ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN TẬP NNCN K71-CLC

I. CÂU HỎI

1. What is a motion?

- Motion occurs over all the scales of our world, from the heavenly
bodies to the motion of particles in atoms and nuclei.

- In physics, motion is a change in position of an object over the

time. Motion is typically and carefully described in term of
distance, displacement, time, velocity, acceleration and speed.

- Motion of a body is observed by attaching a frame of reference to

an observer and measuring the change in position of the body
relative to that frame.

2. What is gravitation?

- Gravitation, the attractive force between all objects that tend to

pull them toward one another. It is a universal force, affecting to
the biggest and smallest object, all forms of matter and energy.

- Gravitation governs the motion of astronomical bodies. It keep the

Moon in orbit around the Earth and keeps the Earth and other
planets of solar system in orbits aroud the Sun.

- Gravitation plays a crucial role in most processes on the Earth. It

holds the objects on the surface of the Earth. Without it, the spin of
the Earth would send them floating into space.
3. What is the internal energy of a system?
- A body of matter can be viewed as a system of atom, and each
system has a typical amount of energy known as the “ internal
energy” of that system, which is sum of the total kinetic and
potential energies of all the atoms or molecules in the system at
rest as a whole.
- When internal energy is transferred between two bodies as a
result of their different temperatures.
4. How is the heat transfer?
- Heat is thus the amount of internal energy flowing from a body at
a higher temperature to a body at a lower one, raising the
temperature of the latter and lowering that of the former
substance, provided that the volumes of the bodies remain
constant.
- Whenever two bodies with different temperature are brought into
contact, thermal energy always flows from the hotter body to the
cooler on until they are both at same temperature.
- Therefore, in principle, heat does not flow from a lower to a higher
temperature environment unless another form of energy has
transferred in the opposite direction, or work is also presented.
5*. How many different temperature scales are used to
measure
temperature? What are they?
- Temperature is expressed in degrees and can be measured by
five different temperature scales: the Celsius or Centigrade
scale; the Fahrenheit scale; the Kelvin scale; the Rankine
scale; and the international thermodynamic temperature scale.
- In most countries, temperature is used in the Celsius or
Centigrade scale. This temperature scale, the boiling point of
pure water is 100OC and freezing point is 0OC.
- Kelvin scale is popular in scientific applications. This scale is
conveninent for recording extremely low temperatures because
there is no negative temperature, the lowest temperature is
0K.
6. What does a static charge/ a moving charge produce?
- A stationary or static charge creates an electric field E
surrounding the charge point. The direction of the electric field is
the direction of the force it would exert on a positive test charge.
The field is radially outward from a positive charge or in toward a
negative point charge.
- The magnitude of this electric field at a distance r away from the
F
charge point Q can be obtained from Coulomb’s law as E= , where
q
k is dielectric constant.
- When charges are in motion with a certain direction which creates
the electric current, unlike stationary charge, sunrrounding around
the moving charges is the magnetic field B. The magnetic field
surrounding a current -carrying conductor can be shown by
arranging magnetic compasses around the wire.
- The compasses line up with the magnetic field produced by the
current, a apttern of concentric circles about the wire. This
direction can be determined by using “the right hand grip rule”
7. What is the conventional electric current?
- In addition, in any continuous system of conductors, electrons will
flow from the point of lowest potential to the point of highest
potential in which it opposites to the conventional current (I)
- Therefore, in the circuit, the current of positive charges is moving
with the same direction of electric field but the current of electrons
is moving with the opposite direction of electric field or direction of
I
8. What is a direct current (DC)? And what is an alternating
current (AC)?
