Liter VA 2

World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Yadav et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

SJIF Impact Factor 8.084
Volume 10, Issue 13, 2246-2262. Review Article ISSN 2277– 7105
A DETAILED REVIEW ON PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION

AND EVALUATION STUDY OF FLUCONAZOLE VANISHING
CREAM
Manohar Yadav*, Popin Kumar, Yogita Tyagi, Archana Rautela and Praveen Kumar
Ashok
Department of Pharmacy, Gyani Inder Singh Institute of Professional Studies, Uttarakhand

Technical University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.
ABSTRACT
Article Received on
21 September 2021, The purpose of this article is to overcome the systemic adverse effect
Revised on 11 October 2021, of fluconazole that is hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity by topical
Accepted on 01 Nov. 2021
DOI: 10.20959/wjpr202113-22395
application of fluconazole. Emulsion which are viscous, liquid or
semisolid emulsion is called cream. Fluconazole is an azole antifungal
and used in the treatment of local and systemic fungal infections like
*Corresponding Author
tinea corporis, onychomycosis and dermatophytosis. The topical
Manohar Yadav
formulation is used to introduce the drug into the skin or mucous
Department of Pharmacy,
Gyani Inder Singh Institute membrane of the skin and also for the different skin disorders. For
of Professional Studies, efficient delivery of drug to skin tissue, a fluconazole vanishing cream
Uttarakhand Technical was not developed till date. But we can found various formulations like
University, Dehradun,
fluconazole capsule, tablets etc. Skin creams are generally W/O and
Uttarakhand, India.
O/W. In the skin creams various vitamins like vit. A, E and D3 and
fatty acid used. The main objective of the study is to treat fungal
infections. Fungal infection is very common and can affect persons of all ages. So,
Fluconazole vanishing cream formulation was developed in this study and is promising for
better patient compliance as no any traces when applied.
KEYWORDS: Fluconazole, Emollients, Dermatophytosis, Candida krusei.
INTRODUCTION
A vanishing cream is a cream with low fat moisturizer that disappears into the skin. It softens
skin, leaving nothing behind. It is perhaps the commonest prescribed topical medicament. As
it is less oily, messy and sticky, most patients find it more user-friendly.[1] Fungal infection
www.wjpr.net │ Vol 10, Issue 13, 2021. │ ISO 9001:2015 Certified Journal │ 2246
son scalf are common and some of them causes serious illness. The scalf infections such as
Tinea vesicular, (pityriasis, versicolar), Seborrhea dermatitis, pityriasis capititis have been
mentioned as a scaling disorders, will affect scalf and hair abruptly. The genus malassezia
responsible for variety of superficial cutaneous as well as systemic fungal infections and
pityriasis versicolor is the most commonly presenting diseases.[2]
Vanishing Cream. One or more active ingredients dissolved or uniformly dispersed in a

suitable excipients contains vanishing cream, paste or ointment and suitable bases such as,
antioxidants, viscosity increasing agents, antimicrobial agents, stabilizing agents and
emulsifier etc.[1,2] The type of cream that leaves no any visible trace or seem to be disappear
while rubbing or while spraying on skin is known as vanishing cream. Where other system of
drug administration fails there topical drug delivery system is used or it is mainly used in pain
and urinary disturbance. The various formulation aspects, various tests, various tests, various
challenges of topical drug delivery describes.
Two basic type of product topical drug delivery includes.

 External Topical: Generally that dispersed and spread on to the cutaneous tissue to cover
the affected area.
 Internal Topical: Generally that applied on the mucus membrane orally and through
vagina for local activity.[4]
Advantages of Vanishing cream

 They give prolonged contact in their site of application than other doses form
formulations.
 When applied to skin it gives no irritation and easily water washable.
 Efficacy with lower daily dosage of drug by continuous drug input can be achieved.
 More safely drug deliver to a specific site.
 Physiological and pharmacological response is increased.
 It has large area of application in comparison with buckle or nasal cavity.
 The main objective of study is to treat fungal infection like Candida krusei Candida
albicans, Candida tropcialis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida glabrata.
 Prolonged contact in their site of application can give than other doses forms.
Disadvantages of vanishing cream

 Allergy such as skin may occur at site of application due to drug /excipients.
 Larger particles cannot be absorbed absorbed from topical doses forms.
 When applied to skin, inflammation may occur.
 Small plasma concentration drug cannot be used.
Types of cream
1. Oil in water (o/w) cream, example. Vanishing cream
2. Water in oil (w/o) cream, example. Cold cream
Advantages of topical use of Fluconazole

