1. Water flows through a 3-in-diameter pipe at a velocity of 10 ft/s.

Find the (a) volume flow rate in cfs and gpm,(b)weight flow
rate,and (c)mass flow rate.
I(a) Q= A υ=¿
(b¿ W =γAυ=62.4 ¿
(c¿ M =ρAυ=1.94 ¿

2. Benzene flows through a 100-mm-diameter pipe at a mean velocity of 3.00 m/s. Find the (a) volume flow rate in m 3/s and L/min,
(b) weight flow rate, and (c) mass flow rate.
(a) Q= A υ=¿
(b) W =γAυ=8.62 ¿
(c) M =ρAυ=879 ¿
3. The flow rate of air moving through a square 0.50-m by 0.50-m duct is 160 m 3/min. What is the mean velocity of the air?
Q
υ= =160/[(0.50)(0.50)]=640m/min or 10.7 m/s
A
4. Assume the conduit shown in Fig. 8- 1 has (inside) diameters of 12 in and 18 in at sections 1 and 2, respectively. If water is flowing
in the conduit at a velocity of 16.6 ft/s at section 2, find the (a) velocity at section 1, (b) volume flow rate at section 1, (c) volume flow
rate at section 2, (d) weight flow rate, and (e) mass flow rate.
(a) A1 υ1 =A 2 υ 2 ¿
(b) Q1= A 1 υ 1=¿
(c) Q2= A2 υ 2=[(π)(18/12¿2 /4)(16.6)=29.3 ft 3/s.(Since the flow in incompressible, the flow rate is the same at sections 1 and 2.)
(d) W=γ A 1 υ 1=62.4[(π)(12/12¿2 /4)(37.3) = 1828 lb/s
(e) M= ρ A1 υ1=1.94[(π)(12/12¿2 /4)(37.3) = 56.8 slugs/s

Fig.8-1

5. A gas flows through a square conduit. At one point along the conduit, the conduit sides are 0.100 m, the velocity is 7.55 m/s, and
the gas's mass density is (for its particular pressure and temperature) 1.09 kg/ m 3.At a second point, the conduit sides are 0.250 m,
and the velocity is 2.02 m/s. Find the mass flow rate of the gas and its mass density at the second point.
M= ρ A1 υ1=1.09[(0.100) (0.100)] (7.55) =0.0823kg/s ρ1 A 1 υ 1=ρ 2 A2 υ2
1.09[(0.100) (0.100)] (7.55) =(p2) [(0.250) (0.250)] (2.02) ρ2=0.652kg/m 3
6. Water enters the mixing device shown in Fig. 8-2 at 150 L/s through pipe A, while oil with specific gravity 0.8 is forced in at 30 L/s
through pipe B. If the liquids are incompressible and form a homogeneous mixture of oil globules in water, find the average velocity
and density of the mixture leaving through the 30-cm-diameter pipe C.

M= ρAυ = ρ Q
Σ (mass flow in unit time¿¿ =Σ (mass flow in unit time¿ out
(1000) (0.15) + [(0.8) (1000)] (0.03) =(p)[(π) (0.30¿2 /4] (υ ) ρυ =2462kg/m 3.·s

157
We can assume no chemical reaction between oil and water and its mixture is incompressible; it is clear that volume is conserved.
Hence, Q =0.15+0.03=0.18m 3/s; Q= Aυ , 0.18= [(π) (0.30¿2 /4 (υ ), υ c=2.55 m/s; ρc =2462/2.55= 965 kg/m 3 .

7. Water flows into a cylindrical tank (Fig. 8-3) through pipe 1 at the rate of 25 ft/s and leaves through pipes 2 and 3 at 10 ft/s and 12
ft/s, respectively. At 4 is an open air vent. Inside pipe diameters are: D 1=3in, D 2=2in, D 3=2.5in, D 4 =2in.Calculate (a) dh/dt; (b) the
average velocity of airflow through vent 4,assuming that the flow is incompressible.
(a)With the entire volume of the tank as control volume

M= ρAυ = ρ Q

Σ (mass flow in unit time¿¿ =Σ (mass flow in unit time¿ out

( ρ )[(π)(3/12¿2 /4](25)=( ρ )[(π)(2/12¿2 /4](10)+( ρ )(π)(2.5/12¿2 /4](12)+( ρ )[π) (2¿2 /4](dh/dt)

dh/dt=0.1910ft/s
(b) Consider only air in the control volume. It must be conserved. Hence, ( ρair )[(π)[(π)(2/12¿2 /4](υ ¿=¿ ( ρair )[(π)[(π)(2/12
¿ υ )(0.1484), υ = 21.4ft/s.
2 /4](

8. The piston of a hypodermic apparatus (Fig. 8-4) is being withdrawn at 0.30 in/s; air leaks in around the piston at the rate 0.0012 ¿3
/s. What is the average speed of blood flow in the needle?
Choose as a control volume the region between the piston and the tip of the needle.
M= ρAυ = ρ Q

Σ (mass flow in unit time¿¿ =Σ (mass flow in unit time¿ out

( ρblood )[(π)(0.02/12¿
2 /4](
υ)+( ρblood )(0.0012/1728)=( ρblood )[(π)(0.2/12¿2 /4](0.30/12) υ =2.18ft/s

Fig.8-4

Fig.8-4
 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW 159

9. Air at 30 ℃ and 110 kPa flows at 16 N/s through a rectangular duct that measures 160 mm by 320 mm. Compute the average
velocity and volume flux.
W=γAυ γ=p/RT=(110)(1000)/[(29.3)(30+273)]=12.39 N/m 3

16=12.39[(0.160)(0.320)](υ ¿ υ=25.2m/s Q=Aυ =[(0.160)(0.320)](25.2)=1.29m 3/s

10. Oil(s.g.=0.86) flows through a 30-in-diameter pipeline at 8000 gpm. Compute the (a) volume flux, (b) average velocity, and (c) mass
flux.
(a) Q=8000/[(7.48)(60)]=17.8 ft 3/s
(b) Q=Aυ 17.8=[(π)(30/12¿2 /4]( υ ) υ=3.63 ft/s
(c) M= ρAυ =[(0.86)(1.94)][(π)(30/12¿2 /4](3.63)=29.7 slugs/s

11. In the rectilinear chamber of Fig. 8-5, section 1 has a diameter of 4 in and the flow in is 2 cfs.Section 2 has a diameter of 3 in and the
flow out is 36 fps average velocity. Compute the average velocity and volume flux at section 3 if D 3=1in.1. Is the flow at 3 in or out?
Q1=Q2+Q3(assuming Q3 is out)
Q
2=[(π)(3/12¿2 /4](36)+ Q 3 Q3=0.233 cfs (out) v= =0.233/[(π)(1/12 ¿2 /4 ¿ = 42.7fps
A

Fig. 8-5

12. The water tank in Fig. 8-6 is being filled through section 1 at v 1=5 m/s and through section 3 at Q 3=0.012 m 3/s. If water
level h is constant, determine exit velocity v 2.

Q2=Q1+Q3 Q2=¿
Q2=0.01828m 3/s Q2
v 2= =0.01828/¿
A2

[ ]
13. If the water level varies in Prob.12 and 2v 2=8m/s, find rate of change2 dh/dt. Assume d=1.0m.

Q2 +
d ℎπ d Q Q
dt 4
2
= 1+ 3 [(
π¿
( 4
100 ) ( 5 ) +0.012=
( π )(
100 )
6
dℎ 2
( 8 ) + [ ( π )( 1.0 ) / 4]
4 d ℎ/dt=− 5.52mm
4 /s dt (i.e.,falling)
 160 □ CHAPTER 8

14. For the general case of the flow depicted in Fig. 8-6, derive an expression for dh/dt in terms of tank size and volume flows
Q1 ,Q2 ∧Q3at the three ports.
d ℎπ d Q Q dℎ 4 ( Q1 −Q2 +Q 3 )
2
Q2 + = 1+ 3 = 2
dt 4 dt πd
15. Water at 20 ℃ flows steadily through the nozzle in Fig. 8-7 at 60 kg/s. The diameters are D 1=220mm and D 2=800 mm.
Compute the average velocities at sections 1 and 2.
M 60 3
Q= = =0.0601 m /s
ρ 998
( π ) ( 0.220 )2 2
v 1=Q/ A 1=0.0601 /[ ]=1.58 m/s v 2=Q/ A 2=0.0601 /[ ( π )( 0.080 ) / 4]=12.0 m/s
4

Fig.8-7

16. The inseminator in Fig. 8-8 contains fluid of s.g. =1.04. If the plunger is pushed in steadily at 1.0 in/s,what is exit velocity v 2?
Assume no leakage past the plunger.
y 1 A 1 V 1= y 2 A2 V 2

( ) ( )
2 2
0.80 0.04
(1.04)(62.4 )¿ [ ( π ) /4 ](1.0/12)=[(1.04)(62.4)][ ( π ) /4 ](V 2 )
12 12
V 2=33.3 ft /s
(Note that the answer is independent of the fluid's specific gravity.)

17. Repeat Prob. 8.16 assuming there is leakage back past the plunger equal to 1/4 of the volume flux out of the
needle. Compute V 2 and the average leakage velocity relative to the needle walls if the plunger diameter is 0.796 in.

( )
2
0.750 3
Q=Q 1=A 1 V 1=[ ( π ) /4 ](1.0 /12)=0.000256 f t /s
12
3 3
Q2=( )(0.000256)=0.000192 f t /s
4
( )
Q2 0.040
2
V 2= =0.000192/[ ( π ) /4 ]=22.0 ft /s
A2 12
1 3
Qleak =( )(0.000256)=0.000064 f t / s
4
( ) ( )
2 2
0.80 0.796
V leak =Qleak / A l eak =0.000064 /[ ( π ) /4 − ( π ) /4 ]=1.84 ft /s
12 12
18. A 100-mm-diameter plunger (1) is being pushed at 60 mm/s into a tank filled with a fluid of s.g.=0.68. If the fluid is
incompressible, how many pounds per second is being forced out at section 2, D 2=20mm?
2

[
A1 v 1= A 2 v 2 [ ( π ) ( 0.100
( π ))( 0.020
/4 ](0.060)=¿
W = yAv=[ ( 0.68 )( 9.79 ) ]
4
)2
}
( 1.500 )=0.003137
kN
s
∨3.137 N /s
¿ 3.137 /4.448=0.705lb / s
19. A gasoline pump fills a 80-L tank in 1 min 15 s. If the pump exit diameter is 4 cm,what is the average pump-flow exit velocity?
 80 3
Q=V /t=( )/(60+15)=0.001067 m /s 2
v=Q/ A=0.001067/[ ( π ) ( 0.04 ) /4]=0.85 m/ s
1000
20. The tank in Fig. 8-9 is admitting water at 100 N/s and ejecting gasoline (s.g.=0.69) at 52 N/s. If all three fluids are incompressible,
how much air is passing through the vent? In which direction?
Q1=Q2 +Q3 (assuming airflow is out)
Q1=W 1 / y H O=100 /[(9.79)(1000)]=0.01021m3 / s
2

3
Q2=W 2 / y gas =52/[(0.69)(9.79)(1000)]=0.007698 m /s
3
0.01021=0.007698+Q3 Q 3=0.002512 m /s (out)
3
y air = p /RT =( 1)(101.3)/[(29.3)(20+273)]=0.01180 kN /m
kN
W 3 =( y air ) ( Q1 )=( 0.01180 ) ( 0.00252 )=0.00002964 ∨0.0296 N /s
s

21. Air at 72 ℉ and 16 psia enters a chamber at section 1 at velocity 210 fps and leaves section 2 at 1208°F and 202 psia. What is
the exit velocity if D 1=8in and D 2=3in? Assume the flow is steady.
ρ1 A 1 v 1=ρ2 A 2 V 2 ρ=p /RT ρ1=(16)(144)/[(1716)(460+ 72)]=0.002524 slug/f t
3

3
ρ2=(202)(144)/[(1716)(460+1208)]=0.01016 slug /ft
( ) ( )
2 2
8 3
0.00 2524 [ ( π ) /4 ](210)=0.01016[ ( π ) / 4](v 2 ) v 2=371 fps
12 12
22. Kerosene (s.g. = 0.88) enters the cylindrical arrangement of Fig. 8-10 at section 1, at 0.08 N/s. The 80-mm-diameter plates are 2
mm apart. Assuming steady flow, compute the inlet average velocity v 1, outlet average velocity v 2 assuming radial flow, and outlet
volume flux.
2
W 1= y oil A 1 v 1 0.08=[(0.88)(9.79)(1000)][ ( π ) ( 0.004 ) /4 ]( v 1) v 1=0.739 m/ s
2 3 3
Q1= A 1 v1 =[ ( π )( 0.004 ) /4 ](0.739)=0.00000929 m / s Q2=Q1=0.00000929 m / s∨9.29 mL /s
v 2=Q2 / A 2=0.00000929 /[(π )(0.080)(0.003)]=0.0123 m/ s∨12.3 mm/s

Fig. 8 - 10
23. In Fig. 8-11, pipes 1 and 2 are of diameter 3cm; D 3=4cm. Alcohol(s.g.=0.80) enters section 1 at 6 m/s while
water enters section 2 at 10 m/s. Assuming ideal mixing of incompressible fluids, compute the exit velocity and density of the
mixture at section 3. The temperature is 20℃.
2 2 3
Q1 +Q2=Q3 [ ( π ) ( 0.03 ) /4 ](6)+[ ( π ) ( 0.03 ) /4 ](10)=Q3 Q3=0.01131 m /s
2
v 3=Q3 / A 3=0.01131/[ ( π ) ( 0.04 ) / 4]=9.00 m/s M 1 + M 2=M 3
ρalcℎoℎol A 1 v 1+ ρH O A 2 v 2=ρ mixture A 3 v 3
2

2 2 3
[(0.80)(998)][ ( π ) ( 0.03 ) /4 ](6)+ 998[ ( π )( 0.03 ) /4](10)=( ρmixture)[(π )(0.04)2 /4]9.0 ρ mixture=923 kg /m

