CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

Bathymetric surveys are a type of hydrographic survey which map out the details of
underwater terrain, illustrating the depth and land that lies beneath a body of water. Data
can be collected for a variety of water bodies, including rivers, lakes and estuaries, and
the data can be used to inform flood assessments and project developments. The
bathymetric survey of a river channel involves the study of the topography of the seabed,
the types of the vessels that plies the channel and basic marine activities that occur
within the channel. The International hydrographic organization (IHO) opined that
where under-keel clearance is critical (IHO, S-44, 2008) specifies that navigability
assessment should be accomplished to avoid ship wreck. These can be accomplished
using method of bathymetry which involves the process of depicting the relief of the
seabed including natural and man-made deposited features.

A bathymetric survey, deriving from the Greek "bathus" meaning "deep," and "metron"
for "measurement," is a crucial type of hydrographic survey that meticulously maps
underwater terrain features and determines the depths beneath. In the pursuit of
understanding oceanic landscapes, alongside the development of surface-traversing
vessels, such surveys play a pivotal role. They provide essential data on water depth,
topographical nuances, tidal fluctuations, currents, waves, coastal formations, and other
pertinent characteristics. These surveys are indispensable for navigation, dredging
operations, and land-based projects, aiding in project planning and flood risk
assessments across various bodies of water such as lakes, rivers, and estuaries. Unlike
stationary land surveys, bathymetric surveys employ dynamic vessels, necessitating
careful consideration of motion-induced errors and implementing corresponding
mitigation measures.

1
Bathymetric charts generate contour lines to show the relative relief of the landscape.
The initial technique to ascertain the ocean's depth involved lowering a calibrated pole or
weighted rope until it made contact with the bottom. However, this is time-consuming
and incorrect as well. Consequently, the existing technique—known as depth sounding
—makes use of sound waves. Bathymetric maps are created by analyzing data obtained
from research vessel echo sounders. A transducer is used to direct a sound beam toward
the seafloor, and a receiver analyzes the reflected beam. The precise depth of the bed at
that particular instant can be ascertained by tracking the recovery time and making the
required modifications. Modern echo sounders use multiple tightly packed beams at
angles ranging from 90° to 170°. This results in high-resolution maps and reduces the
amount of time needed to map a specific area. Echo sounders became popular in the
1930s because they allowed one person to record depths quickly. The main issue with
this method was that it approximated the distance between the parallel courses of the
sounding vessel. This problem was resolved by using multi-beam sounders, which could
capture large portions of the surface in a single pass. Menon (2020).

Regular monitoring of the Nwaorie River's overall characteristics is essential for

effective management and regulation of human activities within it, given that actions
such as fishing, sand mining, oil and gas development, and negligent waste disposal pose
significant threats to the river's integrity and ecosystem. With an increasing population
in the area, the volume of waste generated has risen, leading to heightened pollution
levels in the water. When solid waste, mainly originating from households, is deposited
into the river, it contaminates the water and gradually accumulates, forming sludge.
During periods of heavy rainfall, this accumulation impedes the river's flow, resulting in
floods along its banks and causing substantial harm to nearby residents (Benezade B D T
et al., 2020).

The availability of sand and gravel is crucial for the development of a country's
infrastructure, as they are among the most essential building materials. While these
materials can be sourced from various locations, rivers serve as the primary reservoirs.

2
Despite their growing demand, sand and gravel also fulfill several vital roles in
maintaining the overall health and physical characteristics of rivers. Therefore, the
extraction of these resources from river bodies must be carefully regulated, with
appropriate environmental measures in place. This involves district-level mapping to
locate these resources, identifying suitable extraction sites, evaluating the extraction
processes, and implementing necessary environmental safeguards. Additionally, close
monitoring of the extracted material's quantity is essential to ensure the sustainability of
the extraction process.

Accurate and current bathymetric data, which depicts the underwater topography, is
crucial for shipping safety, navigation, and mapping submerged structures such as
shoals, reefs, and rocks. Factors like dredging, sea level rise, and variations in river
conditions can lead to rapid changes in bathymetry, underscoring the importance of up-
to-date information. This data is indispensable for various applications including
underwater engineering projects, harbor maintenance, pollution control, and ensuring
safety in navigation. Continuous advancements in data collection methods and
processing techniques contribute to improving the accuracy and availability of
bathymetric data worldwide.

The variability in tidal propagation is significantly influenced by two main factors: the
shape of the coastline and the configuration of the ocean floor. Bathymetry, as a method
for surveying and understanding the underwater features and topography, plays a crucial
role in analyzing both shoreline morphology and ocean floor characteristics. Serving as
the cornerstone of a Maritime Database Management System (MDBM), bathymetric
data ensures the accessibility of hydrological information and facilitates monitoring and
modeling of changes in tidal patterns over space and time.

