Isaac Newton

Isaac Newton is an English mathematician and physicist, considered one of

the pioneers of the scientific revolution in Europe. He was born in 1642 CE
in the British city of Lincolnshire, and he was born a few months after the
death of his father. A few years ago, his mother decided to marry another
man.

As for Isaac Newton’s scientific achievements in his youth, he won the rank
of professor of mathematics at the University of Cambridge at an early age,
when he was twenty-six years old, and this scientist had many
contributions to mechanics; He laid down many basic laws, and laid the
foundations by which he was able to discover light, as he discovered the
law of gravity, while in the mathematical field he made achievements in the
field of differentiation and integration, and others. As for his death, Newton
died in 1727 AD.

Newton's laws of linear motion

A force is defined as a vector bound to have a magnitude and direction,
whereas the force obtained is a single force, if there was a competition for
two equal groups of students to pull the rope; Since each group affects the
rope with a specific force to pull it in the opposite direction, hence the
resulting force is the force that causes movement, and it is important to
change the movement of objects as well. Before Galileo's arrival, it was
believed that for the body to remain mobile it must have a force that
constantly influences it, and this belief remained known, except that the
world presented Galileo with some conclusions, arguments, and logical
evidence through an imaginary experiment, and this experience is that if
two smooth and inclined surfaces are opposite each other Some, the fallen
or tiered ball from one of these two surfaces will reach the same height that
it fell from, and from here it is concluded that if the opposite surface is
horizontal i.e. its angle of inclination is equal to zero, the ball will continue
to move at a constant speed and will not stop. On the ground, however,
the force of friction is a strong influence on the movement of objects, as it
has stopped or hindered them, and, as mentioned, Galileo formulated the
following result: (No force is required to maintain the movement of objects
at a constant speed in a straight line if neglecting friction). Hence the
famous physicist and mathematician Isaac Newton constructed his theory
of motion, which was subdivided into three laws called Newton's laws of
motion, by which he described the influence of forces on the movement of
bodies.

Newton's first law

Newton's first law of motion shows the movement of bodies and their
resistance to any change in their kinematic state. They are incapable and
unable (limited) to change their kinematic state by themselves, and this
characteristic is called inertia, just as Newton's first law may be known by
another name, the law of deficiency. First Newton said that the speed of
the body remains constant in the amount and direction in the event that the
result of the force is equal to zero, where the body is in such a state
balanced, but if its kinetic state changes then there must be the presence
of the resulting force that affected the body, so that it is not equal to zero,
and a law states Newton's first movement is that (the static body remains
static, and the moving object remains moving at the same speed and
direction unless it is affected by the resulting force that changes its kinetic
state).

Newton's second law

Newton's first law makes it clear that if there is a force obtained in the body,
its velocity must change. That is, the body is accelerating, and thus
Newton's second law came to clarify that the relationship between
acceleration and the resulting force affecting the body is a direct
relationship. That is, the acceleration that the body acquires is directly
proportional to the amount of the force obtained, which affects it, so that it
is in the same direction. As for the mass of the body, it is a measure of the
extent of its inertia, so the inertia depends on the mass of the body. It is
difficult, but if the body has a small mass, this means that moving is easy,
and Newton's second law of movement states that (if the effect of a force
affected a body, it gained an acceleration that is directly proportional to it,
and it is towards it), hence: the force obtained / the acceleration = Bloc;
That is, the resulting force = mass x acceleration, and this formula is the
mathematical formula for Newton's second law.

Newton's third law

The two previous laws of Newton showed that when changing the kinetic
state of the body, there must be a force affecting it, and that the
acceleration of the body depends on the resulting force that affects the
body, but in Newton's third law the body's reaction will be clarified when a
force affects it, and if it hits Football of one of the players, there must be an
effect of this ball on the foot, which generates another opposite force that
causes the ball to bounce. Hence, Newton concluded that this force is
equal to the amount but is opposite to it in the direction, so that it is
formulated as follows: B), the force that body A affects body A is equal to
the amount, and in the direction it reflects the force the body A affects in
body B), and the force that body A affects body B is actually called, and the
force that body B affects On the body A is called the reaction. In other
words, (each action has a reaction equal in magnitude and opposite in
direction).