- A system of this kind electric flow is called an electric
current. The current flowing in a circuit is described as direct
current (DC) if whose direction and intensity are unchanged
over time and as alternating current (AC) if it direction is
reverses, or alternates, 50 times per second in Vietnam.
9. What are the near and far points of the eye?
 - Near point or least distance of distinct vision is the point nearest
to the normal eye at which an object is visible distinctly in case the
eyes see with maximum accommodate.
- In the other hand, when the eye does not accommodate, the point
on the exis of the eye where the image is formed at the retina
called far point (Cv) of the eye.
10. What is the function of the eye?
- The function of the eye is to translate the electromagnetic
vibrations of light into patterns of nerve impules that are
transmitted to the brain. Light rays reflected from any object
we look at enter the eye and are focused by the eyes.
11. What is a nuclear fusion?
- Nuclear fission is the splitting of a heavy nucleus into two
lighter ones. Nuclear fission was first discovered when a
sample of uranium is bombarded with neutrons to produce
lighter elements such as barium.
12. What is a nuclear fission?
- Nuclear fusion in which two light nuclei combine to produce a
heavier, more stable nucleus, is the opposite of nuclear fission. For
example, in a typical nucleus fusion reaction, a deuterium atom and
a tritium atom combine to produce helium-4.
13. What does an atom consist of?
-
II. CHỦ ĐỀ NÓI
Topic 1: Talk about laws of motion
Today, I would like to talk to you about a fundamental concept in
physics: Newton's laws of motion. These laws describe the
relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting
on it.
Let’s start with Newton's First Law of Motion. This law states that
an object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion continues in
motion with the same speed and in the same direction
In simpler terms, this means that things don’t change their state of
motion unless something causes them to do so. This concept is
known as inertia. This principle is crucial in understanding why
seatbelts are important in cars; they help keep passengers from
continuing to move forward when the car suddenly stops.
Next, we have Newton's Second Law of Motion. This law states that
the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force
acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. We can express
this relationship with the formula: F=maF = maF=ma (Force
equals mass times acceleration).
What this means is that the more force you apply to an object, the
more it will accelerate. Conversely, if an object has more mass, it
will require more force to accelerate it at the same rate.
Finally, we have Newton's Third Law of Motion, which states that
for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. This
means that forces always come in pairs. When one object exerts a
force on another, the second object exerts a force of equal
magnitude but in the opposite direction on the first object.
A common example is when you jump off a small boat. As you push
down on the boat to propel yourself forward, the boat pushes back
against you, causing it to move backward.
In summary, Newton's laws of motion are fundamental to
understanding the behavior of objects in our world. They explain
everything from why we need seatbelts to how rockets launch into
space. By grasping these principles, we can better appreciate the
complex interactions that govern motion.
Topic 2: Talk about gravitation
 Today, I’d like to talk about gravitation, a fundamental force that
shapes our universe. Understanding gravitation not only helps us
comprehend how objects move through space but also explains
various phenomena we observe in our daily lives.
Gravitation, or gravity, is an attractive force that acts between two
masses. It is responsible for keeping planets in orbit around stars,
moons around planets, and even governs the behavior of galaxies.
Sir Isaac Newton formulated the Law of Universal Gravitation in
the 17th century. He proposed that every point mass attracts every
other point mass with a force that is proportional to the product of
their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between their centers. This can be expressed
mathematically as:
m 1 m2
F=G 2
r
Where:
 F is the gravitational force,
 G is the gravitational constant,
 m1 ,m2 are the masses of the two objects,

