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    Maclaurin Serieskey

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    mbjanjua35
    This document discusses power series and Maclaurin series. It investigates expanding functions like (1+x)^q where q is a rational number using techniques like differentiation and integration. It finds the first few terms of power series for various functions like (1+x)^-n, arctan(x), and arcsin(2x).

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Maclaurin Serieskey

    Uploaded by

    mbjanjua35
    19 views6 pages
    This document discusses power series and Maclaurin series. It investigates expanding functions like (1+x)^q where q is a rational number using techniques like differentiation and integration. It finds the first few terms of power series for various functions like (1+x)^-n, arctan(x), and arcsin(2x).

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    Maclaurin_Serieskey

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    This document discusses power series and Maclaurin series. It investigates expanding functions like (1+x)^q where q is a rational number using techniques like differentiation and integration. It finds the first few terms of power series for various functions like (1+x)^-n, arctan(x), and arcsin(2x).

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    19 views6 pages

    Maclaurin Serieskey

    Uploaded by

    mbjanjua35
    This document discusses power series and Maclaurin series. It investigates expanding functions like (1+x)^q where q is a rational number using techniques like differentiation and integration. It finds the first few terms of power series for various functions like (1+x)^-n, arctan(x), and arcsin(2x).

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 6

    Maclaurin Series [38 marks]

    This question will investigate power series, as an extension to the Binomial


    Theorem for negative and fractional indices.
    A power series in x is defined as a function of the form
    f (x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 +. . . where the ai ∈ R.
    It can be considered as an infinite polynomial.

    1a. Expand (1 + x)5 using the Binomial Theorem. [2 marks]

    Markscheme
    1 + 5x + 10x2 + 10x3 + 5x4 + x5 M1A1
    [2 marks]

    This is an example of a power series, but is only a finite power series, since only a
    finite number of the a i are non-zero.

    1b. Consider the power series 1 − x + x2 − x3 + x4 −. . . [4 marks]


    By considering the ratio of consecutive terms, explain why this series is equal to
    (1 + x)−1 and state the values of x for which this equality is true.

    Markscheme
    It is an infinite GP with a = 1, r = −x R1A1

    S∞ = 1
    1−(−x)
    = 1
    1+x
    = (1 + x)−1 M1A1AG

    [4 marks]

    1c. Differentiate the equation obtained part (b) and hence, find the first four [2 marks]
    −2
    terms in a power series for (1 + x) .
    Markscheme
    (1 + x)−1 = 1 − x + x2 − x3 + x4 −. . .
    −1(1 + x)−2 = −1 + 2x − 3x2 + 4x3 −. . . A1

    (1 + x)−2 = 1 − 2x + 3x2 − 4x3 +. . . A1

    [2 marks]

    1d. Repeat this process to find the first four terms in a power series for [2 marks]
    (1 + x)−3 .

    Markscheme
    −2(1 + x)−3 = −2 + 6x − 12x2 + 20x3 . . . A1

    (1 + x)−3 = 1 − 3x + 6x2 − 10x3 . . . A1


    [2 marks]

    1e. Hence, by recognising the pattern, deduce the first four terms in a [3 marks]
    −n
    power series for (1 + x) , n ∈ Z+ .

    Markscheme
    n(n+1) 2 n(n+1)(n+2)
    (1 + x)−n = 1 − nx + 2!
    x − 3!
    x3 . . . A1A1A1
    [3 marks]

    We will now attempt to generalise further.


    Suppose (1 + x)q , q ∈ Q can be written as the power series
    a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 +. . ..

    1f. By substituting x = 0, find the value of a 0 . [1 mark]


    Markscheme
    1q = a 0 ⇒ a 0 = 1 A1
    [1 mark]

    1g. By differentiating both sides of the expression and then substituting [2 marks]
    x = 0, find the value of a1 .

