TITLE/TOPIC: EFFECTS OF MARINE POLLUTION ON THE PERFORMANCE

OF KISUMU PORT KISUMU COUNTY KENYA.

PRESENTED BY : MWANGI NYAMBURA ROSELYNE.

INDEX NO : 711011082

COURSE CODE : 2815

CENTRE CODE : 711011

COURSE : DIPLOMA IN FREIGHT MANAGEMENT.

CENTRE NAME : RAILWAYS TRAINING INSTITUTE KISUMU CAMPUS.

SUPERVISOR : RANGILI ELIJAH ALOGO

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION

COUNCIL (KNEC) IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR

THE AWARD OF DIPLOMA IN INTERNATIONAL FREIGHT MANAGEMENT.

SERIES: JULY 2022

 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this project is based on my original work except for cititation indicated support
and quotations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously
and concurrently submitted for other diploma or awards.
Student name :………………………..
Signature:…………………………….
Date:………………………………….

Approval
This project has been submitted for the purpose of examination with the approval of the institute
supervisor.
Supervisor Name:……………………………..
Signature:…………………………….
Date:…………………………………………..

i
 DEDICATION
This is for all parties who have encouraged me, support me, inspired me and to my amazing lecture
and wonderful friends for all their love and guidance which has been a key to make it possible at this
point. I dedicate this project to you. Big heart to Elijah Rangili for the training and guidance.

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank you the Most Almighty God for the blessing from the first day of this course to
this wonderful end. I also show love to my family and friends for the support and encouragement
that they have provided to me. To my lecturer you are amazing and wonderful. I salute you all.
Thank you so much.

iii
 Abstract.
Marine pollution has been an ever present problem since the advent of large scale agricultural
activity and industrialisation. Marine pollution in Kisumu port originates principally from land and
shipping operations. Although the extent of industrialisation is relatively low discharge of liquid
wastes into the lake has been reported .Only 20% of the population has sewage disposal.
Agricultural chemicals, pesticides and fertiliser have reached the water through river transportation
and run off. Oil pollution from frequent spills in the port have been estimated not to be low. The
main aim of the study is to assess the impacts of marine pollution on performances of kisumu port.

The study examines effects of marine pollution in kisumu port in Kenya, analysis of the impacts
shipping operations and marine environment. This study was undertaken majorly to assess the
impacts of marine pollution to ascertain whether there is any significant impact of marine
environment in Kisumu port.

Concerning the methodology for this study, the major instrument used for this study is the
questionnaires. The questionnaires was structured in a five like scale measuring attitude of strongly
agreed, Agreed, Undecided, disagreed and strongly disagreed.

The survey research method was used for this study. The survey technique Will also allow the
researcher to examine several variables and use multi variant statistics to analyse data. Out of the 50
person in the port one person was selected using the simple random sampling technique. In analysing
the data collected for the purpose of carrying out the research the stastical tool known as the
PEARSON PRODUCTS MOMENT CORRELATION and the statistics were used.

The use of sample percentage was also employed. Tables and bar graphs were used in presenting the
data for the purpose of simplicity and clarity. The study has the following findings there's are
numbers of indicators of marine pollution in Kisumu port, there's are significant impacts of marine
pollution on shipping operations in kisumu port and lastly there are some effects of marine pollution
in kisumu port.

The overall aim of this project is to quantify the effects of marine pollution, interpret the findings,
analyze implications and convey high level results and improved environment. This information
should provide essential guidance for future on effect marine pollution.

