Distance and Displacement

The magnitude of the length covered by a moving object is called distance. It has no
direction.

Displacement is the shortest distance between two points or the distance between the
starting and final positions with respect to time. It has magnitude as well as direction.

Displacement can be zero, but distance cannot.

Distance VS Displacement
To know more about Distance and Displacement, visit here.

Magnitude

Magnitude is the size or extent of a physical quantity. In physics, we have scalar and
vector quantities.

Scalar quantities are only expressed as magnitude. E.g.: time, distance, mass,
temperature, area, volume

Vector quantities are expressed in magnitude as well as the direction of the object. E.g.:
Velocity, displacement, weight, momentum, force, acceleration, etc.

Time, Average Speed and Velocity

Time and speed

Time is the duration of an event that is expressed in seconds. Most physical

phenomena occur with respect to time. It is a scalar quantity.
Speed is the rate of change in distance. If a body covers a certain distance in a certain
amount of time, its speed is given by

�����=������������
The instantaneous speed is the speed of an object at a particular moment in time.

Average speed is stated as the distance covered by the object within a period of time.

Average speed = Total distance travelled / Total time taken

The below table lists the difference between Average Speed and Instantaneous Speed.

Average Speed Instantaneous Speed

It is defined as the total distance travelled It is defined as the speed at a particular

divided by the total time elapsed. instant of time.

It is constant. It is not constant.

Measured by calculating the speed for an It is measured by a speedometer.

entire journey.

Example: A car travelling with a speed of 60 Example: A car travelling at a certain speed
kmph. Thus, the average speed of the car is at an instant of time can be given by a
60 km an hour. speedometer.

Uniform motion and Non-uniform motion

When an object covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, it is in uniform motion.

Examples of Uniform Motion

● Movement of the ceiling fan’s blades.

● Motion of Earth around the sun
● Pendulum with equivalent amplitude on either side
When an object covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time, it is said to be in
non-uniform motion.

● Bouncing ball
● Running horse
● Moving train

To know more about Uniform Motion and Non-Uniform Motion, visit here.

Velocity

The Rate of change of displacement is velocity. It is a vector quantity. Here the direction
of motion is specified.

��������=����������������
Instantaneous velocity is the rate of change of position for a time interval which is very
small, i.e. almost zero. In more simple words, the velocity of an object at a given instant
of time is known as instantaneous velocity.

Average velocity is defined as the displacement (∆x) divided by the time intervals (∆t) in
which the displacement occurs.

���������������=���������������+�����
��������2
Average Velocity Instantaneous Velocity

Average velocity is defined as Instantaneous velocity is the rate of change of position

the displacement (∆x) divided by for a time interval which is very small, i.e. almost zero.
the time intervals (∆t) in which
the displacement occurs.

Average velocity is calculated by Instantaneous velocity is calculated by dividing

dividing the rate of displacement displacement by time at that instant.
by the time elapsed.
 If Jack took a total of 1 hour to In Jack’s case, on his way to school, while he is sitting
travel 10 km from his house to and waiting for the train to pass, his instantaneous
school, then his average velocity velocity will be zero. Though the instantaneous velocity
will be 10 km/hr. was zero for a small part of the journey, the average
velocity will not be zero.

For more information on Average Speed and Velocity, watch the below

video

1,11,870
To know more about Average Speed and Average Velocity, visit here.

Acceleration
The rate of change of velocity is called acceleration. It is a vector quantity. In
non-uniform motion, velocity varies with time, i.e., the change in velocity is not 0. It is
denoted by “a”
Acceleration = Change in Velocity / Time

(OR)

�=�−��
Where t (time taken), v (final velocity) and u (initial velocity).

To know more about Acceleration, visit here.

Motion Visualised

Distance-Time Graph

● Distance-Time graphs show the change in the position of an object with respect to time.
● Linear variation = uniform motion and non-linear variations imply non-uniform motion
● The slope gives us speed

Distance – Time Graph

● OA implies uniform motion with constant speed as the slope is constant
● AB implies the body is at rest as the slope is zero
● B to C is a non-uniform motion

To know more about Distance-Time Graph, visit here.

Velocity-Time Graph

● Velocity-Time graphs show the change in velocity with respect to time.

