Module 4 Principles of Hydrodynamics

MODULE 4
PRINCIPLES OF HYDRODYNAMICS

Introduction
This module will be an introduction to all the next modules that deals with fluid
motions. As compared to hydrostatics in which the solution to problems are purely rational,
the problems in hydrodynamics requires a more complicated analysis due to the completely
different and complex conditions in its encounters. Although fluid motion follows certain
definite laws, the effect of the immediate surroundings and important characteristics are
relatively difficult to define, therefore, no mathematical expression has yet been developed to
completely describe fluids in motion.

Intended Learning Outcomes

Perform calculations related to (a) fluid pressure and forces with the liquid is at rest, (b)
flow velocity, flow rate, pressure, and forces when liquid is flowing in pipes and open channels,
(c) flow velocity and flow rates in conjunction with different flow measuring devices.

Topic Outcomes
At the end of the module, the student must be able to:
1. Classify various fluid flows.
2. Derive the Bernoulli's equations and identify its restrictions.

FLOW OF IDEAL AND REAL FLUIDS

Ideal Fluids
Fluids which do not have viscosity and are incompressible are termed as ideal fluid. It
flows steadily without friction and do not have shear resistance.
It is an imaginary fluid because all the fluid that exists in the environment have some
viscosity. So, there is no ideal fluid.

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Real Fluids
Fluids which do possess viscosity are termed as real fluids. These fluids always offer
shear resistance. The three physical properties of real fluids that are particularly
important: density, viscosity, and surface tension.
.

CLASSIFICATION OF FLOW TYPES

There are six different types of fluid flow:
• Steady and Unsteady
• Uniform and Non-Uniform
• Laminar and Turbulent
• Compressible and In-compressible
• Rotational and Ir-rotational and
• One, Two, and Three -dimensional Fluid Flow

Steady Flow and Unsteady Flow

The flow is said to be steady at a point in the flowing fluid if the velocity, pressure and
other flow characteristic at that point do not change with time.
The flow is said to be unsteady if the velocity and other such characteristics vary with
time at a point in the flowing fluid.

Uniform Flow and Non-uniform Flow

The flow is said to be uniform if; within a certain length or “reach” of stream, the mean
velocity at every section is the same.

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It is a flow in which conditions of flow remains constant from section to section.

e.g. Constant discharge through a constant diameter pipe

A non-uniform flow exists if, within a certain reach of a stream, the mean velocities at
different sections are unequal.
It is a flow in which conditions of flow does not remains constant from section to
section. e.g. Constant discharge through a variable diameter pipe

Laminar Flow and Turbulent Flow

During a laminar flow, the velocity of movement is sufficiently low, the individual
particles will follow well defined paths that do not cross or intersect one another.

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On a turbulent flow, the separate particles will follow irregular paths which keep on
crossing and re-crossing one another to form an intricate pattern of interlacing lines.
Turbulent flow is more common at high flow speeds and larger scales.

For a laminar flow in circular pipes, the velocity distribution is a threedimensional

paraboloid of revolution where the maximum velocity is twice the mean
velocity.

Velocity Profile of Laminar vs Turbulent Flow

The transition from laminar to turbulent flow starts when a certain velocity of flow, known
as the critical velocity, is attained, and exceeded. Beyond this critical point, the amount of
turbulence increases with the velocity and will ultimately reach a state in which the
turbulence is said to be fully developed.

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Compressible Flow and Incompressible Flow

Compressible flow exists if the density of each fluid particles remains relatively constant
as it moves through the flow field. The density is constant which means the density of the
fluid does not change from point to point.
Incompressible fluid flow means flow with variation due to pressure changes.

Rotational Flow and Irrotational Flow

The rotational fluid flow is defined as the type of fluid flow in which the fluid
particles while flowing along streamline rotate about their own axis.
Whereas the irrotational fluid flow is defined as the type of fluid flow in which the
fluid particles while flowing along streamline do not rotate about their own axis.