24. In the wind tunnel of Fig. 8-12, the test-section wall is porous; fluid is sucked out to provide a thin viscous boundary layer. The
wall contains 800 holes of 7-mm diameter per square meter of area. The suction velocity out each hole isV1=100m/s, and the test
section entrance velocity is V 1=46m6 m/s. Assuming incompressible flow of air at 20℃ and 1 atm, compute (a) V 0 ,(b) the total
wall suction volume flow, (c) V 2, and (d) V f .
2 2
(a¿ A0 V 0= A 1 V 1 [ ( π )( 2.6 ) /4 ](V 0 )=[ ( π ) ( 0.9 ) /4 ](45)V 0 =5.4 m/s

(b) Qsuction=N ℎoles Qℎ ole N ℎol es =800[(π )(0.9)(4)]=9048

( )
2
7 3
Qℎole =A ℎole V ❑ℎole=[ ( π ) /4](10)=0.0003848 m /s
1000 3
Qsuction=(9048)(0.0003848)=3.48 m / s

2 3
(c) Q1=Q2 +Q suction [ ( π ) ( 0.9 ) /4 ](46)=Q2 +3.48 Q2=25.78 m /s
2
v 2=Q2 / A 2=25.78 /[ ( π ) ( 0.9 ) / 4]=40.5 m/s

2 2
(d) A f V f =A 2 V 2 [ ( π ) ( 2.4 ) / 4](V f )=[ ( π ) ( 0.9 ) /4 ](40.5)V f =5.70 m/ s

Fig. 8-12

25. A rocket motor is operating steadily as shown in Fig. 8-13. The exhaust products may be considered an ideal gas of molecular
weight 26. Calculate v 2.
M 2=M 1 + M 3=0.7+ 0.1=0.8 slug /s=ρ2 A 2 v 2 R=49 709 /26=1912 lb·ft /(slug· ° R)
3

[ ( )]
ρ2= p /RT =(16)(144)/[(1912)(1105+460)]=0.000770 slug/ f t
6 2
(π )
12 ft
0.8=0.000770 ( v 2 ) v 2=5291
4 s
 Fig. 8 - 13

26 For the solid-propellant rocket in Fig. 8-14, compute the rate of mass loss of the propellant, assuming the exit gas has a
molecular weight of 30.
d d
M ¿ =M out + (m propellant ) 0=M out + (m propellant )
dt dt
d
(m )=− M out =− p e A e V e
dt propellant
8312
R= =277 N·m /(kg· K ) ρe =ρ e / RT e=(105)(1000)/[(277)(800)]=0.4738 kg /m3
30
d
(m )=−(0.4738)¿ ¿(1100)=−16.4 kg/ s
dt propellant

Fig. 8-14

27 The water-jet pump in Fig. 8-15 injects water atU1=80fft/s through a 4-in pipe which is surrounded by a secondary flow of water
atU2=8ft/ss.The two flows become fully mixed downstream,where U3 is approximately constant. If the flow is steady and
incompressible, compute U3.
2 2 2 2
Q 1+ Q2=Q3 [(π )(4 /12) /4 ](80)+{(π )[(12/12) −(4 /12) ]/4 }(8)=[( π)(12/12) /4 ](U 3 )¿

U 3=16.0 ft / s

.8-15

8.28 The flow in the inlet between parallel plates in Fig. 8-16 is uniform atU0=50nmm/s,while downstream the flow develops into
the parabolic laminar profileu=az(zo-z),where a is a constant. z0=20mm,compute
Let b=widthIth of plates (into paper).

z0
Qin = Qout z 0 b U 0 ∫ u dA
z0 z2 z3 z
0
z z 2 z3 zb z 30
z 0 b U 0=∫ az ( z 0 ¿ − z)b dz=ab[ − ] =ab ( 0 − )= ¿
0
2 3 0 2 3 6
a = 6Uo/z u=az (z 0 − z)=(6 Uo/ z 2)(z )(z 0 − z)

U max occurs at z=z 0 /2=0.020 /2=0.010 m

2
U max =[(6)(0.050)/( 0.020) ]( 0.01)(0.020− 0.010)=0.0750 m/ s∨75.0 mm /s .

Fig.8-16
164 □ CHAPTER 8
29 Assuming the container in Fig. 8-17a is large and losses are negligible, derive an expression for the distance X
near the free jet leaving horizontally will strike the floor, as a function of h and H. Sketch the three trajectories for
h/H = 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75
v 0=√ 2 g (H − h) h=¿2 /2 t=√ 2 h/ g
X =v 0 t=√ 2 g (H − h) √ 2 h/ g=2 √ h(H − h)
For h/H = 0.25, or h = 0.25H, X =2 √ (0.25 H)( H − 0.25 H)=0.866 H . For h/H = 0.50, or h = 0.50H,
X =2 √ (0.50 H )( H − 0.50 H)=H . For h/H = 0.75, or h = 0.75H, X =2 √ (0.75 H)( H − 0.75 H)=0.866 H .
These three trajectories are sketched in Fig. 8-17b.

30 In Fig. 8-18 what should the water level h be fo the free jet just to clear the wall?
v 0=√ 2 gh Fall distance=¿ /2=0.40 t=0.8944 / √ g
2

Horizontal distance = v 0 t=( √ 2 gh)(0.8944 / √ g)=0.50 h=0.156m=15.6cm

31 When 500 gpm flows through a 12-in pipe which later reduces to a 6-in pipe, calculate the average velocities in the two pipes.
1 Q=500 /[(7.48)(60)]=1.114 ft 3 / s
2 2
v 12=Q / A❑ =1.114/[(π )(12/12) /4 ]=1.42 ft / s v 6=Q/ A6 =1.114/[(π )(6 /12) /4 ]=5.67 ft /s
32 If the velocity in a 12-in pipe is 1.65 ft/s, what is the velocity in a 3-in-diameter jet issuing from a nozzle attached to the pipe?
A1 v 1= A 2 v 2 [( π )(12/12)2 /4 ](1.65)=[(π )(3/12)2 /4](v 2 ) v 2=26.4 ft /s

33 Air flows in a 6-in pipe at a pressure of 30.0 psig and a temperature of 100°F. If barometric pressure is 14.7 psia and velocity is
10.5 ft/s, how many pounds of air per second are flowing?
3
γ = p / RT =( 30.0+14.7)(144)/ [(53.3)( 100+460)]=0.2157 lb /ft
2
W =γ Av=0.2157 [( π )(6/ 1 2) / 4](10.5)=0.445lb / s
34. Carbon dioxide passes point A in a 3-in pipe at a velocity of 15 ft/s. The pressure at A is 30 psig and the

temperature is 70 °F. At point B downstream, the pressure is 20 psig and the temperature is 90°℉.For a

barometric pressure reading of 14.7 psia, calculate the velocity at B and compare the flows at A and B.
3
γ = p /RT γ A =(30+14.7)(144)/[(35.1)(70+ 460)]=0.3460 lb /ft
γ B =(20+ 14.7)(144)/[(35.1)( 90+460)]=0.2588lb/ ft
3
γ A A A U A =γ B A B U B

Since A A = A B, (0. 3460)(15)=( 0.2588)( v B ), v B =20.1 ft /s . The number of pound per second flowing is

constant, but the flow in cubic feet per second will differ because the specific weight is not constant.
2 3 3
Q A =A A v A=[( π )(3/12) / 4](15.0)=0.736 ft /s ; Q B= A B v B =[(π )(3 /2) 2/4 ](20.1)=0.987 ft /s .
 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW 165
35 What minimum diameter of pipe is necessary to carry 0.500 lb/s of air with a maximum velocity of 18.5 ft/s?The air is at 80°F and
under an abslute pressure of 34.0 psi.
3
W =γ Av γ air = p/ RT =(34.0)(144 )/[(53.3)(80+ 460)]=0.170 lb / ft
2
0.500=(0.170)[(π )(d) /4 ]¿) d=0.450ft or 5.40in
36 In the laminar flow of a fluid in a circular pipe, the velocity profile is exactly a true parabola. The rate of
discharge is then represented by the volume of a paraboloid. Prove that for this case the ratio of the mean
velocity to the maximum velocity is 0.5.
2
See Fig. 8-19. For a paraboloid, u=umax [1 −(r /r 0 ) ] .
r0
r 2 r4 r r2 r4
0
π r2
Q=∫ u dA=∫ u max [1 −(r /r 0 )2](2 π r dr )=2 π u max [ − 2 ] =2 π umax [ 0 − 02 ]=umax 0
2 2 4r0 0 2 4r0 2
0 π r0 2
V mean=Q / A=umax ( )/(π r 0)=umax /2. Thus V mean /umax =0.5 .
2

37 A gas ¿) flows at the rate of 1.6 lb/s past section A through a long rectangular duct of uniform
cross section 2 ft by 2 ft. At section B, the gas weighs 0.060 lb/ ft 3.Find the average velocities of flow at sections
A and B.

W =γ Av 1.6=(0.05)[(2)(2)]( v A ) v A =8.00 ft/s 1.6=(0.060)[(2)(2)]( v B) v B=6.67 ft/s

38 The velocity of a liquid((s.g.=1.26)in a 6-in pipeline is 1.6 ft/s. Calculate the flow in : (a)ft3/s, (b)slug/s.
2 3
(a) Q= Av=[( π )(6/ 12) / 4](1.6)=0.314 ft / s
2
(b) M =ρ Av=[(1.26)(1.94)][( π )(6 /12) / 4 ](1.6)=0.768 slug/ s
39 Oxygen flows in a 3-in by 3-in duct at a pressure of 42 psi and a temperature of 105 °F. If atmospheric pressure is 13.4 psia and the
velocity of flow is 18 fps, calculate the weight-flow rate.
3
γ = p / RT =( 42+13.4)(144) /[( 48.2)( 460+105)]=0.2929 1 b / ft

W =γ Av=(0.2929)[(3/1 2)(3 /12)](18)=0.330 lb/¿s

40 Air at 42 °C and at 3 bar absolute pressure flows in a 200-mm-diameter conduit at a mean velocity of 12 m/s.Find the mass flow
rate.
3 2
ρ=p /RT =3 x 105 /[(287)(273+42)]=3.318 kg/m M =ρ Av=3.318[(π )(0.200) /4 ](12)=1.25 kg /s

41 A 120-mm-diameter pipe enlarges to a 180-mm-diameter pipe. At section 1 of the smaller pipe, the density of a gas in steady flow
is 200 kg/m3 and the velocity is 20 m/s; at section 2 of the larger pipe the velocity is 14 m/s.Find the density of the gas at section 2.

ρ1 A 1 V 1 =ρ2 A 2 V 2 200 [(π )(0.120)2 /4 ](20)=( ρ2 )[(π )(0.180)2 /4 ]¿ ) ρ2=127 kg/m3

 166 □ CHAPTER 8

42 The Peconic River is spanned by Noyack

3
Bridge and Smith's Bridge. At noon on July 4, the measured flows under the two
bridges were Q N = 50m 3/s and Q s =40 m /s . Neglecting losses, compute the instantaneous rate of water storage between the
two bridges.
Q N −QS =dS /dt 50 − 40=dS/dt dS /dt=10 m3 /s
43 A worker in a children's playground is cleaning a slide with a hose. She observes that a horizontal stream directed into the low
end climbs to a point 12 ft above the nozzle. What is the nozzle velocity of the stream?

v=√ 2 gh=√ (2)(32.2)(12)=27.8 ft /s

8.44 At section 1 of a pipe system carrying water the velocity is 3.0 fps and the diameter is 2.0 ft. At section 2 the diameter is 3.0
ft. Find the discharge and velocity at section 2.

Q1=Q2= Av=[(π )(2.0)2/ 4](3.0)=9.42 cfs v 2=Q2 / A 2=9.42 /[(π )(3.0)2/4 ]=1.33 fps
8.45 In two-dimensional flow around a circular cylinder (Fig. 8-20), the discharge between streamlines is 34.56 in3/s per foot of
depth. At a great distance the streamlines are 0.25 in. apart, and at a point near the cylinder they are 0.12 in. apart. Calculate
the magnitudes of the velocity at these two points.

v=(Q /d)/w . At great distance, v=(34.56 /12)/0.25=11.52∈¿ s. Near the cylinder, v=(34.56 /12)/¿ 0.12 = 24 in/s

Fig.8-20

46 A pipeline carries oil(s.g.=0.86) at v=2m/s through a 20-cm-ID pipe. At another section the diameter is 8 cm. Find the velocity
at this section and the mass flow rate.

2 3 2
Q= A 1 v 1=[( π )(0.20) /4 ](2)=0.06283 m / s v 2=Q/ A 2=0.06283 /[(π )(0.08) /4 ]=12.5 m/s
2
M =ρ Av=[(0.86)(1000)][( π )(0.20) / 4 ](2)=54.0 kg / s
8.47 Hydrogen is flowing in a 3.0-in-diameter pipe at the steady rate of 0.03 lbm/s. Calculate the average velocity over a section
where the pressure is 30 psia and the temperature is 80 °F.

3
M =ρ Av ρ=p /RT =(30)(144)/[(765.5)(460+80)]=0.01045 lbm/ft
2
0.03=(0.01045)[( π )(3 /12) / 4 ]( v) v=58.5ft/s

48 If a jet is inclined upward 30° from the horizontal, what must be its velocity to reach over a 10-ft wall at a horizontal distance
of 60 ft, neglecting friction?

(v x ) 0=v 0 cos 30 °=0.8660 v 0 ,(v x )0 =v 0 sin 30 °=0.5000 v 0 . From Newton's laws,

x=(0.8660 v 0 )(t)=60 , z=0.5000 v 0 t −32.2 t /2=10. From the 2first equatio on, t=69.28 /v 0. Substituting this into
2

the second equation, (0.5000)(v 0)(69.28/v 0 )−(32.2)(69.28 /v 0) /2=10 , v 0=56.0 fps .