To assess the navigability of a particular channel, depths are usually reckoned to a

particular datum (lowest Astronomical Tide LAT or Mean Lower Low Water Spring,

3
MLLWS) and corrections such as vessel motion, tide, SVP and position from GPS are
applied.

Hydrographic survey is the science of measurement and description of features which

affect maritime navigation, marine construction, dredging, offshore oil exploration/
offshore oil drilling and related activities. Strong emphasis is placed on soundings,
shorelines, tides, currents, seabed and submerged obstructions that relate to the
previously mentioned activities. The term hydrograph is used synonymously to describe
maritime cartography, which in the final stages of the hydrographic process uses the raw
data collected through hydrographic survey into information usable by the end user
(FIG, 2010).

Bathymetric data, in essence is information about the water depth and underwater
topography of oceans, seas and lakes, are important in many aspects of marine and
lacustrine research, administration and spatial planning of marine and coastal
environments and their resources. In the deep sea, most bathymetric data are collected
primarily for such purposes. Even though bathymetric data are still sparse in many
regions, significant international efforts are pursued in order to assemble all available
data and make these available to the public. Examples of such efforts include the
International Bathymetric Chart (IBC) projects, endorsed by the Intergovernmental
Oceanographic Commission (IOC), or the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans
(Hall, 2006).

In the shallow waters and coastal areas of specific states, however, other societal needs
are at the forefront: safety of vessel navigation is here the most prioritized rationale for
bathymetric mapping close to the coast, around shoals and along shipping routes. This
mapping is the basis for the production of nautical charts. In most countries,
hydrographic surveying lies within the responsibility of national hydrographic offices or
the navies. The detailed bathymetric measurements used for chart production are in some
countries considered to be sensitive in bathymetric survey; the important data required

4
are position, tidal reading and depth value. Normally, tidal reading is obtained at tidal
section established near the survey area by using instrument like automatic or self –
recording tide gauge. Depth of seabed is measured by using single beam or multi beam
echo sounder. And the Global positioning system receiver is used for position fixing
(Oye, Hart and Sika, 2021)

1.1 Statement of Problem

The necessity for a bathymetric survey of a section of the Otammiri River within FUTO
arises from various commercial activities, notably sand mining, which have been
ongoing for years due to significant infrastructure expansion in nearby settlements like
Eziobodo, Umuchima, Ihiagwa, and Obinze. Without any regulations in place to oversee
and manage the impact of these activities on the river and its environs, the region faces
challenges exacerbated by poor waste management practices. Waste from surrounding
villages and the broader state of Imo is often deposited into drainage systems, eventually
finding its way into the Otammiri sssRiver. As a result, the accumulation of garbage in
the riverbed occurs over time, hindering the river's flow and leading to flooding along its
banks. This poses risks to nearby communities and hampers riverboat navigation. A
bathymetric survey of the river will aid in identifying the seabed's topographical
features, assisting in the regulation of sand mining activities, pinpointing suitable areas
for extraction, and assessing the impacts of waste deposition in the river.

1.2 Aim and Objectives of the Study

1.2.1 Aim of The Study

The aim of this study is to evaluate the bathymetric characteristics of a specific segment
of the Otammiri River located within the Federal University of Technology Owerri
(FUTO), situated in Imo State, Nigeria.

1.2.2 Objectives of The Study

i. To determine the depth of the river by sounding

5
 ii. To provide bathymetric chart of the study area
iii. To produce a digital terrain model (DTM) for the study area.

1.3 Scope of Study

The project entails conducting a thorough bathymetric survey of a specific segment of

the Otammiri River within FUTO, which includes soundings and the production of a
bathymetric chart for the designated area.

1.4 Significance of The Study

This study's significance lies in the imperative to improve safe navigation and obtain
detailed bathymetric data for the Otammiri River. This can be achieved through the
creation of a comprehensive chart of the river, providing precise information on position
(latitude and longitude) and depth. Such a chart will assist engineers in the planning and
design of marine structures, including bridges, ports, and offshore platforms, by
considering the underwater topography.

1.5 Study Area

The study area is situated within the Federal University of Technology Owerri (FUTO)
in Imo State, Nigeria, encompassing a section of the Otammiri River. The Otammiri
River spans latitudes 05°23′15.44′N and 06°59′16.46′E and is renowned in Imo State for
its significance. Originating in Egbu and flowing southward through Owerri, it traverses
several towns in Imo State, including Nekede, Ihiagwa, Eziobodo, Obowuumuisu,
Mgbirichi, and Umuagwo. The Otammiri River serves a multitude of domestic,
commercial, industrial, and agricultural purposes, including transportation, fishing, and
sand mining activities. Owerri West Local Government Area, with its administrative
center at Umuguma, covers an area of 295 square kilometers (114 square miles) and had
a population of 99,265 according to the 2006 census (source: Wikipedia).

6
Fig 1.1 satellite image of the white-colored Otamiri River spanning FUTO. (Refer to
Google)

7
 Fig 1.2: Imo state's Map displayingCHAPTER
Owerri WestTWO
L.G.A. (source: Ekweogu 2023)

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Bathymetric survey is the study of underwater depth of lakes and ocean floors (Lister J.
2010). In bathymetric surveys, charts are produced to support safety of surface or
subsurface navigations which usually indicates the seabed relief or terrain as contour
lines (depth contours), and such chart provides surface navigational information
(Chukwu et al, 2014).