One-dimensional Flow, Two-dimensional Flow and Three-dimensional Flow

One dimensional flow is that type of flow in which the flow parameter such as
velocity is a function of time and one space co-ordinate only, say x. It is a flow in which
the velocity vector depends on only one space variables. Such flow occurs away from
geometry changes in long, straight pipes or between parallel plates.

u=f(x), v=0 and w=0

Where u,v and w are velocity component in x,y and z directions respectively.

Two-dimensional fluid flow is the type of flow in which velocity is a function of time
and two rectangular space co-ordinate say x,y. It is a flow in which the velocity vector
depends on only two space variables. An example is a plane flow, in which the velocity
vector depends on only two spatial coordinates x and y.

u= f1(x,y,), v= f2(x,y,) and w= 0.

Three-dimensional fluid flow is the type of flow in which velocity is a function of

time and three mutually perpendicular directions. The function of 3 space coordinates
(x,y,z). It is a flow in which the velocity vector depends on only three space coordinates.

u= f1(x,y,z), v= f2(x,y,z) and w= f3(x,y,z).

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PATHLINES, STREAMLINES AND FLOW NETS

Path lines
It is a locus of points traversed by a given particles as it travels in a field of flow. It
provides us the with a history of the particle’s location.
It is a line made by a single particle as it moves during a particular period of time.

Streak line
It is defined as the instantaneous line whose points are occupied by all particles
originating from some specified points in the flow field. It tells where the particles are
“right now”.

Streamline
It is a line in the flow possessing the following property: the velocity vector of each
particle occupying a point on the streamline is tangent to the streamline.
It is a line which gives the velocity direction of the fluid at each point along the line at
a given instant.
It refers to an instantaneous picture of the velocity direction of number of particles.

Stream tube
It is a tube whose walls are streamlines. When streamlines are drawn through a closed
curve, they form boundaries across which no fluid could pass.
A pipe is a stream tube since its walls are streamline; an open channel is a stream tube
since no fluid crosses the walls of the channel.

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Key Concept:
In a steady flow, path lines, streak lines and streamlines are all coincident.

FLUID FLOW EQUATIONS

Discharge or flow rate is the amount of fluid passing through a section per unit of time.
This is expressed as a mass flow rate (ex. kg/sec), weight flow rate (ex. kN/sec), and volume
flow rate (ex. m³/s, lit/s).

1. Volume Flow Rate (Q); m3/sec

𝑸 = 𝑨𝒗
2. Mass Flow Rate (M); kg/sec

𝑴 = 𝝆𝑸
3. Weight Flow Rate (W); N/sec
𝑾 = 𝜸𝑸

where:
Q – discharge in cubic meter per second (m3/s) and liter per second (L/s) or ft³/s
A – cross sectional area in m2 or ft² v – velocity in m/s ft/s ρ = mass desity in
kg/m3or slugs/ft³
𝛾 = weight density in N/m3or lb/ft³

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Example 4-1
Water flows through a 75mm diameter pipe at a velocity of 3 m/sec. Find (a) the volume
rate in m³/sec and lit/sec, (b) the mass flow rate in kg/sec and (c) the weight flow rate in N/sec.
Solution:
(a) 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣
𝜋 𝑚
𝑄= (0.075𝑚)2 (3 )
4 𝑠

𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟑 𝐦³/𝐬

1 𝑚3=1000𝐿
𝑚3 1000𝐿
𝑄 = 0.013 ( )
𝑠 1𝑚3
Q = 𝟏𝟑 𝐥𝐢𝐭/𝐬𝐞𝐜

(b) 𝛭 = 𝜌𝑄

𝑘𝑔 𝑚3
𝑀 = 1000 (0.013 )
𝑚3 𝑠

Μ = 𝟏𝟑 𝐤𝐠/𝐬 (mass flow rate)

(c) 𝑊 = 𝛾𝑄

𝑁 𝑚3
𝑊 = 9810 (0.013 )
𝑚3 𝑠

W = 𝟏𝟐𝟕 𝐍/𝐬 (weight flow rate)

Example 4-2
What is the rate of flow of water passing through a pipe with a diameter of 20 mm and
speed of 0.5 m/sec?
Solution
Flow rate, 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣
𝜋 𝑚
𝑄= (0.02𝑚)2 (0.5 )
4 𝑠

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Q = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟕 𝐱 𝟏𝟎−𝟒𝐦³/𝐬

The Three Basic Law

1. Conservation Mass
The law stating that the mass must be conserved is:

The mass of a system remains constant.