49 Water flows at 10 m 3/s in a 150-cm-diameter pipe; the head loss in a 1000-m length of this pipe is 20 m. Find the rate of
energy loss due to pipe friction.
Rate of energy loss = γ QH = (9.79)(10)(20)=1958 kW
 166 □ CHAPTER 8

50 Oil with specific gravity 0.750 is flowing through a 6-in pipe under a pressure of 15.0 psi. If the total energy relative to a
datum plane 8.00 ft below the center of the pipe is 58.6 ft·lb/lb,determine the flow rate of the oil.
2 2
H=z + v /2 g+ ρ /γ 58.6=8.00+ v /[(2)(32.2)]+(15)(144)/[(0.750)(62. 4)]
2 3
v=16.92 ft/s Q= Av=[( π )(6/12) /4](16.92)=3.32 ft /s
 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW 167

51 In Fig. 8-21, water flows from A, where thediameter is 12 in, to B, where the diameter is 24 in, at the rate of 13.2 cfs. The pressure
head at A is 22.1 ft. Considering no loss of energy from A to B, find the pressure head at B.
2 2 2
P A /γ + v A /2 g+ z A=P B /γ +v B /2 g+ z B v A =Q / A A=13.2/[( π)(12/12) /4 ]=16.81 ft /s
2
v B=Q / A B=13.2/[(π )(24 /12) /4 ]=4.202 ft / s
2
22.1+16.81 /[(2)(32.2)]+0=PB /γ + 4.2022/[(2)(3.2)]+(25.0− 10.0) PB /γ =11.2ft of w

52 A pipe carrying oil with specific gravity 0.877 changes in size from 6 in at section E to 18 in at section R.
Section E is 12 ft lower than R, and the pressures are 13.2 psi and 8.75 psi, respectively. If the discharge is

5.17 cfs, determine the lost head and the direction of flow.

2 2
H=z + v /2 g+ p /γ . Use the lower section (E) as the datum plane. v E =Q/ A E=5.17 /[(π )(6/12) /4]=26.33 ft/s,
2
v R=Q/ A R =5.17/[(π
2
)(18/12) /4 ]=2.926 ft / s;
H E=0+ 26.33 /[(2)(32.2)]+(13.2)(144)/[(0.87877)(62.4
2
)]=45.50 ft ,
H R=12+2.926 /[(2)(32.2)]+(8.75)(144)/[(0.877)(62.4 )]=35.16 ft . Since the energy at E exceeds that at R, flow occurs
from E to R. The lost head is 45.50-35.16,6,or 10.34E to R.

53 A horizontal air duct is reduced in cross-sectional area from 0.75 ft 2 to 0.20 ft 2. Assuming no losses,what pressure change will
occur when 1.50 lb/s of air flows? Uses y=0.200 lb/ ft 3 for the pressure and temperature conditions involved.
3 2
Q=1.50 /0.200=7.500 ft /s P A /γ + v A /2 g+ z A=P B /γ +v /2 g+ z B
2 2
P A /γ +(7.500/0.75) /[(2)(32.2)]+0=PB / γ +(7.500/0.20) /[(2)(32.2)]+0
P A /γ − P B /γ =20.28 ft of air P A − P B=(20.28)(0.200)/144=0.0282 psi

54 A turbine is rated at 600 hp when the flow of water through it is 21.5 cfs. Assuming an efficiency of 87 percent,what head is acting
on the turbine?
Rated horsepower = (extracted horsepower))(efficiency) = (γ QH /550)(efficiency)
600=[(62.4)(21.5)(H)/550](0.87) H=283 ft

55 A standpipe 20 ft in diameter and 40 ft high is filled with water. Calculate the potential energy of the water if the elevation datum is
taken 10 ft below the base of the standpipe.
2
PE=Wz=[( 62.4)(40)( π )(20) /4 ](10+ 40/2)=2.35 x 107 ft·lb

8.56 How much work could be obtained from the water in Prob. 8.55 if run through a 50-percent-efficient turbine that discharged into
a reservoir 30 ft below the base of the standpipe?
Work=ηPE=ηWz=(0.50)[(62.4)(40)(π)(20)2/4](30+4)=1.96x10'ft·lb

8.57 Determine the kinetic-energy flux of 0.01 n s of oil ((s.g.=0.80)discharging through a 40-mm-diameter nozzle.v=Q/A=0.01/[(π)
(0.040)2/4]=7.96m/s

KE=mv2/2=pQv2/2=[(0.80)(1000)](0.01)(7.96)2/2=253W

8.58 Neglecting air resistance, determine the height a vertical jet of water will riseFUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID
if projected with velocity 58 ft/s.FLOW 167
PE=KE Wz=mv2/2=(W/32.2)(58)2/2 z=52.2ft
168 □ CHAPTER 8

8.59 If the water jet of Prob. 8.58 is directed upward 45° with the horizontal and air resistance is neglected, how high will it rise?
At 45°,VH=vv=(58)(0.7071)=41.01ft/s;Wz=mv2/2=(W/32.2)(41.01)2/2,z=26.1ft.
8.60 Show that the work a liquid can do by virtue of its pressure is f p dV, in which V is the volume of lquid displaced.

Work=JFds.Since F=pA,work =fpA ds. Since A ds=dV,work=fpdV.

8.61 A fluid is flowing in a 6-in-diameter pipe at a pressure of 4.00 lb/in2 with a velocity of 8.00 ft/s. As shown in

Fig.8-22, the elevation of the center of the pipe above a given datum is 10.0 ft.Find the total energy head

above the given datum if the fluid is (a) water, (b) oil with a specific gravity of 0.82, and (c) gas with a specific

weight of 0.042 1b/ft3.

H=z+v2/2g+p/γ
(a) H=10.0+8.00/[(2)(32.2)]+(4.00)(144)/62.4=20.22 ft
(b) H=10.0+8.002/[(2)(32.2)]+(4.00)(144)/[(0.82)(62.4)=22.25 ft

(c) H=10.0+8.002/[(2)(32.2)]+(4.00)(144)/(0.042)=13725 ft

8.62 A 100-mm-diameter suction pipe leading to a pump, as shown in Fig. 8-23, carries a discharge of 0.0300 m3/s of
oil(s.g.=0.85)). If the pressure at point A in the suction pipe is a vacuum of 180 mmHg,find the total energy

head at point A with respect to a datum at the pump.

v=Q/A=0.0300/[(π)(1800)2/4]=3.820m/s p=yh=[(13.6)(9.79)](-1000)=-23.97kN/㎡

8.63
H=z+v2/2g+p/y=-1.200+3.8202/[(2)(9.807)]+(-23.97)/[(0.85)(9.79)]=-3.337m
Figure 8-24 shows a pump drawing water from a reservoir and discharging it into the air at point B. The pressure at point
A in the suction pipe is a vacuum of 10 in mercury, and the discharge is 3.00 ft3/s. Determine the total head at point A
and at point B with respect to a datum at the base of the reservoir.
H=z+v2/2g+p/y vA=Q/AA=3.00/[(π)(1)2/4]=5.50ft/s

HA=25+5.502/[(2)(32.2)]+[(13.6)(62.4)](-1)/62.4=14.14ft

vB=Q/AB=3.00/[(π)( 2)2/4]=8.59ft/s HB=(25+15+40)+8.592/[(2)(32.2)]+0=81.15ft

8.64 If the total available head of a stream flowing at a rate of 300 ft3/s is 25.0 ft, what is the theoretical horsepower available?

P = QyH=(300)(62.4)(25.0)=468 000 ft·lb/s=468 000/550=851 hp

8.65 A 150-mm-diameter jet of water is discharging from a nozzle into the air at a velocity of 36.0 m/s. Find the power in the jet
with respect to a datum at the jet.

Q=Av=[(π)(1000)2/4](36.0)=0.6262m3/s
 H=z+v2/2g+p/y=0+36.02/[(2)(9.807)]+0=66.08m

P=QyH=(0.6362)(9.79)(66.08)=412kN·m/sor 412kW
 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW 169

Fig.8-23

Oil (s.g.=0.84)) is flowing in a pipe under the conditions shown in Fig. 8-25. If the total head loss (hL) from point 1 to point 2 is 3.0 ft,
find the pressure at point 2.

P1/γ+v2/2g+z1=p2/y+u2/2g+z2+h2
v1=Q/A1=2.08/[(π)(62)2/4]=10.59ft/s v2=Q/A2=2.08/[(π)( 2)2/4]=4.71ft/s
(65)(144)/[(0.84)(62.4)]+10.592/[(2)(32.2)]+10.70=p2/y+4.712/[(2)(32.2)]+4.00+3.00
P2/y=183.67 ft P2=[(0.84)(62.4)](183.67)=9627 1b/ft2 or 66.91b/in
 170 □ CHAPTER 8

8.67 An 8-in-diameter horizontal pipe is attached to a reservoir, as shown in Fig. 8-26. If the total head loss between the water
surface in the reservoir and the water jet at the end of the pipe is 6.0 ft,what are the velocity and flow rate of the water being
discharged from the pipe?
P1/y+v2/2g+Z1=p2/y+v2/2g+z2+hL 0+0+15=0+v2/[(2)(32.2)]+0+6.0
v2=24.1 ft/s Q=A2V2=[(π)(B/2)2/4](24.1)=8.41ft3/s

8-im diameter

8.68 A 50-mm-diameter siphon is drawing oil (s.loss from point 1 to point 2 is 1.50 m and from point 2 to point 3 is 2.40 m, find the
discharge of oil from the 2)from an oil reservoir, as shown in Fig. 8-27.If the head siphon and the oil pressure at point 2.
P1/y+v2/2g+z1=p3/y+v2/2g+Z3+hL 0+0+5.00=0+v2/(2)(9.807)]+0+3.90
v3=4.645m/s Q=A3U3=[(π)(1800)2/4](4.645)=0.00912m3/s
p1/y+v2/2g+z1=p2/y+v2/2g+z2+hL 0+0+5.00=p2/y+4.6452/[(2)(9.807)]+7.00+1.50
170 □ CHAPTER 8
P2/γ=-4.60m P2=[(0.82)(9.79)](-4.60)=-36.9kN/㎡ -36.9kPa
8.69 Figure 8-28 shows a siphon discharging oil((s.g.=0.84)from a reservoir into open air. If the velocity of flow in the pipe is v, the
head loss from point 1 to point 2 is 2.0v2/2g, and the head loss from point 2 to point 3 is
 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW 171

Fig.8-27

3.0v2/2g,determine the volume flow rate in the siphon pipe and the absolute pressure at point 2. Assume an atmospheric
pressure of 14.70 psia.
P1/Y+v2/2g+Z1=P3/Y+v2/2g+Z3+hz 0+0+10=0+v/[(2)(32.2)]+0+5{v/[(2)(32.2)

v3=10.36 ft/s Q=A3v3=[(π)(3/2)2/4](10.36)=0.509ft/s P1/y+v2/2g+z1=p2/y+v2/2g+z2+hL

0+0+10=p2/y+10.362/[(2)(32.2)]+15+2{10.362/[(2)(32.2)]} P2/γ=-10.0 ft of oil
P2=[(0.84)(62.4)](-10.0)=-524lb/ft2 -3.64lb/in2 P2=14.70-3.64=11.061b/inabs

Fig.8-28
8.70 Once it has been started by sufficient suction, the siphon in Fig. 8-29 will run continuously as long as reservoir

fluid is available. Using Bernoulli's equation with no losses, show (a) that the exit velocity v2 depends only

upon gravity and the distance H and (b) that the lowest (vacuum) pressure occurs at point 3 and depends onthe
distanceL+H.

P1/y+v2/2g+z1=p2/Y+v2/2g+Z2+h,0+0+z=0+v/2g+2+0,v2=V2g(z1-Z2)=V2gH.For any point B in the tube,

PB/y+v2/2g+ZB=P2/y+v2/2g+Z2+hL. Since UB=U2andP2=Patm,PB=Pmtm-Y(ZB-Z2).The lowest pressure occurs
at the highest ZB, Or Pmin=P3=Patm-Y(L+H).
Fig.8-29
 172 □ CHAPTER 8

8.71 The siphon of Fig. 8-30 is filled with water and discharging at 150 L/s. Find the losses from point 1 to point 3 in terms of
velocity head v2/2g. Find the pressure at point 2 if two-thirds of the losses occur between points 1and 2.
P1/y+v2/2g+z1=p3/y+v/2g+Z3+hL 0+0+1.5=0+v2/2g+0+(K)(v2/2g)
v3=Q/A3=(1000)/[(π)(300002/4]=4.775m/s 1.5=4.7752/[(2)(9.807)]+K{4.7752/[(2)(9.807)]}
K=0.2904 hL=(0.2904){4.7752/[(2)(9.807)]}=0.338m
P1/y+v2/2g+z1=p2/y+v2/2g+z2+hL 0+0+0=p2/y+4.7752/[(2)(9.807)]+()(0.338)
P2/y=-3.388m of P2=(-3.388)(9.79)=-33.2kN/㎡

172 □ CHAPTER 8

Fig.8-30

8.72 For the water shooting out of the pipe and nozzle under the conditions shown in Fig. 8-31, find the height above the nozzle to
which the water jet will “shoot” (i.e., distance h in Fig. 8-31). Assume negligible head loss.