Bathymetry/hydrography is the area of applied sciences that measures, characterizes, and

forecasts the physical characteristics of lakes, rivers, coastal areas, and oceans (NOAA,
2023). Its main goal is to ensure the safety of navigation and to support various marine
activities such as economic growth, environmental preservation, scientific research, and

8
security and defense. The origins of bathymetry/hydrography lay in the making of charts
to aid navigation, by individual mariners as they navigated into new waters. These were
usually the private property, even closely held secrets, of individuals who used them for
commercial or military advantage (Wikipedia). As transoceanic trade and exploration
increased, hydrographic surveys started to be carried out as an exercise in their own
right, and the commissioning of surveys was increasingly done by governments and
special hydrographic offices. National organizations, particularly navies, realized that
the collection, systematization and distribution of this knowledge gave it great
organizational and military advantages. Thus were born dedicated national hydrographic
organizations for the collection, organization, publication and distribution of
hydrography incorporated into charts and sailing directions.

The science of measurement and description of features influencing offshore wind farms,
marine construction, dredging, offshore oil exploration and drilling, and associated
operations is known as hydrographic surveying. Subsea cables, including those used for
telecommunications, wind farms, and HVDC power, can also have their routes
determined by surveys. The seabed, submerged obstacles, tides, currents, shorelines,
soundings, and other factors related to the aforementioned operations are given a lot of
weight. Maritime cartography, which transforms the raw data obtained from
hydrographic surveys into information that can be used by the end user, is known by the
same word as hydrography.

Hydrography is collected under rules that vary depending on the acceptance authority.
Traditionally conducted by ships with a sounding line or echo sounding, surveys are
increasingly conducted with the aid of aircraft and sophisticated electronic sensor
systems in shallow waters. Surveying with multibeam echo sounders is the primary
method of obtaining hydrographic data. By mapping out the water depth, the shape of
the seafloor/seabed and coastline, the location of possible obstructions and physical
features of water bodies, hydrography helps to keep our maritime transportation system

9
moving safely and efficiently. Multibeam echo sounder beams bounce off the seafloor
and return to the ship where the depth is recorded.

2.2 Review of Relevant And Related Literature

Nnabuihe Victor Chukwujekwu (2015), a project on bathymetric survey carried out at

a section of Woji River in Port hacourt, Rivers State. The aim of the study was to
produce a bathymetric chart of a portion of Woji River that will ensure safety of the
surface and/or sub-surface navigation and show the river bed relief or terrain as contour
lines and also produce navigational information. The instruments used for the survey are;
MIDAS surveyor Echo sounder (with in-built GPS receiver) which gives coordinates (X,
Y) with respect to the position in depth (Z), an automatic tide gauge instrument which
was used to record the rise and fall in the water level. The survey was carried out starting
with transfer of height and leveling to the water so as to install tide gauge for tidal
observations. As the tidal observations were ongoing, the sounding operation was
performed. The echo sounder used was a GPS receiver built-in echo sounder. The
sounding operation covered a distance of 1.5kilometers with five run lines been
performed in an open river body without any obstructions. The depth was acquired with
the single beam echo sounder (MIDAS surveyor), then the office work was carried out.
The study was performed to solve its use which is for the safe navigation of vessels.

Kanas biological survey (KBS) (2007); a bathymetric survey of John Redmond

Reservoir in Coffey Country, Kansas. The survey was carried out using acoustic echo
sounding apparatus linked to a global positioning system. The bathymetric survey was
georeferenced to both horizontal and vertical reference datum, allowing the 2007 lake
depth data to be compared to a US Army Corps of Engineers pre-impoundment
topographic map for an estimate of sediment accumulation. Five sediment samples were
taken from the lake on July 31, 2007 and analyzed for particle size distributions.

José Esteban and associates (2017); Basic Surveying Techniques for Sustainability
Scientists: How to Complete Elevation and Bathymetric Surveys on a Tight Budget.

