INTRODUCTION TO EMERGING TECHNOLOGY

(EMTE1012)

Chapter 4
The Internet of Things
 Outline
Overview of IoT (Internet of Things)
What is IoT?
History of IoT
Advantages and disadvantages of IoT
Challenges of IoT
How does IoT work?
 Devices and Networks
IoT Tools and Platforms
Applications of IoT
IoT Based Smart Home
IoT Based Smart City
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 Overview of IoT
Features of IoT artificial intelligence, Connectivity, sensors, active engagement, and
small device use
AI: makes virtually anything “smart”, meaning it enhances every aspect of life with the
power of data collection, artificial intelligence algorithms, and networks.
Connectivity: New enabling technologies for networking and specifically IoT
networking, mean networks are no longer exclusively tied to major providers.
Sensors: IoT loses its distinction without sensors.
Active Engagement: today's interaction with connected technology happens through
passive engagement.
IoT introduces a new paradigm for active content, product, or service engagement.
• Small Devices: Devices, as predicted, have become smaller, cheaper, and more powerful
over time

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 What is IoT?
Internet Architecture Board’s (IAB), IoT is the networking of smart
objects, meaning a huge number of devices intelligently communicating in
the presence of internet protocol that cannot be directly operated by human
beings but exist as components in buildings, vehicles or the environment.
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), IoT is the networking of smart
objects in which smart objects have some constraints such as limited
bandwidth, power, and processing accessibility for achieving
interoperability among smart objects.
According to the IEEE Communications category magazine’s, IoT is a
framework of all things that have a representation in the presence of the
internet in such a way that new applications and services enable the
interaction in the physical and virtual world in the form of Machine-to-
Machine (M2M) communication in the cloud.
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 What is IoT? …
Oxford dictionary’s definition, IoT is the interaction of everyday object’s
computing devices through the Internet that enables the sending and
receiving of useful data.
according to the 2020 conceptual framework is expressed through a simple
formula such as:
IoT= Services+ Data+ Networks + Sensors
Generally, The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects
or "things" embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network
connectivity, which enables these objects to collect and exchange data.
IoT is a network of devices that can sense, accumulate and transfer data
over the internet without any human intervention.

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 What is IoT? …
IoT has found its application in several areas:
 connected industry
 smart-city
 smart-home
 smart-energy
 connected car
 smart agriculture
 connected building and campus
 health care
 logistics

IoT systems allow users to achieve deeper automation, analysis, and

integration within a system.
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 History of IoT (Reading Assignment)
IoT, as a concept, wasn’t officially named until 1999.
One of the first examples of an IoT is from the early 1980s and was a Coca
Cola machine, located at the Carnegie Melon University.
Local programmers would connect by the Internet to the refrigerated
appliance, and check to see if there was a drink available and if it was cold,
before making the trip.
In 2013, the IoT had evolved into a system using multiple technologies,
ranging from the Internet to wireless communication and from micro-
electromechanical systems (MEMS) to embedded systems.
The traditional fields of automation, wireless sensor networks, GPS,
control systems, and others, all support the IoT

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 Advantages and disadvantages of IoT
Advantages:
Improved Customer Engagement: Current analytics suffer from blind-
spots and significant flaws inaccuracy; and as noted, engagement remains
passive.
Technology Optimization: improve the customer experience also improve
device use, and aid in more potent improvements to technology.
Reduced Waste: IoT provides real-world information leading to the more
effective management of resources.
Enhanced Data Collection: Modern data collection suffers from its
limitations and its design for passive use.
IoT breaks it out of those spaces and places it exactly where humans really want to
go to analyze our world.
 It allows an accurate picture of everything.
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 Advantages and disadvantages of IoT …
Disadvantages
As the number of connected devices increases and more information is
shared between devices, the potential that a hacker could steal confidential
information also increases.
If there’s a bug in the system, it’s likely that every connected device will
become corrupted.
Since there’s no international standard of compatibility for IoT, it’s difficult
for devices from different manufacturers to communicate with each other.
Enterprises may eventually have to deal with massive numbers maybe even
millions of IoT devices and collecting and managing the data from all those
devices will be challenging.
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 Challenges of IoT
Security: The system offers little control despite any security measures.
This leaves users exposed to various kinds of attackers.
Privacy: The sophistication of IoT provides substantial personal data in
extreme detail without the user's active participation.
Complexity: complicated in terms of design, deployment, and
maintenance given their use of multiple technologies and a large set of new
enabling technologies.
Flexibility: Many are concerned about the flexibility of an IoT system to
integrate easily with another.
They worry about finding themselves with several conflicting or locking systems.
Compliance: must comply with regulations.
 Its complexity makes the issue of compliance seem incredibly challenging when
many consider standard software compliance a battle.
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 How does IoT work?
IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an IoT
gateway or another edge device where data is either sent to the cloud to be
analyzed or analyzed locally.
Sometimes, devices communicate with other related devices and act on the
information they get from one another.
The devices do most of the work without human intervention, although
people can interact with the devices.
 give them instructions or access the data.
 The connectivity, networking and communication protocols used with
these web-enabled devices largely depend on the specific IoT applications
deployed.

