Internet of Things (IoT) for Sustainable National Economy Development

INTRODUCTION

Till date, billions of people around the world are using the internet to send and receive the e-mails,
access the web content, use social networking and do a several activities. Gradually, a lot of people
will be having access to the vast available information, thereby taking Internet to a higher level
where appliances and smart devices will be interacting with each other. As time goes on, the
Internet will grow as a huge network of networks and networked different devices. Required and
valuable information and services will always be available, which will make it easier to design newer
applications, introducing newer methods of working; newer methods of communicating; newer
methods of entertainment; consequently, leading to newer ways of living. This will give rise to a new
concept of connecting ʻsmartʼ devices . Deployment of IoT will silhouette the Internet in such a
manner that it will become real Machine-to-Machine (M2M) learning . Restructuring will occur by
making physical devices 'smart'4,5 and the Internet infrastructure will exist as a robust backbone
thus, making them possessing self-configuring proficiencies based on standard and interoperable
communication protocols where physical and virtual 'Things' have identities, physical features and
virtual traits and make use of intelligent interfaces that are seamlessly integrated into the
information system , giving rise to 'Internet of Things.' The IoT goals are to make the use of smart
technologies by linking things anytime to accomplish anything at any place. The IoT concept came
into being in 1998 and presented by Kevin Ashton in 1999. It mainly allows for independent
nonetheless secure connection for the interaction of real world devices. The IoT reduces physical
work by automating day to day tasks. The things which are connected to Internet are increasing
rapidly. The smart phones drive in several actuators and sensors which sense the data, perform
computation operation on that data and transmit the valuable information with the aid of Internet.
It is anticipated to offer promising solutions to transform the operation and role of many existing
industrial systems such as transportation systems, healthcare system and manufacturing systems.
Example include when IoT is employed for forming intelligent transportation systems, thereby
enable the authority to be able to track and monitor the movement of each vehicle's current
location and forecast its imminent setting and possible road traffic. Likewise, in healthcare, it will
analyze the state of the patient in real-time and provide the detail information at interval and
broadcast the information to the medical personnel for monitoring, this can also be monitored
anywhere. Xu et al. referred to IoT as a uniquely identifiable interoperable connected object with
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. Soon after, researchers relate IoT with more
technologies like mobile devices, GPS devices, actuators and sensors. Unambiguously, the
integration of sensors/actuators, RFID tags and communication technologies serves as the basis of
IoT and explains how a variety of physical objects and devices around us can be associated to the
internet and be allowed to cooperate and communicate with one another to reach common goals.
There are many benefits in implementing IoT, this will result in huge data offers and potential for
organizations to obtain valuable perceptions. Nevertheless, risks and factors abound which may
have significant impacts on the utilization of IoT. Newer applications can be created using network
with various embedded sensors, this will result in great benefits. Collected data over the Internet for
processing by the processing unit is shared by the sensors. The result is communicated to decision
making and action invoking system for appropriate action.

CONTEXTUAL AND SCOPE

Internet of Things (IoT) can be described as a comprehensive network framework that consist of
numerous connected real world things, which depend on sensory, communication, networking and
information processing technologies. The center technology for IoT is RFID which works by allowing
microchips to transfer identifying data to the reader via wireless medium. Through RFID, objects
connected can be analyzed, traced and monitored with RFID tags. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
and their fundamental technology, mainly works on intelligent sensors for sensing and monitoring.
The RFID finds its application in transportation of goods to consumers, production of pharmaceutical
goods and retail since 1980 and WSN applies to traffic, industrial monitoring and healthcare. The
advancement in the technologies quicken the growth of IoT. A lot of other technologies and devices
including barcodes, location based service, SoA, near field communication, Internet (IPv6), 3G/4G,
Wi-Fi, ZigBee, Wimax, Cloud Computing etc., are also getting used to make a comprehensive
network to empower IoT, . Divers descriptions of IoT co-exist since everyone gives it a meaning
according to their own perspective leading to obvious fuzziness. The definition is a mix of two terms
Internet and things. The former gives a network oriented idea whereas the latter pushes towards
objects which are merged as a single architecture. IoT implies on world-wide network of
interconnected things distinctively addressable based on standard communication protocols. The
biggest challenge in IoT is to exceptionally identify each object in parallel with representation and
storage of the information that is exchanged among the objects. The three ideas of IoT are: Things,
Internet and semantic oriented .