10
The authors point out that, given that the researchers have a fair understanding of
mathematics and geometry (equal to a high school education), sustainability scientists
can perform a reasonably accurate survey for less than $1,000 USD using existing "low-
level" surveying methodologies. In situations where increased precision in
measurements is necessary or where a layer of soft sediment covers the ocean floor,
making it challenging for humans to detect when the lead or rod touches the bottom, a
sensor can be affixed to the "lead" to enhance accuracy. On the other hand, a portable
echo sounder with a GPS can be purchased for $40 to $500 USD. This has the potential
to lower total expenses while also greatly accelerating measuring speed. A sustainability
scientist with minimal funding should be able to perform an initial elevation survey of
coastal areas using the approach described in this technical paper, utilizing widely
accessible and reasonably priced equipment.
Institute of Estuarine & coastal studies (2010), a bathymetric survey carried out on
30th and 31st march 2010 using Lizzard survey vessel, a shallow draught 8m catamaran
capable of operating extremely close to shore near to the high water spring tide mark.
The equipment used for the survey included a SonaVision multibeam RoxSwath
Acoustic Ground Discrimination system (AGDS) and peripherals. The peripheral
equipment included a multi beam (7 beam) transducer head, an electronic compass/pitch
and roll sensor and a GPS which was linked to the system either through AGDS or the
ruggedized laptop which processes the data using RoxMap software. The information
provided in the report will ultimately be used to assess the potential impacts to seabed
morphology/topography in the vicinity of the proposed multi-user marine terminal in the
Humber Estuary. The survey path followed a grid of pre-determined transects running
both adjacent (at 50m intervals) and parallel (at 100m intervals) to the shore covering the
entire study area. The depth data obtained from the AGDS is unusable in its raw form
due to the survey taking place across the tidal cycle and therefore at different tidal
heights. The data was transformed with reference to a known height across the survey
area, also accounting for the depth of the transducer in the water. The depth data was
then converted to be relative to Ordinance Datum Newlyn (ODN). The main aim of the

11
 survey was to assess the physical characteristics of the proposed development area and
provide data to inform the hydrodynamic and sediment transport modelling component.
(O. Dawes, T. Coddington & S. Thompson, 2010).

CHAPTER THTREE

3.0 MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY

Methodology

Office and planning Reconnaissance Field work

Horizontal control/Vertical datum

consideration

12
Bathymetric survey
 Data correction

Data Preparation

Data correction

Bathymetric map

Fig 3.1 flow diagram of the methodology

3.1 Preamble Of Methodology

This chapter will focus on elucidating the key materials and methodologies utilized to
accomplish the specified aims and objectives. It will offer a comprehensive overview of
the essential framework and methodologies employed for tasks such as data acquisition,
data creation, and the processing and manipulation of data to generate various terrain
characteristics.

3.2 Instrument selections

3.2.1 Hardware: South 28 echo sounder and accessories, Transducer, Germini-Cnav

GPS, Life vest, Survey boat, 12volts battery, Boat bracket (fixing of transducer), Laptop,
Samsung phone camera and Cutlass

3.2.2 Software Used:

13
 1. Microsoft office 2010 (Microsoft Word and Excel)

2. South Single Beam Echo Sounder (28) downloading software

3. PowerNav software

4. AutoCAD 2019 software

5. Surfer 2020 software

3.3 Research Methods:

3.3.1 Reconnaissance: A visit to the study area was conducted to gain first-hand insight
and information, which will significantly aid in pre-analysis, planning, and execution
phases of the study.

3.3.2 Echo-sounder configuration

The configuration of an echo sounder refers to how it is set up and adjusted to perform
specific tasks. Echo sounders are devices used to measure the depth of water by sending
sound waves (pulses) downward and measuring the time it takes for the sound waves to
bounce off the seabed or riverbed and return to the device. Here are some aspects of echo
sounder configuration:

i. Depth Range: This setting determines the maximum and minimum depths that
the echo sounder will measure. It can be adjusted based on the depth of the water
body being surveyed.
ii. Frequency: The frequency of the sound waves emitted by the echo sounder
affects the accuracy and resolution of depth measurements. Higher frequencies
provide better resolution but have shorter range, while lower frequencies
penetrate deeper but offer lower resolution.
iii. Beam Angle: The beam angle determines the width of the area covered by each
sound pulse. Narrow beam angles provide more precise measurements but cover a

14
 smaller area, while wider beam angles cover a larger area but may sacrifice
accuracy.
iv. Signal Processing: Echo sounders may have various signal processing options to
filter out noise and enhance the clarity of depth readings. This can include settings
for adjusting gain, filtering out interference, and improving data visualization.
v. Calibration: Proper calibration of the echo sounder is essential for accurate depth
measurements. This involves ensuring that the device is correctly aligned and
calibrated to provide reliable readings.

2.3.3 Configuring transformation parameters

Configuring the transformation parameters involves entering the necessary data into the
echo sounder system to accurately interpret the received acoustic signals and convert
them into meaningful depth measurements. These parameters typically include
information such as the speed of sound in water, transducer offset, and vessel draft.
Additionally, if the echo sounder is being used in conjunction with other navigation or
positioning systems, such as GPS or inertial navigation systems, transformation
parameters may also include data related to the coordinate reference system, datum
transformations, and geodetic models. Properly inputting these transformation
parameters ensures that the echo sounder can accurately determine water depths and
provide reliable geospatial information.

2.3.4 Designing of Sounding Line: The sounding lines were designed using the South
Navipac application, as depicted in the figure below. These lines were configured with a
10-meter interval in a longitudinal format. Following the IHO standard, the sounding
lines were planned to be perpendicular to the contour lines and parallel to each other.
Additionally, they were strategically positioned to align with the longitudinal section of
the creek, running in a direction perpendicular to the coastal lines.

15
Figure 3.2: Design of Sounding Lines

3.3.5 Bar Check Calibration:

The effect of a varying velocity of sound propagation is measured by performing bar

check calibration which is the most common depth calibration technique used for depths
about 20- 30 meters (IHO 2008).