1) When applied to skin it gives no irritation and easily water washable.
2) Drug level is minimum in inter and intra patient variation by fluctuation.
3) More safely drug deliver to a specific site.
4) Physiological and pharmacological response is increased.
5) A relatively large area of application in comparison with buckle or nasal cavity.
6) The main objective of study is to treat fungal infection like Candida krusei Candida
albicans, Candida tropcialis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida glabrata.
7) To avoid the first pass hepatic metabolism.
8) The drug Bio-availability is increased.
9) Better patient compliance can be achived.(6)
Disadvantages of vanishing cream

 Due to drug /excipients allergy such as skin may occur at site of application.
 From the topical doses forms larger particles cannot be absorbed.
 Inflammation may occur when applied to skin.
Ideal Properties of Semisolid Dosage Forms

Physical Properties
 Smooth texture
 Elegant in appearance
 Non dehydrating
 Non greasy and non-staining
 Non hygroscopic
Physiological Properties
 Non irritating
 Do not alter membrane / skin functioning
 Miscible with skin secretion
 Have low sensitization index
Application Properties
 Easily applicable with efficient drug release
 High aqueous washability
MODE OF ACTION OF SEMISOLID

 Local and topical
In intimate contact with skin with the site of action for a period of time e.g. sunscreen.
 Localized systemic action

Penetrate through skin.
Release drugs from base and penetrate across different layers of skin.
Reach local circulation underneath skin o e.g. acne
Classification of Topical Drug Delivery Systems

Classification of Semi-solid doses form are given below
 Ointment
 Cream
 Jelly
 Gel
 Suppository
 Ointment
1.5 Physiology of the skin

Skin is the largest organ of the body. The outermost part of the body is known as skin. Skin
has several layers such as outer layer is epidermis, which layer below the epidermis is dermis,
which contain several network of blood vessels, sweet gland, hair follicles and sebaceous
gland. The subcutaneous fatty tissues lies beneath the dermis.
Figure 1.2: Anatomy of Human Skin.
Functions of skin
 Skin protects from external and internal environment.
 It contain body fluid and and tissues.
 It protects from external stimuli like pollution, chemicals, light, radiation, heat, cold,
 It helps in the synthesis of biochemical.
 It helps in metabolism and disposal of biochemical wastes.
 It helps to maintain body temperature and controlling of blood pressure.
 It also works as cushions against mechanical shock.
 It helps to prevents from loss of moisture.
 It reduces harmful effects of UV radiation.
 Skin also acts as a sensory organ (touch, feel, detects temperature).
 It helps to regulate body temperature.
 Skin also works as an immune organ which detects infections etc.
BIOCHEMISTRY OF SKIN
Epidermis
The outer layer of skin which acts water-proof barrier of the body is known as epidermis.
Squamous epithelial tissue having four kinds of cells is composed of the epidermis layer of
skin. Marker cells, Langerhans, Melanocytes and last one is keratinocytes. Our body or
internal organ through the external environmental condition such as microbes and other
external elements is protected by epidermal layer. To produce keratin protein which helps to
keep safe the skin and tissue from heat, microbes and other external chemicals keratinocytes
of epidermal layer are responsible. Source of energy for the lower portion of epidermis and
lactic acid is end product of the metabolism that accumulates in the skin is glucose. For the
pigmentation of skin and brown- black and yellow-red pigment melanin is liable. Melanin
supply skin color is produced by melanocytes of epidermal layer. Stratum basal, stratum
granulose, stratum spin sum, stratum lucidum and stratum corneum fifth layer present in the
epidermal cells as. The entire cellular make-up changes during differentiation from basal
cells to stratum conium by degradation of the existing cellular components. Host enzyme of
lysosomes an release for intracellular lies is lytic enzymes and the epidermis is reservoir.[8-11]
Figure 1.3: Epidermis layer of skin.
DERMIS
Beneath the epidermis layer and subcutaneous layer the inner layer of skin which is found is
known as dermis and despite its larger area of skin, Cellular and a cellular structure is
comprising by dermis and composed of hair follicles, blood vessels, nerve, amorphous and
fibrous connective tissue, dermal cells and receptors. Due to dermal papillae the surface area
of dermis is large. For Several cell types including multi-functional cells of the immune
system like macrophages and mast cells the dermis is home.[12,13]
Hypodermis
Hypodermis layer composed of the cells called adipose tissue, fibroblast, fat cells,
microphages and blood vessels. Hypodermis layer is made up of areolar and adipose
tissue.[14]
Absorption through skin