PA/γ+v2/2g+ZA=P1op/y+v200/2g+Z1op+hL
55.0/9.79+v2/2g+0=0+0+(1.00+h)+0 h=4.518+v2/2g
PA/Y+v2/2g+ZA=Pnoze/Y+U2/2g+ZBozzle+hL 55.0/9.79+v2/2g+0=0+v2/2g+1.100+0
AAUA=AnozleVnozzle [(π)(000)2/4]vA=[(π)(000)2/4]Uol Unozzle=4.00vA

55.0/9.79+v2/[(2)(9.807)]+0=0+(4.00vA)2/[(2)(9.807)]+1.100+0
vA=2.431m/s h=4.518+2.4312/[(2)(9.807)]=4.82m

8.73 Water flows from section 1 to section 2 in the pipe shown in Fig. 8-32. Determine the velocity of flow and the fluid pressure at
section 2. Assume the total head loss from section 1 to section 2 is 3.00 m.
Q=A1v1=A2U2 [(π)(1000)2/4](2.0)=[(π)(0)2/4](v2) v2=8.00m/s

p1/y+v2/2g+z1=p2/Y+v2/2g+Z2+hL
300/9.79+2.02/[(2)(9.807)]+2=p2/9.79+8.002/[(2)(9.807)]+0+3.00 P2=260 kPa

8.74 A nozzle is attached to a pipe as shown in Fig. 8-33. The inside diameter of the pipe is 100 mm, while the water jet exiting
from the nozzle has a diameter of 50 mm. If the pressure at section 1 is 500 kPa, determine the water jet's velocity. Assume head
loss in the jet is negligible.
Q=A1v1=A2U2 [(π)(1000)2/4](v1)=[(π)(000)2/4](v2) v1=0.250v2
P1/y+v2/2g+z1=p2/y+v2/2g+z2+hL

500/9.79+(0.250v2)2/[(2)(9.807)]+0=0+v2/[(2)(9.807)]+0+0 v2=32.7m/s
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW 173

Fig. 8-31

Fig. 8-32
Fig. 8-33
 174 □ CHAPTER 8
8.75 Oil flows from a tank through 500 ft of 6-in-diameter pipe and then discharges into the air, as shown in
Fig.8-34.If the head loss from point 1 to point 2 is 1.95 ft of oil, determine the pressure needed at point 1

to cause 0.60 ft3 of oil to flow.

v2=Q/A=0.60/[(π)(2)2/4]=3.06ft/s P1/y+v2/2g+z1=P2/y+v2/2g+Z2+hL

8.76 Water is to be delivered from a reservoir through a pipe to a lower level and discharged into the air, as shown in Fig. 8-
35. If head loss in the entire system is 11.58 m, determine the vertical distance between the point of water discharge and the
water surface in the reservoir.
v2=Q/A2=0.00631/[(π)(100)2/4]=3.214m/s p1/y+v2/2g+Z1=p2/y+v2/2g+Z2+hL
0+0+z1=0+3.2142/[(2)(9.807)]+0+11.58 Z1=12.11m

8.77 Determine the velocity and pressure at section 2 and section 3 if water flows steadily through the pipe system shown in
Fig. 8-36. Assume a head loss of 6.0 ft from section1 to section 2 and of 15.0 ft from section 2 to section 3.
A1v1=A2V2 [(π)()2/4](5.0)=[(π)(B2)2/4](v2) v2=20.0 ft/s
p1/γ+v2/2g+Z1=p2/y+v2/2g+z2+h2
(25)(144)/62.4+5.02/[(2)(32.2)]+20=(p2)(144)/62.4+20.02/[(2)(32.2)]+15+6.0
P2=22.0lb/in A1v1=A3U3
[(π)(1/)2/4](5.0)=[(π)(2)2/4](v3) v3=8.99 ft/s
p1/y+v2/2g+Z1=p3/y+v2/2g+Z3+hL

(25)(144)/62.4+5.02/[(2)(32.2)]+20=(p3)(144)/62.4+8.892/[(2)(32.2)]+10+(15.0+6.0)

P3=19.9lb/in
 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW 175

8.78 Compute the ideal flow rate through the pipe system shown in Fig. 8-37.
p1/γ+v2/2g+Z1=P2/Y+v2/2g+Z2+h2 P1/y+v2/[(2)(9.807)]+0.6 sin 30°=p2/y+0+0+0
v/[(2)(9.807)]=p2/γ-p1/y-0.300
From the manometer reading, P1-9.79(1.2sin 60°)=P2,P1-P2=10.17kN/ ㎡ ; v2/[(2)(9.807)]=10.17/9.79
-v1=3.807m/s;Q=A1v1=[(π)(20002/4](3.807)=0.120m3/s.

Fig.8-37

8.79 A large tank with a well-rounded, small opening as an outlet is shown in Fig. 8-38. What is the velocity of a jet issuing from the
tank?
P1/y+v2/2g+z1=p2/y+v2/2g+z2+hL 0+0+h=0+v2/2g+0+0 v2=V2gh

Fig. 8-38
8.80 Neglecting friction, find the velocity and volumetric discharge at the exit 2 in FFig.8-39.
p1/y+v2/2g+Z1=p2/y+v2/2g+z2+hL 0+0+(3.0+0.6+1.5)=0+v2/[(2)(9.807)]+0+0
U2=10.0m/s Q=Av=[(π)(10/0/0)2/4](10.0)=0.177m3/s
176 □ CHAPTER 8

Fig.8-39

8.81 One end of a U-tube is oriented directly into the flow (Fig. 8-40) so that the velocity of the stream is zero at this point. The
pressure at a point in the flow that has been stopped in this way is called the stagnation pressure.The other end of the U-tube
measures the undisturbed pressure at that section in the flow.Neglecting friction,determine the volume flow of water in the pipe.
p1/y+v2/2g+z1=p2/y+v2/2g+Z2+hL,p1/y+0+0=p2/y+v2/2g+0+0,v2/2g=p1/Y-P2/y. .From the manometer
readinng,p1+(62.4)(2/2)-[(13.6)(62.4)](22/2)=p2,P1-P2=163.8lb/ft2;v2/[(2)(32.2)]=163.8/62.4,v2=13.00 ft/s;Q=Av=[(π)
(B/2)2/4](13.00)=4.54ft3/s.

Fig.8-40

8.82 A cylindrical tank contains air, oil, and water, as shown in Fig. 8-41; the air is under gage pressurere p=4lb/in2Find the exit
vlocity at 2,neglecting any friction and the kinetic energy of the fluid above elevation A.The jet of water leaving has a diameter of 1
ft.P1=(4)(144)+[(0.8)(62.4)](2)=675.81b/ft2
P1/y+v2/2g+z1=p2/Y+v2/2g+Z2+hL
675.8/62.4+0+8=0+v2/[(2)(32.2)]+0+0 V2=34.8 ft/s

8.83 A large tank contains compressed air, gasoline at specific gravity 0.68,light oil at specific gravity 0.80,and
water,as shown in Fig. 8-42. The pressure p of the air is 120 kPa gage. If we neglect friction,what is the mass

flow of oil from a 20-mm-diameter jet?

p1/y+v2/2g+z1=P2/y+v2/2g+Z2+hL P1=120+[(0.68)(9.79)](2)=133.3kN/㎡
133.3/[(0.80)(9.79)]+0+0=0+v2/[(2)(9.807)]+4+0 V2=15.98m/s

M=pAv=[(0.80)(1000)][(π)(100)2/4](15.98)=4.02kg/s
 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW 177

Gasoline
specific Oil specific gravityity=0.80

gravity =0.68

Water

8.84 A flow nozzle is a device inserted into a pipe as shown in Fig. 8-43. If A2 is the exit area of the flow nozzle,show that for
incompressible flow we get for Q,

Q=C

where Ca is the coefficient of discharge,which takes into account frictional effects and is determined experimentally.

P/+ P+++0+0 v=v2+28(a-pa)

utpB-PA=P2-P1andv2=(v1)(A1/A2);hence,

=+28(-) =

=A

Multiplying by A2/A? in the numerator and denominator of the radical gives

=
 Fig.8-43

8.85 In Prob. 8.84,express Q in terms of h, the height of the mercury column (Fig. 8-43),and the diameters of the pipe and flow nozzle.
From Prob.8.84,

Q=C
178 CHAPTER 8

From the manometer,P1-P2=(YHg-YH2O)(h).

=c

8.86 A hump of height δ is placed on the channel bed in a rectangular channel of uniform width over its entire width (see Fig. 8-44).
The free surface has a dip d as shown. If we neglect friction, we can consider that we have one-dimensional flow. Compute the flow
q for the channel per unit width. This system is called a venturi flume.

p1/y+v2/2g+z1=p2/y+v2/2g+z2+hL 0+v2/2g+h=0+v2/2g+(h-d)+0

v2=v2-2gd A1v1=A2U2 [(1)(h)](v1)=[(1)(h-d-8)](v2)

v2=)() v=(v))-28d 31=-2gd

v=V1-h/(nd-8) q=hv1=VI/-[/(-d-8)

Fig.8-44

8.87 In the fountain of Fig.8-45,water flows steadily up the vertical pipe, enters the annular region between the circular plates, and
emerges as a free sheet. Find the volume flow of water through the pipe, if the pressure at A is 70 kPa gage and friction is negligible.

PA/y+v2/2g+ZA=PE/Y+v2/2g+ZE+hL

70/9.79+v2/[(2)(9.87)]+0=0+v2/[(2)(9.807)]+1.5+0

AAVA=AEVE [(π)(0.200)2/4](vA)=[(0.013)(π)(0.3+0.3)](vE) VA=0.780vE

70/9.79+(0.780vg)2/[(2)(9.807)]+0=0+v2/[(2)(9.807)]+2.0+0 vE=16.06m/s

Q=AEUE=[(0.015)(π)(0.5+0.5)](16.06)=0.757m3/s
 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW 179
8.88 If the velocity at point A in Fig. 8-46 is 18 m/s, what is the pressure at point B if we neglect friction?
PB/Y+v2/2g+ZB=pA/y+v2/2g+zA+hL

PB/9.79+v2/[(2)(9.807)]+0=0+182/[(2)(9.807)]+(0.5+15)+0
PB=-0.4991v2+313.5 Pc/y+v2/2g+Zc=PA/y+v2/2g+zA+hL
0+v2/[(2)(9.807)]+0=0+182/[(2)(9.807)]+15+0 vc=24.86m/s ABUB=Acvc
[(π)(3000)2/4](vB)=[(π)(00)2/4](24.86) VB=3.496 m/s

PB=(-0.4991)(3.496)2+313.5=319.6kN/㎡

Fig.8-4

8.89 A rocket-powered sled is used in the training of astronauts (Fig. 8-47).For braking, scoops are lowered to deflect water from a
stationary tank of water. To what height h does a sled traveling at 100 km/h deflect water?

In an inertial frame fixed to the sled, apply Bernoulli's equation between the scoop (point 1) and the highest point in the
trajectory (point2);p1/y+v2/2g+Z1=P2/y+v2/2g+Z2+h,0+v2/[(2)(9.807)]+0=0+(v1 cos 20°1cos 20°)2/[(2)(9.807)]+(h-
0.150)+0.From the data,v1=(100)(1000)/3600=27.78m/s,27.782/[(2)(9.807)] =(27.78 cos 20°)2/[(2)(9.807)]+(h-
0.150),h=4.80m.

(b) Fig. 8-47

8.90 A venturi meteris a device which is inserted into a pipe line to measure incompressible flow rates. As shown in Fig. 8-48, it
consists of a convergent section which reduces the diameter to between one-half and one-fourth the pipe diameter. This is followed
by a divergent section. The pressure difference between the position just before the venturi and at the throat of the venturi is
measured by a differential manometer as shown. Show that

Q=C
180 0 CHAPTER 8

where Ca is the coefficient of discharge, which takes into account frictional effects and is determined experimentally.

P1+ P/+/+0=++0+0 v2-v2=28(P2-p1)

A1U1=A2U2 v1=(v2)(4/) [(0)(/)]-02=28(P2-P) [(A/)-1](03)=28(P2-R)

2=-

8.91 A necked-down, or venturi, section of a pipe flow develops a low pressure which can be used to aspirate fluid upward from a
reservoir, as shown in Fig. 8-49. Using Bernoulli's equation with no losses, derive an expression for the exit velocity v2 that is just
sufficient to cause the reservoir fluid to rise in the tube up to section 1.

p1/y+v2/28+z1=p2/y+v2/2g+z2+hL P1/γ+v2/2g+0=pam/y+v2/2g+0+0
A1v1=A2V2 (πd2/4)(v1)=(πd2/4)(v2) V1=(v2)(d2/d1)2
P1/y+[(v2)(d2/d1)2]2/2g=Pam/y+v2/2g Patm-P1=(y/2g)(v2)[(d2/d1)4-1]
For fluid to rise in the tube, Patm-P1≥yh: (y/2g)(v2)[(d2/d1)*-1]≥yh,1

Fig.

8:92 Neglecting losses, find the discharge through the venturi meter of Fig. 8-50.
p1/y+v2/2g+z=p2/Y+v2/2g+z2+hL .From the manometer,p1/γ-(k+0.200)+(z1-z2+k)=p2/y;A1v1=A2U2,[(π)300)2/4]
(v)=[(π)(0.150)2/4](v2),U1=0.250v2;p1/y+(0.250v2)2/[(2)(9.807)]+z1=[p,/y-(k+0.250)+(z1-z2+k)]+v2/[(2)(9.807)]
+z2+0,v2=2.287m/s;Q=A2U2=[(π)(0.150)2/4](2.287) =0.0404 m3/s.
 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW 181
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW 181

8.93 With losses of 0.2v2/2g between sections 1 and 2 of Fig. 8-50, calculate the flow in gallons per minute.

From Prob. 8.8.92,v1=0.250v2=(0.250)(2.287)=0.5718m/s;p,/γ+(0.250v2)2/[(2)(9.807)]+z1=[p:/y-(k+0.250)+(z1-z2+k)]

+v2/[(2)(9.807)]+Z2+0.For Prob.8.93,add a term 0.2v2/2g to the previous equation,givinggp1/y+(0.250v2)2/[(2)(9.807)]
+z1=[p1/y-(k+0.250)+(z1-z2+k)]+V2/[(2)(9.807)]+Z2+ (0.2){0.57182/[(2)(9.807)]},U2=2.272m/s;Q=A2V2=[(π)(0.150)2/4]
(2.272)=0.0401m3/s=[0.0401/(0.3048)](7.48)(60)=636 gpm.

8.94 The device shown in Fig. 8-51 is used to determine the velocity of liquid at point 1. It is a tube with its lower end directed
upstream and its other leg vertical and open to the atmosphere. The impact of liquid against opening 2 forces liquid to rise in the
vertical leg to the height z above the free surface. Determine the velocity at 1.
P1/y+v2/2g+Z1=P2/y+v2/2g+z2+hL k+v2/2g+0=0+(k+Δz)+0+0 v1=V2gΔz

8.95 In Fig. 8-52 the losses in the exit pipe equal Kv2/2g, whereK=5.0.. The tank reservoir is large. Compute the flow rate in cubic feet
per minute.
p1/y+v2/2g+z1=P2/Y+v2/2g+22+hL

(15)(144)/[(0.86)(62.4)]+0+6=(14.7)(144)/[(0.86)(62.4)]+v2/[(2)(32.2)]+0+(5.0){v2/[(2)(32.2)]}
v2=8.54 ft/s Q=Av=[(π)(1/2)2/4](8.54)=0.0466 ft3/s 2.80ft3/min

Fig.
8.96 The manometer fluid in Fig. 8-53 is mercury. Neglecting losses, calculate the flow rate in the tube if the flowing fluid is (a) water,
(b) air. Use 60 °F as the fluid temperature.

p1/y+v2/2g+z1=p2/y+v2/2g+Z2+hL,p,/y+v/2g+0=p2/y+0+0+0,P2-P1=(γ)(v}/2g).the manometer,(γ)(v/2g)=65.52.