Procedure: As shown in figure 2.2, The suspended bar as a bar check apparatus is
constructed of flat stainless steel or aluminium plate suspended by two precisely marked
lines to a known depth below the water surface and under the transducer. When applying
the bar check, method, a reflective bar or plate, is lowered beneath the transducer on
marked lines at various depths. A series of depth intervals are observed during a bar
check, down to the project depth. The observed depths are compared with the known
depths on the lowering bar or plate. Schematic Depiction of Bar Check Calibration, Bar
check not only measure the sound velocity errors due to temperature, salinity, or other

16
suspended or dissolved sediment variations, but also static draft fluctuations resulting
from varying vessel displacement and instrumental errors-index, mechanical, and
electrical (USAGE 2002). The necessary corrections for velocity of sound propagation
can be computed by comparing the observed depths.

Fig 3.3 Bar Check Calibration, Source: (Ojinnaka, 2007)

3.3.6 Stages of Data Extraction: The following steps were taking:

Copy the raw file in cabinet form) into a desktop system and confirm it is copied.

Open SDE-28s Software on the desktop

Go to file, from dropdown option and click extract

Save in Comma Separated Values format (excel format), the date, time, fix numbers,
northings, eastings, depths, false depths, frequencies will automatically save.

Select excel and it will automatically save details. South SDE-28S Echo- sounder
Manuel (2017).

17
 3.3.7 Reduction of Bathymetric Data

In the context of Figure 2.4, the Sounded depth is adjusted to the reference datum (Mean
Tidal Level) by incorporating tidal corrections derived from predicted tidal tables
spanning the designated start and stop times at regular intervals. However, given that the
Otammiri River is non-tidal, draft corrections are implemented in lieu of tidal
adjustments."

Figure 3.4: Principle of Bathymetric Data Reduction Source: (Ojinnaka, 2007)

3.3.8 Depth Determination

As shown in figure 2.4, Transducer (probe) launches ultrasound, and then measure delta-
T between the emission wave and the reflected wave.

Acoustic propagation velocity in water is V, transducer (probe) transmits ultrasound,

acoustic emission by the probe to the bottom of the sea, reflected back by the bottom and
received by the transducer, then measure the round trip time the acoustic experienced by
t,

Therefore; Z = Vt / 2 …2.3

18
At the same time, read the scale on the junction pole to get the value of the draft (draft is
the value between the water surface and the bottom of the transducer).

Figure 3.5 Depth Determination, Source: (Ojinnaka, 2007)

The signal frequency of the high-frequency transducer is about 200KHz, that of the low-
frequency transducer is about 20KHz. Low frequency signal has a longer wavelength,
strong diffraction function, so strong penetration capacity, the general penetrates a
certain thickness of silt.

3.3.9 Depth ranging

During the measurement, different water depth measurements adopt different

frequencies, the place we worked was not a salty water so we used a sound velocity of
1500m/s.

3.3.10 Bathymetric Data Processing:

A project is said to be successful if the data acquired could be processed, analyzed and
information given out. This information should meet standards already set before such
project could be said to be successful. The field data collected was carefully processed
after the successful compilation of all the field records from the bathymetric survey of
section of Otammiri River, Nigeria.

3.3.11Data Analyses:

19
The data was converted to comma-separated values (CSV) format right there on the field
after the sounding was done been within November, 2021 with the aid of south28D
Software as follows; double click on the folder were the job was save. Then open the file
name click on replay. It will replay the whole job done click on end. To end the replay
process, click on file then export to CSV file. You can now view the job in excels format
then copy to your laptop. South 28D Echo sounder was used first. Create a folder on the
D disk, and we connect the GPS cable to data port so as to make it interfere with the
monitor between the traducer and the echo sounder.

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The data acquired from the sounding operation was extracted into the SDE-28s software
for post processing and saved in comma-separated values (CSV) format which is
readable in excel.

The post processing involves removal of spikes, false depths and outliers.

20
4.1 Sounding Values

4.1.2 Some Raw Dataset from Echo-sounder

1,2024-02-
02,20:38:55.00,5.2306216000,6.5936102000,80.000,0.000,153358.268,466714.617,81.2
61,Difference,,,1.60,0.90,1.40,12,0,TIME,3000,0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770
*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770#0,0.770,,,,1,0.000,
0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.00,0.00,999.000,

1,2024-02-
02,20:38:56.00,5.2306216000,6.5936102000,80.000,0.000,153358.268,466714.617,81.2
61,Difference,,,1.60,0.90,1.40,12,0,TIME,3000,0.770*0.770*0.770*0.780*0.770*0.770
*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770#0,0.770,,,,0,0.000,0.000,0
.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.00,0.00,999.000,

1,2024-02-
02,20:38:57.00,5.2306216000,6.5936102000,80.000,0.000,153358.268,466714.617,81.2
61,Difference,,,1.60,0.90,1.40,12,0,TIME,3000,0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770
*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770#0,0.770,,,,0,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.
000,0.000,0.000,0.00,0.00,999.000,