Things oriented idea: Each objects tracked by sensors and technology using RFID is uniquely
identified by Electronic Product Code (EPC). Data is collected through sensor based embedded
systems and sensors. This depends on RFID based sensor and other networks that are sensor-based
which integrate RFID based technologies, sensing, computing devices and global connectivity.

Internet oriented idea: Different physical devices interact with each other. Sensor based devices can
be determine, controlled and monitored regularly. These smart embedded objects can be
considered as microcomputers with computing properties.

Semantic oriented idea: The huge collected data is processed effectively. In order to make data
consistent and least redundant, the raw data will be processed which is an advantage for better
representations and interpretations. From the perspective of ʻThingsʼ, IoT concentrates on the
integration of smart devices in a single architecture. Where the Internet perspective gives IoT a
network oriented meaning. With Internet Protocol (IP) being the worldwide acknowledged protocol
to link the various communicating objects, it has the power to make IoT a reality

Finally, the number of devices that will be connected through IoT will be enormous in number, so,
the issues related to storage, search, representation, interconnection and management of the
collected information will be quite challenging. To tackle this, vast information generated by IoT will
be brought about by semantic technologies.

IoT ARCHITECTURE The IoT connects several billions of devices together, in such a situation,
generation of traffic is inevitable, to handle such huge data storage will be needed. Security and
privacy issues also needs to be given a high priority when proposing the new architecture for IoT
addressing interoperability, Quality of Service (QoS), scalability, reliability among others. The
primitive architecture of IoT is proposed by Tan and Wang and Gan et al

The five layered architecture of IoT shown in Table 1 is described below:

Perception layer: The perception layer also called as device layer is consist of physical devices and
sensors which includes RFID or barcodes based on identification of the objects. Device layer works
on identifying and collecting the information through sensor devices. Depending on the nature of
the sensors needed for data gathering, the data can be geographic, temperature specific, orientation
specific etc. The collected data is thus sent to network layer for its secure transmission and
processing

Network layer: The network layer is also known as the transmission layer. This layer consists of
secure transmission of information collected from sensors to the information processing system. The
medium of transmission can be wired or wireless and the technology can be 3G/4G, UMTS,
Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Infrared, ZigBee, etc., based on the sensors. Therefore, the network/transmission
layer is responsible for conveying the information from device layer to middleware layer

Middleware layer: This layer consists of ubiquitous computing, data base, decision unit, service
management and information processing. Each of the smart objects communicates with other
devices only if they implement same service type. Data is taken from the network layer and stores it
in the database. It processes information and decides the solution by analyzing the results

Application layer: This layer is responsible for smart applications and management globally which
depend on the processing of information in the middleware layer. The numerous applications of IoT
include smart city, smart transportation, smart home, smart agriculture and smart health etc.

Business layer: The complete IoT system in terms of the applications and services is managed by this
layer. It makes Business model, Flowchart, Graphs and System management based on data obtained
from previous layer. Depending on the result analysis, this layer will predict the future actions.

APPLICATIONS

Though IoT is an emerging technology, its applications are still in their nascent stages. Not
withstanding its possible applications can be found in healthcare, logistics, inventory control, supply
and chain, transportation, security and privacy. Some feasible applications of IoT in different
domains are as follows:

Smart homes: Smart home deployment ranks as highest IoT application on all measured channels by
managing energy consumption, providing communication among the home appliances, ensuring
safety, spotting emergencies. More establishments are active in smart home than any other
application in the field of IoT

Natural disasters prediction: The sensors can predict the natural disaster like hurricane, earthquake,
volcanic eruptions, tsunamis among others through their interaction, coordination and simulation in
order to initiate feasible actions in time

Smart grid: Smart grid is an emerging application of IoT, it makes use of information about the
performances of electricity suppliers and consumers in an automated manner to enhance the
efficiency, improve its reliability and economics of electricity

Health care: Digital health/telehealth/telemedicine is an essential of IoT application. The concept of