(a) 62.4){v2/[(2)(32.2)]}=65.52 v1=8.223 ft/s Q=A1v1=[(π)(4/2)2/4](8.223)=0.718ft/s

(b) (0..0763){v/[(2)(32.2)]}=65.52
v1=235.2ft/s Q=A1v1=[(π)(4/12)2/4](235.2)=20.5ft/s

Fig. 8-53
 182 CHAPTER 8

8.97 In Fig. 8-54 the fluid is air(γ=12N/m3),and the manometer fluid has s.gg.=0.827.Assuming no losses,compute the flow rate in
L/s.

p1/y+v2/2g+z1=P2/Y+v2/2g+Z2+hL,p1/y+0+0=p2/y+v2/2g+0+0,P1-P2=(Y)(v2/2g).From
the manometer,r, p1+(12x10-3)(y+0.080) - [(0.827)(9.79) 80)-(12x10-3)y=P2,P1-P2=
0.6467kN/㎡;(y)(v/2g)=0.6467,(12x10-3){v2/[(2)(9.807)]}=0.6467,V2=32.51m/s;Q=A2V2=
[(π)(0.050)2/4](32.51)=0.0638 m3/s=63.8L/s.

8.98 The flow from two reservoirs mixes together and flows through a common pipe. The elevations and pipe diameters are
indicated in Fig. 8-55. Both reservoirs contain the same liquid and are open to the atmosphere.The common pipe empties to the
atmosphere. Neglecting any frictional effects,find the flow rate through the common pipe.

P1/y+v2/2g+Z1=P2/y+v2/2g+z2+hL Patm/y+0+h1=P2/y+v2/2g+0+0
Pam+yh1=p2+rv2/2g (1)
P3/y+v2/2g+Z3=p4/y+v2/2g+Z4+hL Patm/y+0+h2=p4/y+v2/2g+0+0
Patm+yh2=p4+yv2/2g (2)
Ps/y+v2/2g+zs=p6/y+v2/2g+z6+hx Ps/y+v2/2g+0=Patm/y+v2/2g+(-h3)+0
ince vs=v6,
Ps=Patm-Yh3 (3)

AssumePs=P2=P4. Substituting this common value of pressure back into Eqs. (1) (2)and solving for the velocity in each
branch,we we get v2=V2g(h1+h3),U4=V2g(h2+h3)Q=Av=(πd2/4)V2g(h1+h3)+(πd2/4)V2g(h2+h3)=(π/4)
[dV2g(h1+h3)+d2V2g(h2+h3)]

8.99 A steady jet of water comes from a hydrant and hits the ground some distance away, as shown in Fig. 8-56. If the water outlet
is 1 m above the ground and the hydrant water pressure is 862 kPa, what distance from the hydrant does the jet hit the ground?
Atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa.
The magnitude of v, can be obtained by noting that at the hydrant outlet the flow is entirely in the x
direction,Ux=V2..Applying the Bernoulli equation between the interior of the hydrant and the outlet gives
P1+pgy1+1/2pV2=P2+pgy2+2/2pV2. .The pressure in the hydrant p1 is given, and the outlet is open to the
atmosphere,,P2=Patm.The elevation of points 1 and 2 is the same,y1=y2.We assume that the outlet area is small enough
compared with the hydrant cross-sectional area for the hydrant to be essentially a reservoir,<V2. Neglecting get
vx=V(2/p)(P1-Patm). Since v, is constant, it can be brought outside the integral for l,giviivingl=vxT.
To find the time T required for a fluid particle to hit the ground, we apply the Bernoulli equation between point 1 and
some arbitrary point on the jet having elevation y and velocity V:p1+pgh=Patm+pgy+1/2pV2.Now V2=v2+v2When we
use the previously determined value of v, and note thatvy=dy/dt,dt,the Bernoulli equation becomes We take the
square root (the negative root is the appropriate one since dy/dt must be negative):dy dy/dt=-V2g(h-y) . Then we
separate variables and integrate between the limits of y=h,t=0 andy=0,t=T:

V28d

Integrating
182 CHAPTER and 8
solving for T gives T=V2h/g . The y component of the fluid motion is that of a body freely falling under
the influence of gravity.

Finally, we substitute numerical values toget vx=V10[(862-101)(1000)]=39.0(m·N/kg)12,or

39.0m/s;T=V(2)(1.0)/9.807=0.452s;L=vt=(39.0)(0.452)=17.6m.
 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW 183

Fig. 8-55

8.100 Water flows between the two reservoirs in Fig. 8-57 at the rate of 16 L/s. What is the head loss in the pipe? If atmospheric
pressure is 100 kPa and the vapor pressure is 8 kPa, for what constriction diameter d will cavitation occur? Assume no additional losses
due to changes in the constriction.
p1/y+v2/2g+Z1=p2/y+v2/2g+Z2+hL,0+0+20=0+0+5+hL,hL=15m;Uchroat=Q/Athroat=0.016/(πď2/4). Assume a central
constriction, with 1/, or 7.5-m head loss on each side. Apply Bernoulli's equation between point 1 and the constriction,
withP1=Patm=100 kPa and p。=8 kPa aat the constriction.
 184 0 CHAPTER 8

100/9.79+0+20=8/9.79+v/[(2)(9.807)]+0+7.5,Umax=20.7m/s;20.7=0.016/(πd2/4),d=0.0314m,or
2.98cm.
 184 0 CHAPTER 8

g.8-57

8.101 The horizontal wye fitting in Fig. 8-58 splits Q, into two equal flow rates. At section 1,Q1=4ft3/s and P1=20ppsig.Neglecting
losses, compute pressures p2 and P3.
p1/y+v2/2g+z1=p2/y+v2/2g+z2+hL v1=Q1/A1=4/[(π)(62)2/4]=20.37 ft/s
V2=Q2/A2=/[(π)(42)2/4]=22.92 ft/s

(20)(144)/62.+20.372/[(2)(32.2)]+0=(P2)(144)/62.4+22.922/[(2)(32.2)]+0+0
P2=19.3psig P1/y+v2/2g+z1=p3/y+v/2g+Z3+hL v3=Q3/A3=4/[(π)(3/2)2/4]=40.74ft/s
(20)(144)/62.4+20.372/[(2)(32.2)]+0=(p3)(144)/62.4+40.742/[(2)(32.2)]+0+0 P3=11.6 psig

184 0 CHAPTER 8
8.102 A cylindrical tank of diameter do contains liquid to an initial height ho. At time t a small stopper of diameter d is removed
from the bottom. Using Bernoulli's equation with no losses, derive a differential equation for the free-surface height h during
draining and an expression for the time to to drain the entire tank.
Letting point 1 be the liquid surface and point 2 at the exit,
P1/y+v2/2g+z1=P2/y+v2/2g+z2+hL,0+v2/2g+h=0+v2/2g+0+0,v2=v2-2gh;A1v1=A2U2,(πd2/4)(v1)=(πd2/4)(v2),U2=(do/
d)2(v1)v2=[(do/d)2(v1)]2-2gh,v1=V2gh/(d/d4-1). Or v1=VKh where K=2g/[(do/d)4-1] ].But also,v1=-dh/dt,dh/dt=-VKh

C=[-Vka )[h2]=-VK[t]o (2)(h12-h2)=-VKt h=(nn-V)

Or,h={h12-[g/(2)(d/d*-1)]t}2.

8.103 In the water flow over the spillway in Fig. 8-59, the velocity is uniform at sections 1 and 2 and the pressure approximately
hydrostatic. Neglecting losses, compute v1 and v2. Assume unit width.
P1/y+v2/2g+z1=P2/y+v2/2g+z2+hL 0+v2/2g+6=0+v2/2g+1+0
A1V1=A2U2 [(6)(1)](v1)=[(1)(1)](v2) V2=6v1
v2/[(2)(9.807)]+6=(6v,)2/[(2)(9.807)]+1 v1=1.67m/s v2=(6)(1.67)=10.02m/s
 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW 185

8.104 For the water channel flow down the sloping ramp of Fig. 860,h1=1m,H=3m,andv1=4m/s..The flow is
uniform at 1 and 2. Neglecting losses, find the downstream depth h2 and show that three solutions are possible,
of which only two are realistic. Neglect friction.
P1/y+v2/2g+z1=p2/y+v2/2g+z2+hL 0+42/[(2)(9.807)]+(3+1)=0+v2/[(2)(9.807)]+h2+0
A1v1=A2U2 [(1)(1)](4)=[(h2)(1)](v2) V2=4/h2
42/[(2)(9.807)]+4=(4/h2)2/[(2)(9.807)]+h2 h32-4.816h2+0.8157=0
There are three mathematical solutions to this equation:
h2=4.78m (subcritical)
h2=0.432m (supercritical)
h2=-0.396m (impossible)

8.105 For water flow up the sloping channel in Fig.8-61,h1=0.5ft,v1=15 ft/s,and H=2fft.Neglect losses and
assume uniform flow at 1 and 2. Find the downstream depth h2 and show that three solutions are possible, of
which only two are realistic.
p1/y+v2/2g+Z1=P2/y+v2/2g+Z2+hL 0+152/[(2)(32.2)]+0.5=0+v2/[(2)(32.2)]+(2+h2)+0
A1v1=A2U2 [(0.5)(1)](15)=[(h2)(1)](v2) V2=7.5/h2
152/[(2)(32.2)]+0.5=(7.5/h2)2/[(2)(32.2)]+(2+h2) h3-1.994h2+0.8734=0
There are three mathematical solutions to this equation:
h2=1.69ft (subcritical)
h2=0.887 ft (supercritical)
h2=-0.582 ft (impossible)

Fig.8-61
 186 CHAPTER 8
8.106 A constant 12-lb force is applied to the piston in Fig. 8-62, and flow losses are negligible. Compute the water-jet exit
velocity v2.
p1/γ+v2/2g+z1=Patm/y+v2/2g+22+hL. Considering the force acting on the pistoston,12=(P1-Pa)[(π)(B/2)2/4],P1-
Patm=34.38lb/ft2;A1v1=A2U2,[(π)()/4](v1)=[(π)(4/2)2/4](v2),v1=0.250v2;(P1-Patm)/y+(0.250v2)2/[(2)(32.2)]+0=v2/[(2)(32.2)]
+0+0,34.38/62.4+(0.250v2)2/[(2)(32.2)]+0=v2/[(2)(32.2)]+0+0,v2=6.15 ft/s.

Fig.8-63

8.107 The horizontal lawn sprinkler of Fig. 8-63 is fed water through the center at 1.2 L/s. If collar friction is negligible,what is the
steady rotation rate for((a)θ=0°and(b)θ≠30°?

00=0/(12x007/4=10.39m/s

Choose an inertial (nonrotating) frame with origin at the center of the sprinkler; let (p, Ø) be polar coordinates relative to
this frame.

An emergent water jet has velocity components

vp=vo sin θ Vφ=vo cos θ-rw

For zero reactive torque-the criterion for the steady statate-vp=0,or ω=(vo cos θ)/r.
(a) ω=(10.39)(cos 0°)/0.20=51.95 rad/s or 496 rpm
(b) ω = (10.39)(cos 30°)/0.20=44.99 rad/sor 430rpm

8.108 Water flows at 6 ft/s through a pipe 500 ft long with diameter 1 in. The inlet pressureep1=200pssig,and the exit section is 100
ft higher than the inlet. What is the exit pressure p2if the friction head loss is 350ft?
P1/γ+v2/2g+z1=p2/y+v2/2g+z2+h2
(200)(144)/62.4+v2/2g+0=(p2)(144)/62.4+v2/2g+100+350 v2/2g=v2/2g P2=5.00psig
8.109 A 30-in-diameter pipeline carries oil ((s.g.=0.86)at 600 000 barrels per day. The friction head loss is 10 ft per 1000 ft of pipe.
Compute the pressure drop per mile.

p,/y+v2/2g+Z1=p2/y+v2/2g+z2+hL

p:/[(0.86)(62.4)]+v/2g+0=p2/[(0.86)(62.4)]+v2/2g+0+(10/1000)(5280)
v2/2g=v2/2g P1-P2=2833lb/ft2 or 19.7lb/in
8.110 The long pipe in Fig. 8-64 is filled with water. When valve A is closed,P2-P1=12pspsi. When the valve is open and water flows at
10 ft3/sP1-P2=25ppsi.What is the friction head loss between 1 and 2 for the flowing condition?
P1/y+v2/2g+Z1=p2/y+v2/2g+Z2+hL v2/2g=v2/2g
 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW 187

Valve closed:(P2-P1)(144)/62.4=z1-Z2 Z1-z2=(12)(144)/62.4=27.69ft

Valve open:
(P1-P2)(144)/62.4+(z1-z2)=hL (25)(144)/62.4+27.69=h hL=85.4ft

8.111 Find the manometer reading in the lossless system of Fig. 8-65.
P1/γ+v2/2g+z1=P2/y+v2/2g+Z2+hL
A1v1=A2U2 [(π)(3/2)2/4](2)=[(π)(1/12)2/4](v2) v2=18.0ft/s
p,/y+22/[(2)(32.2)]+0=0+18.02/[(2)(32.2)]+8+0 P1/γ=12.97
For the manometer,12.97+2.5-13.6h=0,h=1.14f

8.112 In Fig. 8-66 on p. 188 the pipe exit losses are (1.5) 2g,where v is the exit velocity. What is the exit weight flux of water?
p1/y+v2/2g+z1=p2/y+v2/2g+22+hL P1=(20)(144)+[(0.68)(62.4)](4)=3050 lb/ft2
3050/62.4+0+5=0+v2/[(2)(32.2)]+0+(1.5){v/[(2)(32.2)]} V2=37.25 ft/s
W=yAv=(62.4)[(π)(22)2/4](37.25)=50.7Ib/s

8.113 In Fig. 8-67 the fluid is water, and the pressure gage readsP1=180 kPagage. If the mass flux is 15 kg/s, what is the head loss
between 1 and 2?