The mass of fluid passing any section per unit time is constant.
The equation which results from this application, is known as the equation of continuity
or continuity equation, expressing the continuity of flow from section to section along the
stream.
2. First Law of Thermodynamics
The law that relates heat transfer, work, and energy changes in the first law of thermodynamics;
it states:
The rate of heat transfer to a system minus the rate at which the system does work
equals the rate at which the energy of the system is changing

3. Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s Second Law also called the momentum equation, states that:
The resultant force acting on a system equals the rate at which the momentum of the
system is changing.

Continuity Equation
A continuity equation in physics is an equation that describes the transport of a conserved
quantity. Since mass, energy, momentum, electric charge, and other natural quantities are
conserved under their respective appropriate conditions, a variety of physical phenomena may
be described using continuity equations.

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Example 4-3
A 100-mm diameter plunger is being pushed at 60 mm/sec into a tank filled with oil having
sp. gr. at 0.82. If the fluid is incompressible, how many N/s of oil is being forced out at a 30mm
diameter hole?

Solution
Since the fluid is incompressible.

𝑄1 = 𝐴1 𝑉1
𝜋 𝑚
𝑄1 = (0.1𝑚)2 (0.06 )
4 𝑠
𝒬1 = 0.00047 m³/s

But 𝒬1 = 𝒬2
𝒬1 = 𝒬2 = 0.00047 m³/s

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𝑊 = 𝛾𝑄2

𝑁 −4
𝑚3
𝑊 = (0.82) (9810 ) (4.7 𝑥 10 )
𝑚3 𝑠

𝑵
𝑾 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟖
𝒔

Example 4-4
A pipeline consists of three successive lengths of 50 cm, 40 cm and 30 cm diameter pipes.
With a continuous discharge of 300 L/s ( s=0.750), compute the mean velocity in each pipe.

ENERGY EQUATION
Energy is defined as the ability to do work.
It exists in several forms and in case of fluids in motion the kinetic, potential and pressure
energies.

Energy and Heads of Fluids in Motion

1. Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a mass by virtue of its motion or velocity. It
is expressed as:

The unit is Newton-meter (N-m) or Joule (J) in SI units.

The kinetic energy per unit of weight represented by

The unit is Newton-meter per Newton (N-m/N) or simply meter (m) In

𝒗𝟐
fluid flow, the term 𝟐𝒈 is commonly called as the velocity head.

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2. Potential or Elevation Energy

Potential energy is the energy possessed by a mass by virtue of its position or
elevation above some horizontal reference plane.
It represents the amount of work which the mass is capable of doing if it is allowed to
descend to the reference plane.
This energy is the same in magnitude as the amount of work that must be used up in
raising the mass from the datum plane to its assigned elevation.
For a mass having a weight W and positioned at a distance z above the datum plane,
the potential energy is:

The dimension or unit is Newton-meter (N-m) or Joule (J).

Another name given to such form of energy is elevation energy. The potential energy
per unit weight is written as

The dimension or unit is Newton-meter per Newton (N-m/N) or simply meter (m). The
height z above the datum plane is known as the elevation head which is the potential or
elevation energy per unit weight of the mass.

3. Pressure Energy
Pressure energy is the energy possessed by a mass by virtue of the pressure maintained
within the mass.
The work done or the energy exerted by the pressure p is
𝒑
𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 = 𝑾
𝜸
The unit or dimension of pressure energy is Newton-meter (N-m) or Joule (J). Per
unit weight, the energy expressed by the equation becomes
𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒑
=
𝑾𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝜸

𝑁−𝑚
which is in the form or simply meter (m).
𝑁

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𝒑
The term 𝜸 is called the pressure head.