● Slope gives acceleration
● The area under the curve gives displacement
● Line parallel to x-axis implies constant velocity-
 Velocity – Time Graph
OA = constant acceleration, AB = constant velocity, BC = constant retardation

To know more about Velocity-Time Graph, visit here.

Equations of Motion
The motion of an object moving at uniform acceleration can be described with the help
of three equations, namely

(i) v = u + at

(ii) v2 – u2 = 2as

(iii) s = ut + (1/2)at2

where u is the initial velocity, v is the final velocity, t is the time, a is the acceleration and
s is the displacement.

To know more about Equations of Motion, visit here.

Derivation of Velocity-Time Relation by Graphical Method

 Velocity – Time Graph
A body starts with some initial non-zero velocity at A and goes to B with constant
acceleration a.

From the graph BD = v (final velocity) – DC = u (initial velocity)…………..(eq 1).

BD = BC – DC……………..(eq 2).

�������������������=�����=��������=��=
�(���������������ℎ������)
.
Therefore BD = at………………….(eq 3).

Substitute everything we get: at = v – u.

Rearrange to get v = u + at.

Derivation of Position-Time Relation by Graphical Method

Velocity – Time Graph

A body starts with some initial non-zero velocity at A and goes to B with constant
acceleration a

Area under the graph gives Displacement as follows:

�(Δ���)+�(����)=12(��×��)+(��×��)….���(1)
OA = u , OC = t and BD = at

Substituting in (eq 1) we get s=

��+12��2

Derivation of Position-Velocity Relation by Graphical Method

Velocity – Time Graph

A body starts with some initial non-zero velocity at A and goes to B with constant
acceleration a

Displacement covered will be the area under the curve which is the trapezium OABC.

We know the area of trapezium is

�=(��+��)2∗��
OA = u and BC = v and OC = t

�ℎ�������,�=(�+�)2∗�……………(��1)
�����������ℎ���=(�−�)�……………..(��2)
Substitute (eq 2) in (eq 1) and arrange to get

v2−u2=2as

Uniform Circular Motion

Uniform Circular Motion

● If an object moves in a circular path with uniform speed, its motion is called uniform circular
motion.
 ● Velocity changes as direction keeps changing.
● Acceleration is constant.
● The uniform circular velocity is given by the following formula:
● �=2��

Distance and Displacement

The magnitude of the length covered by a moving object is called distance. It has no
direction.

Displacement is the shortest distance between two points or the distance between the
starting and final positions with respect to time. It has magnitude as well as direction.

Displacement can be zero, but distance cannot.

 Distance VS Displacement
To know more about Distance and Displacement, visit here.

Magnitude

Magnitude is the size or extent of a physical quantity. In physics, we have scalar and
vector quantities.

Scalar quantities are only expressed as magnitude. E.g.: time, distance, mass,
temperature, area, volume

Vector quantities are expressed in magnitude as well as the direction of the object. E.g.:
Velocity, displacement, weight, momentum, force, acceleration, etc.

Time, Average Speed and Velocity

Time and speed

Time is the duration of an event that is expressed in seconds. Most physical

phenomena occur with respect to time. It is a scalar quantity.

Speed is the rate of change in distance. If a body covers a certain distance in a certain
amount of time, its speed is given by

�����=������������
The instantaneous speed is the speed of an object at a particular moment in time.

Average speed is stated as the distance covered by the object within a period of time.

Average speed = Total distance travelled / Total time taken

The below table lists the difference between Average Speed and Instantaneous Speed.
 Average Speed Instantaneous Speed

It is defined as the total distance travelled It is defined as the speed at a particular

divided by the total time elapsed. instant of time.

It is constant. It is not constant.

Measured by calculating the speed for an It is measured by a speedometer.

entire journey.

Example: A car travelling with a speed of 60 Example: A car travelling at a certain speed
kmph. Thus, the average speed of the car is at an instant of time can be given by a
60 km an hour. speedometer.

Uniform motion and Non-uniform motion

When an object covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, it is in uniform motion.

Examples of Uniform Motion

● Movement of the ceiling fan’s blades.

● Motion of Earth around the sun
● Pendulum with equivalent amplitude on either side

When an object covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time, it is said to be in

non-uniform motion.

● Bouncing ball
● Running horse
● Moving train

To know more about Uniform Motion and Non-Uniform Motion, visit here.

Velocity
The Rate of change of displacement is velocity. It is a vector quantity. Here the direction
of motion is specified.

