct of road users. It also includes some of the penalties and ines for road
users who do not abide by these laws.

Highway Code
The Highway Code is a set of information, advice, guides and mandatory
rules for all road users in Kenya. It provides guidelines for animal, pedestrians,
cyclists and motorcyclists. The purpose of the Highway Code is to promote
safety, responsible behaviour and courtesy at all times.

It is your responsibility as a road user to read the Trafic Act and Highway Code

behaviour in trafic regarding safety, courtesy and responsibility.

and learn the essential rules for safe driving or riding and the general rules of

Below are some of the trafic regulations that can also be found in the Trafic Act
and the Highway Code:

Use of the horn, when necessary, to warn other road-users

• You may only use your car horn while your vehicle is moving and you
need to warn other road users of your presence
• Do not use the horn when you are stationary on the road
• Do not use the horn aggressively even when the other road users are
at fault
• Do not use your horn at places where the ‘No Hooting’ sign has been
placed
• Do not use your horn and at designated areas where hooting is
always prohibited e.g. hospitals and schools

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Give right-of-way for speciic vehicles, road users or in speciic
situations such as

• Emergency vehicles such as ire engines and ambulances sounding the

• Police cars

siren or with lashing lights

• When asked to do so by a police oficer or trafic marshall

• The presidential motorcade

Pedestrian range
• You should not ride or drive in areas of the road designated for
pedestrians and cyclists

Trafic Signs and Signals

Trafic signs and signals are used to communicate on the road.

• There are two types of trafic signals; hand signals and light signals

• Trafic signs are used to guide, provide information and warn all road
users. Most signs fall within three broad categories although there are
exceptions. These are

Triangle: Warning Circle: Giving an order Rectangle: Informing

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UNIT 3: MODEL TOWN

simpliied representation used to explain the types of roads found in major towns
The model town board is an example of a road network on a board. It is a

of Kenya and East Africa.

The model town board has several features. These features are:

One way trafic road

Two way trafic road
1.
2.
3. Roundabout
4. Parking zones
5. Yellow kerb
6. Pedestrian crossing
7. Stop sign
8. Give way sign
9. Exit from main road
10. Exit from controlled parking zone
11. Road markings – arrows, relectors, and delta marks etc.

The model town board

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A. One Way Trafic Road (Dual Carriage Way)

• This is a road where all trafic vehicles move in one direction. A road
with white continuous or broken lines dividing the lanes into equal parts
• A white continuous line means no changing lanes or overtaking
• A white dotted or broken lines means you can overtake or change

Land or ield refers to the green part on the left side of the road.
lanes if the road is clear/safe

A yellow marking protects the ield. This yellow marking is known as

•

the yellow kerb

• Yellow kerb means no overlapping, no parking, no waiting and no

The central reserve separates one-way trafic road

stopping.
•
• In between the central reserve, there is an exit from the main road or
U-turn
• A double yellow line separates a three-lane road or streets into equal
parts. Vehicles in a street or an avenue move in one direction

(Crossing Allowed)

B. Two Way Trafic Road/Single Carriageway

• This is a road where vehicles move in opposite direction. A road with

single continuous or broken yellow line at the centre dividing the road
into two equal parts
• Yellow continuous line means you stick to your side or no overtaking
• Yellow broken line means you can overtake if the road is clear. On a
single carriageway, all drivers need to obey the rules of roads in Kenya
(keep left unless overtaking)
• There is a safe and marked area on the road known as a
pedestrian crossing where the driver needs to slow down and stop so as to
enable pedestrians to cross from one side of the road to another

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 Roundabout
This is a meeting point of trafic where more than two roads meet at a
C.
•
point
• The function of a roundabout is to facilitate the movement of vehicles in
different directions without any obstruction or collision

Rules of the roundabout:

i. No stopping
ii. No changing lanes
iii. No parking
iv. No overtaking
v. No waiting

The roundabout is divided into 3 parts.

i. Trafic Island: Green part at the centre of the roundabout used to
control the movement of the vehicles.
ii. Innermost lane (Lane 4): It is the only lane that allows the driver to go
round and make a full circle or a 360° angle from a four lane road.
The innermost lane is the only lane where a driver/rider is allowed to
make a 270° angle from a three lane road.
iii. Space (Lane 3, 2 and 1): Drives on these lanes are not allowed to
make a full circle or a 360° angle.
• You are required to keep left and move in a clockwise direction on the
roundabout
• Lanes are counted/numbered from the outermost lane to the innermost
lane

Common mistakes made when approaching the roundabout:

i. Approaching the roundabout in wrong lane.
ii. Leaving/exiting the roundabout in the wrong lane.

iv. Incorrectly observing the trafic lights.

iii. Changing lanes on the roundabout.

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D. Parking zones
The model town board has two types of parking:
i. Angle/ample/controlled parking zone.
ii. Flush/parallel/uncontrolled parking zone.

Angle Parking: In angle parking, vehicles are designated to low in one

direction. The parking area has a designated entrance and exit from both sides.
These are the rules for angle parking:
i. Strictly for small cars only (Saloon).
ii. Park from the farthest end (far end).
iii. Park by forward gear (direct).
iv. Leave/exit by reverse.

Flush parking: This kind of parking is found on the left side of road in the
direction of trafic. It has no security thus it is an uncontrolled parking zone. The
rules for lush parking are:
i. All types of vehicles except tractors and trailers can park here.
ii. It has an entry but you must leave space for the exit.
iii. Park from the farthest end.
iv. Park by reverse.
v. Leave/exit by forward (direct) driving.

Stop Sign
It is a red in colour and is an eight-sided igure (octagon) with white letters.
E.

It is positioned at a junction when joining a two-way trafic road.

Trafic or vehicles are required to stop and look right, left and right again and
only proceed if the road is clear.

F. Give Way/ Yield Sign

This is a red triangular shape with the apex facing downward. It has a white
border.

Vehicles are required to slow down or stop if necessary and then only proceed if
it is safe.

RULES OF THE MODEL TOWN BOARD

• Use the shortest and most correct route without using the parking
• Use the longest and most correct route without using the parking
• Only use the parking zone as a route as a last option (if there is no
other route)
(Further instructions on the model town are on page 78)

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Directions on a four-lane road when approaching a roundabout

Lane 1 has two options

• Stay on lane 1, Go straight, 0°
• Turn left at 90°

Lane 2 has one option

• Go straight only, 0°

Lane 3 has two options

• Stay on lane 3, go straight
• Turn right at 90°

Lane 4 has four options

• Turn right at 90°
• Come back at 180°
• Turn left 270°
• Go straight 360° after going round the roundabout clockwise direction

Directions on a three-lane road when approaching the roundabout

The system is (2, 1, 5)

Lane 1 has two options
• Go straight 0°
• Turn left at 90°

Lane 2 has one option

• Go straight only 0°

Lane 3 has ive options

• Go straight 0°
• Turn right
• Turn right, stay on lane 3, enter on lane 4 at 90°
• Come back on lane 3, and enter 3 at 180°
• Turn left on lane 3, enter on lane 3 at 270° and then shift to lane 4 on
the broken line

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UNIT 4: HUMAN FACTORS IN TRAFFIC

Observation
When using the road, pay attention to your surroundings and stay alert whether
you are walking, cycling, riding or driving a motor vehicle. Most accidents can
be avoided when road users stay attentive.

Some rules for observation include:

• Keep your eyes moving. Do not just focus on one angle
• Get a wide view of what is ahead and behind you. This allows you to
create enough room between you and the other road users
• When driving or riding, make use of all mirrors; the rear view and wide
view mirrors
• Pay attention to the vehicle instruments
• Ensure that other road users can see you
• Watch other road users and in particular for cyclists, motorcyclists and
pedestrians
• When passing parked cars, watch out for opening doors and exiting
passengers
• Give special attention to vulnerable road users such as children, elderly
people and persons with disabilities
• Give special attention to users of non- motorized transportation such as
horses, donkey carts, handcarts, bicycles and wheelchairs

Health and Safety

Health refers to your physical and mental wellbeing. It is important that at all

is more likely to make better judgment if they are in good health. The following
times you make choices that will not interfere with your wellbeing. Any road user

are some of the issues that may interfere to ride safely

Eyesight and vision

standard, ensure that you wear them before starting any journey
• Check your eyes. If you need spectacles to meet the required eyesight

• It is dangerous and risky to ride with incorrected defective vision

• Do not wear sunglasses or tinted helmet visors at night or in
conditions of poor visibility

Fatigue

start a journey if you feel tired

Fatigue is extreme tiredness as a result of mental or physical exertion. Do not

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The following may cause fatigue:
• Insuficient sleep or rest
• An extended length of time performing the same task
• Sleep disorders and other illnesses
• Driving at the time of day when you are usually resting or sleeping e.g.
night driving, early morning driving

Fatigue decreases your ability to make the right decisions, to avoid

driver fatigue;
• Get quality sleep before driving
• Take regular breaks when driving over long distances

• Keep it and healthy

• Eat balanced meals at regular intervals

• Avoid driving or riding your motorcycle at night. This is when you are
likely to feel sleepy
• If you feel tired, stop at a safe place and rest

Distractions
Distractions in driving can be described as anything that reduces your ability to
respond as quickly as you should during an emergency. For this reasons some
of these ordinary activities are prohibited for drivers.