2,2024-02-
02,20:38:58.00,5.2306216000,6.5936102000,80.000,0.000,153358.268,466714.617,81.2
61,Difference,,,1.60,0.90,1.40,12,0,TIME,3000,0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770
*0.770*0.920*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770#0,0.770,,,,1,0.000,
0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.00,0.00,999.000,

2,2024-02-
02,20:38:59.00,5.2306216000,6.5936102000,80.000,0.000,153358.268,466714.617,81.2
61,Difference,,,1.60,0.90,1.40,12,0,TIME,3000,0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770
*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770#0,0.770,,,,0,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.
000,0.000,0.000,0.00,0.00,999.000,

2,2024-02-
02,20:39:00.00,5.2306216000,6.5936102000,80.000,0.000,153358.268,466714.617,81.2
61,Difference,,,1.60,0.90,1.40,12,0,TIME,3000,0.770*0.770*0.920*0.770*0.770*0.770
*0.780*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770#0,0.770,,,,0,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.
000,0.000,0.000,0.00,0.00,999.000,

21
3,2024-02-
02,20:39:01.00,5.2306216000,6.5936102000,80.000,0.000,153358.268,466714.617,81.2
61,Difference,,,1.60,0.90,1.40,12,0,TIME,3000,0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770
*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.780#0,0.7
80,,,,1,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.00,0.00,999.000,

3,2024-02-
02,20:39:02.00,5.2306216000,6.5936102000,80.000,0.000,153358.268,466714.617,81.2
61,Difference,,,1.60,0.90,1.40,12,0,TIME,3000,0.770*0.770*0.770*0.780*0.770*0.770
*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770#0,0.770,,,,0,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.
000,0.000,0.00,0.00,999.000,

3,2024-02-
02,20:39:03.00,5.2306216000,6.5936102000,80.000,0.000,153358.268,466714.617,81.2
61,Difference,,,1.60,0.90,1.40,12,0,TIME,3000,0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770*0.770
*1.000*0.990*0.590*0.590*0.590*0.590*0.590*0.000*0.000#0,0.000,,,,0,0.000,0.000,0
.000,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.00,0.00,999.000,

4.1.3 Screen Print of Some Sounding Values

S/N DATE TIME NORTHING(m.N) EASTING (m.E) DEPTH (m)

1 2/3/2024 14:46.0 153940.9 466440 2.27
1 2/3/2024 14:47.0 153940.9 466439.6 2.3
1 2/3/2024 14:48.0 153940.7 466439.4 2.31
2 2/3/2024 14:49.0 153940.6 466439 2.31
2 2/3/2024 14:50.0 153940.6 466438.7 2.32
2 2/3/2024 14:51.0 153940.6 466438.5 2.31
3 2/3/2024 14:52.0 153940.6 466438.1 2.31
3 2/3/2024 14:53.0 153940.4 466437.9 2.3
3 2/3/2024 14:54.0 153940.4 466437.7 2.31
4 2/3/2024 14:55.0 153940.2 466437.4 2.27
4 2/3/2024 14:56.0 153940 466437.2 2.32
4 2/3/2024 14:57.0 153939.8 466437 2.32
5 2/3/2024 14:58.0 153939.5 466436.8 2.3
5 2/3/2024 14:59.0 153938.9 466436.6 2.31
5 2/3/2024 15:00.0 153938.5 466436.4 2.28
6 2/3/2024 15:01.0 153938.2 466436.3 2.24

22
 6 2/3/2024 15:02.0 153937.8 466436.1 2.22
6 2/3/2024 15:03.0 153937.4 466435.7 2.18
7 2/3/2024 15:04.0 153936.9 466435.5 2.17
7 2/3/2024 15:05.0 153936.5 466435.1 2.21
7 2/3/2024 15:06.0 153936.1 466434.8 2.24
8 2/3/2024 15:07.0 153935.8 466434.4 2.25
8 2/3/2024 15:08.0 153935.2 466434.2 2.25
8 2/3/2024 15:09.0 153934.9 466434 2.15
9 2/3/2024 15:10.0 153934.3 466433.8 2.12
9 2/3/2024 15:11.0 153933.8 466433.5 2.11
9 2/3/2024 15:12.0 153933.2 466433.3 2.19
10 2/3/2024 15:13.0 153932.6 466432.9 2.22
10 2/3/2024 15:14.0 153932.1 466432.7 2.24
10 2/3/2024 15:15.0 153931.5 466432.5 2.26
11 2/3/2024 15:16.0 153931 466432.4 2.24
11 2/3/2024 15:17.0 153930.6 466432.2 2.21
11 2/3/2024 15:18.0 153930.3 466431.8 2.17
12 2/3/2024 15:19.0 153929.9 466431.6 2.15
12 2/3/2024 15:20.0 153929.5 466431.2 2.11
12 2/3/2024 15:21.0 153929.2 466431.1 2.11
13 2/3/2024 15:22.0 153929.0 466430.9 2.13
13 2/3/2024 15:23.0 153928.8 466430.5 2.12
13 2/3/2024 15:24.0 153928.6 466430.3 2.12
14 2/3/2024 15:25.0 153928.4 466429.9 2.12
14 2/3/2024 15:26.0 153928.2 466429.8 2.12