iv
 Table of content.
DECLARATION ...................................................................................................................... i
DEDICATION......................................................................................................................... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................................... iii
Abstract. ..................................................................................................................................iv
Table of content. ....................................................................................................................... v
CHAPTER ONE ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY .................................................................................... 1
1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM. .................................................................................. 2
1.2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY .............................................................................................. 2
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ......................................................................................... 2
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS .................................................................................................3
1.5THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY. ........................................................................................... 3
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY. .................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER TWO ...................................................................................................................... 4
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW. ..................................................................................................4
2.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 4
2.2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK. ...................................................................................... 4
2.3 SOURCES OF MARINE POLLUTION. ............................................................................. 4
2.5 UNDERSTAND WHERE MARINE POLLUTION COMES FROM. .................................5
2.6 PRESSURE FROM SHIPPING .......................................................................................... 5
2.7 STRENGTHENING OF NATIONAL AND REGIONAL CAPACITIES FOR OIL SPILL
MANAGEMENT. .................................................................................................................... 6
2.8 PROVISION OF PORT FACILITIES. ................................................................................ 6
CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................. 7
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY......................................................................................... 7
3.1 INTRODUCTION. ............................................................................................................. 7
3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN. ...................................................................................................... 7
3.3 AREA OF STUDY. ............................................................................................................ 7
3.4 POPULATION TARGET. ..................................................................................................7
3.5 SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES. ........................................................... 8
3.6 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT. ............................................................................................. 8
3.6.1 PILOT OF THE INSTRUMENT. ..................................................................................... 8
3.6.2 VALIDITY OF THE INSTRUMENT. ............................................................................. 8
3.6.3 RELIABILITY OF THE INSTRUMENT. ........................................................................ 8
3.7 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION. ............................................................................. 9
3.8 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS...................................................................................... 9
3.9 ETHICAL CONSIDERATION. .......................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................................. 10
FINDINGS,DATA ANALYSIS,CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. ............... 10
4.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 10
4.1 RESPONSE RATE. .......................................................................................................... 10
4.1.1 Level of education .......................................................................................................... 10
4.1.3 Rank/position. ................................................................................................................ 12
4.2 FINDINGS BASED ON RESEARCH QUESTIONS. ....................................................... 12
4.2.1 IS MARINE POLLUTION IS HAZARDOUS TO THE ENVIRONMENT .................... 12
4.2.2 IS MARINE POLLUTION HAVE ANY EFFECTS ON THE LIVING ORGANISMS. . 13
4.2.3 ARE THERE ANY SIGNIFICANT IMPACT OF POLLUTION ON SHIPPING
OPERATIONS. ...................................................................................................................... 13

v
4.2.4 IS MARINE POLLUTION BE REDUCED IN KISUMU PORT.................................... 14
4.3 FINDINGS........................................................................................................................ 14
4.4 CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................... 14
4.5 RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................. 15
REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 16
APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................ 17
Appendix 1.QUESTIONNAIRE ADMINISTRATION. .......................................................... 17
Appendix II: Work Plan .......................................................................................................... 19
Appendix III: Budget .............................................................................................................. 20

vi
vii
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Marine pollution is a combination of chemicals and trash, most of which it comes from land sources
and is washed or blown into ocean. It occurs when substances used or spread by humans such as
industrial, agricultural and residential wastes, particles ,noise, excess carbon dioxide or organisms
and enter and cause harmful effects. Air pollution is also a contributing factors by carrying off
pesticides or dirt into the oceans. Land and air have proven to be harmful to marine life and its
habitats.

The pollution often comes from non point sources such as agricultural run off,wind blown debris and
dust. Nutrients pollution a form of water pollution refers to contamination by excess inputs of
nutrients. Its a primary cause of eutrophication of surface water un which excess nutrients usually
nitrogen or phosphorus stimulate algae growth.

Many potentially toxic chemicals adhere to tiny particles which are then taken upto by plankton and
benthos animals most of which are either deposits or filters feeders. Many particles combine
chemically in a manner highly depletive oxygen causing estuaries to become anoxic. When
pesticides are incorporated into marine food web.O nce in the foodweb these particles can cause
mutations as well as diseases which can be harmful to humans.

Toxic metals can also be introduced into marine food web causing a change in tissue matters
,biochemistry behaviour, reproduction and suppress growth in marine life. Also many animals feed
have high fish meal or fish hydrolysate content. In this way marine toxins can be transferred into
land animals and later appear in meat and dairy products.
Around 90%of world trading is carried out by the shipping industry. Shipping is well thought out as
a economical and environmental friendly form of commercial transport. Although increasing cases
draws public attention to marine pollution, the statistics show a slow but steady decline in maritime
pollution over the past years.
Marine pollution have potentially harmful effect on the health and livelihood of nearby community
e.g. gas flaring as they release poisonous chemicals including nitrogen dioxides, sulphur dioxide,
volatile organic compound e.t.c exposed to such substances can cause respiratory problems.