��������=����������������
Instantaneous velocity is the rate of change of position for a time interval which is very
small, i.e. almost zero. In more simple words, the velocity of an object at a given instant
of time is known as instantaneous velocity.

Average velocity is defined as the displacement (∆x) divided by the time intervals (∆t) in
which the displacement occurs.

���������������=���������������+�����
��������2
Average Velocity Instantaneous Velocity

Average velocity is defined as Instantaneous velocity is the rate of change of position

the displacement (∆x) divided by for a time interval which is very small, i.e. almost zero.
the time intervals (∆t) in which
the displacement occurs.

Average velocity is calculated by Instantaneous velocity is calculated by dividing

dividing the rate of displacement displacement by time at that instant.
by the time elapsed.

If Jack took a total of 1 hour to In Jack’s case, on his way to school, while he is sitting
travel 10 km from his house to and waiting for the train to pass, his instantaneous
school, then his average velocity velocity will be zero. Though the instantaneous velocity
will be 10 km/hr. was zero for a small part of the journey, the average
velocity will not be zero.

For more information on Average Speed and Velocity, watch the below

video
1,11,870
To know more about Average Speed and Average Velocity, visit here.

Acceleration
The rate of change of velocity is called acceleration. It is a vector quantity. In
non-uniform motion, velocity varies with time, i.e., the change in velocity is not 0. It is
denoted by “a”

Acceleration = Change in Velocity / Time

(OR)

�=�−��
Where t (time taken), v (final velocity) and u (initial velocity).

To know more about Acceleration, visit here.

Motion Visualised
Distance-Time Graph

● Distance-Time graphs show the change in the position of an object with respect to time.
● Linear variation = uniform motion and non-linear variations imply non-uniform motion
● The slope gives us speed

Distance – Time Graph

● OA implies uniform motion with constant speed as the slope is constant
● AB implies the body is at rest as the slope is zero
● B to C is a non-uniform motion

To know more about Distance-Time Graph, visit here.

Velocity-Time Graph

● Velocity-Time graphs show the change in velocity with respect to time.

● Slope gives acceleration
● The area under the curve gives displacement
● Line parallel to x-axis implies constant velocity-

Velocity – Time Graph

OA = constant acceleration, AB = constant velocity, BC = constant retardation
To know more about Velocity-Time Graph, visit here.

Equations of Motion
The motion of an object moving at uniform acceleration can be described with the help
of three equations, namely

(i) v = u + at

(ii) v2 – u2 = 2as

(iii) s = ut + (1/2)at2

where u is the initial velocity, v is the final velocity, t is the time, a is the acceleration and
s is the displacement.

To know more about Equations of Motion, visit here.

Derivation of Velocity-Time Relation by Graphical Method

Velocity – Time Graph

A body starts with some initial non-zero velocity at A and goes to B with constant
acceleration a.

From the graph BD = v (final velocity) – DC = u (initial velocity)…………..(eq 1).

BD = BC – DC……………..(eq 2).

�������������������=�����=��������=��=
�(���������������ℎ������)
.
Therefore BD = at………………….(eq 3).
Substitute everything we get: at = v – u.

Rearrange to get v = u + at.

Derivation of Position-Time Relation by Graphical Method

Velocity – Time Graph

A body starts with some initial non-zero velocity at A and goes to B with constant
acceleration a

Area under the graph gives Displacement as follows:

�(Δ���)+�(����)=12(��×��)+(��×��)….���(1)
OA = u , OC = t and BD = at

Substituting in (eq 1) we get s=

��+12��2

Derivation of Position-Velocity Relation by Graphical Method

Velocity – Time Graph

A body starts with some initial non-zero velocity at A and goes to B with constant
acceleration a
Displacement covered will be the area under the curve which is the trapezium OABC.

We know the area of trapezium is

�=(��+��)2∗��
OA = u and BC = v and OC = t

�ℎ�������,�=(�+�)2∗�……………(��1)
�����������ℎ���=(�−�)�……………..(��2)
Substitute (eq 2) in (eq 1) and arrange to get

v2−u2=2as

Uniform Circular Motion

Uniform Circular Motion

● If an object moves in a circular path with uniform speed, its motion is called uniform circular
motion.
● Velocity changes as direction keeps changing.
● Acceleration is constant.
● The uniform circular velocity is given by the following formula:
● �=2��