P1/y+v2/2g+Z1=P2/y+v2/2g+z2+hL
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW 187
M=pAv 15=1000[(π)(0.08)2/4](v1) v1=2.984m/s 15=1000[(π)(0.05)2/4](v2) v2=7.639m/s
180/9.79+2.9842/[(2)(9.807)]+0=0+7.6392/[(2)(9.807)]+12+hL hL=3.86m
 188 □ CHAPTER 8

188 □ CHAPTER 8

8.114 Oil at specific gravity 0.761 flows from tank A to tank E, as shown in Fig. 8-68. Lost head items may be assumed to be as
follows: A toto B=0.60v22/2g;BtoC=9.0v22/2g;CtoD=0.40v2/2g;DtoE=9.0v2/2g.Find the flow rate and the pressure at C.
PA/y+v2/2g+ZA=PE/Y+v2/2g+ZE+hL

0+0+40.0=0+0+0+(0.60v2+9.0v22+0.402+9.0v2)/[(2)(32.2)]
9.60v22+9.40v2=2576 A1v1=A2U2 [(π)(1)2/4](v12)=[(π)()2/4](v6) v6=4.00v12
9.60v22+(9.40)(4.00v12)2=2576 v12=4.012 ft/s

Q=Av=[(π)(/2)2/4](4.012)=3.15ft3/s

PA/y+v22g+ZA=pc/y+v2/2g+Zc+hL

0+0+40.0=(pc)(144)/[(0.761)(62.4)]+4.0122/[(2)(32.2)]

+(40.0+2)+[(0.60)(4.012)2+(9.0)(4.02)2]/[(2)(32.2)]

Pc=-1.53lb/in2

Fig.8-68

8.115 (a)What is the pressure on the nose of a torpedo moving in salt water at 100 ft/s at a depth of 30.0 ft? (b) If the pressure at
point C on the side of the torpedo at the same elevation as the nose is 10.0 psig, what is the relative velocity at that point?

(a) In this case, greater clarity in the application of the Bernoulli equation may be attained by considering the relative
motion of a stream of water past the stationary torpedo.The velocity of the nose of the torpedo will
 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW 189
then be zero. Assume no lost head in the streamtube from a point A in the undisturbed water just ahead of the torpedo to a
point B on the nose of the torpedo: PA/γ+v2/2g+ZA=PB/y+v/2g+ZB+hL,30.0+002/[(2)(32.2)]+0=pB/y+0+0+0,pB/
y=185.3ft,pB=(64.2)(185.3)/144=82.6pspsi.This pressure is called the stagnation pressure and may be expressed as
ps=po+pv2/2.
PA/y+v2/2g+ZA=pc/y+v2/2g+Zc+hL
30.0+1002/[(2)(32.2)]+0=(10.0)(144)/64.2+v2/[(2)(32.2)]+0+0 vc=102.4ft/s
(
8.116 A sphere is placed in an air stream which is at atmospheric pressure and is moving at 100.0 ft/s. Using the

density of air constant at 0.00238 slug/ft', calculate the stagnation pressure and the pressure on the surface of

the sphere at a point B, 75° from the stagnation point, if the velocity there is 220.0 ft/s.
From Prob. 8.1115,ps=po+pv2/2=(14.7)(144)+(0.00238)(100.0)2/2=2129 lb/ft2,or
14.8lb/in2.ps/y+v2//2g+Zs=pB/y+v2/2g+ZB+hL,2129/[(0.00238)(32.2)]+0+0=pB/y+220.02/[(2)(32.2)]+0+0,PB/Y=27029 ft PB
=[(0.00238)(32.2)](27029)=20711b/ft2,,or 14.4lb/in2.
8.117 A large closed tank is filled with ammonia (NH3) under a pressure of 5.30 psig and at 65 ° ℉. The ammonia discharges into the
atmosphere through a small opening in the side of the tank.Neglecting friction losses,calculate the velocity of the ammonia leaving the
tank assuming constant density. The gas constant for ammonia is 89.5 ft/°R.
Apply Bernoulli's equation between the tank (1) and the atmosphere(2(2).p1/Y+v2/2g+z1=p2/y+v2/2g+z2+hL,y=p/RT,
YNH3=(5.30+14.7)(144)/[(89.5)(460+65)]=0.06129 lb/ft3,(5 /0.06129+0+0=0+v2/[(2)(32.2)]+0+0,v2=896ft/s.

8.118 Water at 90 °F is to be lifted from a sump at a velocity of 6.50 ft/s through the suction pipe of a pump. Calculate the theoretical
maximum height of the pump setting under the following conditions:Patm=14.25ppsia,Pv=0.70psia,and h, in the suction pipe velocity
heads.
The minimum pressure at the entrance to the pump cannot be less than the vapor pressure of the liquid.Apply Bernoulli's
equation between the water surface outside the suction pipe and the entrance to the
pump:p1/y+v2/2g+z1=P2/y+v2/2g+z2+hL, 144)/62.1+0+0=(0.70)(144)/62.1+6.50/[(2)(32.2)]+Z2+3{6.502/[(2)(32.2)]}
Z2=28.8fft. (Under these conditions, serious damage due to cavitation will probably occur.)
8.119 For the Venturi meter shown in Fig. 8-69, the deflection of mercury in the differential gage is 14.3 in. Determine the flow of
water through the meter if no energy is lost between A and B.
Pa/y+v2/2g+ZA=pB/y+v/2g+ZB+hL
PA/γ+v2/[(2)(32.2)]+0=pB/y+v/[(2)(32.2)]+30.0/12+0 PA/γ-pB/y=0.01553(v-v2)+2.500
AAUA=ABUB [(π)(12)2/4](vA)=[(π))/4](vB) vA=0.250vB

From the manometer,PA/γ+z+14.3/12-(13.6)(14.3/12)-z-30.0/12=pB/y,pA/Y-pB/Y=17.52ft,17.52=0.01553[v-(0.250vB)]

+2.500,v=32.12ft/s;Q=Av=[π)2)2/4](32.12)=6.31ft3/s.
 190 CHAPTER 8

8.120 For the meter in Fig. 8-69, consider air at 80 °F with the pressure atA=377.5 psig. Consider a deflection of the gage of
14.3 in of water. Assuming that the specific weight of the air does not change between A and B and that the energy loss is
negligible, determine the amount of air flowing in pounds per second.
PA/Y+v2/2g+ZA=pB/y+v/2g+B+h
PA/γ+v2/[(2)(32.2)]+0=pB/y+v/[(2)(32.2)]+30.0/12+0 PA/y-PB/γ=0.01553(v28-v2)+2.500
AAVA=ABVB [(π)(1)2/4](vA)=[(π)()2/4](vB) UA=0.250vB
γ=p/RT Yair=(37.5+14.7)(144)/[(53.3)(460+80)]=0.2612lb/ft3
From the manometerPA/Y+z+14.3/12-(62.4/0.2612)(14.3/12)-z-30.0/12=pB/Y,pA/γ-pB/y=286.0 ft c of
air;286.0=0.01553[v2-(0.250vB)2]+2.500,vB=139.5ft/s; W=yAv=2612[(π)(2)2/4](139.5)=7.15 1b/s.

8.121 Given a frictionless flow of water at 125.6 ft3/s in a long, horizontal, conical pipe, of diameter 2 ft at one end and 6 ft at the
other. The pressure head at the smaller end is 18 ft of water. Find the velocities at the two ends and the pressure head at the larger
end.
v1=Q/A1=125.6/[(π)(2)2/4]=39.98 ft/s v2=Q/A2=125.6/[(π)(6)2/4]=4.44ft/s
P1/y+v2/2g+z1=P2/y+v2/2g+z2+hL
18+39.982/[(2)(32.2)]+0=p2/y+4.442/[(2)(32.2)]+0+0 P2/γ=42.5 ftft of water

8.122 Water flows through a long, horizontal, conical diffuser at the rate of 4.0 m3/s. The diameter of the diffuser varies from 1.0 m
to 2.0 m; the pressure at the smaller end is 8.0 kPa. Find the pressure at the downstream end of the diffuser, assuming frictionless
flow and no separation from the walls.
P1/y+v2/2g+z1=p2/y+v2/2g+Z2+hL
v1=Q/A1=4.0/[(π)(1.0)2/4]=5.093m/s v2=Q/A2=4.0/[(π)(2.0)2/4]=1.273 m/s
8.0/9.79+5.0932/[(2)(9.807)]+0=p2/9.79+1.2732/[(2)(9.807)]+0+0 P2=20.13 kPa

8.123 A vertical pipe 3 ft in diameter and 30 ft long has a pressure head at the upper end of 22 ft of water.When water flows
through it with mean velocity 15 fps, the friction loss is 6 ft. Find the pressure head at the lower end of the pipe when the flow is
(a) downward and (b) upward.
(a) P1/y+v2/2g+Z1=P2/y+v2/2g+Z2+hL
22+152/[(2)(32.2)]+30=p2/y+152/(2)(32.2)]+0+6 P2/γ=46.0ft
(b) P2/y+v2/2g+z2=p1/y+v2/2g+z1+hL
P2/Y+152/[(2)(32.2)]+0=22+152/[(2)(32.2)]+30+6 P2/γ=58.0 ft

8.124 A vertical conical pipe has diameter 1.5 ft at the top and 3.0 ft at the bottom, and is 60 ft long.The friction loss is 10 ft for flow
in either direction when the velocity at the top is 30 fps and the pressure head there is 6.5 ft of water.Find the pressure head at the
bottom when the flow is (a) downward and (b) upward.
Q=A1v1=[(π)(1.5)2/4](30)=53.01ft3/s v2=Q/A2=53.01/[(π)(3.0)2/4]=7.50ft/s
(a) P1/y+v2/2g+z1=p2/y+v2/2g+z2+hL
6.5+302/[(2)(32.2)]+60=p2/y+7.502/[(2)(32.2)]+0+10 P2/γ=69.6ft
(b) P2/y+v2/2g+z2=p1/y+v2/2g+z1+hL
P2/y+7.52/[(2)(32.2)]+0=6.5+302/[(2)(32.2)]+60+10 P2/γ=89.6ft

8.125 The inclined pipe in Fig. 8-70 is of uniform diameter. The pressure at A is 20 psi and at B, 30 psi. In which
direction is the flow,and what is the friction loss of the fluid, if the liquid has specific weight (a) 30 lb/ft3 and
190 CHAPTER 8
(b)100lb/ft3?
PA/Y+v2/2g+ZA=pB/y+v/2g+ZB+hL .Assume flow is from A to B.
 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW191
(a) (20)((20)(144)/30+v2/2g+25=(30)(144)/30+v/2g+0+hL, v2/2g=v3/2g,h2=-23.0ft. ft. Since h negative, flow is actually from
B to A.
(b) (20)((20)(144)/100+v2/2g+25=(30)(144)/100+v2/2g+0+h,/2g=/2g,=10.6ft.positive, flow is from A to B, as assumed.

ig. 8-70

8.126 In Fig. 8-70, if the difference in elevation between A and B is 10 m and the pressures at A and B are 150 kPa and 250 kPa,
respectivel, find the direction of flow and the head loss. The liquid has specific gravity 0.85.
PA/Y+v22g+ZA=pB/Y+v/2g+ZB+hL . Assume flow is from A to B. 150/[(0.0.85)(9.79)]+v2/2g+10=250/[(0.85)(9.79)]
+v/2g+0+h,hL=-2.02m.1.Since h, is negative, flow is actually from B to A.

8.127 An irrigation line carries water from a lake down into an arid valley floor 810 ft below the surface of the lake.The water is
discharged through a nozzle with a jet velocity of 220 fps; the diameter of the jet is 4 in. Find the power of the jet and the power lost in
friction.
PA/Y+v2/2g+ZA=PB/Y+v/2g+ZB+hL 0+0+810=0+2202/[(2)(32.2)]+0+hL
h2=58.45 ft Q=Av=[(π)(4/12)2/4](220)=19.2ft3/s
Pjot=Qyv2/2g=(19.2)(62.4){2202/[(2)(32.2)]}=900 000 ft lb/s=900 000/550=1636 hp
Plost=QyhL=(19.2)(62.4)(58.45)=70000 ft·lb/s=70000/550=127 hp

8.128 Water is flowing in a channel, as shown in Fig. 8-71. Neglecting all losses, determine the two possible depths of flow y1 and y2.
PA/γ+v2/2g+ZA=pB/y+v2/2g+ZB+hL
Q=AAVA=[(4)(10)](16.1)=644ft3/s UB=Q/AB=644/(10y)=64.4/y
0+16.12/[(2)(32.2)]+(8+4)=0+(64.4/y)2/[(2)(32.2)]+y+0 64.4/y2+y-16.02=0
y1=2.16
y3-16.02y2+64.4=0 ft y2=15.8

8.129 Neglectingall losses, in Fig. 8-71 the channel narrows in the drop to 6 ft wie at section B. For uniform flow across section B,
determine the two possible depths of flow.
PA/Y+v2/2g+ZA=pB/Y+v/2g+ZB+h
Q=AAvA=[(4)(10)](16.1)=644ft3/s UB=Q/AB=644/(6y)=107.3/y
0+16.12/[(2)(32.2)]+(8+4)=0+(107.3/y)2/[(2)(32.2)]+y+0 178.8/y2+y-16.02=0
y3-16.02y2+178.8=0 y1=3.83 ft y2=15.3ft
 192 0 CHAPTER 8

8.130 If the losses from section A to section B of Fig. 8-71 are 1.9 ft, determine the two possible depths at section B.
PAly+v2/2g+ZA=PB/y+v2/2g+ZB+hL
Q=AAvA=[(4)(10)](16.1)=644ft3/s vB=Q/AB=644/(10y)=64.4/y
0+16.12/[(2)(32.2)]+(8+4)=0+(64.4/y)2/[(2)(32.2)]+y+1.9 64.4/y2+y-14.12=0
y3-14.12y2+64.4=0 y1=2.34 ft y2=13.8ft

8.131 High-velocity water flows up an inclined plane, as shown in Fig. 8-72. Neglecting all losses, calculate the two possible
depths of flow at section B.
PA/y+v2/2g+ZA=PB/y+v/2g+ZB+h
Q=AAUA=[()(2)](9.806)=9.806m3/s UB=Q/AB=9.806/(2y)=4.903/y
0+9.8062/[(2)(9.807)]+1000=0+(4.903/y)2/[(2)(9.807)]+(2.5+y)+0 1.226/y2+y-2.903=0
y3-2.903y2+1.226=0 y1=0.775m y2=2.74m

Fig.