1
 1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.
The incessant problem of environmental pollution and degradation especially of marine environment
occasioned by oil spill, exploitation and lifting gas flaring and introduction of noxious and harmful
substances into marine environment has over the past years caused destinations of aquatic life
vegetation and the eco system. Ironically the above problem has never been given adequate national
attention. Unwholeslme practices of ship engaged in lakeside trade in kisumu such as sewage
disposal, introduction of hazardous substances into lake chemical fishing activities and even
abandonment of wrecks has equally constituted a serious problem of marine environmental
pollution. Furthermore it has impacted negatively to the development of the Kenya maritime
transport system.

1.2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The collapse of marine environment will mean collapse of the agricultural and economic activities
going on in it and the collapse of people's standards of living where majority depends on marine
environment for fishing, farming and as well as transport. This study findings will act as a guide to
maritime practitioners when doing their jobs in enhancing their performances considering that there
is a minimal research on effects of marine pollution. It will also contribute to the general body of
knowledge and formed basis for further research to academicians.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The general objective of this study is to investigate the effects of marine pollution on performance of
kisumu port in Kenya.

specific objectives
The specific objectives were;
To determine indicators of marine pollution in kisumu port.
To ascertain whether there's any significant impacts of marine pollution on performance of kisumu
port.

To examine the effects of marine pollution and how to reduce marine pollution on performance of
kisumu port.

2
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
This research will be guided by the following questions.
Are there indicators of marine pollution in kisumu port.
What are the impacts of marine pollution on performances of kisumu port.
What are the effects of marine pollution on performances of kisumu port and it be reduced????

1.5THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY.

This research work is on effect effects of marine pollution on performance of kisumu port in Kenya
with particular emphasis on how it affects shipping activities with a view to take long lasting
solutions.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.

The findings of this study will alert maritime practitioners on the need to protect the marine
environment from hazardous effects of environmental pollution. This study will enlighten the
government on the need to save the region from the untold hardship being caused by oil spillage.
The research will equally be important to students of maritime colleges for reference purposes.

3
 CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW.
2.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter gives an insight into various studies conducted by outstanding researchers as well as
explained terminologies with regards to the marine pollution in Africa analysis of the impacts to
shipping operations. The chapter also gives a resume of the history and present status of the problem
delineated by a conscise review of previous studies into closely related problems.

2.2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK.

One important aspects which i have to put into consideration before conducting this project is to
distinguish between economic and uneconomic growth. Uneconomic growth are growth in
production process and services with extemalize social and environmental costs that are base on
fossil fuels involves toxic substances, deplete our natural resources and degrade the earths
ecosystem. Why economic growth? are growth of more efficient production processes and services
which fully internalize cost that involves renewable energies, zero emissions, continual recycling of
natural resources and restoration of the earth ecosystem (Copra Henderson 2009).

The history of exploitation of natural resources and other environmental and social economic
deterioration indicates something is wrong with the objectives, with approaches to making decisions
and with accounting practices which have been developed by main stream economists and upon
which our societies have relied. Reliance on monetary control instruments does not seem enough in
view of the many failure that have occurred and the difficulties ahead of us. Just as the aeroplane
pilot needs more than one kind of instrument to manage his aircraft, something similar may hold for
business leaders, politicians, bureacrafts and indeed anyone who cares about environment.

2.3 SOURCES OF MARINE POLLUTION.

There's nine sources categories of marine pollution. They include:
Sewage disposal.
Persistent organic pollutants.
Radioactive substances.
Heavy metal
Oil spills.