Using hand held devices

on the road. Statistics indicate that the accident rate is signiicantly

• Using a cell phone, whether talking or texting, your ability to be keen

reduced when motorists refrain from using hand held devices. As a

safety precaution, it is best to switch of phones so that ringing phone is

devices out of reach for the duration of the journey.

not a distraction. Alternatively, it is good to put the cell phone or other

Radio
• It is ine to listen to the radio while driving but refrain from adjusting the
volume, changing CDs or Mp3’s while driving.
Grooming, smoking, and eating:

Do these before or at the end of the journey.

• Though these may be seen as fairly simple tasks, they are distracting.

Video devices:
• These should not ever be placed in the driver’s area of vision.
Passenger sitting in the rear can have these but the volume must always
be controlled to ensure that it is not distracting you as the driver.
Communicating with passengers and other drivers:
• Any of these can cause the motorist to lose focus.

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GPS units:
It is always best to get directions for your destination before starting the journey.
A GPS unit is an electronic device used to help the driver navigate through the

starting the journey.

road to the desired destination. The driver should always set the device before

Carbon monoxide poisoning: Carbon monoxide is an odourless gas emitted in

the exhaust fumes. It can be lethal. For this reason, it is important to always check
the exhaust system for any leakages. Never run the engine in an enclosed space
and if you feel drowsy while driving, stop the car and get out for some fresh air.

Alcohol, Drugs and Medicine

• Alcohol and certain drugs will affect your ability to drive your vehicle
• Do not drink and ride your motorcycle or drive.
• Some of the effects of alcohol are;
i. Alcohol slows down your brain functions. This affects your ability to

ii. Alcohol reduces your ability to judge how fast you are moving or your
respond, make decisions or react quickly

distance from other cars, people or objects

iii. It gives you false conidence – you may take greater risks because
you think your driving is better than it really is

details in trafic
iv. It makes it harder for you to concentrate and pay attention to various

v. Alcohol also affects your sense of balance

• A Police Breathalyser (ALCOBLOW) can measure your Blood Alcohol

comply with, a direction of a police oficer in relation to an alcohol test

Concentration (BAC) accurately. It is an offence to refuse, or fail to

• Should you choose to drink alcohol, designate a non-drinking driver,

take a taxi home or use public transport
• Only accept a lift if you are certain the driver has not been drinking or
using other drugs

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 • Do not take medicine which causes drowsiness if you intend to use the
road
• Do not ride your motorcycle or drive if you are unwell

Safety Belts
• All passengers must wear safety belts at all times no matter how short
the distance being travelled
• You must fasten your safety belt correctly
• Use appropriate child restraints for children e.g. a booster seat is
recommended for children under 12. A booster seat is designed to
enhance safety by ensuring that vehicle seat belt its properly).

Car seat Booster seat

Litter
• DO NOT discard litter on the roads
• Litter can be a hazard to you and other road users

journey
• Always dispose off litter in the dustbin before or at the end of your

Road Rage and other forms of aggression

• Be courteous on the road
• If another road user provokes you do not retaliate

Prevention of theft
When you leave your vehicle:
• Switch off the ignition and remove the keys
• When you park your vehicle ensure that it is appropriately secured to
reduce the risk of theft

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 • Lock all windows and the car boot

Limitations in Number of Passengers and Quantity of Goods

Do not carry more than the legally allowed number of passengers or weight
of goods. Below is a table indicating the weight and the number of passenger
allowed

Category Maximum load Maximum Load Passengers Allowed

Gross Vehicle Weight
Category B (GVW) of maximum kg with Not more than seven
(Light Vehicle) one light trailer passengers
(not exceeding 750 kg)

Category B
GVW of maximum 3, 500
Automatic Not more than seven
CATEGORY B kg with one light trailer (not
(Light Vehicle passengers
exceeding 750 kg).
Automatic)

GVW of maximum 3,500

Category B Not more than seven
kg with one light trailer (not
(Professional) passengers
exceeding 750 kg)

• When loading the vehicle items should be as low as possible and as

close to the centre of the vehicle as possible
• Do not put items on the roof unless you have a designated luggage
compartment for this purpose.
• Do not overload the vehicle.
• Check the tyre pressure to ensure that the tyres can handle the weight
of the vehicle. When tyre pressure is too high or too low the vehicle will
be unstable.

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Safety Equipment
All motorists should have certain safety equipment that could be used in
case of an emergency.

Equipment Function

Relector Triangle

at all times. The relector should be used when the motor

All motor vehicles (excluding motorcycles) should have these

vehicle for any given reason stops on the road. These should
be placed 60 metres ahead and 60 metres behind a disabled
vehicle.

A fully equipped irst aid kit should have the following items -
First aid kit
gauze dressings, triangular bandages, rolled bandages, safety
pins, disposable sterile gloves, tweezers, scissors, alcohol-free
cleansing wipes, sticky tape, antiseptic cream, painkillers such as
paracetamol, antihistamine tablets, distilled water for cleaning
wounds, eye wash and eye bath

Tools Box

Tools such as a jack and spanner can be used to do minimal

repair when the vehicle is disabled.

Fire Extinguisher

This enables the motorist to deal with ire emergencies. Ensure

that the ire extinguisher is inspected regularly to ensure that it is
good working condition.

Fire Axe

In the event of a ire, the ire axe is a handy tool to rescue

passengers.

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 Equipment Function

Tow ropes

This rope is reinforced to handle the weight of the car and can
be used to tow vehicles in case of a breakdown.

Spare tyre

It is important to have an inlated spare tyre and restore the

delated tyre back as soon as possible
This tyre should be inlated

Jumpstart Cable

The jumpstart cable is used to reignite the engine.

Survival Gear

This is particularly important for motorists operating in places

with extreme conditions such as extreme cold, extreme heat and
rough terrain that is likely to damage the car. Survival gear may
include blankets, a torch, a small supply food and water.

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UNIT 5: VEHICLE CONSTRUCTIONS AND CONTROLS

This chapter gives an overview of the light motor vehicle construction and
controls. You will also learn where these parts are situated in the light vehicle and
how they function.

This is the control panel placed at the front of the vehicle or dashboard. The
dashboard has instruments and controls used to run the vehicle. You should get
to know the names and location of these controls. You should also know how
these controls and instruments function and how to maintain them. There are
slight differences in the dashboard depending on the make and model of the
vehicle.

Below is a table indicating some of the components of a vehicle and their

functions

Component Function
Steering Wheel

This is used to change direction, or maintain the

one you’re driving in. Both hands should be on the
steering wheel at all times except to change gears
or to indicate.

Direction Indicator

Used to indicate you wish to turn - signals

turning left or right.

Gear Lever

Used to change gears.

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 Component Function

Hand Brake

Used to keep your vehicle stationary, especially on

inclines.

Brake pedal

Used to slow your speed or to stop

Accelerator

Used to increase your speed.

Clutch pedal

Used to change gears in a manual vehicle

Rear-view Mirror

Used to see other vehicles and hazards behind you

for safety.

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 Component Function
Side mirror

Used to see vehicles behind and to your side for

safety.

Windscreen Wipers Switch Used to turn your windscreen wipers on, off or to
a higher or lower wiper setting for a clear view
while driving in rain. Also used to try to clean your
windscreen

Speedometer

Used to see at what speed you’re driving at.

Temperature Gauge

Used to check the vehicle’s temperature to make

sure the engine is not over- heating.

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Components of a light vehicle

Name Component

Engine

Ignition

Accelerator

Light Vehicle body

Exhaust pipe

Gear Box

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 Name Component

Radiator

Chassis

Windscreen

Bumper bar

Light vehicle accessories:

Name Component

Air-conditioning

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 Name Component

Antilock Braking System (ABS)

Secondary Restrain System (SRS)

The light vehicle system

Name Component

Braking system

Steering system

Transmission

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 Name Component

Suspension System

Rim and Tyres

Lights and Relectors

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UNIT 6: SELF - INSPECTION OF VEHICLE

Before embarking on a journey, any responsible driver should ensure that the
vehicle is in the right condition for the journey. Self- inspection refers to checking
on different aspects of the motor vehicle to ensure that it is safe to use. Self –

be done. Self-inspection should also be done at the end of the journey so that the
inspection allows the driver to know what maintenance or repair work ought to

driver or vehicle owner can plan for any repairs.

Self- inspection is divided into two parts.

• Exterior inspection
• Interior Inspection

It is also important for the driver to know the common anomalies that may occur
during long distance travel.

Exterior Inspection

journey. There are various vehicle components that should be inspected before
This is the inspection that the driver of the vehicle undertakes before starting the

driving off. These are

2. Relectors and lights

1. Tyres

3. Mirrors
4. Windshield Wipers
5. Windows
6. The Body
7. Cleanliness
8. Safety Belts
9. Emergency equipment
10. Paperwork

1. Tyres Safety Check

It is important that the vehicle tyres are always in good condition. When tyres
are in good condition, the driver is able to brake properly and to turn corners

• Give your tyres a visual inspection before and after every journey
with ease.