Total Head or Total Energy

The total energy per unit of weight or the total head is the sum of the velocity head, elevation
head and pressure head , or

𝒗𝟐 𝒑
𝑬= + +𝒛
𝟐𝒈 𝜸

with each maintaining the usual dimension of length, that is meter (m) or Newton-meter
per Newton (N-m/N)

Example 4-5
A fluid flowing in a pipe 30 cm in diameter has a uniform velocity of 4 m/s. The
pressure at the center of the pipe is 40 kPa, and the elevation of the pipe’s centerline above an
assumed datum is 4.5m. Compute the total energy per unit of wight of the flowing fluid if it is
(a) water (b) oil s=0.800 (c) gas ( unit weight = 8.50 N/m3).

Kinetic or Velocity Head for Non-uniform Velocity Distribution

Assuming that, at any cross section in a stream of flowing fluid, the velocity of each particle is
constant, then the kinetic energy per unit weight or the velocity head, is

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where v- constant velocity in m/s

However, if the velocities are not equal and the velocity head is computed from the mean or
average of these different velocities, that is

Using this value of v, the velocity head v2/2g is only an approximate of the actual velocity
head.
To compute the actual velocity head, we take the average of the velocity heads of different
particles, or

But va2/2g > v2/2g , so to correct this error, a correction factor α ( > 1 ) is multiplied to
the velocity head obtained from mean velocity v, or

Power of a Fluid in Motion

Power is defined as the rate of doing work. It is the amount of energy per unit time. Its
dimension in SI units is Newton-meter per second (N-m/s) or Joule per second (J/s) or simply
watt (W).

𝑷 = 𝑸𝜸𝑬

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𝑣2 𝑝
where: 𝐸= + +𝑧
2𝑔 𝛾

Therefore,
𝒗𝟐 𝒑
𝑷 = 𝑸𝜸 ( + + 𝒛)
𝟐𝒈 𝜸

For the power efficiency,

Where:
P- power in watt
Q- discharge in m3/s
γ - unit weight in N/m3
E- total energy in meter (m)

Note: 1 Horsepower (hp) = 746 watts

1 Horsepower (hp) = 550 ft-lb/ sec
1 Watt = 1 N-m/s = 1 Joule/sec

Example 4-6
A liquid having sp. gr. of 2.0 is flowing in a 50 mm diameter pipe. The total head at a given
point was found to be 17.5 Joule per Newton. The elevation of the pipe above the datum is 3 m
and the pressure in the pipe is 65.6 kPa. Compute the velocity of flow and the horsepower in
the stream at that point.
Given:
s = 2.0
d= 50 mm
E = 17. 5 J/N
P = 65.6 kPa

Required:
V =?

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P in hp =?

Solution Total energy,

E = 17.5 Joule/N x (N-m/Joule)

E = 17.5 𝑚

𝑣2 𝑝
𝐸= + +𝑧
2𝑔 𝛾

𝑁
𝑣2 65600
17.5 m = + 𝑚2 + 3𝑚
𝑚
2(9.81 2 ) (2)(9810 𝑁3 )
𝑠 𝑚
𝒎
𝒗 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟕𝟗 (𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘)
𝒔

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟, 𝑃 = 𝑄𝛾𝐸

𝑃 = 𝐴𝑣𝛾𝐸

𝜋 𝑚 𝑁
𝑃= (0.5𝑚)2 ( 14.79 ) (2.0) (9810 3 ) (17.5 𝑚)
4 𝑠 𝑚
𝑁−𝑚
𝑃 = 9970.22 𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑠

1 ℎ𝑝
𝑃 = 9970.22 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 ( )
746 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

𝑷 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟔 𝒉𝒑

Example 4-7
A liquid of specific gravity 1.75 flows in a 6 cm pipe. The total energy at a point in the
flowing fluid is 80 J/N. The elevation of the pipe above a fixed datum is 2.60m and the
pressure in the pipe is 75 KPa. Determine the velocity of the flow and the power available at
that point.