Absorption route are identified by two basic pathways.
 Pathway 1 (Trans-epidermal absorption)
For cross the skin pathway1 act by diffusing principle and responsible. At the stratum conium
when a permeating drug exists at the stratum conium, it enters the wet cell mass of the
epidermis and no direct blood supply by the epidermis. A single field of diffusion in models
is considered as a viable epidermis.[17-20]
 Pathway 2 (shunt pathway) absorption

A “diffusional resistor.” membranes act as Resistance(R) which is proportional to the
thickness (h) and inversely proportional to the diffusive mobility of matter to the diffusion
coefficient (D), where there is more than one (F) to the fractional area of a route and to the
carrying capacity of a phase.[22,22]
R=H/FDK
R =Resistance of diffusion resistor
H = Thickness
F = Fractional area
K = Relative capacity
D = diffusivity
Basic principle of permeation

Drugs molecules may penetrate the skin along the hair follicles or sweat ducts in the starting
diffusion stage and then be absorbed through the sebaceous glands and follicular epithelium.
Diffusion through stratum corneum due to dominant pathway is initiated through Steady
state. Under steady condition the membrane-limited flux (J) is described by expression.
DAKO/W r C
J = ---------------------
Where:
J = Amount of drug passing through the membrane system per unit area, per unit area per unit
time.
A= Area of the membrane
D= Diffusion coefficient
Ko/w= Membranes / vehicle partition coefficient
C= Concentration gradient
h= Thickness of the membrane.
Following are the factor affecting topical permeation

Physicochemical properties of drug substances
Drug solubility
Partition coefficient
PH- condition
Particle size
Concentration
Molecular weight
Polymorphism
Penetration enhancer
Chemical penetration enhancer
These are classified into following types:
Solvents
For penetration enhancer solvents play an important role. Increased penetration of these
compounds possibly by pump the polar pathway and/or by fluidizing lipids. Propylene glycol,
isopropyl alcohol, glycerin, transcutol-p, water, alcohols, methanol and ethanol.
Surface active agent

Agents that increase the polar pathway transport, especially of hydrophilic drugs are surface
active agents. To change or alter the penetration function of polar head group and the
hydrocarbon chain length is the function of surface acting agents.[29]
Anionic surfactant
Surfactants having negative charge on their hydrophilic head that responds to provide
excellent detergency properties due to ability to bind positive charge particles are known as
anionic surfactant. Interact strongly with skin theses surfactant can penetrate. Some examples
of anionic surfactants include are alkyl ether sulfates, sodium dodecyl sulfate, benzyl
sulfonates, Decodecylmethyl sulphoxide, Sodium lauryl sulphate etc.[30]
Cationic surfactant
These having negative charge on their water loving head unlike to anionic surfactants but is
not widely used as skin penetration enhancer so these are known as cationic surfactant.
Examples: Dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride.
Non-ionic surfactant
Examples include: castor oil ethoxylate amines, Pluronic F68 etc.
Binary system
Examples are 1, 4-butane diol- linoleic acid and Prolylene glycol -oleic acid.
Miscellaneous chemicals
Miscellaneous includes N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, urea, calcium thioglycolate etc.
Physicochemical properties of topical

Nature of vehicle
In this, water hating vehicle (lipophilic) decrease permeation of drug molecule and Water
soluble vehicle (Lipophilic) increase permeation of drug molecule.
Composition of drug delivery system

In this delivery system, low molecular weight that leads to decrease in permeation is
Polyethylene glycols.
Release characteristics
In the drug release system, the drug molecules are dissolved or suspended in the delivery
system release of drugs depends. From delivery systems to the skin pH of the vehicle the
interfacial partition coefficient of drug.
Penetration enhancer
These can be achieved by two ways either by chemical enhancer or by physical method.
Chemical penetration enhancer

These are classified into following types:
Solvents
For penetration enhancer solvents play an important role. Increased penetration of these
compounds possibly by pump the polar pathway and/or by fluidizing lipids. Propylene glycol,
isopropyl alcohol, glycerin, transcutol-p, water, alcohols, methanol and ethanol; dimethyl
sulfoxide, alkyl methyl sulfoxide, alkyl homologs of methyl sulfide, and dimethylformamide
and dimethyl acetamide; pyrrolidones- 2 -pyrrolidone, (Ozone), miseellancous solvents-
glycerol, silicone fluids, propylene glycol, isopropyl palmitate.sss, These are the some of the
examples.
Surface active agent