• Small stones wedged in the tread can cause problems later

• Ensure that tyre treads are in good condition. Replace aging tyres
• Ensure that the tyres are securely fastened

• Recognize the danger of underinlated and overinlated tyres. Both are

• Check the tyre pressure

harmful to the tyre

• Ensure you have a spare tyre that is in good condition

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2. Relectors and Lights
• Ensure that the headlights, turn signals, and hazard lights are
operational
• Where possible, ask for assistance in checking the reverse lights since
this can only be done when the vehicle is reversing

3. Mirrors
• Make sure that all your mirrors are present, properly adjusted and
unobstructed before driving the vehicle

4. Windshield Wipers
• The windshield wipers must work at all setting
• Make sure that you have wiper luid

5. Windows

dificulty
• Check all the windows, ensure that they can open and shut without

• Ensure that the roll up handle is functional

6. The Body
• Inspect the exterior body for any damage such as dents and scratches.

7. Cleanliness
• Ensure that the vehicle is clean. Make sure that the windscreen,
windows and mirrors are clean for ease of navigation
• Ensure that your vehicle interior is clean and free of clutter to
minimise distraction while driving and ensure that your passengers are as
comfortable as possible

8. Safety Belts and Car Seats

• Inspect the safety belts to ensure that they are still functional i.e.
the clasps should work correctly and the safety belts should be able to
• The safety belts should be clean
• If using special child safety seats or booster seats ensure that they are
also in good condition and that when in use, they are properly secured.

9. Emergency Equipment

order. Emergency equipment includes the relector triangle, a ire

• Ensure that your emergency equipment is still in good working

extinguisher, irst aid kit, tools, spare tyre and survival gear

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10. Paperwork
• Ensure that you have all that you as the motorist have the
appropriate licence that permits you to drive the car. Additionally, ensure
that the vehicle is roadworthy and the correct registration and vehicle
insurance

Interior Inspection
It is important to carry out the interior inspection to ensure that the vehicle is
mechanically sound.

The following are some of the parts that should be inspected

1. Brakes
2. Steering
3. Indicators
4. Vehicle transmission
5. Oil level
6. Coolant Check
7. Battery
8. Leaks

Ensure that the brakes are properly adjusted. To do this you may turn on the
1. Brakes

engine and do a few manoeuvres.

2. Steering
The steering wheel should have a full range of motion i.e. it should be able to
turn at 360 degrees. It should also effectively turn the front wheels.

3. Indicators
Inspect all indicators to make sure that they are operational

4. Gears
Ensure that the vehicle is capable of shifting into any gear

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UNIT 7: OBSERVATION

Observation is essential for safe driving. Observation refers to using your sight and

effectively is inluenced by driver visibility.

hearing ability to get a clear perception of what is around. The driver’s ability to observe

Driver visibility is the maximum distance at which a driver can clearly identify
objects around the car. Driver visibility varies for each driver depending on the type of
vehicle, the trafic conditions and the individual’s own ability to see. To enhance driver
visibilty it is important to make use of all the mirrors in your vehicle.
• Check the mirrors by looking into the centre interior mirror, followed by

• Take one of what is relected through the mirrors. Look for

the door mirror of the direction you are going.

potential hazards such as vehicles driving closely behind you, vehicles

approaching quickly from behind, motorcyclists and cyclists. Potential
hazards may require further mirrors checks to eliminate the possibility
of turning into actual hazards.
• If approaching a situation where you need to stop or slow down,
special actions may need to be taken. A vehicle driving too closely
behind may require that you gently slow your car down earlier than
usual to provide the driver behind with more reaction time to slow down
• A vehicle approaching quickly behind may require that you slow down
slightly later than usual (if possible) to allow the driver with a greater
stopping distance.
• Motorcyclists and cyclists are often in the habit of pushing forward
past slowing vehicles to reach the front of a queue. Such potential
hazards require that you use all the mirrors to establish their location
and checking the blind spot is extremely important.

Mirrors in your car

The blind spot is the area around the vehicle that the driver cannot directly observe
while driving. The blind spot varies according to the type of vehicle and the driver.

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Mirrors are placed at different parts of the vehicle to assist the driver to get a clearer view
of what is around the vehicle. The mirrors eliminate or alleviate the vehicle blind spot.
• The blind spot should be checked before changing direction when:
• There are motorcyclists or cyclists close by
• You are overtaking on a dual carriageway
• You wish to change lanes
• You wish to change lanes or direction when there is a potential hazard

Types of mirrors

1. Rear View Mirror (Interior mirror)

These are made with lat glass and do not give a distorted image
of what is relected. This makes it possible to judge the speed and
•

distance of following trafic

• You should only adjust this mirror when the vehicle is stationary
• You should be able to view the whole of the rear window in the interior
mirror

2. Exterior Mirror

Convex mirrors give a wider ield of vision but this make judging the
• These are convex mirrors, which are made using curved glass

speed and position of following trafic more dificult

•

should adjust the exterior mirrors so that you can get the best rear view
• Vehicles appear smaller and further away than they actually are. You

with minimal head movements

• The horizon should appear in the middle of the mirror
• Nearside Mirror. This is the one that’s closest to the kerb
• Offside Mirror. This is the one closest to the inner lane marker

32
UNIT 8: VEHICLE CONTROL
This section allows you to start putting your theoretical knowledge into practice. You will
be asked to demonstrate certain aspects of your theoretical training at the manoeuvre

conidence in driving before taking the car out to the road.

yard. The manoeuvre yard also provides you with an opportunity to practice and gain

These are some of the essential skills you must have before you are allowed to proceed
to the road.

Driving Preparation
As a learner you should be able to make the appropriate preparations before driving the
car. These preparations include the vehicle self-inspection as explained in Unit 7 above.

• Adjust your driving seat to ensure that it is suitable for you.

Once you are certain that your vehicle safe to drive.

• Adjust the mirrors if it is necessary

• Check the doors to ensure that they shut properly
• Fasten your seat belt and ensure that all passengers also do so
• Sit in the correct driving position – your back should get adequate
support and your feet should reach the pedals
• Hold the steering wheel correctly – It should be held with both hands
in the positions illustrated below. Your hands should hold the steering
wheel naturally, not too stretched or too bent
• From this position you should get a clear view of what is ahead of and
around you. You should also comfortably operate the brakes and the
accelerator
• Check all the instruments at the dashboard and ensure that they are all
in good working order
• Once this is done you can turn on the ignition and start practicing your
driving skills

Car Movement and Control

1. To start the vehicle

• Fully depress the clutch pedal and wait for three seconds
• Start the engine as follows
o Put the hand brake ON
o Turn the ignition switch ON
o Turn the motor switch ON
o Start motor control by turning the ignition key and releasing it
when the engine starts
o Step lightly on the accelerator to warm the engine

33
 • Check rear view mirrors
• Give the proper signal before moving
• Select the appropriate gear
• Increase the engine speed using the accelerator
• Move the handbrake to the OFF position
• Let the clutch pedal rise until the engine speed decreases slightly under
the load. Keep your feet in this position – on the clutch and accelerator
pedals

2. To stop the vehicle

• Check the rear view mirrors to ensure that it is safe to stop
• Signal properly to alert other road users
• Remove the foot from the accelerator
• Apply pressure on the foot brake and maintain it as necessary
• Depress the clutch pedal as the car comes to rest and maintain the
pressure
• Set the hand break at the ON position
• Put the gear lever in the 1ST position
• Switch off the engine
• Remove your foot from the break clutch pedal and then from the brake
pedal

Most vehicles have ive forward gears and one reverse gear. You should know the
3. Using the gears

appropriate gear speed to be used when driving. You should learn to proiciently change
from 1st to 5th gear without looking.

The neutral position is where no gear is selected. Before starting the engine, the gear
should be in neutral position.

1st Gear – This is used when moving off from a stationary position. This gear is for
travelling between 0 and 30 km/h

2nd Gear – This allows you to move faster and is also applied in slow moving trafic
because it is more economical. It is also the ideal gear for moving downhill from a
stationary position.

3rd Gear - This is the appropriate gear for travelling between 35 and 70 km/h

4th Gear – This is the appropriate gear for travelling between 60 and 110 km/h.
The 4th gear provides more power and speed to the engine and can be used when
overtaking another vehicle.

5th Gear - This is the appropriate gear for travelling between 80 and 110 km/h.
This gear is used on highways where the speed limits are higher.