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BERNOULLI’S ENERGY THEOREM

Daniel Bernoulli proved that, in any fluid motion where friction is neglected, the total energy
possessed by a given mass is the same at every point along the path of flow.
This is in line with the Law of Conservation of Energy and simply states that “each one of
the three forms of energy (kinetic, elevation and pressure energies) may be transformed into
either of the other forms without suffering any loss, assuming a frictionless flow”.
So, if there is a loss of energy in any of the three forms, there must be a corresponding gain of
energy in the other two forms.

𝒗𝟏 𝟐 𝒑𝟏 𝒗𝟐 𝟐 𝒑𝟐
+ + 𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒛𝟐
𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸

Energy Equation Without Head Loss (Frictionless Flow)

If the fluid experiences no head lost in moving from section 1 to section 2, then the total energy
at section 1 must be equal to the energy at section 2.
Neglecting head lost in fluid flow, the values that we get are called ideal or theoretical values.

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𝑬𝟏 = 𝑬𝟐
𝒗𝟏 𝟐 𝒑𝟏 𝒗𝟐 𝟐 𝒑𝟐
+ + 𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒛𝟐
𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸

Example 4-8
Water is flowing in an open channel at a depth of 2 m and a velocity of 3 m/s . It flows
down a chute into another channel where the depth is 1 m and the velocity is 10 m/s. Neglecting
friction, determine the difference in elevation of the channel floors.

Solution
Neglecting the friction (head lost)

𝐸1 = 𝐸2

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𝑣1 2 𝑝1 𝑣2 2 𝑝2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
𝑚 2
𝑣1 2 (10 𝑠 )
𝑚 + 2𝑚 + 𝑧 = 𝑚 + 1𝑚 + 0
2(9.81 2 ) 2(9.81 2 )
𝑠 𝑠

z = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟒 𝐦

Example 4-9
The diameter of the pipe carrying water changes gradually from 15 cm at section 1 to 45
cm at section 2, section 1 being 5m lower than section 2. When 200 L/s is flowing, find P2 – P1.
Neglect loss of energy.

Energy Equation with Head Loss (Friction Considered)

 Real liquids are more or less viscous, and their motion is usually accompanied by frictional
forces which act against the direction of motion and thus hinder the flow.
 The values that we can attain are called actual values.
 The Bernoulli equation must be modified to:

𝑬𝟏 = 𝑬𝟐 + 𝑯𝑳𝟏−𝟐
𝒗𝟏 𝟐 𝒑𝟏 𝒗𝟐 𝟐 𝒑𝟐
+ + 𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝑯𝑳𝟏−𝟐
𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸

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Where:
𝑁−𝑚
𝐻𝐿1−2 = loss of energy per unit weight from section 1 to section 2 in 𝑁
or m

In words, the equation may be stated as follows: “ In steady flow, with friction
present, the total head at section (1) is equal to that at any downstream section (2) plus the
loss of head occurring between the two sections.”

Example 4-10
A pipe carrying oil of specific gravity 0.877 changes in size from 150 mm at section 1 and
450 mm at section 2. Section 1 is 3.6 m below section 2 and the pressures are 90 kPa and 60
kPa respectively. If the discharge is 150 lit/sec, determine the head lost and the direction of
flow.

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Given:
Q = 0.15 m3/s
S= 0.877
d @ section 1 = 150mm
d @ section 2 = 450 mm
P1 = 90 kPa
P2 = 60 kPa

Required:
HL and flow direction =?

Solution:
𝑚3
𝑄 = 𝑄1 = 𝑄2 = 0.15 𝑠

𝑚3
𝑄1 = 0.15
𝑠
𝑄1 = 𝐴1 𝑣1
𝜋
𝑄1 = (0.15𝑚)2 𝑣1
4
𝑣1 = 8.49 m/s

𝑚3
𝑄2 = 0.15
𝑠
𝑄2 = 𝐴2 𝑣2
𝜋
𝑄1 = (0.45𝑚)2 𝑣2
4
𝑣2 = 0.943 m/s

Taking point 1 as datum:

𝑣1 2 𝑝1
𝐸1 = + + 𝑧1
2𝑔 𝛾
𝑚 2 𝑘𝑁
( 8.49 𝑠 ) 90 2
𝐸1 = 𝑚
𝑚 + +0
2(9.81 2 ) (0.877)(9.81 𝑘𝑁3 )
𝑠 𝑚