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 Architecture of IoT
• A network of things that consists of hardware, software, network
connectivity, and sensors.

Sensing Layer:
 To identify any phenomena in the devices’
peripheral and obtain data from the real
world.
 Sensors in IoT devices are usually integrated
through sensor hubs.
 A sensor hub is a common connection point
for multiple sensors that accumulate and
forward sensor data to the processing unit of
a device.
 Examples: GPS, Camera, sound, …

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 Architecture of IoT …
Classification of Sensor
Motion Sensors: measure the change in motion as well as the orientation of the devices.
• There are two types
1. Linear motion: linear displacement of an IoT device
2. Angular motion: the rotational displacement of the device.
Environmental Sensors: such as Light sensors, Pressure sensors, etc. are embedded in IoT
devices to sense the change in environmental parameters in the device’s peripheral.
environment sensors are used in many applications to improve user experience (e.g., home
automation systems, smart locks, smart lights, etc.).
Position sensors: deal with the physical position and location of the device.
 magnetic sensors and Global Positioning System (GPS) sensors are the most common or in
Position Sensor.
 Magnetic sensors are usually used as digital compass and help to fix the orientation of the
device display.
GPS is used for navigation purposes in IoT devices.
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 Architecture of IoT …
Network Layer: acts as a communication channel to transfer data, collected in the
sensing layer, to other connected devices.
network layer is implemented by using diverse communication technologies (e.g., Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth, Zigbee, ZWave, LoRa, cellular network, etc.) to allow data flow between other
devices within the same network.
Data Processing Layer :consists of the main data processing unit of IoT devices.
The data processing layer takes data collected in the sensing layer and analyses the data to
make decisions based on the result.
In some IoT devices (e.g., smartwatch, smart home hub, etc.), the data processing layer also
saves the result of the previous analysis to improve the user experience.
Application Layer: implements and presents the results of the data processing layer to
accomplish disparate applications of IoT devices.
It is a user-centric layer that executes various tasks for the users.
 There exist diverse IoT applications, which include smart transportation, smart home,
personal care, healthcare, etc.
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 Devices and Networks
IoT devices are meant to work in concert for people at home, in industry or in the
enterprise.
 As such, the devices can be categorized into three main groups: consumer, enterprise
and industrial.
Consumer: smart TVs, smart speakers, toys, wearables, and smart appliances.
smart meters, commercial security systems and smart city technologies such as those
used to monitor traffic and weather conditions are examples of industrial and
enterprise IoT devices.
 smart air conditioning, smart thermostats, smart lighting, and smart security, span home,
enterprise, and industrial uses.
 example: conference room can help an employee locate and schedule an available room
for a meeting, ensuring the proper room type, size and features are available.
When meeting attendees enter the room, the temperature will adjust according to the
occupancy, and the lights will dim as the appropriate PowerPoint loads on the screen and
the speaker begins his presentation.
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 Devices and Networks …
 The structure of the platform is
expandable, allowing the addition
of new types of network devices or
applications.
 The platform provides standard web
services, such as device discovery,
data storage, and user authorities,
which are basic requirements for
creating IoT applications.