34
4. Steering the vehicle

• Hold the steering wheel correctly

• To steer in a straight course position your hands in the 10-minutes-to-2
position and aim the car in the general desired direction. Lightly correct

To avoid injury from the airbag position your hands in the 9 and 3
the vehicle’s tendency to turn from the neutral position
•
position
• To change direction, pull the steering down in the direction you wish
to turn. Bring it down to meet your other hand then push the steering
wheel up until the turn has been executed

You should always ind a parking space that is legal and convenient to park. To park you
5. Parking at the kerb

vehicle take the follow steps:

• Look into your rear view mirror so that you can know what is around
you. If there are no vehicles behind you, you may slow down to get a
clearer picture of what is around you.
• Locate a safe and convenient parking position
• Use your indicator signals to inform other road users of your intention
to slow down and park
• Slow down the vehicle by covering the brake and the clutch
• Gradually move a to a suitable distance from the kerb
• Apply the brake gently and 5 metres from your intended stop, press the
clutch as to avoid stalling the car
• Stop. Apply the handbrake and select neutral to cancel the indicator
• Remove feet from the pedals

Different types of parking.

Angle parking Flash parking

35
 Parallel parking

6. Turning
J-turns
A J-turn is a driving manoeuvre in which a reversing vehicle turns 180 degrees
and continues, facing forward, without changing direction of travel.
Only a conident driver who has had a suficient experience driving on different
road surfaces should do this type of turn.

J-turns by reverse driving

U-turn
A U-turn is a driving manoeuvre in which a forward driving vehicle turns 180
degrees and continues, facing forward, but moving in the opposite direction.

Before you make a U-turn, check to make sure that there is no sign that says you
should not. To make a U-turn safely, you must be able to see well both sides.

U-Turn by forward driving

36
7. Driving on Bends

When approaching a bend, it is important to note how sharp the bend is. Look
out for road signs and markings which would indicate the type of bend you are

Adjust your speed accordingly. If you are too fast you are more likely to skid or
going to encounter.

lose control of your car. Surrounding trees, hedges, buildings and streetlights can
give you a good indication of how sharp the bend is if there are no road signs.

As you approach the bend, apply the MSM technique to communicate with other
road users

• Slow down and select a lower gear

• Do not brake as you steer round the bend

speed appropriate for the trafic conditions

• When leaving a bend, check your mirrors and gently accelerate to the

8. Driving on Hills

This requires you to anticipate what is ahead of you. While going downhill you
have a clearer view but going uphill you see less of what is ahead of you.

When driving downhill, switch to a lower gear so that the engine controls some
of the braking. This protects your brakes from excessive wear and tear. It takes
longer for the vehicle to stop therefore you need a greater stopping distance.

When driving uphill, switch to a lower gear so as to maintain your speed.

9. Reversing

Use your mirrors to assist you in seeing what is behind you. When reversing, you
may tilt your head so that you can see beyond the head restraint.

Always reverse at slow speed so as to retain control of your steering. To steer the
car in reverse, turn the wheel in the direction you want the rear of the car to go.
Turning the wheel to the right steers the back of the car to the right. Turning the
wheel to the left steers to the left.

37
UNIT 9: COMMUNICATION ON THE ROAD

Road users communicate with each other using a prescribed set of signs and

hand gestures, signal lights and responding to instructions from trafic marshalls
signals to avoid confusion and misunderstanding on the road. This is done using

and police.

MSM technique (Mirror, Signal and Manoeuvre)

The MSM technique is a simple procedure that helps drivers communicate on the
road. It is a routine that is convenient in many different situations.

The MSM technique should be used:

• Before moving off
• Bust before signaling
• Before any change of direction including turning left or right,
overtaking other vehicles or cyclists and changing lanes
• Before any changes in speed. This also includes an increase of speed
as a vehicle may be trying to overtake you as you gain speed. More
importantly however is when slowing or coming to a stop either in trafic
or parking up
Mirror
• Check the mirrors by looking into the center interior mirror, followed by
the door mirror of the direction you are going.
• Note of what is in the mirrors. Look for potential hazards such as
vehicles driving closely behind you, vehicles approaching quickly
from behind, motorcyclists and cyclists. Potential hazards may require
further mirrors checks to eliminate the possibility of turning into actual
hazards.
• If approaching a situation where you need to stop or slow down,
special actions may need to be taken. A vehicle driving too closely
behind, may require that you gently slow your car down earlier than
usual to provide the driver behind with more reaction time to slow
down. A vehicle approaching quickly behind may require that you slow
down slightly later than usual (if possible) to allow the driver with a
greater stopping distance.
• Motorcyclists and cyclists can often be in the habit of pushing forward
past slowing vehicles to reach the front of a queue. Such potential
hazards require that you use all the mirrors to establish their location
and checking the blind spot is extremely important. The blind spot is
often required after the mirror checks.

38
The blind spot should be checked before changing direction when:
1. There are motorcyclists or cyclists close by
2. You are overtaking on a dual carriageway or motorway
3. You wish to change lanes
4. You wish to change lanes or direction when any potential hazard
may be obscured by the blind spot

Signal
• Signals should be applied to the direction you intend to take.
• Signals depend on what you see in your mirrors.
• If you notice a potential or actual hazard located in your mirrors may
have to alter your intended route and not apply a signal. It’s therefore
important that a signal is applied immediately after the mirrors. If there
is a delay, the mirror sequence must be repeated.
• Signaling must be applied in good time. Signaling too late may
not provide vehicles behind with enough time to react if you are
intending on slowing or stopping the car. Signaling too early can give the
impression you are taking a turn sooner than the actual turn you

ensure you do not signal before a junction.

intend, or that you are parking up, leading to confusion. If parking up,

Manoeuvre

roundabouts, junctions, changing lanes or parking

1. The manoeuvre part of MSM applies at different situations such as

2. You should always be prepared to alter the MSM routine depending on

circumstances. If driving in an area with potential hazards, pedestrians
or cyclists for example, you may need to check the mirrors and blind
spot once again before committing to the manoeuvre.
3. Be prepared to alter your speed or destination even at the very last
moment. Cyclists, pedestrians and other vehicles can be unpredictable
and a good driver should try to predict a potential hazard.

Signals Given by Road Users

(a) Hand signals given by drivers

I intend to turn to my left or I I intend to turn to my right or I I intend to slow down

intend to move out to my left intend to move out to my right

39
(b) Hand signals given by drivers to trafic police

I intend to move left I intend to move right I intend to go on straight

(c) Light signals given by vehicles and motorists

I want to turn left I want to turn right

Iam applying the brakes I intend to reverse

(d) Hand signals given by motorcyclists

I intend to turn to my left I intend to move out to my right I intend to slow down

40
(e) Hand signals given by cyclists

I intend to turn left I intend to slow down I intend to turn right

(f) Hand signals given by trafic police oficers

STOP, trafic approaching STOP, trafic approaching Come on

from behind from both behind and
in front

Come on STOP, trafic

approaching from front Keep coming

41
(g) Signals given by trafic marshals

Barrier to stop Ready to cross All vehicles Not ready to

pedestrians pedestrians, vehicles must stop cross pedestrians
crossing must be prepared
to stop

Traffic Light Signals

A: RED means STOP

B: RED and AMBER also mean STOP
They alert the driver to get ready
C: GREEN means you may go on if the
road is clear
D: AMBER means STOP at the line

A B C D

A GREEN arrow may be provided in addition to the full

green signal if movement in a certain direction is
allowed before or after the full green light phase.
If the way is clear you may go, but only in the direction
shown

Traffic Signal Blackout

If trafic signal lights are not working because of an electrical power failure:
• Stop at the intersection
• Proceed when you know other turning and approaching vehicles,
bicycles, or pedestrians have stopped

42
UNIT 10: SPEED MANAGEMENT

A major cause of road accidents is reckless driving and over speeding. Before deciding
what speed to drive at take into consideration the laws determining the speed limits of the
particular road you are using and the road conditions.

The higher the speed of a vehicle, the shorter the time a driver has to stop to avoid a crash.

drive at a high speed is inluenced by

Overall, accidents are more severe when the driving speed is high. The choice and ability

• The driver’s choice to make responsible or irresponsible decision on

the road

Trafic and the surrounding environment

• The road conditions
•

It is important to remember that pedestrians face great risk when vehicles are driven at
high speeds.

How poor speed management affects driving

• At high speeds it is more dificult for the driver to stay in the especially
when negotiating corners
• The driver will have less time to respond to poor or changing road

The driver may not notice any new hazard warning signs or other trafic
conditions and any changes in the weather
•
signs
• The fuel consumption may increase due to poor eficiency

Drive at a reasonable speed and within the designated speed limits.

The 4 Second Rule

• The 4-second rule is a guideline that enables you to estimate the
minimum distance you should travel behind the vehicle immediately in
front in adverse weather conditions such as rain or fog.
• The following distance is the distance between the driver and the
vehicle ahead.
• To apply the 4-second rule, when the vehicle in front of you passes a
landmark such as a sign or a bridge, count one thousand and one, one

If you pass the landmark before you inish counting, then you are too
thousand and two, one thousand and three, one thousand and four.
•
close and you should increase your distance from the vehicle in front
of you

43
 Keep a distance of approximately four seconds between you and the vehicle in front of you

Braking Distance
• Braking distance is the distance the vehicle travels between hitting the
brakes and coming to a stop
• When on poor roads with wet or icy conditions, the braking distance
increases
• As the vehicle’s speed increases, so does the braking distance
• If the vehicle is in poor condition due to worn out tyres, poor brakes or
overloaded, the braking distance will increase.