 r is the distance between the centers of the two masses.

Importance of Gravitation
Gravitation is crucial for many aspects of our universe:
 It affects the formation and evolution of planets, stars, and galaxies.
 It governs tides on Earth, influencing marine life and ecosystems.
 Understanding gravity is essential for space exploration and
satellite technology.
Topic 3: Talk about heat and temperature
Today, I would like to talk about two fundamental concepts in
physics: heat and temperature.
Let’s start with heat. Heat is a form of energy that is transferred
between systems or objects with different temperatures. It flows
from the hotter object to the cooler one until thermal equilibrium is
reached. Imagine a hot cup of coffee placed on a table. The heat
from the coffee transfers to the cooler air and the table, causing the
coffee to cool down over time. Heat can be measured in several
units, with the most common being joules (J) in the International
System of Units (SI). In everyday contexts, we often refer to
calories, especially in cooking and nutrition.
Now, let’s discuss temperature. Temperature is a measure of the
average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. It indicates
how hot or cold an object is, and it is a scalar quantity, meaning it
has magnitude but no direction. Temperature is measured using
various scales, including Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F), and Kelvin
(K). For example, water freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C

Topic 4: Talk about heat the transfer by conduction

Today, I will talk about heat transfer by conduction, a fundamental
concept in physics and engineering. Understanding conduction is
essential because it plays a crucial role in various applications,
from cooking to building design.
First, let's define heat transfer. Heat transfer is the movement of
thermal energy from one object or substance to another due to a
temperature difference. There are three main modes of heat
transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Today, we will
focus specifically on conduction.
How Does Conduction Work?
 Molecular Interaction: In solids, atoms and molecules are
closely packed together. When one part of a solid is heated,
its particles vibrate more vigorously. These energetic particles
collide with neighboring particles, transferring energy and
causing them to vibrate more as well.
  Thermal Conductivity: Different materials have different
abilities to conduct heat, known as thermal conductivity.
Metals, for example, are good conductors of heat due to their
free-moving electrons, while materials like wood or rubber are
poor conductors, or insulators.
Topic 5: Talk about Coulomb's law
Today, I would like to talk about a fundamental principle in
electrostatics known as Coulomb's Law. This law describes the
interaction between electric charges and is essential for
understanding the behavior of charged particles.
Coulomb's Law states that the electric force between two point
charges is directly proportional to the product of the magnitudes of
the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between them. Mathematically, it can be expressed as:
q1 q 2
F=k 2
r
Nature of the Force: The force can be attractive or repulsive. Like
charges repel each other, while opposite charges attract. This
duality is fundamental in understanding how electric charges
interact.
Topic 6: Talk about electric field of charge
The electric field of a charge is a fundamental concept in
electromagnetism that describes the influence a charged
object exerts on other charges in its vicinity. It is defined as
the force per unit charge experienced by a positive test
charge placed in the field. Mathematically, the electric field E
created by a point charge Q at a distance rrr from the charge
Q
is given by the formula: E=k 2 , where k is Coulomb's constant.
r
The direction of the electric field is radially outward from a
positive charge and radially inward toward a negative charge.
 This concept helps explain various phenomena in physics,
such as the behavior of charged particles, electric forces, and
the principles behind capacitors and electric circuits.

Topic 7: Talk about electric current

Electric current is the flow of electric charge, typically carried by
electrons in a conductor such as a wire. It is measured in amperes
(A), which indicate the amount of charge passing through a point in
the circuit per second. Current can be classified into two types:
direct current (DC), where the flow of charge is constant in one
direction, and alternating current (AC), where the flow of charge
periodically reverses direction. Electric current is driven by a
voltage difference, which acts as the force that pushes the charge
carriers through the circuit. This flow of current is fundamental to
the functioning of electrical devices, as it powers everything from
household appliances to complex machinery. Understanding
electric current is essential for studying circuits, electrical
engineering, and various applications in technology.
Topic 8: Talk about electromgnetic waves
Electromagnetic waves are a form of energy that travels through
space at the speed of light. They are generated by the movement of
charged particles and consist of oscillating electric and magnetic
fields that are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of
the wave's propagation. Electromagnetic waves encompass a broad
spectrum of wavelengths and frequencies, ranging from radio
waves, microwaves, and infrared radiation to visible light,
ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays.
One of the key characteristics of electromagnetic waves is that they
do not require a medium to travel; they can move through the
vacuum of space. This property allows them to carry energy across
vast distances, such as sunlight reaching Earth from the Sun. The
energy carried by these waves is quantified by their frequency;
higher frequency waves (like X-rays) carry more energy than lower
frequency waves (like radio waves).
Electromagnetic waves have numerous applications in our daily
lives. For instance, radio waves are used for communication,
microwaves for cooking, infrared radiation in remote controls,
visible light for illumination, and X-rays in medical imaging.
Understanding electromagnetic waves is essential for fields such as
telecommunications, medicine, and astronomy, as they play a
crucial role in how we interact with and understand the universe
around us.
Topic 9: Talk about nuclear energy
Nuclear energy is a powerful energy source released during
nuclear reactions, primarily through fission and fusion.
In nuclear fission, heavy atomic nuclei, like uranium-235, are split
into smaller nuclei when they absorb a neutron, releasing
significant energy. This process powers nuclear reactors, where the
heat generated produces steam to drive turbines for electricity.
Nuclear fusion, the process where light nuclei, such as hydrogen
isotopes, combine to form heavier nuclei, also releases energy. This
is the same reaction that fuels the sun. While fusion offers potential
for a clean and nearly limitless energy source, achieving controlled
fusion for practical use on Earth is still a challenge.
Nuclear energy has advantages, including high energy density and
low greenhouse gas emissions during operation. However, it poses
challenges such as radioactive waste management and safety
concerns. As the world seeks sustainable energy solutions, nuclear
energy remains a key player in providing large-scale, low-emission
electricity.
Topic 10: Talk about optics
Optics is the branch of physics that studies light and its interactions
with matter. It covers phenomena like reflection, refraction,
diffraction, and interference.
Reflection occurs when light bounces off surfaces, while
refraction is the bending of light as it passes through different
media, which is essential for lenses in glasses and cameras.
Optical instruments, such as microscopes and telescopes, use these
principles to magnify images or observe distant objects.
Additionally, fiber optics transmit information using light,
transforming telecommunications.
Overall, optics is crucial in various fields, including science,
engineering, and technology, impacting our daily lives significantly.