8.132 In Fig.8-72, the channel changes in width from 2 m at section A to 3 m at section B. For losses of 0.3 m between sections A
and B, find the two possible depths at section B.
PA/Y+v2/2g+zA=PB/y+v/2g+ZB+h Q=AAvA=[()(2)](9.806)=9.806㎡3/s
vB=Q/AB=9.806/(3y)=3.269/y

0+9.8062/[(2)(9.807)]+00=0+(3.269/y)2/[(2)(9.807)]+(2.5+y)+0.3
0.5448/y2+y-2.603=0 y3-2.603y2+0.5448=0 y1=0.510m y2=2.52m
8.133 For losses of 0.05H through the nozzle of Fig. 8-73, what is the gage difference R in terms of H?
1.2H+1.2y+1.2R-3.0R-1.2y=(0.95)(1.2)(H) R=0.0333H

Fig.8-73
8.134 Neglecting losses,calculate H in terms of R for Fig. 8-73.
1.2H+1.2y+1.2R-3.0R-1.2y=1.2H.Therefore,R=0 for all H.

8.135 At point A in a pipeline carrying water, the diameter is 1 m, the pressure 100 kPa,and the velocity 1m/s.At
point B, 2 m higher than A, the diameter is 0.5 m and the pressure is 20 kPa. Determine the head loss and the
direction of flow.
 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW 193

Assume the direction of flow is from A to B. pA/y+v2/2g+ZA=PB/Y+v2/2g+ZB+hL,Q=A1v1=[(π)(1)2/4](1)=0.7854m3/s,v2=Q/

A2=0.7854/[(π)(0.5)2/4]=4.00m m/s,100/900/9.79+12/[(2)(9.807)]+0=20/9.79+4.002/[(2)(9.807)]+2+hL,hL=5.40nm. Since
h,is positive, flow is from A to B as assumed.
8.136 Water is flowing in an open channel at a depth of 2 m and velocity of 3 m/s, as shown in Fig. 8-74. It then flows down a contracting
chute into another channel where the depth is 1 m and the velocity is 10 m/s. Assuming frictionless flow,determine the difference in
elevation of the channel floors.

The velocities are assumed to be uniform over the cross sections, and the pressures
hydrostatic.PA/y+v2/2g+ZA=pB/Y+v/2g+ZB+hL, 0+32/[(2)(9.807)]+(y+2)=0+102/[(2)(9.807)]+1+0,y=3.64m.

8.137 For losses of 0.1 m, find the velocity at A in Fig. 8-75. The barometer reading is 750 mmHg.
PB/y+v/2g+ZB=P/y+vg+A+
75/9.79+0+3=[(13.6)(9.79)](0.750)/9.79+v2/[(2)(9.807)]+0+0.1 vA=2.66m/s

8.138 For flow of 375 gpm in Fig. 8-76, determine H for losses of 5v2/2g.
P/++= =0/-(375)748)/60=4.255gt/s
0+0+H=0+4.2552/[(2)(32.2)]+0+5{4.2552/[(2)(32.2)]} H=1.69 ft

8.139 For 1500-gpm flow andH=30f g 8-76, calculate the losses through the system in velocity heads,lKv2/2g.

P++2 v=2/=(1500/7.45)/60=17.02t/s FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW 193

0+0+30=0+17.022/[(2)(32.2)]+0+K{17.022/[(2)(3 K=5.67 (i.e.,5.67 velocity heads)

 194 D CHAPTER 8

8.140 The losses in Fig.8-76 for H=20 ft are 8(v2/2g).What is the discharge?
PB/Y+v/2g+ZB=PA/y+v2/2g+zA+hL 0+0+20=0+v2/[(2)(32.2)]+0+8{v/[(2)(32.2)]}
vA=11.96 ft/s Q=AvA=[(π)(62)2/4](11.96)=2.35ft3/s
8.141 In .8-77, the losses up to section A are 5v?/2g and the nozzle losses are 0.05v2/2g. Determine the discharge and pressure at A,if
H=8m.
PB/y+v2/2g+ZB=Pc/y+v2/2g+zc+hL
0+0+8=0+v2/[(2)(9.807)]+0+5{v2/[(2)(9.807)]} +0.05{v2/[(2)(9.807)]}
0.05353v2+0.2549v2-8=0 A1v1=A2U2 [(π)(11/0/02/4](v1)=[(π)(0)2/4](v2) v1=0.1111v2
0.05353v22+(0.2549)(0.1111v2)2-8=0 U2=11.88m/s v1=(0.1111)(11.88)=1.320m/s
Q=A2V2=[(π)(180)2/4](11.88)=0.0233m3/s PB/Y+v/2g+ZB=pA/Y+v2/2g+ZA+hL
0+0+8=pA/9.79+1.3202/[(2)(9.807)]+0+5{1.3202/[(2)(9.807)]} PA=73.1kN/㎡

8.142 For pressure at A of 25 kPa in Fig. 8-77 with the losses given in Prob. 8.141,determine the discharge and the head H.
PB/Y+v/2g+ZB=pA/y+v2/2g+ZA+h
0+0+H=25/9.79+v2/[(2)(9.807)]+0+5{v2/[(2)(9.807)]}
H=0.3059v2+2.554 (1)
PB/Y+v/2g+ZB=pc/y+v2/2g+zc+hL

0+0+H=0+v2/[(2)(9.807)]+0+5{v2/[(2)(9.807)]}+0.05{v2/[(2)(9.807)]}
0.05353v2+0.2549v2-H=0 A1V1=A2U2 [(π)(10002/4](v1)=[(π)(1800)2/4](v2) v2=9.000v1
(0.05
5353)(9.000v1)2+0.2549v2=H (2)
Solving Eqs. (1) and (2) simultaneously, (0.00.05353)(9.000v1)2+0.2549v2=0.3059v2+2.554,v1=0.7720m/s;Q=A1v1=[(π)
(0000/4](0.7720)=0.0136m3/s,H=(0.3059)(0.7720)2+2.554=2.736m.
8.143 The system shown in Fig. 8-78 involves 6-in.-i.d. pipe. The exit nozzle diameter is 3 in. What is the velocity v. of flow leaving the
nozzle? Neglect losses.
p1/y+v2/2g+z1=pA/y+v2/2g+ZA+hL
(14.7)(144)/62.4+0+40=4000/62.4+v2/[(2)(32.2)]+0+0
vA=25.14ft/s AAVA=ADUD [(π)(62)2](25.14)=[(π)(3/2)2](v2) ve=100.56 ft/s

Fig. 8-78
 FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW 195

8.144 In Fig. 8-79, H=6m and h=5.75mm.Calculate the head loss.

U2=V2gh=V(2)(9.807)(5.75)=10.62m/s p:/y+v2/2g+z1=p2/Y+v2/2g+z2+hL
0+0+6=0+10.622/[(2)(9.807)]+0+hL hL=0.250m

Fig.8-79

8.145
In Fig. 8-80,0.1 m3/s of water flows from section 1 to section 2 with losses. of 0.4 4(v1-v2)2/2g. If p1=100 kPa,find P2.
p1/γ+v2/2g+Z1=P2/Y+v2/2g+z2+hL
v1=Q/A1=(0.1)/[(π)(0.300)2/4]=1.415m/s v2=Q/A2=(0.1)/[(π)(0.450)2/4]=0.629m/s
100/9.79+1.415/(2)(9.807)]+0=p,/9.79+0.629/(2)(9.807)]+0+0.4(1.415-0.629) P2=100.8kPa

Fig.8-80

8.146 Neglecting losses, determine the discharge in Fig. 8-81.

P1/y+v2/2g+Z1=p2/Y+v2/2g+Z2+hL [(0.86)(62.4)](3)/62.4+0+4=0+v2/[(2)(32.2)]+0+0
v2=20.59 ft/s Q=Av=[(π)(2/2)2/4](20.59)=0.45ft/s

Fig.8-81

8.147 A pipeline leads from one reservoir to another which has its water surface 10 m lower. For a discharge of 1.0m3/s, determine the
losses in meters and in kilowatts.
p1/y+v2/2g+z1=p2/y+v2/2g+z2+hL 0+0+10=0+0+0+hL hL=10m
Losses=QyhL=(1.0)(9.79)(10)=97.9kW
1960CHAPTER 8

8.148 In the siphon of Fig.8-82,h1=1m,h2=3m,d1=3m,andd2=5m,,and the losses to section 2 are 2.6v2/2g,with 10 percent of the
losses occurring before section 1. Find the discharge and the pressure at section 1.
PB/Y+v2/2g+ZB=P2/Y+v2/2g+Z2+hx
0+0+(1+3)=0+v2/[(2)(9.807)]+0+2.6v2/[(2)(9.807)] v2=4.668m/s

Q=A2U2=[(π)(5)2/4](4.668)=91.7m3/s v1=Q/A1=91.7/[(π)(3)2/4]=12.97m/s

PB/Y+v2/2g+ZB=P1/y+v2/2g+Z1+hL

0+0+(1+3)=p1/9.79+12.972/[(2)(9.807)]+3+0.10{(2.6)(4.668)2/[(2)(9.807)]}

P1=-77.0 kPa

8.149 Find the pressure at A of Prob. 8.148 if it is a stagnation point (velocity zero).
PB/Y+v2/2g+zB=pA/y+v2/2g+ZA+hL 0+0+0=pA/9.79+0+4+0 PA=-39.2kPa
8.150 In the friction-free siphon shown in Fig. 8-83, what are the presures of the water in the tube at B and at A?
Pp/y+v2/2g+ZD=pc/y+v2/2g+Zc+hL
0+0+3.0=0+v2/[(2)(9.807)]+0+0 Vc=7.67m/s=vB=UA
Pp/y+v2/2g+Zp=PB/Y+v2/2g+ZB+hL

0+0+3.0=pB/9.79+7.672/[(2)(9.807)]+(3.0+1.5)+0 PB=-44.0 kPa

Pp/y+v2/2g+Zp=pA/y+v2/2g+zA+hL
0+0+3.0=pA/9.79+7.672/[(2)(9.807)]+3.0+0 PA=-29.4kPa

Fig.

8.151 If the vapor pressure of water is 0.1799 m of water, how high (h) above the free surface can point B be in Prob. 8.150 before
the siphon action breaks down? Assume atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa.
】Pp/y+v2/2g+Zp=PB/y+v2/2g+ZB+hL. Using absolute pressures and considering thatvB=0 at maximum h when the
siphon action breaks down,1101/9.79+0+3.0=0.1799+0+(3.0+h)+0,h=10.14m
56.) How much work could be obtained from the water in Prob. 8.55 if run through a 50-percent-efficient turbine that discharged
into a reservoir 30 ft below the base of the standpipe?
Work=ηPE=ηWz
=(0.50)[(62.4)(40)(π)(20)2/4](30+4)

=1.96x10'ft·lb

57.) Determine the kinetic-energy flux of 0.01 n s of oil ((s.g.=0.80)discharging through a 40-mm-diameter nozzle.v=Q/A=0.01/[(π)
(0.040)2/4]=7.96m/s

KE=mv2/2

=pQv2/2

=[(0.80)(1000)](0.01)(7.96)2/2

=253W

58.) Neglecting air resistance, determine the height a vertical jet of water will rise if projected with velocity 58 ft/s.

PE=KE

Wz=mv2/2=(W/32.2)(58)2/2

z=52.2ft

59.) If the water jet of Prob. 8.58 is directed upward 45° with the horizontal and air resistance is neglected, how high will it rise?

At 45°,VH=vv=(58)(0.7071)

=41.01ft/s;Wz=mv2/2

=(W/32.2)(41.01)2/2

z=26.1ft

60.) Show that the work a liquid can do by virtue of its pressure is f p dV, in which V is the volume of lquid displaced.

Work=JFds, since F=pA,work =fpA ds

Since A ds=dV,work=fpdV
61.) A fluid is flowing in a 6-in-diameter pipe at a pressure of 4.00 lb/in2 with a velocity of 8.00 ft/s. As shown in the figure below,
the elevation of the center of the pipe above a given datum is 10.0 ft.Find the total energy head above the given datum if the fluid
is (a) water, (b) oil with a specific gravity of 0.82, and (c) gas with a specific weight of 0.042 1b/ft3.
H=z+v2/2g+p/γ
(a) H=10.0+8.00/[(2)(32.2)]+(4.00)(144)/62.4=20.22 ft
(b) H=10.0+8.002/[(2)(32.2)]+(4.00)(144)/[(0.82)(62.4)=22.25 ft

(c) H=10.0+8.002/[(2)(32.2)]+(4.00)(144)/(0.042)=13725 ft
62. A 100-mm-diameter suction pipe leading to a pump, as shown in Fig. 8-23, carries a discharge of 0.0300 m3/s of oil(s.g.=0.85)).
If the pressure at point A in the suction pipe is a vacuum of 180 mmHg,find the total energy head at point A with respect to a datum
at the pump.

v=Q/A=0.0300/[(π)(1800)2/4]=3.820m/s

p=yh=[(13.6)(9.79)](-1000)=-23.97kN/㎡

H=z+v2/2g+p/y

=-1.200+3.8202/[(2)(9.807)]+(-23.97)/[(0.85)(9.79)]

=-3.337m
63.) Figure shows a pump drawing water from a reservoir and discharging it into the air at point B. The pressure at point A in the
suction pipe is a vacuum of 10 in mercury, and the discharge is 3.00 ft3/s. Determine the total head at point A and at point B with
respect to a datum at the base of the reservoir.

H=z+v2/2g+p/y vA=Q/AA=3.00/[(π)(1)2/4]=5.50ft/s

HA=25+5.502/[(2)(32.2)]+[(13.6)(62.4)](-1)/62.4=14.14ft

vB=Q/AB=3.00/[(π)( 2)2/4]=8.59ft/s HB=(25+15+40)+8.592/[(2)(32.2)]+0=81.15ft

64.) If the total available head of a stream flowing at a rate of 300 ft3/s is 25.0 ft, what is the theoretical horsepower available?