Thinking distance
• Is the distance the vehicle travels after the driver decides to hit the
brakes and when the driver actually brakes
• Thinking distance is affected by speed, driver fatigue and distractions

Stopping Distance
• Is both the thinking distance and the braking distance added together.

6m 6m

15m 38m

18m 55m

21m 75m

Stopping distance

44
Braking Systems and Techniques
There are different types of brakes. These are: disc brakes, drum brakes, and handbrakes.
• Brakes are located on all four wheels of the vehicle
• Some vehicles have disc brakes on all four wheels while others have
drum brakes on the back wheels
• Braking pushes the weight of the vehicle forward, therefore the front
brakes of the car play a more crucial role than the rear brakes.
• The handbrake applies the two rear brakes

Freewheeling
Freewheeling is moving the vehicle without using power. It is also known as coasting.
In driving this is a technique achieved by depressing the clutch so as not to use the engine
to move.

Drivers most frequently freewheel in the following situations

• When turning at junctions

• Before making a stop
• When changing gears
• When keeping the gear in neutral to save petrol

Risks of Freewheeling

• Freewheeling is reduces one’s control of the vehicle because the engine

is not engaged. When the engine is engaged, the driver can brake with
more ease.
• Freewheeling is also risky because there are times when the driver
needs to accelerate to prevent an accident but freewheeling prevents
the use of the accelerator.
• Freewheeling increases pressure on the brakes because the engine is
not engaged in the process of slowing down the vehicle to a stop. This
results in increase wear and tear of the brakes.
• Fuel consumption in freewheeling is the same as fuel consumption for
an idle engine. A small amount of fuel is needed to keep the engine
active. As such freewheeling does not save petrol.

When the driver needs to stop, progressive braking is safer than freewheeling because it
reduces wear on the braking system and on the tyres and ensures that the driver maintains
control of the vehicle.

45
UNIT 11: SPACE MANAGEMENT

To drive safely, it is important to manage the space around your vehicle. You do this by
controlling your speed, the position of your vehicle in the lane and communicating on the
road.
In order to manage your space effectively you should be aware of the different road
conditions when driving. These can be broadly divided into three categories

1. Open Condition – This is occurs in large areas where the driver can
gets a clear broad view of the road and surroundings and there are no

to adjust speed and change lanes.

restrictions or obstacles blocking the view. In these conditions, it is easy

2. Closed Conditions – In this case, there is limited space and the

driver’s view is also restricted due to various obstructions such as trees,
buildings and other vehicles blocking the view.

3. Changing Conditions - This occurs where there are changes in the

inluenced by the weather or the time of the day and the trafic low.
speed limit, road surface conditions, the width of the lane, visibility

All these are conditions that may be unpredictable or may need speciic
actions by the driver.

In all the above-mentioned conditions, the driver has to maintain an appropriate space
around the vehicle for safe driving. This is the space envelope.

To manage space
• Drive at the same speed as the vehicles around you in trafic
• Maintain a safe following distance between your vehicle and the
vehicle ahead of you (Discussed in UNIT 10 on speed management)

Space Recovery

When you realize that there is insuficient space in front of the vehicle.
• Signal so that the vehicles around you know that you intend to slow
down
• Turn slowly to give yourself and other drivers more space to avoid
problems
• Be aware of the size and weight of oncoming vehicles, give then room

• Ensure that you have suficient space to get across or join a lane
to pass but do not reverse as this will affect the vehicles behind you

46
 Proper position to see and to be seen by other drivers

Position to ‘See and be seen’

Position the vehicle as indicated above

47
UNIT 12: EMERGENCY MANOEUVRES

When driving along the road, there driver may need to make sudden and
unexpected manoeuvres so as to avoid accidents or any imminent danger.
Emergency manoeuvres involves quick and eficient moves.

Safely performing evasive turns on the road

Evasive manoeuvre driving is important in getting out of situations of danger.
Some of the skills that you should learn include making J-turns and U-turns. This is
addressed in Unit 8.

Brake failure
• If your brake fails, try pumping the brake pedal to temporarily restore

(hand brake) gently but irmly while holding the release button.
hydraulic brake pressure. If this does not work, apply the parking brake

• Total brake failure is rare on modern vehicles but if your brakes fail
and you manage to stop, do not drive again. Call for help from your
mechanic
Blowouts
In order to drive through a tyre blowout:
• Keep a irm grip on the steering wheel.
• Do not slam on the brakes.
• Let your car slow down gradually.
• Pull to the side of the road once you have slowed to a safe speed.
• Activate your hazard lights
If your wheel goes off the pavement
• Hold the steering irmly
• Take your foot off the accelerator pedal to slow down, avoid heavy
braking.
• When the vehicle is under control, steer towards the pavement.

If your headlights go off

• Check the switch immediately
• If the lights remain off, keep to the left and bring your vehicle to a safe
stop off the road.
• It is dangerous and illegal to drive at night without lights

Defensive Driving
Defensive driving is safe driving or cautious driving in cases where the driver
needs to be more vigilant particularly in an environment that could cause danger.
It goes beyond mastering the rules of the road and basic mechanical skills and is
taught to experienced drivers.

48
Importance of defensive driving

• It allows you to be prepared to avoid accidents

• It allows you to provide more protection to yourself and/or passengers
• It is enables you to save lives in situations of danger
• It enables you to save money by limiting wear and tear to your
• motor vehicle and any unexpected damage
• It prepares you to act accordingly in adverse riding conditions

Defensive driving is important when in the following condition

• Adverse weather conditions such as rain, fog or windy. In these

cases, the road surface may change and so you need to apply different

Different road conditions that may be dificult to manoeuvre such rough

techniques to avoid danger
•
terrain, wet surface or sloping surfaces.

Defensive driving techniques

• Improving observation, anticipation and awareness consistent with the

Applying sound judgement of speed and distance

riding speed

Don’t drive when you are tired, rest before any journey
•
•

49
UNIT 13: SKID CONTROL AND RECOVERY

A skid happens when the vehicle’s wheel slides out of control on a slippery
surface. Skids can involve the front, rear or all four wheels. Even careful drivers
experience skids. You lose traction and your wheels spin or lock, usually when
braking, turning or accelerating.

Causes of Skids:

• Driving faster than the road or trafic conditions allow

• Sudden, hard braking.
• Turning too fast or accelerating too quickly.

Types of Skidding

The Front Wheel Skid

This happens when the vehicle goes off the intended course. It is caused by excess speed
on entry at a corner or a bend. It also occurs during sudden braking when negotiating
a hazard.

The Rear Wheel Skid

This occurs when the rear of the vehicle swings out of the line as if the vehicle is trying to
overtake at the front. It is often caused excessive speed leading to sudden braking in a
hazard situation.

Aquaplaning
Driving too fast or at an excessive or inappropriate speed on a wet road

water, the tyre(s) lose contact with the road and the vehicle loats on a wedge
causes aquaplaning. When the tyre tread cannot channel away enough

of water. Aquaplaning can be avoided by reducing speed in wet conditions.

Having the correct tyre pressure and tyre tread depth will maximise

accelerator and brakes until your speed drops suficiently for the car tyres to
your tyres’ ability to maintain their road grip. If it happens, ease off the

make contact with the road again

50
Skid recovery
• Take your feet off the accelerator pedals
• Release the brake pedal and reapply the brakes gently
• Quickly turn the steering wheel in the direction you want to go
• As your vehicle turns back in the correct direction, you may then need to steer
in the opposite direction so as to stay on your desired path
• Continue to look at your path of travel down the road

51
UNIT 14: ADVERSE DRIVING CONDITIONS

The irst step in dealing with adverse driving conditions is to be prepared by training for

good tyre tread, irm brakes and streak-free wipers.

these conditions and preparing the vehicle for these conditions. Ensure that the vehicle has

Situations that are considered adverse driving conditions are:

Night Driving
In this case, the driver’s vision and visibility is greatly reduced by the absence of natural
light.

• Relective roads can mislead you to believe that you can see further
• Slow down when driving at night, especially on unlit roads.

than you really can.

• Do not over drive your headlights, that is, do not go so ast that your
stopping distance is farther than you can see with your headlights.
• Give yourself enough room to make a safe stop.
• When meeting oncoming vehicles with bright headlights at night, look
up and beyond and slightly to the left of the oncoming lights.
• Cut down bright lights at night by following the rule of the road for
vehicle lights.
• Use your low beam headlights within 150 metres of an oncoming ve-
hicle or when following a vehicle within 60 metres.
• In rural areas, switch to low beams when you come to a curve or hilltop
so you can see oncoming headlights and wont blind oncoming drivers.
If you can’t see any headlights, switch to high beams.