    Markscheme
    q(1 + x)q−1 = a1 + 2a2 x + 3a3 x2 +. . . A1
    a1 = q A1
    [2 marks]

    1h. Repeat this procedure to find a 2 and a 3 . [4 marks]

    Markscheme
    q (q − 1) (1 + x)q−2 = 1 × 2a2 + 2 × 3a3 x+. . . A1
    q(q−1)
    a2 = 2!
    A1

    q (q − 1) (q − 2) (1 + x)q−3 = 1 × 2 × 3a3 +. . . A1
    q(q−1)(q−2)
    a3 = 3!
    A1
    [4 marks]

    1i. Hence, write down the first four terms in what is called the Extended [1 mark]
    Binomial Theorem for (1 + x) , q ∈ Q .
    q
    Markscheme
    q(q−1) 2 q(q−1)(q−2)
    (1 + x)q = 1 + qx + 2!
    x + 3!
    x3 . . . A1
    [1 mark]

    1j. Write down the power series for 1 [2 marks]


    .
    1+x2

    Markscheme
    1
    1+x2
    = 1 − x2 + x4 − x6 +. . . M1A1

    [2 marks]

    1k. Hence, using integration, find the power series for arctan x, giving the [4 marks]
    first four non-zero terms.

    Markscheme
    x3 x5 x7
    arctan x + c = x − 3
    + 5
    − 7
    +. . . M1A1
    Putting x=0⇒c=0 R1
    3 5
    x x x7
    So arctan x = x − 3
    + 5
    − 7
    +. . . A1
    [4 marks]

    The function f is defined by f (x) = arcsin (2x), where − 12 ⩽ x ⩽ 12 .

    2a. By finding a suitable number of derivatives of f , find the first two non- [8 marks]
    zero terms in the Maclaurin series for f .
    Markscheme
    f (x) = arcsin (2x)
    2
    f ′ (x) = M1A1
    √ 1−4x2
    1
    Note: Award M1A0 for f ′ (x) =
    √ 1−4x2
    8x
    f ′′ (x) = 3 A1
    (1−4x2) 2
    EITHER
    3 1
    8(1−4x2) 2 −8x( 32 (−8x)(1−4x2) 2 )
    (=
    3 1

    )
    8(1−4x2) 2 +96x2(1−4x2) 2
    f ′′′ (x) = A1
    (1−4x2)3 (1−4x2)3

    OR

    + 8x (− 4x ) ) (−8x) (= 8(1 −
    2 − 32 3 2 − 52 2 − 32
    f ′′′ (x) = 8(1 − 4x ) 2 (1 − 4x ) + 96x
    A1
    THEN
    substitute x = 0 into f or any of its derivatives (M1)
    f (0) = 0, f ′ (0) = 2 and f ′′ (0) = 0 A1
    f ′′′ (0) = 8
    the Maclaurin series is

    f (x) = 2x + 8x3
    6
    + … (= 2x + 4x3
    3
    + …) (M1)A1

    [8 marks]

    2b. lim arcsin(2x)−2x [3 marks]


    Hence or otherwise, find x→0 .
    (2x)3
    Markscheme
    METHOD 1
    lim arcsin(2x)−2x lim 3
    2x+ 4x3 +…−2x
    x→0 = x→0 M1
    (2x)3 8x3

    lim 4
    +… terms with x
    = x→0 3
    8
    (M1)
    1
    = 6
    A1
    Note: Condone the omission of +… in their working.

    METHOD 2
    lim arcsin(2x)−2x 0
    x→0 3 = 0
    indeterminate form, using L’Hôpital’s rule
    (2x)

    lim 2
    √1−4x 2
    −2
    = x→0 24x2
    M1
    0
    = 0
    indeterminate form, using L’Hôpital’s rule again
    8x
    3
    lim lim
    (= x→0 )
    (1−4x 2) 2
    1
    = x→0 48x 3 M1
    6(1−4x2) 2
    Note: Award M1 only if their previous expression is in indeterminate form.
    1
    = 6
    A1
    Note: Award FT for use of their derivatives from part (a).

    [3 marks]

    © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020


    International Baccalaureate® - Baccalauréat International® - Bachillerato Internacional®

    Printed for ACS Athens

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