Agents that increase the polar pathway transport, especially of hydrophilic drugs are surface
active agents. To change or alter the penetration function of polar head group and the
hydrocarbon chain length is the function of surface acting agents.[25]
Anionic surfactant
Surfactants having negative charge on their hydrophilic head that responds to provide
excellent detergency properties due to ability to bind positive charge particles are known as
anionic surfactant. Interact strongly with skin theses surfactant can penetrate. Some examples
of anionic surfactants include are alkyl ether sulfates, sodium dodecyl sulfate, benzyl
sulfonates, Decodecylmethyl sulphoxide, Sodium lauryl sulphate, etc.[26]
Cationic surfactant
These having negative charge on their water loving head unlike to anionic surfactants but is
not widely used as skin penetration enhancer so these are known as cationic surfactant.
Examples: Dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride.
Non-ionic surfactant
Least potential for irritation are the properties of non-ionic surfactant.
Examples include: castor oil ethoxylate, Ethoxylated amines, and Pluronic F68 etc.
Binary system
Binary system, heterogeneous multilaminated pathway as well as the continuous pathways
these systems apparently include. Examples are 1,4-butane dial- linoleic acid and Propylene
glycol -oleic acid.
Miscellaneous chemicals
Miscellaneous includes N, N-dimethyl-m-toluidine, urea, calcium thioglycolate etc.
Physical method of topical drug delivery

Through intact skin by the passage of direct or periodic weak electric current, using an
appropriate electrode polarity through an electrolyte solution containing the ionic molecules
to be delivered in this process the ionic drug molecule can be transported.
Phonophoresis
Phonophoresis is the movement of drugs through living intact skin and into soft tissues under
the ultrasound application is called phonophoresis.
Sonophoresis
In this process, the drug delivery process that involves the usage of the ultrasound waves is
called sonophoresis. In permeation of low frequency ultrasound the ultrasound application
has resulted was shown to increase the permeability of human skin by several orders of
magnitude too many drugs are included high molecular weight.
Physicochemical properties of topical

Nature of vehicle
In this, water hating vehicle (lyophobic) decrease permeation of drug molecule and Water
soluble vehicle (Lipophilic) increase permeation of drug molecule.
Composition of drug delivery system

In this delivery system, low molecular weight that leads to decrease in permeation is
Polyethylene glycols.
EVALUATION PARAMETER
Identification of Drug
 IR Spectroscopy
 Solubility Studies of drug molecules
 Melting Point determination
 Partition-Coefficient
 Compatibility Studies of drug
 Physical Identification of Drug
Physical identification of drug

By the physical properties of drug like odor, color, taste, their texture, organoleptic properties
the drug molecules was identified.
Melting Point Determination

In this apparatus small amount of drug molecules fluconazole was taken in clean and empty
capillary tube and after that the capillary tube is sealed at one side. After that the capillary
tube was kept on visual melting point apparatus or on heater at which the sample was start to
melt and the temperature of melting of drug was noted.
Infra-red spectrum studies

The absorption of infrared light by molecule for the determination of function group present
in the sample or molecule caries in these studies. In this identification, the comparison
between two sample to each other was identified.
Partition Coefficient
In this, Partition coefficient is used to identify the hydrophilic/Lipophilic nature of drug
molecules which can affect extend of drug absorption as well as the rate of absorption of
drug. By the lipophilicity, the partition coefficient of drug is measured and it also have the
tendency to cross biological membrane. The log p value of lipophilic drug is much greater
than 1 and the hydrophilic drugs has partition coefficient value always less than 1.
Pw/o = (C aqueous/ organic)
Po/w = (C organic/C aqueous)
For partition coefficient using n-Octanol/ buffer and n-Octanol/ water general procedure
should followed and at the 250nm the absorbance was taken.
Drug -excipient compatibility studies

In this, the drug- excipient is mixed with together in 1:1 ratio and placed it in the borosilicate
colored glass vials and in the humidity chamber by maintaining at 400C these vials are placed
at 75% Relative Humidity (RH) for 21 days. After these all the sample was observed after 7,
14 and 21 days for identification of any lump formation as well as color change formation.
Therefore the FTIR studies are carried out by these all mixtures.
PH of the formulation
The pH of formulation was measured by using Ph. meter or Ph. paper.[27], [28], [29]
Viscosity measurement: Viscosities of formulations were measured by using Brookfield

DV-I viscometer.[30]
Drug content
The drug content was determined by UV Spectrophotometry.
Basic principle of permeation