Extreme driving conditions

• This exasperated by the combination of unfavourable weather or poor
road conditions.
• Fog
• Windy condition
• Heavy rain
• Hot weather
• Dusty
Fog
• Slow down gradually and drive at a speed which suits the condition.

low beam headlights as high beams relect off the moisture droplets in
• Make sure the full lighting system of your vehicle is turned on: use your

the fog making it harder to see. Otherwise, use fog lights if your car
has them.

trafic.
• Always be patient – avoid overtaking, changing lanes and crossing

52
N/B: If visibility is decreasing rapidly, move off the road and into safe parking
area and wait for fog to lift

Rain
• Rain makes the road surface slippery and reduces visibility.
• Ensure your windshield wiper blades are in good condition (no streak-
ing while cleaning).
• Try to drive in clear sections of the road, look ahead and plan your
movements.
• Smooth steering, braking and accelerating will reduces your chances
of skidding.
• Leave more space between you and the vehicle ahead of you.

Stay out of puddles – a puddle can hide a large pothole that can damage
your vehicle or its suspension or latten a tyre. The spray of water could splash
nearby pedestrians or drown your engine, causing it to stall. Water can also
make your brakes less effective.

Under these conditions the driver has to deal with reduced visibility and
traction, steering, braking and skid control. It is best to practice how to deal with
this conditions in a safe, secluded area. The driver who knows what to do in an
emergency is more likely to stay in control.

Driving In Adverse Conditions

1. Be Cautious
Get in the right frame of mind before you start driving. Travel with another
person so that the responsibility of driving is shared.

Adjust your seat correctly to enable you to perform manoeuvres properly. This
2. In the driver’s seat

also reduced the risk of injury to ingers, elbows and the chest. Fasten your
safety belt.

3. Dress appropriately
Wear clothes that are comfortable and also provide freedom of movement.
Heavy garments can restrict movement behind the wheel. Stop in a safe spot
before removing a coat or gloves.

Poor visibility
Keep your windshield and windows clean. Clean the inside of your windows at
least once a week. Use your defroster to keep front and rear windshields clear.

53
On a cold day, move the heat control to “hot” and let the engine warm up before
you turn on the defrosters and blowers. This will prevent moisture from collecting
on the inside of the glass.

When the glass gets foggy, open a window slightly and turn the defroster fan to
a higher speed. Use your air conditioner to reduce humidity.

Mud and dust on your headights can reduce the illumination by 90 percent. Stop
periodically during long trips and clean your headlights. If your vehicle is not
equipped with daytime running lights, drive with your low-beam headlights on
at all times - especially on dark or overcast days. Use low beams and fog lights
in fog.

Wet roads mean poor traction. Conditions are most dangerous during the irst
Reduced Traction

10 minutes of a heavy downpour as oil and debris irst rise up, then wash away.
Knowing how to handle poor traction reduces the potential for hydroplaning,
skidding or getting stuck in the mud.

Getting out of a tough spot

You need steady pulling and moderate power when traction is poor. The best
remedy when wheels are stuck in the mud or a soft shoulder is to apply power
slowly.
• Keep the wheels pointed straight ahead so the vehicle can move in a
straight line. If you can’t go forward, try backing out, steering in the
vehicle’s tracks
• With a manual transmission, start in second gear to prevent wheel spin.
Accelerate carefully, giving enough fuel to prevent the engine from
stalling and ease along gradually until traction improves
• Rock your way out by using second gear in a manual transmission
and low gear in automatic transmissions. Check your owner’s manual
for recommended procedures. Move forward until the vehicle stops,
then shift into reverse and move backwards until momentum stops.
Repeat this process, moving ahead a little more each time. Use minimum

• If rocking doesn’t work and wheels simply spin, ind a way to create
power to keep the wheels from spinning and digging in deeper

use salt, burlap, branches or even the vehicle’s loor mats. Shovel a
traction. Traction mats, gravel or kitty litter work best, but you can also

space in front of the drive wheels and spread your materials there.
Apply power slowly, using second or low gear
Steering clear of collisions
You may need to take evasive action in poor weather to avoid a collision.
Steering around an obstacle is preferred to braking at speeds above 30 km/h

54
because less distance is required to steer around an object than to brake to a
stop. In wet weather, sudden braking often leads to skids.

1. The push-pull method of steering is performed by shufling your hands,

There are two acceptable methods of emergency steering:

so that neither hand crosses over the imaginary line between 12 and 6

adjustments in either direction.

o’clock. Since the arms never cross, you are able to provide continuous

2. The ixed-hand steering method allows rapid 180-degree steering to

either direction, but it has one shortcoming. This method is conining

180 degrees, leaving you in an awkward position to make further ine

in that your arms may get locked together as you attempt to steer past

adjustments.

Braking
Stopping on a slippery surface requires more distance, so increase your
following distance. Focus your attention as far ahead as possible - at least 20 to
30 seconds.

Anti-lock braking systems (ABS) are designed to prevent wheels from locking
and to retain steering control during panic braking. Sensors located at wheels
detect lock-up. The anti-lock system relieves pressure as needed, allowing all
four wheels to continue to turn while maintaining steering control.

You should use the “plant and steer” method with antilock brake systems. Do not
remove your foot from the brake or pump the pedal. If you apply pressure and
the wheels lock momentarily, you might feel the brake pedal pulse back against
your foot. This is normal. Just hold the brake pedal down and steer. Pumping the
pedal actually works against the system.

brakes is to use threshold braking. Keep the heel of your foot on the loor and
The best way to stop on a slippery surface if your vehicle doesn’t have antilock

use the ball of your foot to apply irm, steady pressure on the brake pedal to the
“threshold” of locking your brakes.

If your heel leaves the loor, the wheels could lock because control of

muscles, which are not capable of the iner control required in this situation.
the brake pedal is transferred from your ankle muscles to your thigh

Under the stress of trying to stop quickly, drivers almost inevitably use too much
pressure, resulting in locked wheels (on non-ABS-equipped vehicles). If this
happens, release pressure on the brake pedal by one or two degrees, then
immediately reapply slight pressure. Continue this technique as needed until the
vehicle comes to a stop.

55
Dealing with a crisis
When visibility is so limited that you can’t see the edges of the road or other
vehicles at a safe distance, it’s time to get off the road and wait for the rain to
stop. It’s best to stop at a rest area or exit the freeway and go to a protected
area. If the roadside is your only option, pull off the road as far as you can,
preferably past the end of a guardrail. Vehicles parked at the side of the road are
frequently struck by other drivers. Respect the limitations of reduced visibility and
turn headlights off and hazard lights on to alert other drivers.

Set up the relector triangles behind and in front of the crash site.

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UNIT 15: PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

Preventive Maintenance (PM)

working condition and that any problems can be detected and ixed before they
Refers to the different types of work done to ensure that the vehicle is in good

get out of hand. Preventive maintenance may include the following.

• Vehicle inspection

• Adjustment
• Lubrication

• Cleaning
• Testing of certain parts
• Repair and replacing worn out parts

Driver’s obligation: As the owner and/or driver of a vehicle it is important to

carry out regular preventive maintenance as this increase the availability and
safety of the vehicle

speciic part of the vehicle being maintained.

• PM maintenance should be scheduled on a regular basis based on the

• The driver of the vehicle should participate in this maintenance work as

ultimately he or she is the one who makes the decision as to whether
the vehicle is safe to drive, clean enough or if the vehicle needs further
repair or maintenance work done.
• To determine how regular PM should be undertaken the driver should
also look at the vehicle manufacturer’s guidelines.
• It is important for every driver to know some of the basic steps to take
in the event that the vehicle malfunctions.

1
Below is a table indicating common issues and how to resolve them.

Problem Symptom Solution

Seek qualiied assistance

Tyres/Steering • Puncture • Change the wheel
Heavy steering • Power assisted steering fault •
Vibrations in steering
qualiied assistance
• Bulge in tyre or front wheel out • Change the tyre or seek
at speciic speeds of balance
Incorrect adjustment Seek qualiied assistance
Seek qualiied assistance
Brakes • •
Vehicle pulls to one • Undue wear in pads System •
side when braking fault

Warning light shows Low brake luid

Seek qualiied assistance
• • Check level
• Possible component failure •

1 Taken from https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/wcm/connect/7628c56e-4a22-4b61-

bb88-5ea243e87c38/A+Driver+Instructor’s+Manual+(FINAL).pdf?MOD=AJPERES) We need to
customize our own

57
 Problem Symptom Solution
Lights • Bulb failure • Check and replace bulb
Lamp does not light • Fuse failure Possible bulb failure • Check and replace fuse
Indicator lashing • Part failure of unit • Check and replace the unit
irregularly
Main/dip not lit
Engine • Fuel or electrical fault • Examine connections
Misiring or won’t run • Defective spark plugs • Seek assistance
Fails to start • Out of fuel • Refuel
Starter does not
Battery lat
• Damp in electrical system • Examine and replace if
operate
Starter motor jammed Fan belt
• necessary
Starter or solenoid • Check gauge
clicks but does not loose • Change battery
operate • Fuse blown on electric cooling • Jump start
Squealing noise from fan • Push start
engine area • Loss of coolant • Rock vehicle backwards
Overheating
Adjust and replace and
Fan belt snapped forwards in gear.
•
replace fuse
• Tape hose for temporary
repair Replace belt

UNIT 16: CONDITIONS OF CARRIAGE

Conditions of carriage refer to customers’ rights and the restrictions on

obligations when handling cargo. The Trafic Act provides guidelines for conditions of
these rights. It also refers to the driver’s obligation to customers and their

carriage for different categories of goods and passengers.

