Performance Task

In Science

Grade 10 - Twin Hearts

FORCE

A force is an influence that can change the motion of an object. A force can cause an
object with mass to change its velocity to accelerate. Force can also be described
intuitively as a push or a pull. A force has both magnitude and direction, making it a vector
quantity.

The push or pull on an object with mass causes it to change its velocity. Force is an
external agent capable of changing a body's state of rest or motion. It has a magnitude
and a direction.

There are many examples of forces in our everyday lives: weight force (i.e. the weight of
something) the force of a bat on the ball. the force of the hair brush on hair when it is
being brushed.

Force, in mechanics, any action that tends to maintain or alter the motion of a body or to
distort it. The concept of force is commonly explained in terms of Isaac Newton’s three
laws of motion set forth in his Principia Mathematica (1687). According to Newton’s first
principle, a body that is at rest or moving at a uniform rate in a straight line will remain in
that state until some force is applied to it. The second law says that when an external
force acts on a body, it produces an acceleration (change in velocity) of the body in the
direction of the force. The magnitude of the acceleration is directly proportional to the
magnitude of the external force and inversely proportional to the quantity of matter in
the body. Newton’s third law states that when one body exerts a force on another body,
the second body exerts an equal force on the first body. This principle of action and
reaction explains why a force tends to deform a body (i.e., change its shape) whether or
not it causes the body to move. The deformation of a body can usually be neglected when
investigating its motion.

Examples of Force
Formula of Force

Newton's Second Law

It is summarized by the equation: Force (N) = mass (kg) × acceleration (m/s²). Thus, an
object of constant mass accelerates in proportion to the force applied.

Motion
Motion, in physics, change with time of the position or orientation of a body. Motion
along a line or a curve is called translation. Motion that changes the orientation of a body
is called rotation. In both cases all points in the body have the same velocity (directed
speed) and the same acceleration (time rate of change of velocity). The most general kind
of motion combines both translation and rotation. All motions are relative to some frame
of reference. Saying that a body is at rest, which means that it is not in motion, merely
means that it is being described with respect to a frame of reference that is moving
together with the body. For example, a body on the surface of the Earth may appear to be
at rest, but that is only because the observer is also on the surface of the Earth. The Earth
itself, together with both the body and the observer, is moving in its orbit around the Sun
and rotating on its own axis at all times. As a rule, the motions of bodies obey Newton’s
laws of motion. However, motion at speeds close to the speed of light must be treated by
using the theory of relativity, and the motion of very small bodies (such as electrons) must
be treated by using quantum mechanics.

Motion applies to various physical systems: objects, bodies, matter particles, matter
fields, radiation, radiation fields, radiation particles, curvature, and space-time. One can
also speak on the motion of images, shapes, and boundaries. In general, the term motion
signifies a continuous change in the positions or configuration of a physical system in
space. For example, one can talk about the motion of a wave or the motion of a quantum
particle, where the configuration consists of probabilities of the wave or particle
occupying specific positions.

Motion is the area of physics that studies how things move. It was developed about 300
years ago by Isaac Newton. He discovered that all objects move according to three basic
laws. Newton’s Laws can explain almost all of physics. When we look at the other
branches of classical physics, they all can be explained using these laws of motion.

The first law is the Law of Inertia. It says that all things will move in straight lines with the
same speed or if they’re not moving, they stay still. Think of a hockey puck on ice. If you
don’t touch it, it will sit there forever. When you push it, it will slide along the ice in a
straight line – until it hits something to make it stop or turn.

Examples Of Motion
Now let us understand motion clearly with the help of a few examples.

Our daily activities, like walking, running, closing the door, etc. involve motion. There is a
change of position of the object involved in these activities.

The flow of air in and out of our lungs is also an example of motion.

The automobiles that carry passengers from the place of pick up to the destination
possess motion. In this case, the position of passengers is changed from one place to
another.
We can define motion as the change of position of an object with respect to time. A book
falling off a table, water flowing from the tap, rattling windows, etc all exhibit motion.
Even the air that we breathe exhibits motion! Everything in the universe moves. We live in
a universe that is in continual motion. The fundamental particle of a matter that is the
atom is in constant motion too. Every physical process in the universe is composed of
motion of some sort. The motion can either be swift or slow, but motion exists. It is
important that we give due attention to the study of motion because of its importance in
the physical world.