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𝐸1 = 14.135 m

𝑣2 2 𝑝2
𝐸2 = + + 𝑧2
2𝑔 𝛾
𝑚 2 𝑘𝑁
( 0.943 𝑠 ) 60 2
𝐸2 = 𝑚
𝑚 + 𝑘𝑁
+ 3.6𝑚
2 (9.81 2 ) (0.877) (9.81 3 )
𝑠 𝑚
𝐸2 = 10.62 m

Since 𝜠𝟏 > 𝜠𝟐 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐢𝐬 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝟏 𝐭𝐨 𝟐

Head Lost, HL = 𝛦1 − 𝛦2 = 14.135m – 10.62m
Head Lost, HL1-2 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟏𝟓 𝐦

Example 4-11
A 30 cm pipe is connected by a reducer to a 10 cm pipe. Points 1 and 2 are along the same
elevation. The pressure at 1 is 200 KPa. The flow is 30 L/s and the energy lost between 1 and
2 is equivalent to 20 KPa. Compute the pressure at 2 if the liquid flowing is water.

Example 4-12
The figure shows a siphon discharging oil (s=0.90). The siphon is composed of 8 cm pipe from
A to B, followed by 10 cm pipe from B to C. The head losses are: 1 to 2, 0.30 J/N; 2 to 3, 0.20
J/N and 3 to 4, 1 J/N. Compute the discharge and determine the pressures at points 2 and 3.

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If the energy is added to the flowing fluid between sections (1) and (2) by means of a
device like pump, the left side of the equation must include the added head which represents
the energy or energy output per unit weight supplied by the pump to the fluid.
𝑬𝟏 = 𝑬 𝟐
𝒗𝟏 𝟐 𝒑𝟏 𝒗𝟐 𝟐 𝒑𝟐
+ + 𝒛𝟏 + 𝑯𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 = + + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝑯𝑳𝟏−𝟐
𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸

If the energy is given up by the flowing fluid to a turbine between sections (1) and (2),
the right side of the equation must include the turbine’s energy input per unit weight.

𝑬𝟏 = 𝑬 𝟐

𝒗𝟏 𝟐 𝒑𝟏 𝒗𝟐 𝟐 𝒑𝟐
+ + 𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝑯𝑻𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 + 𝑯𝑳𝟏−𝟐
𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸

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Example 4-13
The pump shown draws water from the reservoir A at elevation 10 mm and lifts it to
reservoir B at elevation 60 m. The loss of head from A to 1 is two times the velocity head in the
200 mm diameter pipe and the loss of head from 2 to 8 is ten times the velocity head in the 150
mm diameter pipe. Determine the rated horsepower of the pump and the pressure heads at 1 and
2 in meters when the discharge is 0.03 m³/sec.

Required:
𝑃𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = ?
𝑃1 𝑃2
𝑎𝑛𝑑 =?
𝛾 𝛾
Solution:
𝑚3
𝑄 = 𝑄1 = 𝑄2 = 0.03 𝑠

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𝑚3
𝑄1 = 0.03
𝑠
𝑄1 = 𝐴1 𝑣1
𝑚3 𝜋
0.03 = (0.2𝑚)2 𝑣1
𝑠 4
𝑣1 = 0.954 m/s

𝑚3
𝑄2 = 0.03
𝑠
𝑄2 = 𝐴2 𝑣2
𝑚3 𝜋
0.03 = (0.15𝑚)2 𝑣2
𝑠 4
𝑣2 = 1.69 m/s

a) Rated horsepower of the pump

Energy Equation between A and B:

𝐸𝐴 + 𝐻𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝐸𝐵 + 𝐻𝐿𝐴−1 + 𝐻𝐿2−𝐵

𝑣𝐴 2 𝑃𝐴 𝑣𝐵 2 𝑃𝐵 𝒗𝟏 𝟐 𝒗𝟐 𝟐
+ + 𝑍𝐴 + 𝐻𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = + + 𝑍𝐵 + 2 +8
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 𝟐𝒈 𝟐𝒈