A commercial vehicle is a motor vehicle constructed or adapted for the carriage

of goods or burdens of any description in connection with any trade, business or
agriculture. Therefore a light vehicle can be licenced as a commercial vehicle.

Light vehicles licenced to be Public Service Vehicles (PSV) should do the

following
• Provide a statement of liability
• State what fares or ticketing prices will be charged
• Indicate if there are any exceptions with fare prices
• Ensure that you abide by a code of conduct that customers can easily
rely on as a guideline
• Ensure that you address restricted items. Provide outlines for customers
to know what items are restricted and which are
• Lost property
• Contact details of the owner or company that runs the service

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UNIT 17: HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

Hazardous Material is any material prescribed as such by any written law and
includes explosives, petroleum products and any material involving high risk.

other living organisms, property, or the environment. They are often subject to
Hazardous materials are solids, liquids, or gases that are harmful to people,

chemical regulations.

Characteristics of Hazardous Goods

Hazardous goods are known for the following characteristics
• Flammable; something that can burn easily
• Corrosive, something that rusts or decomposes
• Reactive; something that can explode
• Toxic; something that is poisonous

Before handling hazardous material, the driver is required to get legal approval
that requires special equipment and different alterations to the vehicle to make
it suitable for transporting any of these materials.

Hazmat Endorsement Framework is an assessment process for any driver

seeking to obtain, renew and transfer a hazardous materials endorsement on a
commercial driver’s license.

Classification of Hazardous Materials

There are 9 classes of hazardous materials. These are

Explosives
• Gases
• Flammable Liquids
• Flammable Solids
• Oxidizing Substances
• Toxic & Infectious Substances
• Radioactive Material
• Corrosives
• Miscellaneous Dangerous Goods

59
ofloading that the driver should adhere to.
Each class of hazardous material has a prescribed procedure for loading and

In Kenya, the Kenya Bureau of Standards (KBS), National Environmental

Management Agency (NEMA) and NTSA coordinate licencing for transportation
of hazardous goods.

Do not handle hazardous material unless you have the appropriate

licencing to do so.

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UNIT 18: EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

The driver should always be prepared to handle any emergencies that may occur
within or outside the car.

driver take the prescribed safety precautions before embarking on the journey.
Many of these situations can be avoided by ensuring that the passengers and

This section will address the most frequent emergencies.

Basic Responsibilities at a Scene of Crash

Crashes frequently occur on the carriageway due to error or negligence by
different road users. If you are involved in an accident or if you witness an
accident, you should stop and offer assistance where possible.

These are the steps that should be taken in the event of an accident.

Set up the relector triangles behind and in front of the crash site.
The relector triangles should each be 50 metres behind and ahead
•

Call for emergency services – the police, ambulance and ire brigade
the vehicle.
•
- immediately, providing full details of the incident location and any

Move uninjured people away from the vehicles to safety.

casualties

DO NOT move injured people from their vehicles unless they are in
•

immediate danger from ire or explosion

•

• Do not remove a motorcyclist’s helmet unless it is essential to do so

• Be prepared to give First Aid
• Stay at the scene until the police arrive.
• If you are involved in any other medical emergency on the road, you
should contact the emergency services in the same way.
• In the event of spillage, keep onlookers away from the scene of the
accident and wait for police to handle the situation

First Aid
Many road crash victims suffer unnecessarily, or even die, at the scene of the
crash due to inadequate care. Someone with First Aid training can often prevent
a victim’s condition from worsening and may save their life. The aims of First Aid
are to:

2. Prevent a casualty’s injury or illness from getting any worse

1. Preserve life

3. Promote recovery
You can get First Aid training at places such as Red Cross and St. John’s

you can do to help the injured, and these are described below.
Ambulance. But even if you do not have First Aid training there are simple things

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1. Prevent further danger and make safe
First of all assess the danger to yourself, the victims and others. Make the
situation safe before approaching. You do not want to become a casualty
yourself. For instance, warn and control approaching vehicles to prevent a

ire, make sure no one smokes or uses lighters or matches.

second collision. Ask other people to help you with this. If there is a danger of

2. Emergency treatment
The most important thing is to preserve life. Remember “Dr A.B.C.” This stands
for:

Is there continuing danger to the injured? Try to make safe. Protect the casualty
D = Danger:

and keep curious onlookers away.

R = Response: Is there any response from the casualty? – Shake the casualty
gently and talk to him. If there is no response check the airway (throat).

A = Airway:
Is the airway (throat) clear? Lay the casualty on his back, tilt the head to one side,

your ingers to scoop out anything (food, dirt, artiicial teeth, etc.) in the mouth;
and open the mouth; check that the tongue is not blocking the throat, and use

then gently move the head so that the chin is up and the mouth open and check
for breathing.

B = Breathing:
Is the casualty breathing?
Check by putting your ear close to the casualty’s mouth for at least 10 seconds

there is no breath, then immediately give artiicial respiration by pinching closed

to hear and feel the breath. Look to see whether the chest is rising and falling. If

the nostrils, taking a deep breath, and breathing slowly into the casualty’s mouth
until you have emptied all the air in your lungs into his. Do this again. Check
again for breathing. If there is still no breath, check for circulation.

Is there a pulse? Check the pulse by placing two ingers at the neck near
C = Circulation:

the throat, and look at the casualty’s colour and pupils of the eyes. If there
is no breath or circulation, call for emergency assistance immediately before
continuing. Once help has been summoned, if you know the technique, then

artiicial respirations until expert help arrives, or the casualty starts breathing.
apply CPR (Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation) combining chest compressions with

If there is a pulse, but the casualty is still not breathing, continue with artiicial
respiration (a breath every ive seconds). Do not give up - it may take
some time for him to be able to breathe on his own. Once the casualty is
breathing and talking again, lay him on his back and keep him warm.

62
If he is breathing but does not answer questions, put him in the recovery position.

3. Get help
Expert help must be summoned as quickly as possible, normally by dialing 999.
Try not to leave the casualty alone, so ask others to phone or get help and to
report back that they have done so. Many people have mobile phones so there
may be no need to leave the scene. It is important to give the emergency services
clear information on:
• What has happened
• The location of the crash; street name, known landmarks or places

• Number of people injured and severity of injuries.You should not end

• Site conditions and dangers

conirm the details

the call until you are told to do so – wait for the emergency service to

• If help is not quickly available you may have to transport the casualty
to a medical facility. Ask the advice of the Police or local people about

clinics may be able to stabilize the condition of the seriously injured so

the best place to take the casualty. Small facilities like health posts and

that they will survive a long trip to hospital. However some may not be
open 24 hours

• Do not move any casualties unless absolutely necessary. Injured

4. Moving casualties

immediate danger of ire, additional damage, or further collisions.

persons still in vehicles should not be removed unless there is

injuries should not be moved unless it is essential for their safety.

Persons suffering obvious bone fractures or possible internal or spinal

injured, put them in the recovery position to prevent breathing

• If a casualty is unconscious but is breathing and not obviously badly

problems

• A person can bleed to death in ive minutes, so it is vital that you try
5. Bleeding and injury treatment

lat on the ground. Find out where the bleeding is coming from. Then
and stop heavy loss of blood. Reassure him, and, if possible, lay him

irm pressure over the wound, preferably using a sterile dressing from
check for anything in the wound and remove it if is easy to do so. Apply

a First Aid kit or any other

• Clean padding - otherwise use your hands. If the bleeding does not
reduce, press harder. You may be able to tie the padding over the

pressure briely every ten minutes. If there are no broken bones, raise a
wound, but be careful that you do not cut off circulation - release the

bleeding limb as high as possible to reduce the blood low.

stabilize the limb and avoid movement so you don’t make the injury
• If there are broken bones, fractures or dislocations it is important to

worse. If there are burns, immediately cool the area with cold running
water and then cover with a clean dressing.

63
6. Treat victims for shock
• It is also very important to recognize, prevent, and treat the symptoms

original injury. The signs are: a cold, pale, damp skin; fast or weak
of shock, as these may cause even more serious deterioration than the

• The causes of shock are many, including: injury; drop in blood

pulse; rapid shallow breathing; feeling sick; yawning or sighing

pressure; and reduction in the volume of any body luid. As well as

treating the cause, it is vital not to leave the person alone, and to make
them more comfortable by:
i. laying the person down
ii. loosening any tight clothing particularly round the chest and airways
iii. keeping the person warm by covering with a blanket

v. raising the legs slightly to keep blood lowing to the head.

iv. talking to the person to keep them calm

• An accident casualty should never be given anything to eat or drink. If

they are thirsty, moisten their lips with water. Never give a casualty any
medicines or apply anything but clean water and dressings to wounds

7. Put the casualty in the recovery position

• This is a stable position with the casualty on their side, to prevent
choking on their tongue or vomit if unconscious.
• The head is slightly tilted back, the lower arm is out at a right angle,
the hand of the upper arm is under the cheek, the lower leg stretched
out, and the upper leg bent in a right angle as shown in the illustration
below

1 2

4
3

64
Reporting the accident
• Report the accident as soon as possible to the police
• If you are hired as a driver, also report the incident to your employer
• Take a photo or sketch the accident scene if you can do so safely
• Record the number plate of the vehicles involved in the accident

65
UNIT 19: WORK PLANNING

Work Planning ensures that the driver and the customers both get the best out

and psychologically before the journey, schedule maintenance work in advance,

of the service provided because it allows the driver to prepare both physically

schedule any stoppages during the journey and arrive at the intended destination
on time

If the journey involves transportation of goods, then the driver should pick up the
Preparing for the Journey (Trip Planning)

goods and get all the appropriate documentation. This may include
• Name, address, phone and directions of the sender
• Pick-up phone number
• Appointment time for collecting and delivering the goods

• Other legal requirements if the goods are classiied as Hazardous

• Requirements for securing the load e.g. if it is fragile.