4.1.4 Screen Print of Corrected Sounding Values

TIM NOTHI EASTI DEPT CORR.DEP

S\N DATE E NG NG H TH
1 2/3/20 11:54 153927 466411. 2.07 2.46

23
 24 .0 6
2/3/20 11:55 466411.
2 24 .0 153927 6 2.08 2.47
2/3/20 11:56 466411.
3 24 .0 153927 8 2.08 2.47
2/3/20 11:57 466411.
4 24 .0 153927 8 2.09 2.48
2/3/20 11:58
5 24 .0 153927 466412 2.1 2.49
2/3/20 11:59
6 24 .0 153927 466412 2.08 2.47
2/3/20 12:00 466412.
7 24 .0 153927 2 2.08 2.47
2/3/20 12:01 466412.
8 24 .0 153926.8 4 2.11 2.5
2/3/20 12:02 466412.
9 24 .0 153926.8 6 2.07 2.46
2/3/20 12:03 466412.
10 24 .0 153926.8 6 2.08 2.47
2/3/20 12:04 466412.
11 24 .0 153926.8 8 2.08 2.47
2/3/20 12:05 466412.
12 24 .0 153926.6 9 2.09 2.48
2/3/20 12:06 466413.
13 24 .0 153926.6 1 2.06 2.45
2/3/20 12:07 466413.
14 24 .0 153926.4 1 2.05 2.44
2/3/20 12:12
15 24 .0 153931.8 466410 2.06 2.45
16 2/3/20 12:13 153924.4 466413. 2.08 2.47

24
 24 .0 3
2/3/20 12:15 466413.
17 24 .0 153923.7 5 2.06 2.45
2/3/20 12:16 466413.
18 24 .0 153923.1 9 2.07 2.46
2/3/20 12:17 466415.
19 24 .0 153922.6 1 2.06 2.45
2/3/20 12:18 466414.
20 24 .0 153922.9 6 2.07 2.46
2/3/20 12:19 466414.
21 24 .0 153923.3 8 2.06 2.45
2/3/20 12:20 466415.
22 24 .0 153923.7 1 2.06 2.45
2/3/20 12:21 466415.
23 24 .0 153923.9 3 2.05 2.44
2/3/20 12:22 466415.
24 24 .0 153924.4 1 2.04 2.43
2/3/20 12:23 466415.
25 24 .0 153924.8 3 2.02 2.41
2/3/20 12:24 466415.
26 24 .0 153925.1 3 2.02 2.41
2/3/20 12:25 466415.
27 24 .0 153925.5 3 2.01 2.4
2/3/20 12:26 466415.
28 24 .0 153925.7 7 2 2.39
2/3/20 12:27 466415.
29 24 .0 153925.9 9 1.96 2.35
2/3/20 12:28 466416.
30 24 .0 153925.7 1 1.95 2.34
31 2/3/20 12:29 153925.7 466416. 1.93 2.32

25
 24 .0 1
2/3/20 12:30 466415.
32 24 .0 153925.9 9 1.9 2.29
2/3/20 12:31 466415.
33 24 .0 153926.1 9 1.91 2.3
2/3/20 12:32 466415.
34 24 .0 153926.4 7 1.9 2.29
2/3/20 12:33 466415.
35 24 .0 153926.6 7 1.9 2.29
2/3/20 12:34 466415.
36 24 .0 153927 7 1.92 2.31
2/3/20 12:35 466415.
37 24 .0 153927.4 7 1.94 2.33
2/3/20 12:36 466415.
38 24 .0 153927.7 7 1.98 2.37
2/3/20 12:37 466415.
39 24 .0 153927.9 7 2.02 2.41
2/3/20 12:38 466415.
40 24 .0 153928.3 9 2.04 2.43
2/3/20 12:39 466416.
41 24 .0 153928.6 1 2.02 2.41
2/3/20 12:40 466416.
42 24 .0 153929 1 2.06 2.45
2/3/20 12:41 466416.
43 24 .0 153929.2 3 2.04 2.43
2/3/20 12:42 466416.
44 24 .0 153929.6 5 2.05 2.44
2/3/20 12:43 466416.
45 24 .0 153929.9 6 2.05 2.44
46 2/3/20 12:44 153930.1 466416. 2.05 2.44