𝑚 2 𝑚 2
( 0.954 ) ( 1.69 )
0 + 0 + 10 𝑚 + 𝐻𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 0 + 0 + 60 𝑚 + 2 [ 𝑠
𝑚 ]+ 8 [ 𝑠
𝑚 ]
2(9.81 2) 2(9.81 2)
𝑠 𝑠

𝐻𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 51.563 𝑚

𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑄𝛾𝐻𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑚3 𝑁
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = (0.03 ) (9810 𝑚3 ) ( 51.563 𝑚)
𝑠

𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 = 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔 − 𝟐𝟎. 𝟑𝟒 𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒔𝒆𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓

b) Pressure heads at 1 and 2

Energy Equation between A and 1:

𝐸𝐴 = 𝐸1 + 𝐻𝐿𝐴−1

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Module 4 Principles of Hydrodynamics

𝑣𝐴 2 𝑃𝐴 𝑣1 2 𝑃1 𝒗𝟏 𝟐
+ + 𝑍𝐴 = + + 𝑍1 + 2
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 𝟐𝒈

𝑚 2
𝑃1 ( 0.954 𝑠 )
0 + 0 + 10 𝑚 = + 0 + 3[ 𝑚 ]
𝛾 2 (9.81 2 )
𝑠
𝑷𝟏
= 𝟗. 𝟖𝟔𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝜸

Energy Equation between 2 and B:

𝐸2 = 𝐸𝐵 + 𝐻𝐿2−𝐵

𝑣2 2 𝑃2 𝑣𝐵 2 𝑃𝐵 𝑣2 2
+ + 𝑍2 = + + 𝑍𝐵 + 8
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

𝑚 2 𝑚 2
( 1.69 𝑠 ) 𝑃2 ( 1.69 𝑠 )
𝑚 + 𝛾 + 0 = 0 + 0 + 60 𝑚 + 8 [ 𝑚 ]
2 (9.81 2 ) 2 (9.81 2 )
𝑠 𝑠

𝑷𝟐
= 𝟔𝟏. 𝟑𝟐𝟑 𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝜸

Example 4-14
A pipeline with a pump leads to a nozzle as shown. Find the flow rate when pimp develops
an 80 ft (24.4 m) head. Assume head lost in the 6-inch (152 mm) pipe to be five times its velocity
head while the head lost in the 4-inch (102- mm) pipe to be twelve time its velocity head. (a)
Compute the flow rate, (b) sketch the energy grade line and hydraulic grade, and (c) find the
pressure head at the suction side.

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Example 4-15
A 20-hp suction pump operating at 70% efficiency draws water from a suction line whose
diameter is 200 mm and discharges into a line whose diameter is 150 mm. The velocity in the
150 mm line is 3.6 m/s. If the pressure at point A in the suction pipe is 34 kPa below the
atmosphere, where A is 1.8 m below B on the 150 mm line, determine the maximum elevation
above B to which water can be raised assuming a head of 3m due to friction.

MOMENTUM EQUATION
The momentum equation is a mathematical formulation of the law of conservation of
momentum. It states that the rate of change in linear momentum of a volume moving with a
fluid is equal to the surface forces and the body forces acting on a fluid.
Linear momentum (momentum for brevity) is defined as the product of a
system's mass multiplied by its velocity. In symbols, linear momentum p is defined to be

𝒑 = 𝒎𝒗
Where: m- mass of the system in kg
v -velocity in m/s
𝑘𝑔−𝑚
The SI unit for momentum is 𝑠
The momentum equation is used to determine the resultant force exerted on the boundaries
of a flow passage by a stream of flowing fluid as the flow changes its direction or the magnitude
of velocity or both.
Following are the practical application of momentum equation:
(1) Flow though bend pipes
(2) Jet propulsion and propellers
(3) Fluid flow though stationary and moving plates or vanes.
(4) Non-uniform flow through sadden enlarged pipes.
(5) Hydraulic jump in open channels

End of Module Exercises

Directions: Solve each problem completely.
1. Consider each of the following flows and state whether it could be approximated as a one-,
two- or three-dimensional flow or as a uniform flow:
a. Flow from vertical pipe striking a horizontal wall

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b. Flow in the waves of the ocean near a beach

c. Flow near the entrance of a pipe
d. Flow around a rocket with a blunt nose
e. Flow around an automobile
f. Flow in irrigation channel
g. Flow through a vein

2. What is the rate of flow of water passing through a pipe with a diameter of 20mm and a speed
of 0.5m/s?
3. A city requires a flow of 1.50 𝑚 3 for its water supply. Determine the diameter of the pipe
if
𝑠

the velocity is to be 1.80 m/s.