4
Nutrients
Sediments mobilization.
Litter.
Physical alterations and destruction of habitats.

2.4 HAZARD OF MARINE POLLUTION

In today's complex world with hazardous chemicals in everything we buy, e wastes filling our
landfills and the exponential increase in gasoline burning automobile on the highways. The idea of
being able to reduce air pollution is not easy to imagine. More than just smog air quality is linked to
everything from childhood asthma to global warming. Tuming a blind eye to the problem of air
pollution not only risk our own health but the health of the planet for generation to come. There is
still time however to make differences.

2.5 UNDERSTAND WHERE MARINE POLLUTION COMES FROM.

According to the federal environmental protection Agency EPA. There are major causes of marine
pollution. Pollution by oil spillage, discharge of operational wastes from ships and air. These are
ground level ozone particulate matters, lead sulphur dioxide nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide.
While most people have heard of carbon monoxide lead and particulate matter they might be
surprised to learn that the primary source of air pollution today is ground level ozone.

2.6 PRESSURE FROM SHIPPING

Shipping impacts on the marine environment is caused by a number of ways. The mainpressures
associated with shipping in the area includes:
Pollution by oil spill and hazardous or toxic substances from incidental operational and illegal
discharge.
Air pollution through emission and particulate matters from engine exhaust gases and cargo tanks
which may be carried long distances.
Discharge of operational wastes from ships including discharge of raw sewage and garbage.
The introduction of non indigenous organisms through ships ballast water and associated sediments
and fouling on ships hulls.
Pollution and physical impact through loss of ships and cargo.
Physical and other impact including noise and collisions with marine mammals.

5
2.7 STRENGTHENING OF NATIONAL AND REGIONAL CAPACITIES FOR OIL
SPILL MANAGEMENT.
All participating countries have identified inappropriate human capacity inadequate law and poor
enforcement as constraints un national marine pollution and oil spill management This proposal thus
envisage that all states in the region will have comprehensive and upto date national contingency
plan that Will have strengthened by the backing of appropriate legal systems in each of the state. It is
also hoped that appropriate stock piles of pre positioned equipment will be in place. It is therefore
envisaged that appropriate expert will work alongside designated officials to bring to their know how
and expertise to bear in the preparation of appropriate national system.

The objective of the centres is to strengthen the capacity of the countries of the region to facilitate
the cooperation between them in order to combat pollution by oil and other harmful substances
incase of marine emergencies.

Its also intended to assist strengthening contracting parties to combat pollution and to co ordinates
and facilitate information exchange technical cooperation and training.

2.8 PROVISION OF PORT FACILITIES.

Consequently ships for which such facilities are meant may discharge pollutants in international
waters and create problems including oil pollution from ballast water the introduction of alien
species and the distribution of disease causing organisms.
Ships will have no excuse for undesirable discharges id port reception facility will be provided.
There are also an urgent need for the countries region to develop intergrated waste management
system in port town and cities.

6
 CHAPTER THREE
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.
3.1 INTRODUCTION.
This chapter describes methods and procedures used in conducting this research work. The
description of the procedures is done under the following headings;
Research design.
Area of study.
Population of the study.
Sample and sampling procedures.
Instrumentation.
Procedures for data collection.
Procedures for data analysis.

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN.

Research design is a way a study is designed or the method used to carry out the research whereas
design involves planning, organizing ,collection and analysis of data to provide information and also
solutions to the existing problem of the study.

The survey research method was used for this study. This was considered appropriate because survey
design generally can be used effectively investigate problems in realistic settings. The survey
technique Will also allow the researcher to examine several valuables and use multi variant statistics
to analyse data.

3.3 AREA OF STUDY.

The study was conducted in Kisumu port, Kisumu county Kenya. Kisumu county is one of the most
growing city in Kenya. The population of kisumu county is approximately four hundred thousand
people, a number disputed by Kenyan government and judged reliable by the national population
commission of Kenya.