Smart cities: Internet of Things (IoT) application can also be found in designing smart cities e.g.,
traffic management to water distribution, observing and controlling the good air quality, waste
management, identifying emergency routes, urban security and environmental monitoring etc. Its
acceptance is precipitated by the fact that many smart city solutions such as; traffic congestion
problems, reduction in noise pollution among others will be alleviated
Smart farming: Internet of Things (IoT) will revolutionize the way farmers work through monitoring
the remoteness of farming operations and the large number of livestock. Various use case scenarios
include smart wrapping up of seeds, fertilizers to cater to environmental conditions. This hasnʼt
reached large-scale attention yet. Smart farming will become the important application field mostly
in the agricultural product exporting countries because it will drastically enhance the productivity by
averting the incorrect farming practices

Smart transport: IoT sensors can be applied to transportation. Smart network of sensors will
effectively and efficiently monitor the traffic and implement effectively the much required features
such as alleviating traffic, law enforcement, electronic highway toll, rules breaching by vehicles
among others

Smart security: The IoT sensors also find their applications in the area of security e.g., inspection of
spaces, maintaining infrastructure and equipment, alarming etc.

KEY CHALLENGES

Despite of the enormous applications of IoT which will keep increasing with time, it must overcome
some challenges pertaining to privacy, sufficient spectrum, complexity, reliability in associating with
large number of smart devices etc. A few possible main challenges are listed in the section
below25,27:

Unique identity management: The aim of IoT is to connect several billions of physical objects
together which should be uniquely distinguishable over the Internet. Consequently, suitable identity
management system is required which will systematically and dynamically assign and manage
unique names for a wide range of physical devices

Standardization and interoperability: Different technologies that are not known to everyone are
employed through the introduction of different devices by many vendors. A standardized
mechanism should be in place to ensure interoperability and interconnectivity of all the physical and
sensor devices

Privacy of the information: Because IoT uses various identification technologies such as; RFID,
Barcode, Infrared sensors etc., which will be carrying tags, its therefore imperative to ensure privacy
of the information and preventing unauthorized access

Protection of physical devices: IoT devices need to be prevented against physical damage and
unauthorized access irrespective of their geographic location in order to safe guard its safety

Information confidentiality: The IoT sensor devices transmit the information through the information
media to the information processing system. Sensors should follow the encryption mechanisms in
order to ensure the integrity of the information processing system

Network security: The sensor devices send data either over wired or wireless transmission media.
The transmission unit should process the enormous data without any loss of information and should
integrate strict measures, so that, no external interference occurs. There is a need for the
establishment of a standardized security protocol to address the scope and diversity of the devices
as the IoT market matures

IMPACT ON BUSINESS, ECONOMY, JOB SKILLS AND SOCIETY

Jobs will be created in the field of IoT, because new products, services and revenue models will
emerge, this will give attract investments once the business worth of the IoT domain is understood
and deployed. There is every tendency of increasing imports and exports for such products and
resolutions, which in turn could push up economies, this is similar IT revolution in China, India etc.

The implementation of IoT could result in the emergence of auxiliary or supporting industries and
establishments such as monitoring and measurement systems, manufacturing of smart and
connected systems, decision control system and analytics systems and security solutions to
guarantee safe use and address privacy concerns

Policies, guidelines and regulation to govern the usage of IoT would be defined to when it comes to
the nature of information received by IoT devices, who can access it, how it will be used. This will
boast user confidence in the technology and increase implementation. Deployment of IoT will also
give rise to adoption of large data and analytics technologies that can provide insight to take
meaningful resolution

Opportunity can be created by the large number of devices and structure of IoT information
especially in the areas of security, storage management, servers and the data center network, data
analysis, creative design for end user conception, immense data frameworks, programming and
architecting huge accessible systems and knowledge of devices used in the IoT environments will be
in demand coupled with understanding business specific usage patterns, customer behaviors and
innovative marketing techniques

CONCLUSION

The rising idea of deploying IoT has the potential of improving our day to day life by integrating
various devices equipped with sensing, identification, processing, communication and networking
capabilities. Industries have robust interest in deploying IoT devices to develop industrial
applications such as; automated monitoring system, control, management system and maintenance
system. IoT would automate virtually all events around us. This paper presented a framework of this
concept, technologies empowering, its idea and various possible applications. This would impart
relevant knowledge and offer a ground for researchers and scholars who are keen to have an insight
into IoT, its key technologies and architecture. Furthermore, the impact on business, economy, job
skills, society and challenges are also briefly discussed to give an insight about the issues faced in
making IoT a reality.