Internal Combustion

1. Classify the heat engines.

External Heat Engine Internal Heat Engine
Where’s the Combustion of fuels takes place within the cylinder
Combustion of fuels takes place outside the cylinder.
Combustion? of the engine.
Example Steam turbine, gas turbine, Rankine cycle. Spark ignition engine, Diesel (compression) engine.
Cheaper fuels can be used, Higher overall efficiency,
High starting torque, Greater mechanical simplicity,
Advantages
Self-starting with the working fluid, Low initial cost, Less space,
Flexibility in power plant arrangement. Easy starting, High power due to lower weight.

2. Distribute the heat and losses in the internal combustion engine.

30% Used,
26% Exhaust,
3% Random losses,
24% Cooling heat transfer,
17% FricAon losses.

3. What’s the principle of internal combustion engine?

a. Cylinder
A container where the piston moves in a reciprocating motion, enduring high pressure, and temperatures (2500°C).
Spark (50 bar), Diesel (100 bar).
Made of cast iron for ordinary engines, or aluminium alloys for heavy-duty engines. Cooled by a water jacket or
fins.
b. Cylinder Block
It supports and houses the cylinder within the engine, typically part of the crankcase.
c. Cylinder Head
It covers the top of the cylinder, housing inlet and exhaust valves. Sealed with gaskets.
d. Valves
Inlet and exhaust valves managed by cams and springs.
e. Piston
Transmits combustion force to the connecting rod. It’s made of aluminium alloy for optimal heat conduction and
strength.
f. Ports and Manifolds
Passages in the cylinder head for intake and exhaust gases.
g. Connecting Rod
Connects the piston to the crankshaft, converting reciprocating motion to rotary motion.
h. Crankshaft
Rotating member, converting piston motion to rotary motion.
i. Crankcase
Main engine body containing cylinders and crankshaft, providing alignment and protection. Holds the lubricating oil.
j. Flywheel
Large wheel on the crankshaft stabilizing and maintaining engine speed by storing and releasing excess energy
during the engine's operation.
4. What is the basic geometry of reciprocating I.C.E?
§ Cylinder Bore (D)
The inner diameter of the cylinder.
§ Stroke (L)
The linear distance along the cylinder axis between the upper and lower limits of the piston's
motion, determining the travel limits.
§ Top Dead Centre (TDC) 0°
The position closest to the top of the cylinder where the piston
resides,
also known as inner dead centre in horizontal engines.
§ Bottom Dead Centre (BDC) 180°
The position farthest from the top of the cylinder where the
piston resides, also known as outer dead centre in horizontal
engines.
§ Clearance Volume (Vcl)
The volume above the piston when at TDC.
§ Displacement Volume or Swept Volume (Vd)
The volume the piston moves through from top dead centre to bottom dead centre.
§ Cylinder Volume (Vt)
The total volume of the cylinder when the piston is at bottom dead centre. → 𝑉! = 𝑉" + 𝑉#$
§ Compression Ratio (r)
The ratio of the cylinder volume (at BDC) to the clearance volume (at TDC), indicating the
%
compression level. → 𝑟 = % !
"#
Spark (9:11), Diesel (16:24).
If r > 11in SI, It’ll cause knock, self-ignition, and lower efficiency.
&
* When Cr increases, weight & cost increase, efficiency decreases. → 𝜂 = 1 − (' )()&
$

5. Classify the Bore & Stroke engine.

The relationship predicts the best application for an engine.
A. Square engine
Bore
≈ 1 , used in Spark Engine.
Stroke
B. Under-square engine
Bore
< 1 , used in Diesel Engine to perform heavy work.
Stroke
C. Over-square engine
Bore
> 1 , used in Spark Engine to perform high velocity.
Stroke
6. Classify the Bore & Stroke engine.
a. Application.
Every application requires a specified power.
b. Basic engine design
• Single Cylinder: has only one cylinder and piston.
• In-Line: Cylinders aligned in a straight row along the crankshaft. Normal cars.
• V Engine: Two sets of cylinders arranged at an angle (60°:90°), sharing a single
crankshaft. Examples (V6s & V8s).
• Horizontally Opposed Cylinder Engine: Two-cylinder banks positioned opposite each
other sharing a single crankshaft. Small aircraft.
• W Engine: Like a V engine, with three-cylinder banks (60° angle) sharing the same
crankshaft. Racing car.
• Opposed Piston Engine: Utilizes two pistons in each cylinder, with the combustion
chamber between them. each piston connected to a separate crankshaft.
The highest efficiency 45%.
• Radial Engine: Cylinders arranged in a circular pattern around a central crankshaft.
Odd-numbered.
c. Working cycle (4 stroke/2 stroke)
• Naturally aspirated: No intake air pressure boost system.
• Supercharged: Intake air pressure is increased by a compressor driven by crankshaft.
• Turbocharged: Intake air pressure is increased with turbine-compressor driven by exhaust
gases.
d. Valve location
• Valve in block: Less common in older cars.
• Valve in head: Standard (Common).
• Valve in block and another in head: Less common.
• Valves in block on opposite sides.
e. Fuel used
• Gasoline (Petrol). Cv = 44000 Kj/kg
• Fuel oil (Diesel fuel).
• Natural gas.
Emission ↓, cost ↓, Low NOx, Lifetime, enhancment engine performance.
𝑑𝑃
↑, 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
𝑑∅
↑, 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟.
• Liquid petroleum gas. cost ↓
• Alcohols (methanol, ethanol). NOx ↓, CO ↓, HC ↓. The purest one.
• Hydrogen. Cv = 120000 Kj/kg. The most dangerous.
f. Method of mixture preparation
• Carburettor.
• Fuel injection into the intake manifolds.
• Fuel injection into the engine cylinder.
*Single injector < multi-injector in cost.
*Direct injection produces high power. In main chamber.
*Indirect injection produces lower emissions. In secondary chamber.
 g. Method of load control
• Throttling of fuel and air flow together. To control the power, velocity, and flow of fuel
and air. (SI)
• Control of fuel flow alone. To control the amount of fuel ignition. (CI)
h. Method of cooling
• Water cooled.
• Air cooled.
*Diesel engine depends on quality control*
*Spark engine depends on quantity control*

7. Basic differences between spark ignition and compression ignition engines.

Spark Ignition Compression Ignition

Compression
Ratio
9:11 16:24
Due to high air temperature at the end of
Fuel Ignition By spark ignition
compression stroke
Method of
Fuel is evaporated, mixed with air then Fuel is injected inside the cylinder in the form of
introduction
of fuel supplied to engine cylinder fine spray

*Knock limit is between the two engines in which random combustion

happens.
*In diesel engine, if fuel got ignited at lower Cr, Diesel knock happens which
causes delay in the combustion.

8. What are the principles of two stroke engines?

• Compression
Creates sub-atmospheric pressure in the crankcase, allowing air to rush in via a reed valve.
• Combustion and Expansion
Reversal of the piston's direction, closing the reed valve, compressing air in the crankcase.
• Exhaust Release
Piston uncovers exhaust ports, rapidly lowering cylinder pressure to atmosphere as exhaust
gases exit.
• Scavenging
Intake ports open, allowing compressed air from the crankcase to enter, forcing out remaining
exhaust gases.
9. What are the advantages & disadvantages of two stroke engines?

Advantages Disadvantages
Develop twice the power of 4 stroke Thermal efficiency is less than 4 stroke
Torque on crankshaft is more uniform Scavenging problems
Occupy less space Produce a lot of pollution
Less friction due to elimination of suction and
High consumption of lubricated oil
exhaust