3.4 POPULATION TARGET.

Population is the totality of elements that have one or more characteristics in common. The
researchers choose a target population comprising of fifty staff from the port to effectively and

7
efficiently accomplish an in depth study of the effects of marine pollution on performances of
kisumu port in Kenya.
Table 3.1 Target population
Population category Population size Percentage
Port staff 50 100
Total 50 100
Souce:Field data 2022

3.5 SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES.

Sampling is a procedure of data collection where few units from the whole population are collected
and the results obtained from those few units are generalized for the whole population. Out of the
population of fifty person in Kisumu port one person was selected using the simple random sampling
(SRS) technique. The logic behind this is in conformity with view of Okoh in his book THE
PRINCIPLE OF EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH. He opinioned that for any population below
hundred person or object at least more than 50% of population is adopted as its sample to enhance
effective representation so that conclusion from the study can generalized.

3.6 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT.

The research instrument to used in this study is questionnaires. The questionnaires will be structured
in a five like scale measuring altitude of strongly agreed, Agreed, Undecided, Disagree and Strongly
disagree.

3.6.1 PILOT OF THE INSTRUMENT.

The research personally administered questionnaires to the respondents by dividing them into a
group of five staff.

3.6.2 VALIDITY OF THE INSTRUMENT.

In order to obtain the validity of the instrument, the supervisor of the research was requested to judge
the appropriateness, comprehensiveness and clarity of items in the questionnaires.

3.6.3 RELIABILITY OF THE INSTRUMENT.

A pilot study was conducted on five staff to pretest the efficiency of the questionnaires. The
feedback received was used in final draft which enhances it reliability.

8
3.7 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION.
The researcher personally collected the data from the respondents through the help of a friend. After
distribution of the questionnaires, respondents were given two days to fill the questionnaires. This
time frame was given in order to given enough time to the respondents to reflect on the items on the
questionnaires to facilitate valid responses.

3.8 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS.

Data analysis has been defined as those techniques used whereby the researcher extract relevant
information from the data which would enable a summary description of the subject studies to be
made.
In analysing the data collected for the purpose of carrying out this research, the statistical tool known
as the PEARSON PRODUCT MOMENT CORRELATION (PPC) and the statistics were used .The
use of sample percentage was also employed. Tables were used in presenting the data for the purpose
of simplicity and clarity. The Pearson product moment correlation technique can be expressed by the
following formula.

r =n£xy _£xy÷(n£x^2_(£x)(n£y^2_(£y)^2)
Where:x- independent factor
y-dependent factor
Since the research instrument used was questionnaires it was designed using five like scales method.
The questionnaires was designed in the following ways:
Strongly agreed (SA) 5
Agree(A) 4
Undecided (U) 3
Disagree (D) 2
Strongly disagree (SD) 1

3.9 ETHICAL CONSIDERATION.

The study will purposively for academic. The researcher is a student at railway trainings institute
pursuing DIPLOMA IN INTERNATIONAL FREIGHT MANAGEMENT. The findings in this
study will be for academic only and the document kept in school libraries. It is great assured to the
respondents that their views were free from harm in any form. The findings of this study will not be
followed by anybody from the organisation or outside. However the research contains other authors
findings which were used to develop the background of the study and even literature review.

9
 CHAPTER FOUR
FINDINGS,DATA ANALYSIS,CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
4.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter report the findings of data that was gotten from Kisumu port. It therefore consist of data
analysis, presentations, conclusion and recommendation. The sample was conducted using
questionnaires to different respondents to establish the effects of marine pollution on performance of
kisumu port.

4.1 RESPONSE RATE.

This section contains the general information pertaining to respondents personal details.

4.1.1 Level of education

The researcher was interested on knowing the level of education of the respondents administered
with the questionnaires.

Table 4.1 Level of education

Frequency Percentage
Primary 4 8
Secondary 4 8
College 18 36
University 10 20
Others 14 28
Total 50 100
Source :Field survey May 2022

Table 4.1 above shows educational background of the respondents used for this study.
4 which represents 8%of the population are primary certificates holders.
4which represents 8%of the population are secondary certificates holders.
18 which represents 36% of the population are diploma certificates holders.
10 which represents 20% of the population are degree certificates holders.
14 which represents 28% of the population had other types of educational qualifications.