Motion is mainly described in terms of the following terms:

Distance

Displacement

Speed

Time

Introduction to Motion

As discussed earlier, distance and displacement are used to describe the change in
position. Now, if someone asks what the distance between A and B is, we can’t give a
definite answer because it depends on the path taken. It may or may not be the same for
all three paths. But for displacement, we can always give a definite answer as it is a
straight line joining the two points. In other words, displacement is nothing but the
shortest distance between the two points, which in this case is Path 2. Also, it has a
particular direction from A to B, as we can see.

So now that we have a basic idea of both, we will try to solve an example: Suppose the
distance between two cities, A and B, is ‘d’. A person goes from A to B and returns.
Calculate distance travelled and displacement.

Distance and Displacement

Distance travelled = Total path length

=d+d

= 2d

Displacement is measured as the shortest distance between the initial and final position.
In this case, both are the same, and hence, displacement is also zero.

ENERGY
Energy is the quantitative property that is transferred to a body or to a physical system,
recognizable in the performance of work and in the form of heat and light. Energy is a
conserved quantity—the law of conservation of energy states that energy can be
converted in form, but not created or destroyed.The unit of measurement for energy in
the International System of Units (SI) is the joule (J).

A plasma lamp, using electrical energy to create plasma, light, heat, movement and a faint
sound.
Common Symbols E

SI unit joule

Other units kW⋅h, BTU, calorie, eV, erg, foot-pound

In SI base units J = kg⋅m2⋅s−2

Extensive? Yes

Conserve? Yes

Dimension M L2 T−2

Common forms of energy include the kinetic energy of a moving object, the potential
energy stored by an object (for instance due to its position in a field), the elastic energy
stored in a solid object, chemical energy associated with chemical reactions, the radiant
energy carried by electromagnetic radiation, and the internal energy contained within a
thermodynamic system. All living organisms constantly take in and release energy.

Due to mass–energy equivalence, any object that has mass when stationary (called rest
mass) also has an equivalent amount of energy whose form is called rest energy, and any
additional energy (of any form) acquired by the object above that rest energy will increase
the object's total mass just as it increases its total energy.

Human civilization requires energy to function, which it gets from energy resources such
as fossil fuels, nuclear fuel, or renewable energy. The Earth's climates and ecosystems
have processes that are driven either by the energy the planet receives from the Sun or by
geothermal energy.
Energy, in physics, the capacity for doing work. It may exist in potential, kinetic, thermal,
electrical, chemical, nuclear, or other various forms. There are, moreover, heat and work
—i.e., energy in the process of transfer from one body to another. After it has been
transferred, energy is always designated according to its nature. Hence, heat transferred
may become thermal energy, while work done may manifest itself in the form of
mechanical energy.

All forms of energy are associated with motion. For example, any given body has kinetic
energy if it is in motion. A tensioned device such as a bow or spring, though at rest, has
the potential for creating motion; it contains potential energy because of its configuration.
Similarly, nuclear energy is potential energy because it results from the configuration of
subatomic particles in the nucleus of an atom.

Energy can be neither created nor destroyed but only changed from one form to another.
This principle is known as the conservation of energy or the first law of thermodynamics.
For example, when a box slides down a hill, the potential energy that the box has from
being located high up on the slope is converted to kinetic energy, energy of motion. As the
box slows to a stop through friction, the kinetic energy from the box’s motion is converted
to thermal energy that heats the box and the slope.
Energy can be converted from one form to another in various other ways. Usable
mechanical or electrical energy is, for instance, produced by many kinds of devices,
including fuel-burning heat engines, generators, batteries, fuel cells, and
magnetohydrodynamic systems.

In the International System of Units (SI), energy is measured in joules. One joule is equal
to the work done by a one-newton force acting over a one-metre distance.

Energy is treated in a number of articles. For the development of the concept of energy
and the principle of energy conservation, see principles of physical science; mechanics;
thermodynamics; and conservation of energy. For the major sources of energy and the
mechanisms by which the transition of energy from one form to another occurs, see coal;
solar energy; wind power; nuclear fission; oil shale; petroleum; electromagnetism; and
energy conversion.