Material or if the goods are being transported outside the country of

origin

Managing the trip

While travelling, the following are factors will affect your how you manage your
trip
1. Distance to be travelled
• The longer the distance you travel the more preparations you will
need to make. You may need a co-driver to take over from you if the
distance being travelled is long

• If you travel during peak trafic hours your journey is likely to be longer
2. Time/Traffic conditions during the journey

• Travelling at night or early in the morning when there is limited visibility

also affects you travel
• It is best to plan ahead and choose the most convenient travel time for
you

3. Meals
• Plan ahead for where you will stop for meals
• If using familiar roads then go to place you are familiar with
• If you are using an unfamiliar route, it is best to plan ahead by using
maps which can assist you in planning for where to stop

• Do not start a journey when you are tired

4. Fatigue

• If you feel tired during the journey, stop the vehicle at a convenient stop
and get some rest and fresh air before proceeding on your journey

66
 5. Adverse weather conditions
• Avoid driving in adverse weather conditions
• Take the right precautions if you get caught up in these conditions

Managing Time

directions before starting the journey. You can do this by consulting maps, GPS
To get to the intended destination within the least possible amount of time get

units and other drivers. Ensure that you know alternative routes so that you have
options in case of road restrictions.

The driver is obligated to adhere to the rules in the Trafic Act. It is illegal to force
Legal limits on Duty hours /Driving hours

a public service driver work for more than the designated hours provided.

The Traffic Act indicates that

“66A. (1) No person shall drive a public service vehicle or a commercial vehicle
for more than a total of eight hours in any period of twenty-four hours.
(2) Any person who contravenes or fails to comply with subsection (1) shall be
guilty of an offence and liable —…”

After completing the journey, the driver of a public service vehicle should pro-
Completing records of duty, work tickets or trip cards.

vide a summarized record of the trip.

67
UNIT 20: CUSTOMER CARE

A customer refers to anyone that you have to deal with in the course of riding or
driving on the road. In this case, the customer may be a pedestrian, a passenger
and other motorists

The following are essential skills any driver should have:

• Communication skills
• Handling customer expectations
• Handling customers with special needs
• Knowledge of sexual harassment and other forms of discrimination

Communication Skills

Communication is the process of using words, sounds or behaviour to pass

on information. Communication is necessary for all road users as it allows for
shared and safe use of the road with minimal disruption. It is important to know
and understand how other road users communicate so as to ensure safety and
harmony along the road.

The trafic situation brings together different types of road users – pedestrians,
Why you need to train on communication

cyclists, riders and other motorists – and also different types of individuals with
varying personalities and varying needs. As such it is not enough to know the
rules of the road. It is also important to learn how to interact with different types
of individuals.

The following are some elements of communication that every road user should
learn:
• Patience
• Attitude
• Language

Courtesy on the road

Courtesy involves applying all the elements of good communication - patience,
having a positive attitude and using appropriate language.
• Ensure that you get the right training and a license before you venture
out on the road
• You should always apply all road safety techniques as required for
safe driving

conidence and to respond appropriately to instructions or signals

• Having a positive attitude enables you to complete tasks with

from the authorities, road signals and other road users

68
 • Take responsibility for your actions when you are on the wrong. In the
event that you are involved in an accident. Do not take the law into
your own hands. Report the matter to the police
• Be visible by positioning yourself correctly on the road and signalling
where necessary
• Ensure that your vehicle interior and exterior is clean, that the number
plates are visible and that your passengers have comfortable seating
and use their safety belts at all times
• Ensure that you store away luggage in the boot

Handling Customer Expectations

The driver or rider should always prioritize their safety by ensuring that they
observe all the correct safety procedures. This section primarily addresses the
needs of customers who are paying for the service as passengers or owners of
goods that need to be transported but all these guidelines can also be applied
to private motorists and motorcycle riders who are ferrying goods or passengers.

Before embarking on any trip ensure that you:

• Pick and drop off passengers or goods at the appropriate and

• Provide suficient time for passengers to board and alight from the
designated points

vehicle. Be patient, do not rush them

• Assist passengers who may need help in embarking and disembarking
from the motorcycle
• Address customers in respectful language so that there is less room for
misunderstanding
• Be professional: This means giving clear information about the service
you provide, the charges and any other detail that would ensure that

• Provide a helmet and relective jacket for your passengers

you, the service provider, and the customer have clear expectations

• Let your passengers know how to correctly position themselves on the

motorcycle
• Provide appropriate sitting for all passengers.
• Where possible, and in particular for the PSV, ensure that you
designate sitting for the elderly, sickly, and expectant mothers. Make
arrangements for them to access seats that are most convenient
for easy boarding and alighting. Give special consideration for
passengers with disabilities and offer assistance where requested
• Do not carry more passengers or goods than you are legally allowed
to ferry
• Know the weight restrictions related to your vehicle or motorcycle.
Do not exceed this
• Ensure that you are appropriately equipped to handle the goods to be
ferried from one location to another

69
Observe Personal Hygiene
• Ensure that you are smart, sober and clean. Provide a clean

comfortably. Your personal grooming projects your level of conidence,

environment for both you and your passengers to work and travel

your attitude towards your work and it ultimately affects how you
interact with your customers
• Ensure that your vehicle or motorcycle is kept clean. Ensure that your
number plates are visible and that your safety gear is also kept clean.
This allows you to communicate effectively on the road; to see and be
seen

Time and Stress management skills

• Ensure that your passengers or goods are ferried within the
expected time. Where unexpected circumstances cause a delay, let your

• Get suficient rest and nutrition to that you are strong and healthy
customer know

• Take breaks between journeys and only work within legally stipulated
enough to ride your motorcycle.

hours so that you, your passengers and goods are safe from the risk of
accidents caused by fatigue

Sexual Harassment and Discrimination

Sexual Harassment
This is a form of bullying or coercion which happens when a person directly or
indirectly makes unwelcome requests for sexual intercourse, sexual contact, other
sexual activity, uses written or spoken language of a sexual nature, uses visual
material or shows physical behaviour of sexual nature

Discrimination
Occurs when you chose to treat customers favourably or unfavourably because
of their appearance, race, ethnic identity, gender or age.
• Both sexual harassment and discrimination are anti social behaviours
that discourage positive interaction on the road.
• It is important to create a working environment where vulnerable
passengers are safe and are less likely to encounter inappropriate
behaviour, language or contact.
• Ensure that you have a procedure in place to deal with sexual
harassment and discrimination should you encounter it.
• When faced with sexual harassment or discrimination, speak up,
address the issue with the administrative authority and seek assistance
from the police.

70
Competitive Riding
This is when motorcyclists ride abreast at unreasonable speed. No more than 2
riders are allowed to ride abreast.

Defensive riding is important when in the following condition

• Adverse weather conditions such as rain, fog or windy. In these

cases, the road surface may change and so you need to apply different

Different road conditions that may be dificult to manoeuvre such rough

techniques to avoid danger
•
terrain, wet surface or sloping surfaces

Defensive riding techniques

• Improving observation, anticipation and awareness consistent with the

• Applying sound judgement of speed and distance

riding speed

• Don’t drive when you are tired, rest before any journey

UNIT 21: EXAMINATION FOR DRIVERS

In order to get your riding licence, you should follow the exam registration
procedure provided for by NTSA.

Prepare adequately for both the practical and theory exam.

On the day of the exam, go to the examination centre on time to avoid

disappointment.

71
TRAFFIC SIGNS

(a) Regulatory Signs

72
73
Secondary Message Signs for use with Regulatory Signs

(b) Warning Signs

74
75
76
77
(c) Information Signs

No through No through No through

road on ahead road on right road on left

78
(d) Guidance Signs

Traffic Signals

79
 80
Lane 1 has two options
Stay on lane 1, Go straight, 0°
Turn left at 90°
 81
Lane 2 has one option
Go straight only, 0°
 82
Lane 4 has four options
• Turn right at 90°
• Come back at 180°
• Turn left 270°
• Go straight 360° after going round
the roundabout clockwise direction
83
National Transport and Safety Authority
Hill Park Building; Upper Hill
PO Box 3602 -00506 Nairobi

Mobile: +254 09 932 000

Oice: 020 6632 000

Email: [email protected]

84