10
This was further represented in the figure 4.1

40

35

30

25

20
Percentage
15

10

0
Primary Secondary College University

4.1.2 Duration in the port.

The researchers was interested on knowing the duration of the respondents in port administered with
the questionnaires.
Table 4.2 Duration in the port
Category Frequency Percentage
0-2 years 10 20
3-5 years 22 44
6-11 years 10 20
Over 12 years 8 16
Total 50 100
Source :Field survey May 2022
Table 4.2 shows the duration in the port of respondents used for this study.
10 which represents 20% of the population have 0-2 years experience.
22 which represents 44% of the population have 3-5 years experience.
10 which represents 20% of the population have 6-11 years experience.
8 which represents 16% of the population have over 12 years experience.

11
4.1.3 Rank/position.
The researchers was interested on knowing the position of the respondents administered with the
questionnaires.
Table 4.3 Rank /position
Category Frequency Percentage
Management staff 18 36
Senior staff 10 20
Junior staff 22 44
Total 50 100
Source :Field survey May 2022
Table 4.3 shows the position of the respondents.
18 which represents 36% of the population are management staff.
10 which represents 20% of the population are senior staff.
22 which represents 44% of the population are junior staff.

4.2 FINDINGS BASED ON RESEARCH QUESTIONS.

4.2.1 IS MARINE POLLUTION IS HAZARDOUS TO THE ENVIRONMENT

Table 4.4 MARINE POLLUTION IS HAZARDOUS TO THE ENVIRONMENT.

Category Frequency Percentage
Strongly agree 25 50
Agree 10 20
Undecided 5 10
Disagree 6 12
Strongly disagree 4 8
Total 50 100
Source :Field Survey May 2022.

Table 4.4 shows the responses of respondents that marine pollution is hazardous to the environment.

25 which represents 50% of the respondents strongly agreed that marine pollution is hazardous to
the environment,10 which represents 20% of the respondents agreed that marine pollution is
hazardous to the environment 5 which represents 10% of the respondents were undecided,6 which
12
represents 12%of the respondents disagreed on marine pollution is hazardous to the environment and
the remaining 4which represent 8% of respondents strongly disagreed that marine pollution is
hazardous to the environment .

4.2.2 IS MARINE POLLUTION HAVE ANY EFFECTS ON THE LIVING

ORGANISMS.

Table 4.5 MARINE POLLUTION DOES NOT HAVE ANY EFFECTSON COMMUNITY OF
LIVING ORGANISMS.
Category Frequency Percentage
Strongly agree 5 10
Agree 5 10
Undecided 10 20
Disagree 10 20
Strongly disagree 20 40
Total 50 100
Source: Field Survey May 2022.
Table 4.5 shows the responses of respondents that marine pollution does not have any effects on the
community of living organisms.
5 which represents 10% of the respondents strongly agreed,5 which represents 10% of the
respondents agreed,10 which represents 20% of the respondents were undecided,10 which represents
20% of respondents disagreed and the remaining 20which represents 40% of respondents strongly
disagreed that marine pollution does not have any effects on the community of living organisms.

4.2.3 ARE THERE ANY SIGNIFICANT IMPACT OF POLLUTION ON SHIPPING

OPERATIONS.
Table 4.6 THERE'S SIGNIFICANT IMPACT OF SHIPPING OPERATIONS.
Category Frequency Percentage
Strongly agreed 20 40
Agree 10 20
Undecided 10 20
Disagree 5 10
Strongly disagree 5 10
Total 50 100
13
Source :Field Survey May 2022.
Table 4.6 shows the responses of respondents that theres significant impacts of marine pollution on
performances of kisumu port.
20which represents 40% of the respondents strongly agreed,10 which represents 20%of respondents
agreed,10 which represents 20%of respondents were undecided,5 which represents 10% of
respondents disagreed and the remaining 5 representing 10% of the respondents strongly disagreed
that there's any significant impacts of marine pollution.

4.2.4 IS MARINE POLLUTION BE REDUCED IN KISUMU PORT.

Table 4.7 MARINE POLLUTION CAN BE REDUCED IN KISUMU PORT.
Category Frequency Percentage
Strongly agree 10 20
Agree 19 38
Undecided 10 20
Disagree 6 12
Strongly disagree 5 10
Total 50 100
Source: Field Survey May 2022.