4. A rectangular air duct 20cm by 50cm carries a flow of 1.44m3/s. Determine the velocity in
the duct, If the duct tapers to 10cm by 40cm, what is the velocity in the latter section? Assume
constant air density.
5. An aircraft engine test pipe can provide a flow rate of 200 kg/s at altitude conditions
corresponding to an absolute pressure of 50 kPa and temperature of -18°C. The velocity of
air though the duct attached to the engine is 240 m/s. Calculate the diameter of the duct.
6. A fluid is flowing in a pipe 20cm in diameter with a mean velocity of 3m/s. The pressure at
the center of the pipe is 35 KPa and the elevation of the pipe on the assumed datum is 5m.
Compute the total head E in meters if the fluid is (a) water (b) oil (s=0.85) and (c ) gas (γ=
6.30 N/m3 ).
7. The diameter of a pipe carrying water changes gradually from 15cm at section (1) to 45 cm
at section (2), section (1) being 5m lower than section (2). When 200L/s is flowing, find P2
– P1. Neglect loss of energy.
8. A pipe carrying oil of specific gravity 0.877 changes in size from 150mm at section 1 and
450mm at section 2. Section 1 is 3.6m below section 2 and the pressures are 90 KPa and 60
KPa respectively. If the discharge is 150 L/s, determine the head lost and the direction of flow.
9. A pump draws water from reservoir A and lifts it to reservoir B as shown in the figure. The
loss of head from A to section 1 is 3 times the velocity head in the 15cm pipe and the loss of
head from section 2 to B is 20 times the velocity head in the 10cm pipe. Compute the power
input of the pump assuming it operates at 80% efficiency. The discharge is 15L/s.

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10. The 60cm pipe shown in the figure conducts water from reservoir A to a pressure turbine,
which discharges through another 60cm pipe into tailrace B. The head losses are: A to
section (1), 5 times the velocity head; section (2) to B, 0.20 times the velocity head in the
pipe. For a discharge of 700 L/s, determine the power being given up by the water to the
turbine (input power). Also determine the pressure heads at section (1) and section (2).

11. A gas flows through a square conduit. At one point along the conduit, the conduit sides are
0.100m, the velocity is 7.55 m/sec, and the gas’s mass density is (for its particular pressure
and temperature) 1.09 kg/m3. At second point, the conduit sides are 0.250m, and the velocity
is 2.02 m/sec. Find the mass flow rate of the gas and its mass density at the second point.
12. A water pump requires 4kW to create a pump head of 20m. If its efficiency is 87%, what is
the flow rate of the pump?
13. The desired output from a set of 89% efficient turbines on a river is 10 MW. If the maximum
turbine head attainable is 50m, determine the average velocity at a location where the river
is 60m wide and 3m deep.

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14. The pump shown is powered by a 20-kW motor. If the pump is 82% efficient, determine
the pressure rise.

15. A water pump has one inlet and two outlets as shown in the figure, all at the same elevation.
What pump power is required if the pump is 85% efficient, Neglect pipe losses.

REFERENCES
A. Books
Potter, M.C., et al, Mechanics of Fluids 5th ed, Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd, 2017
Crowe, C.T., et al. Engineering Fluid Mechanics, John Wiley & Sons, 2005
Gillesania, DI T., Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics, GPP Gillesania Printing Press, 2003
Dela Fuente, R., Hydraulics, Merriam & Webster Inc, 1991
B. Websites
www. learnmechanical.com
www. mathalino.com
www-mdp.eng.cam.ac.uk/
www.tutorhelpdesk.com

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