P = QyH=(300)(62.4)(25.0)

=468 000 ft·lb/s

=468 000/550=851 hp

65.)A 150-mm-diameter jet of water is discharging from a nozzle into the air at a velocity of 36.0 m/s. Find the power in the jet with
respect to a datum at the jet.

Q=Av=[(π)(1000)2/4](36.0)=0.6262m3/s

H=z+v2/2g+p/y=0+36.02/[(2)(9.807)]+0=66.08m

P=QyH=(0.6362)(9.79)(66.08)=412kN·m/sor 412kW
66.) Oil (s.g.=0.84)) is flowing in a pipe under the conditions shown in figure above. If the total head loss (hL) from point 1 to point 2
is 3.0 ft, find the pressure at point 2.

P1/γ+v2/2g+z1=p2/y+u2/2g+z2+h2

67.) An 8-in-diameter horizontal pipe is attached to a reservoir, as shown in Fig. 8-26. If the total head loss between the water
surface in the reservoir and the water jet at the end of the pipe is 6.0 ft,what are the velocity and flow rate of the water being
discharged from the pipe?

P1/y+v2/2g+Z1=p2/y+v2/2g+z2+hL 0+0+15=0+v2/[(2)(32.2)]+0+6.0

v2=24.1 ft/s Q=A2V2=[(π)(B/2)2/4](24.1)=8.41ft3/s

8-in diameter

68.) A 50-mm-diameter siphon is drawing oil (s.loss from point 1 to point 2 is 1.50 m and from point 2 to point 3 is 2.40 m, find the
discharge of oil from the 2)from an oil reservoir, as shown in the figure.If the head siphon and the oil pressure at point 2.
P1/y+v2/2g+z1=p3/y+v2/2g+Z3+hL ; 0+0+5.00=0+v2/(2)(9.807)]+0+3.90
v3=4.645m/s Q=A3U3=[(π)(1800)2/4](4.645)=0.00912m3/s
p1/y+v2/2g+z1=p2/y+v2/2g+z2+hL ; 0+0+5.00=p2/y+4.6452/[(2)(9.807)]+7.00+1.50
P2/γ=-4.60m
P2=[(0.82)(9.79)](-4.60)=-36.9kN/㎡
-36.9kPa
 69.) The figure below shows a siphon discharging oil((s.g.=0.84)from a reservoir into open air. If the velocity of flow in the pipe is
v, the head loss from point 1 to point 2 is 2.0v2/2g, and the head loss from point 2 to point 3 is 3.0v2/2g,determine the volume
flow rate in the siphon pipe and the absolute pressure at point 2. Assume an atmospheric pressure of 14.70 psia.
P1/Y+v2/2g+Z1=P3/Y+v2/2g+Z3+hz ; 0+0+10=0+v/[(2)(32.2)]+0+5{v/[(2)(32.2)
v3=10.36 ft/s
Q=A3v3=[(π)(3/2)2/4](10.36)
=0.509ft/s P1/y+v2/2g+z1
=p2/y+v2/2g+z2+hL
0+0+10=p2/y+10.362/[(2)(32.2)]+15+2{10.362/[(2)(32.2)]}
P2/γ=-10.0 ft of oil
P2=[(0.84)(62.4)](-10.0)=-524lb/ft2
=-3.64lb/in2
P2=14.70-3.64=11.061b/inabs

70.) Once it has been started by sufficient suction, the siphon in Fig. 8-29 will run continuously as long as reservoir fluid is available.
Using Bernoulli's equation with no losses, show (a) that the exit velocity v2 depends only upon gravity and the distance H and (b)
that the lowest (vacuum) pressure occurs at point 3 and depends on the distanceL+H.
P1/y+v2/2g+z1=p2/Y+v2/2g+Z2+h,0+0+z=0+v/2g+2+0,v2

=V2g(z1-Z2)=V2gH

For any point B in the tube, PB/y+v2/2g+ZB=P2/y+v2/2g+Z2+hL.

Since UB=U2andP2=Patm,PB=Pmtm-Y(ZB-Z2)

The lowest pressure occurs at the highest ZB, Or Pmin=P3=Patm-Y(L+H).

71.) The siphon of the figure below is filled with water and discharging at 150 L/s. Find the losses from point 1 to point 3 in
terms of velocity head v2/2g. Find the pressure at point 2 if two-thirds of the losses occur between points 1and 2.
P1/y+v2/2g+z1=p3/y+v/2g+Z3+hL

0+0+1.5=0+v2/2g+0+(K)(v2/2g)
v3=Q/A3=(1000)/[(π)(300002/4]=4.775m/s
1.5=4.7752/[(2)(9.807)]+K{4.7752/[(2)(9.807)]}
K=0.2904
hL=(0.2904){4.7752/[(2)(9.807)]}=0.338m
P1/y+v2/2g+z1=p2/y+v2/2g+z2+hL
0+0+0=p2/y+4.7752/[(2)(9.807)]+()(0.338)
P2/y=-3.388m of P2=(-3.388)(9.79)=-33.2kN/㎡

72.) For the water shooting out of the pipe and nozzle under the conditions shown in the figure below, find the height above the
nozzle to which the water jet will “shoot”. Assume negligible head loss.
 PA/γ+v2/2g+ZA=P1op/y+v200/2g+Z1op+hL
55.0/9.79+v2/2g+0=0+0+(1.00+h)+0 h=4.518+v2/2g
PA/Y+v2/2g+ZA=Pnoze/Y+U2/2g+ZBozzle+hL 55.0/9.79+v2/2g+0=0+v2/2g+1.100+0
AAUA=AnozleVnozzle
[(π)(000)2/4]vA=[(π)(000)2/4]Uol
Unozzle=4.00vA

55.0/9.79+v2/[(2)(9.807)]+0=0+(4.00vA)2/[(2)(9.807)]+1.100+0
vA=2.431m/s
h=4.518+2.4312/[(2)(9.807)]=4.82m

73.) Water flows from section 1 to section 2 in the pipe shown in the figure below. Determine the velocity of flow and the fluid
pressure at section 2. Assume the total head loss from section 1 to section 2 is 3.00 m.
Q=A1v1=A2U2

[(π)(1000)2/4](2.0)=[(π)(0)2/4](v2)

v2=8.00m/s

p1/y+v2/2g+z1=p2/Y+v2/2g+Z2+hL
300/9.79+2.02/[(2)(9.807)]+2=p2/9.79+8.002/[(2)(9.807)]+0+3.00
P2=260 kPa

74.) A nozzle is attached to a pipe as shown in the figure below. The inside diameter of the pipe is 100 mm, while the water jet
exiting from the nozzle has a diameter of 50 mm. If the pressure at section 1 is 500 kPa, determine the water jet's velocity. Assume
head loss in the jet is negligible.
Q=A1v1=A2U2

[(π)(1000)2/4](v1)=[(π)(000)2/4](v2)

v1=0.250v2

P1/y+v2/2g+z1=p2/y+v2/2g+z2+hL

500/9.79+(0.250v2)2/[(2)(9.807)]+0=0+v2/[(2)(9.807)]+0+0

v2=32.7m/s
75.) Oil flows from a tank through 500 ft of 6-in-diameter pipe and then discharges into the air, as shown in the figure below.If the
head loss from point 1 to point 2 is 1.95 ft of oil, determine the pressure needed at point 1 to cause 0.60 ft3 of oil to flow.
v2=Q/A=0.60/[(π)(2)2/4]

=3.06ft/s

P1/y+v2/2g+z1=P2/y+v2/2g+Z2+hL

76.) Water is to be delivered from a reservoir through a pipe to a lower level and discharged into the air, as shown in the figure
below. If head loss in the entire system is 11.58 m, determine the vertical distance between the point of water discharge and the
water surface in the reservoir.
v2=Q/A2=0.00631/[(π)(100)2/4]
=3.214m/s p1/y+v2/2g+Z1
=p2/y+v2/2g+Z2+hL
0+0+z1=0+3.2142/[(2)(9.807)]+0+11.58
Z1=12.11m

77.) Determine the velocity and pressure at section 2 and section 3 if water flows steadily through the pipe system shown in the
figure below. Assume a head loss of 6.0 ft from section1 to section 2 and of 15.0 ft from section 2 to section 3.
A1v1=A2V2
[(π)()2/4](5.0)=[(π)(B2)2/4](v2)
v2=20.0 ft/s
p1/γ+v2/2g+Z1=p2/y+v2/2g+z2+h2
(25)(144)/62.4+5.02/[(2)(32.2)]+20=(p2)(144)/62.4+20.02/[(2)(32.2)]+15+6.0
P2=22.0lb/in
 A1v1=A3U3
[(π)(1/)2/4](5.0)=[(π)(2)2/4](v3)
v3=8.99 ft/s
p1/y+v2/2g+Z1=p3/y+v2/2g+Z3+hL

(25)(144)/62.4+5.02/[(2)(32.2)]+20=(p3)(144)/62.4+8.892/[(2)(32.2)]+10+(15.0+6.0)

P3=19.9lb/in

78.) Compute the ideal flow rate through the pipe system shown in the figure below.
p1/γ+v2/2g+Z1=P2/Y+v2/2g+Z2+h2
P1/y+v2/[(2)(9.807)]+0.6 sin 30°=p2/y+0+0+0
v/[(2)(9.807)]=p2/γ-p1/y-0.300
From the manometer reading, P1-9.79(1.2sin 60°)=P2,P1-P2=10.17kN/㎡ v2/[(2)(9.807)]=10.17/9.79 -v1=3.807m/s;Q=A1v1=[(π)
(20002/4](3.807)=0.120m3/s.

79.) A large tank with a well-rounded, small opening as an outlet is shown in the figure below. What is the velocity of a jet issuing
from the tank?
P1/y+v2/2g+z1=p2/y+v2/2g+z2+hL
0+0+h=0+v2/2g+0+0
v2=V2gh
80.) Neglecting friction, find the velocity and volumetric discharge at the exit 2 in the figure below.
p1/y+v2/2g+Z1=p2/y+v2/2g+z2+hL
0+0+(3.0+0.6+1.5)=0+v2/[(2)(9.807)]+0+0
U2=10.0m/s
Q=Av=[(π)(10/0/0)2/4](10.0)
=0.177m3/s

81.) One end of a U-tube is oriented directly into the flow (Figure below) so that the velocity of the stream is zero at this point. The
pressure at a point in the flow that has been stopped in this way is called the stagnation pressure.The other end of the U-tube
measures the undisturbed pressure at that section in the flow.Neglecting friction,determine the volume flow of water in the pipe.
p1/y+v2/2g+z1=p2/y+v2/2g+Z2+hL,p1/y+0+0=p2/y+v2/2g+0+0,v2/2g=p1/Y-P2/y
From the manometer readinng,p1+(62.4)(2/2)-[(13.6)(62.4)](22/2)=p2,P1-P2=163.8lb/ft2
v2/[(2)(32.2)]=163.8/62.4
v2=13.00 ft/s
Q=Av=[(π)(B/2)2/4](13.00)
=4.54ft3/s.

82.) A cylindrical tank contains air, oil, and water, as shown in the figure below; the air is under gage pressurere p=4lb/in2Find the
exit vlocity at 2,neglecting any friction and the kinetic energy of the fluid above elevation A.The jet of water leaving has a diameter
of 1 ft.P1=(4)(144)+[(0.8)(62.4)](2)=675.81b/ft2
P1/y+v2/2g+z1=p2/Y+v2/2g+Z2+hL
675.8/62.4+0+8=0+v2/[(2)(32.2)]+0+0
V2=34.8 ft/s

83.) In the fountain of the figure below,water flows steadily up the vertical pipe, enters the annular region between the circular
plates, and emerges as a free sheet. Find the volume flow of water through the pipe, if the pressure at A is 70 kPa gage and friction
is negligible.

PA/y+v2/2g+ZA=PE/Y+v2/2g+ZE+hL

70/9.79+v2/[(2)(9.87)]+0=0+v2/[(2)(9.807)]+1.5+0

AAVA=AEVE

[(π)(0.200)2/4](vA)=[(0.013)(π)(0.3+0.3)](vE)

VA=0.780vE

70/9.79+(0.780vg)2/[(2)(9.807)]+0=0+v2/[(2)(9.807)]+2.0+0
 vE=16.06m/s

Q=AEUE=[(0.015)(π)(0.5+0.5)](16.06)

=0.757m3/s

84.) If the velocity at point A in Fig. 8-46 is 18 m/s, what is the pressure at point B if we neglect friction?
PB/Y+v2/2g+ZB=pA/y+v2/2g+zA+hL

PB/9.79+v2/[(2)(9.807)]+0=0+182/[(2)(9.807)]+(0.5+15)+0
PB=-0.4991v2+313.5 Pc/y+v2/2g+Zc=PA/y+v2/2g+zA+hL
0+v2/[(2)(9.807)]+0=0+182/[(2)(9.807)]+15+0 vc=24.86m/s ABUB=Acvc
[(π)(3000)2/4](vB)=[(π)(00)2/4](24.86) VB=3.496 m/s

PB=(-0.4991)(3.496)2+313.5=319.6kN/㎡

85.) The device shown in Fig. 8-51 is used to determine the velocity of liquid at point 1. It is a tube with its lower end directed
upstream and its other leg vertical and open to the atmosphere. The impact of liquid against opening 2 forces liquid to rise in the
vertical leg to the height z above the free surface. Determine the velocity at 1.
P1/y+v2/2g+Z1=P2/y+v2/2g+z2+hL k+v2/2g+0=0+(k+Δz)+0+0 v1=V2gΔz

86.) In the figure below, the losses in the exit pipe equal Kv2/2g, whereK=5.0.. The tank reservoir is large. Compute the flow rate in
cubic feet per minute.
p1/y+v2/2g+z1=P2/Y+v2/2g+22+hL

(15)(144)/[(0.86)(62.4)]+0+6=(14.7)(144)/[(0.86)(62.4)]+v2/[(2)(32.2)]+0+(5.0){v2/[(2)(32.2)]}
v2=8.54 ft/s Q=Av=[(π)(1/2)2/4](8.54)=0.0466 ft3/s 2.80ft3/min