Table 4.7 shows responses of respondents that marine pollution can be reduced.
10 which represents 20% of the respondents strongly agreed,19 which represents 38% of the
respondents agreed,10 which represents 20% of the respondents were undecided,6 which represents
12%of the respondents disagreed and the remaining 5 representing 10% of the respondents strongly
disagreed that marine pollution can be reduced.

4.3 FINDINGS
The objectives of the study were to:
Determine indicators of marine pollution in kisumu port.
To ascertain whether there's any significant impacts of marine pollution on shipping operations.
To determine the effects of marine pollution on performances of kisumu port.

4.4 CONCLUSIONS
Findings from the study revealed the following conclusions.
14
There are numbers of indicators of marine pollution.
Marine pollution has many significant impact on shipping operations.
There's are effects on performances of kisumu port from marine pollution.

4.5 RECOMMENDATIONS
The researcher recommended for further study on the gaps which were found during the study and
more explanations. The researcher also recommended on people working or living around kisumu
port to take charge in reducing pollution to curb the marine pollution remedy.

15
 REFERENCES

Boulding K.E 1996 The economics of coming spaceship in H. Jarret.

Brown LR 1981 Building a sustainable society Norton New York.

Centre oak Ridge National Laboratory US department of Energy.

Daly 1992 HE Daly allocation, distribution and scale forward an economist that is efficient just and
sustainable Ecological economics (1992) pp 185 194.

Daly H 1996 beyond growth the economics of sustainable development Beacon press Boston.

Daly.H.E 1968 on economics as a life science. Journal of political economy 76,392-406.

Environmental quality in a growing Economy John Hopkins Baltimore PP 3 14

Environmental quality in growing economy John Hopkins.

Environmental rights action Friend of the earth.

Fried man M 1980 Free to choose a Personal statement penguin Hamonds worth.

Global regional and national CO2 emissions in trends .

The worldbank, world bank GGRF partners unlock value of wasted gas.

16
 APPENDICES
Appendix 1.QUESTIONNAIRE ADMINISTRATION.
INSTRUCTIONS.
Am ROSELYNE MWANGI a student at Railways training institute taking diploma in international
freight management. I would like to investigate the effects of marine pollution on performances of
kisumu port. Your views will be treated with confidentiality and be highly appreciated. Please
endeavour to complete the questionnaires by ticking the correct answer(s) from the options or supply
the information required where necessary.

QUESTIONNAIRE ADMINISTRATION

SECTION A: personal Information/Data

1. Educational Background
a. PRIMARY
b. SECONDARY
c. COLLEGE
d. UNIVERSITY
e. OTHERS
2. Duration in port
a. 0-2yrs
b. 3-5yrs
c. 6-11yrs
d. Above 12yrs
3. Position/Rank
a. Management
b. Senior staff
c. Junior staff

17
SECTION B:

QUESTIONS ON THE EFFECT OF GAS FLARING INTO THE ECOSYSTEM

4. Marine Pollution does not have any effect on living organism

a. Strongly agreed
b. Agreed
c. Undecided
d. Disagreed
e. Strongly disagreed
5. Is there any significant impact of marine pollution on shipping operation.
a. Strongly agreed
b. Agreed
c. Undecided
d. Disagreed
e. Strongly disagreed
6. Marine pollution can be reduced in Kisumu port
a. strongly Agreed

b. Agreed

c. Undecided

d. Disagreed

e. Strongly disagreed

18
 Appendix II: Work Plan

Month/ Activity MAR MAY MAY JUN JUN JUL

Project proposal writing

Correction

Data Collection

Data Analysis

Report writing

Submission of report

Final Submission

Source: Author, 2022

19
Appendix III: Budget

Stationery
4 pens @20 150
2 rim of foolscap 1000
Binding and cover 300
Library fee in 30 days 1500
Total 2,950
Internet
Browsing fee 2000
Typing and printing 2500
Total 4,500

Travel and accommodation 2000

Fare 1500
Telephone charges 2000
Lunch 1000
Total 6,500

Others 5000
GRAND TOTAL 18,950

Source: Author, 2022

20