Mass attraction force

The Earth attracts objects with a force that moves toward its center (the force of
body weight) and the object attracted by the Earth towards its center as well.

The Law of Cosmic Attraction

Every two physical objects in the universe are attracted by a force whose
magnitude is directly proportional to the product of multiplying their masses
and inversely with the square of the distance between their centers. It can
be calculated from the following law:

Where G is called the cosmic constant constant and is equal to /

Field of force of gravitational mass

It is a region surrounding a strongly influencing body, where in this region

the effect of the mass attraction force appears on any object it is placed at.

The amount of gravitational field of any object at a point can be calculated

as follows:

Whereas, M is the mass of the object generating the sphere or planet.

Friction forces
From the previous activity we can conclude:

The rough surface affects the force of friction on the object on which it is
based while trying to move the object, and while it is moving on the surface.
- Friction force is tangential and opposite direction of movement of the
moving object.

- If the body is still, then the amount of friction force increases with the
increase of the tensile force until it reaches a value, when the object
becomes about to move. This force is called the static friction force.

- During the movement of the body the force of friction is less than the
maximum value and in this case it is called the force of kinetic friction.

- For each surface of the static friction coefficient: the ratio of the maximum
value of the static friction force to the value of the vertical reaction =

Kinetic friction coefficient: the ratio of the force of kinetic friction between
the two surfaces to the force of the vertical reaction =

Applications on Newton's laws

1. Landing parasols:
Any object that falls due to the effect of gravity is constantly accelerating,
so its speed may increase continuously, but if this object is under the
influence of air resistance that reflects the weight of the falling body, the
resulting force that accelerates the body will decrease, so the resulting
force decreases with increasing The speed of the body, and accordingly,
the acceleration continues to decrease until it reaches zero, where this
occurs as a result of the equal resistance of the air to the weight of the
body, to keep the body at its constant speed during its fall, and the speed
at which the result of the forces of zero is called the final speed (marginal
velocity). One of the applications of Newton's laws of movement was the
landing parachutes that depend on what was mentioned, where the
parachute increases the resistance of the air until it reaches the marginal
speed, to reach the speed as low as possible so that the parachute can
.descend safely
2. The missile:
The uses of missiles are multiple; Some of them are used to carry
satellites, some of which are used for military purposes, and these missiles
are fired as a result of the burning of gases in huge quantities behind the
missiles, as the engine pushes the burning gases downward, which creates
an opposite force in the direction and equal in magnitude, which pushes it
upward.
 3. Cannon and projectile:
The cannon strongly affects the projectile; It is based on the principle of
igniting a capsule, which in turn causes the shell to be forcefully pushed,
which causes the cannon to bounce backward as a reaction.
 ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ‬

1. George (2008). Edward N. ( .(‫اﻟﻤﺤﺮر‬The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ‫)اﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ‬Winter

2008). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. ‫ ﻣﺆرﺷﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺻﻞ‬.2020 ‫ ﯾﻮﻧﯿﻮ‬12 ‫ﻓﻲ‬
2. ^ Galili, I.; Tseitlin, M. (2003). "Newton's First Law: Text, Translations, Interpretations and
Physics Education". Science & Education. 12 (1): 45–
73. Bibcode:2003Sc&Ed..12...45G. doi:10.1023/A:1022632600805‫ ﻣﺆرﺷﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺻﻞ‬. ‫ أﺑﺮﯾﻞ‬02 ‫ﻓﻲ‬
.2020
3. ^ NMJ Woodhouse (2003). Special relativity. London/Berlin: Springer. .6 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ISBN 1-85233-
426-6‫ ﻣﺆرﺷﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺻﻞ‬. .2020 ‫ أﺑﺮﯾﻞ‬02 ‫ﻓﻲ‬