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 IoT Tools and Platforms
IoT Platform Key features
• Manage an unlimited number of connected devices
• Set up cross-device interoperability
• Perform real-time device monitoring
KAA • Perform remote device provisioning and configuration
• Collect and analyze sensor data
• Analyze user behavior and deliver targeted notifications
• Create cloud services for smart products
• Run any number of IoT applications on a single SiteWhere instance
• Spring delivers the core configuration framework
• Add devices through self-registration
• Integrates with third-party integration frameworks such as Mule any point
SiteWhere
• Default database storage is MongoDB
• Eclipse Californium for CoAP messaging
• InfluxDB for event data storage
• Grafana to visualize SiteWhere data
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 IoT Tools and Platforms …
IoT Platform Key features
 Collect data in private channels  Alerts
Thing Speak  Share data with public channels  Event scheduling
 MATLAB analytics and visualizations  App integrations
• Directly integrate with Alexa
• Visualization dashboard of your choice
• It supports Big data solutions such as Elastic Search, Apache Spark, Cassandra and
Kafka for real-time and batch processing.
DeviceHive • Connect any device
• It comes with Apache Spark and Spark Streaming support.
• Supports libraries written in various programming languages, including Android and
iOS libraries
• It allows running batch analytics and machine learning on top of your device data
• Real-time data visualization and remote device control
• Customizable rules, plugins, widgets and transport implementations
ThingsBoard • Allows monitoring client-side and provision server-side device attributes.
• Support multi-tenant installations out-of-the-box.
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• Supports transport encryption for both MQTT and HTTP(s) protocols. 18
 Applications of IoT
Agriculture: For outside planting, devices using IoT technology can sense soil moisture
and nutrients, in conjunction with weather data, better control smart irrigation and
fertilizer systems.
Consumer Use: For private citizens, IoT devices in the form of wearables and smart
homes make life easier.
Wearables cover accessories such as Fitbit, smartphones, Apple watches, health
monitors, to name a few.
Healthcare: In hospitals, smart beds keep the staff informed as to the availability,
thereby cutting wait time for free space.
Putting IoT sensors on critical equipment means fewer breakdowns and increased
reliability, which can mean the difference between life and death. Elderly care becomes
significantly more comfortable with IoT.
 In addition to the above-mentioned real-time home monitoring, sensors can also
determine if a patient has fallen or is suffering a heart attack.
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 Applications of IoT …
Insurance - Insurance companies can offer their policyholders discounts for IoT
wearables such as Fitbit.
By employing fitness tracking, the insurer can offer customized policies and encourage
healthier habits, which in the long run benefits everyone, insurer, and customer alike.
Manufacturing - The world of manufacturing and industrial automation is another big
winner in the IoT sweepstakes.
RFID and GPS technology can help a manufacturer track a product from its start on the
factory floor to its placement in the destination store, the whole supply chain from start to
finish.
Sensors attached to factory equipment can help identify bottlenecks in the production
line, thereby reducing lost time and waste.
Other sensors mounted on those same machines can also track the performance of the
machine, predicting when the unit will require maintenance, thereby preventing costly
breakdowns.
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 Applications of IoT …
Retail: Online and in-store shopping sales figures can control warehouse automation
and robotics, information gleaned from IoT sensors.
Much of this relies on RFIDs, which are already in heavy use worldwide.
 Mall locations are iffy (not really) things; business tends to fluctuate, and the advent of
online shopping has driven down the demand for brick and mortar establishments.
Transportation: There’s already significant progress made in navigation, once again
alluding to a phone or car’s GPS.
But city planners can also use that data to help determine traffic patterns, parking space
demand, and road construction and maintenance.
Utilities: IoT sensors can be employed to monitor environmental conditions such as
humidity, temperature, and lighting.
The sensors can help pinpoint outages faster, thereby increasing the response time of
repair
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crews and decreasing blackout times. 21
 IoT Based Smart Home
Smart Home initiative allows subscribers to remotely manage and monitor different
home devices from anywhere via smartphones or over the web with no physical distance
limitations.
Smart Home has become a reality where all devices are integrated and interconnected
via the wireless network.
These “smart” devices have the potential to share information with each other given the
permanent availability to access the broadband internet connection.

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 IoT Based Smart Home …
Cont’…
Remote Control Appliances: Switching on and off remotely appliances to avoid
accidents and save energy.
Weather: Displays outdoor weather conditions such as humidity, temperature, pressure,
wind speed and rain levels with the ability to transmit data over long distances.
Smart Home Appliances: Refrigerators with LCD screen telling what’s inside, food
that’s about to expire, ingredients you need to buy and with all the information available
on a smartphone app.
Safety Monitoring: cameras, and home alarm systems making people feel safe in their
daily life at home.
Intrusion Detection Systems: Detection of window and door openings and violations to
prevent intruders.
Energy and Water Use: Energy and water supply consumption monitoring to obtain
advice
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 IoT Based Smart City
In cities, the development of smart grids, data analytics, and autonomous vehicles will
provide an intelligent platform to deliver innovations in energy management, traffic
management, and security, sharing the benefits of this technology throughout society.
Structural Health: Monitoring of vibrations and material conditions in buildings,
bridges and historical monuments.
Lightning: intelligent and weather adaptive lighting in street lights.
Safety: Digital video monitoring, fire control management, public announcement
systems.
Transportation: Smart Roads and Intelligent High-ways with warning messages and
diversions according to climate conditions and unexpected events like accidents or traffic
jams.
Smart Parking: Real-time monitoring of parking spaces available in the city making
residents able to identify and reserve the closest available spaces
Waste Management: Detection of rubbish levels in containers to optimize the trash
collection routes.
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 IoT Based Smart Farming
Green Houses: Control micro-climate conditions to maximize the production of fruits
and vegetables and its quality.
Compost: Control of humidity and temperature levels in alfalfa, hay, straw, etc. to
prevent fungus and other microbial contaminants.
Animal Farming/Tracking: Location and identification of animals grazing in open
pastures or location in big stables, Study of ventilation and air quality in farms and
detection of harmful gases from excrements.
Offspring Care: Control of growing conditions of the offspring in animal farms to
ensure its survival and health.
Field Monitoring: Reducing spoilage and crop waste with better monitoring, accurate
ongoing data obtaining, and management of the agriculture fields, including better
control of fertilizing, electricity and watering.

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Questions