26
 24 .0 8
2/3/20 12:45
47 24 .0 153930.3 466417 2.03 2.42
2/3/20 12:46 466417.
48 24 .0 153930.7 4 2.04 2.43
2/3/20 12:47 466417.
49 24 .0 153930.9 6 2.04 2.43
2/3/20 12:48 466417.
50 24 .0 153931 8 2.02 2.41
2/3/20 12:49 466417.
51 24 .0 153931.2 9 2.02 2.41
2/3/20 12:50 466418.
52 24 .0 153931.4 1 2.02 2.41
2/3/20 12:51 466418.
53 24 .0 153931.4 3 2 2.39
2/3/20 12:52 466418.
54 24 .0 153931.6 3 2 2.39
2/3/20 12:53 466418.
55 24 .0 153931.8 3 1.99 2.38
2/3/20 12:54 466418.
56 24 .0 153931.8 3 1.97 2.36
2/3/20 12:55 466418.
57 24 .0 153932 5 1.93 2.32
2/3/20 12:56 466418.
58 24 .0 153932 5 1.88 2.27
2/3/20 12:57 466418.
59 24 .0 153932.1 5 1.87 2.26
2/3/20 12:58 466418.
60 24 .0 153932.1 7 1.89 2.28
61 2/3/20 12:59 153932.1 466418. 1.91 2.3

27
 24 .0 7

4.2 Areas of Shallow Depths Varying from 0.6m to 0.87m

NORTHING(m.N EASTING DEPTH(m

S/N ) (m.E) )
1 153934.05 466401.52 0.60
2 153935.34 466401.71 0.86
3 153939.52 466402.83 0.87

4.2.1 Areas of deep depths varying from 2.6m to 2.9m

NORTHING(m.N DEPTH(m
S/N ) EASTING (m.E) )
1 153935.60 466429.96 2.67
2 153939.46 466433.30 2.77
3 15407.82 466501.79 2.94

4.3 Result Presentation

After all the data have undergone processing (computation), the processed data were
used for plan production. 3-Dimensional model (Surfer).

The result from the Bathymetric survey shows the variation in the depth of River bed,
figure (3.1) below shows a section of the chart depths reduced to Datum.

There are multiple formats and scales of presenting bathymetric data which is
determined by the purpose of the survey. For this study, the bathymetric chart of the
study area was plotted using AutoCAD , due to its flexibility and Surfer was used to plot
the contour of the river.

28
4.3.1 3D-Digital Terrain Model of Study Area

29
 Fig 4.1 3D Digital Terrain Model Of Study Area

4.3.2 3D-Wireframe Model of Sounded Area

30
Fig 4.2 Wire Frame Contour Showing the 3D Formation of the seabed
topography

4.3.3 Contour Map of The Study Area

31
 Scale

Fig 4.3 Contour Map of Study Area

4.4 Discussion
Table 4.1.3 had shown sounding depth values which were performed with the aid of
Microsoft excel, table 4.1.4 show screen print of corrected dataset and table 4.2 and 4.2.1

32
shows areas of shallow depth and deep depth respectively. Figure 3.2 shows the
bathymetric chart depicting the true nature of the seabed within the study area. Figure
4.1
and 4.2 are contour map and wire frame of the study area plotted using surfer 23
software at one-meter interval which showcase the nature of the seabed. Contour are
imaginary lines connecting points of equal depth while wire frame is a visual model of
the seabed in three dimensions (Easting, Northing and Depth). it can be inferred that the
seabed is at a permissible level of navigation as the presence of hills or rock outcrops are
not available. This therefore means that the River is good for fishing and safe for
navigation for small boats and canoes.

Picture taken during the sounding operation

CHAPTER FIVE

33
5.1 CONCLUSION
The entire proposed working environment appears relatively very calm with no serious
wind or wave along the channel. The water is a fresh water and the vegetation is hight.
Finally, the entire survey operation was done successfully without any form of
disturbance. The result obtained has clearly justified the necessity of the study. The
dynamics of Acoustic method of determining depth adopted was demonstrated to
achieve the aim of the study using stated objectives. The obtained depth values vary
from 0.7m to 2.9m, this indicates that some section of the sea bed are relatively levelled,
fairly undulating and highly undulating.

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

Shoreline protection should be carried out along the rivers so as to protect the river from
accretion as a result of solid waste dump, periodic (annual) bathymetric survey and
seabed mapping should be carried out to update mariners and other users on the
navigational status of the waterways and river channels and Navigational charts should
be produced for commercial purposes to guide and direct mariners and other uses of the
river channels and waterways of the safety routes. Some few meters from the shoreline is
dredged and is harmful to recreational purpose, therefore, awareness should be put in
place to avoid loss of lives.

REFERENCES

34
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[2] Afonja, Jimoh, Atagbanza and Opoola, (2016). Bathymetric survey of Five
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[3] Broman, B., B. Hell, T. Holmqunist, L. Jakobsson, R. Lindgreen, A. Magunnssam

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[10] International Hydrographic Bureau (June, 2015) “IHO Standard for Hydrographic
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[11] International Hydrographic Organisation. (2008) IHO Standard for Hydrographic

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[12] Krocker, R.and Schenke, H.W. (2006). Comparison of predicted and measured
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[13] Ojinnaka, O. C. (2007) Principle of hydrographics survey from Sextant to

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[14] Olanrewaju, M. O., Lawrence H. and Sika O. (2021). Bathymetric components

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36