Drugs molecules may penetrate the skin along the hair follicles or sweat ducts in the starting
diffusion stage and then be absorbed through the sebaceous glands and follicular epithelium.
Diffusion through stratum corneum due to dominant pathway is initiated through Steady
state. Under steady condition the membrane-limited flux (J) is described by expression
DAKO/W r C
J = ---------------------
Where:
J = Amount of drug passing through the membrane system per unit area, per unit area per unit
time.
A= Area of the membrane
D= Diffusion coefficient
Ko/w= Membranes / vehicle partition coefficient
C= Concentration gradient
h= Thickness of the membrane.
Kinetics of permeation
For the development of topical formulation, knowledge of skin permeation plays the vital to
the successful development.
The following steps involves during the permeation of a drug,

 By stratum corneum Sorption,
 Through viable epidermis penetration of drug,
 By the capillary network in the dermal papillary layer uptake of the drug.
Due to physicochemical properties drug molecule permeation can be possible only.
The skin (dQ/dt) the rate of permeation across is given by:

𝑑𝑄𝑑𝑡=𝑃𝑠(𝐶𝑑−𝐶𝑟)
Where,
The concentrations of skin penetrate in the donor compartment and in the receptor
compartment are Cd and Cr (e.g., body) respectively.
Ps is permeability coefficient.
By the relationship this permeability coefficient is given:
𝑃𝑠=𝐾𝑠𝐷𝑠𝑠/𝐻𝑠.[23,24]
Physicochemical properties of drug substances

Drug solubility
Partition coefficient
PH- condition
Particle size
Concentration
Molecular weight
Polymorphism
Candida krusei
Frequent use of fluconazole can select for the emergence of Candida krusei as a commonly
isolated opportunistic pathogen in some medical centers. Frequent use of fluconazole cause
Candida Krusei.(7)
Fig 1. Candida krusei. Fig 2. Candida glabrata.
Mechanism of Fluconazole Resistance in Candida krusei

The first one is an alteration in the target enzyme is called, 14a-demethylase.An accumulation
of C14 methylated sterols which likely disrupt membrane structure Inhibition of this enzyme
by azoles causes. The another second mechanism is decreased drug accumulation, it mediated
by either increased efflux of the drug or diminished uptake C. krusei for the determination if
fluconazole resistance in C. krusei is mediated by one or more of these mechanisms, In
addition, fluconazole uptake and cytochrome P-450 content of these organisms were
measured. Fluconazole resistance is a 14a-demethylase.
CONCLUSION
The drug more efficiently to skin tissue such as the epidermis, stratum corneum and dermis
when topical formulation of Fluconazole was demonstrated to be able to deliver. Therefore,
the topical formulation of fluconazole is promising for the treatment of cutaneous mycoses
caused by dermatophytes and other dermatophytosis, Candida krusei, Candida glabrata etc.
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20. A Ecleston G.M. “Pharmaceutical Technology of Encyclopedia”, Vol 9, Dekkes and
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22. Saha R.N., and Mithal B.M., “Cosmetics Hand book”, Ist edition, Vallabh Prakashan
Delhi, 2003; 11-17,237-38, 1-22,61-89,90-93,177,214-215.
23. Bose V.G., and Prausnitz M.R. “Electroporation: In Percutaneous Penetration
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World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Yadav et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

A DETAILED REVIEW ON PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION

Department of Pharmacy, Gyani Inder Singh Institute of Professional Studies, Uttarakhand

KEYWORDS: Fluconazole, Emollients, Dermatophytosis, Candida krusei.

Vanishing Cream. One or more active ingredients dissolved or uniformly dispersed in a

Two basic type of product topical drug delivery includes.

Advantages of Vanishing cream

Disadvantages of vanishing cream

Advantages of topical use of Fluconazole

Disadvantages of vanishing cream

Ideal Properties of Semisolid Dosage Forms

MODE OF ACTION OF SEMISOLID

 Localized systemic action

Classification of Topical Drug Delivery Systems

1.5 Physiology of the skin

Figure 1.2: Anatomy of Human Skin.

Figure 1.3: Epidermis layer of skin.

Absorption through skin

 Pathway 2 (shunt pathway) absorption

Basic principle of permeation

Following are the factor affecting topical permeation

Surface active agent

Physicochemical properties of topical

Composition of drug delivery system

Chemical penetration enhancer

Surface active agent

Physical method of topical drug delivery

Physicochemical properties of topical

Composition of drug delivery system

Physical identification of drug

Melting Point Determination

Infra-red spectrum studies

Drug -excipient compatibility studies

Viscosity measurement: Viscosities of formulations were measured by using Brookfield

Basic principle of permeation

The following steps involves during the permeation of a drug,

The skin (dQ/dt) the rate of permeation across is given by:

Physicochemical properties of drug substances

Fig 1. Candida krusei. Fig 2. Candida glabrata.

Mechanism of Fluconazole Resistance in Candida krusei

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