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    MBBS - Batch 29 - Group 1 (Introduction To Anatomy)

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    thrrisha
    1. Anatomy is the study of structure and organization of the human body. It includes subdivisions like gross anatomy, histology, embryology, and regional and systemic anatomy. 2. Key anatomical terms describe the position of body parts in relation to the planes, regions, and systems of the body. There are also terms for movement. 3. Major types of joints include fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. Synovial joints allow the most movement and include hinge, ball and socket, and saddle joints.

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    MBBS - Batch 29 - Group 1 (Introduction To Anatomy)

    Uploaded by

    thrrisha
    19 views14 pages
    1. Anatomy is the study of structure and organization of the human body. It includes subdivisions like gross anatomy, histology, embryology, and regional and systemic anatomy. 2. Key anatomical terms describe the position of body parts in relation to the planes, regions, and systems of the body. There are also terms for movement. 3. Major types of joints include fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. Synovial joints allow the most movement and include hinge, ball and socket, and saddle joints.

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    MBBS - Batch 29 - Group 1 (Introduction to Anatomy)

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    1. Anatomy is the study of structure and organization of the human body. It includes subdivisions like gross anatomy, histology, embryology, and regional and systemic anatomy. 2. Key anatomical terms describe the position of body parts in relation to the planes, regions, and systems of the body. There are also terms for movement. 3. Major types of joints include fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. Synovial joints allow the most movement and include hinge, ball and socket, and saddle joints.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    19 views14 pages

    MBBS - Batch 29 - Group 1 (Introduction To Anatomy)

    Uploaded by

    thrrisha
    1. Anatomy is the study of structure and organization of the human body. It includes subdivisions like gross anatomy, histology, embryology, and regional and systemic anatomy. 2. Key anatomical terms describe the position of body parts in relation to the planes, regions, and systems of the body. There are also terms for movement. 3. Major types of joints include fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. Synovial joints allow the most movement and include hinge, ball and socket, and saddle joints.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 14

    1

    MBBS - Batch 29 - Group 1

    Introduction to Anatomy

    Objectives:
    The objective of the lecture is to discuss the anatomical terms, anatomical positions, regions of
    the body, organ systems, ways of describing and visualizing the human body.

    Topic Outcomes:
    1. Explain the importance of Anatomy in the curriculum and discuss the subdivisions of
    anatomy.
    2. Describe how a human body is studied by the process of dissection of cadaver.
    3 Explain the concept of normal anatomical position and describe the planes in the study of
    anatomy, different anatomical terms of position and movement.
    4 Explain the scope of regional and systemic anatomy.
    5. Classify the joints with examples. Anatomy-Definition & Importance

    Anatomy is derived from Greek word ANATOME (Ana – up, tome – cutting).

    Traditionally, study of anatomy was made by - cutting up or dissecting of organisms.

    Anatomy is the study of structure (morphology) of the human body and its parts.

    Anatomy forms the basis for the entire medical field. Knowledge of anatomy is essential to know
    the body parts & its components in order to ensure safe clinical practice by clinicians, especially
    in the fields of surgery and imaging.

    Cadaver
    It is a preserved dead body, especially intended for dissection to teach/train the medical students.
    Derived from Latin word “cadere” - to fall

    1. Embalming is the process to treat the cadaver with preservatives in order to prevent decay.
    2. Embalming has three goals: disinfection, preservation and restoration.
    3. Embalming has been part of the funeral process. The Egyptians embalmed for religious
    reasons, Today we embalm our dead for preservation and restoration to a more pleasing
    appearance.
    4. Embalming was done in 1861 by Dr. Thomas Holmes, Father of modern embalming.
    5. In modern embalming, arsenic was injected through the arterial system. Arsenic effectively
    killed all microorganisms that contributed to decomposition but was banned in the early 20th
    century due to its significant health risks.
    6. Now formalin is used in the Anatomy for embalming.
    2

    Gross anatomy
    Study of the part and structure of the body with naked eye. Also known as macroscopic
    Anatomy.

    How to study ?
    1. Dissection
    3

    2. Study with the dissected preserved specimens


    3. Models
    4. Diagrams
    5. Lectures / Tutorials
    6. Other class room activities.

    Subdivisions of Anatomy

    Histology or microscopic anatomy


    Study of the minute structure of the various component parts of the body using microscope.

    Embryology
    Study of the various stages of intrauterine development from the fertilized ovum up to birth.

    Osteology
    Study of bony system or skeleton.

    Myology
    Study of the muscles.

    Arthrology
    Study of joints.

    Syndesmology
    Study of the articulations or joints.

    Angiology
    Study of the vascular system, comprising the heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and lymph
    glands.

    Neurology
    Study of the nervous system.

    Splanchnology
    Study of the visceral organs.

    Normal anatomical position (supine position)


    Standing erect, facing the observer, feet slightly apart, arms are at the sides with palms facing
    forward.

    1. Body erect
    4

    2. Feet slightly apart


    3. Palms facing forward
    4. Thumbs point away from the body

    Supine position

    Anatomical terms

    Relative Positions
    Terms of relative position are used to describe the location of a part relative to another part.

    Terms of relative position include


    1. Superior
    2. Inferior
    3. Anterior
    4. Posterior
    5. Medial
    6. Lateral
    7. Proximal
    8. Distal.
    9. Superficial (peripheral)
    10. Deep.
    5

    Planes of the body


    6

    Sagittal plane
    Divides the body into right and left parts.

    Midsagittal plane
    Sagittal plane that lies on the midline.

    Coronal or frontal plane


    Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

    Transverse or horizontal plane (cross section)


    Divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

    Oblique section
    Cuts made diagonally.

    Levels of organization

    Regions of the body


    1. Head & Neck
    2. Trunk
    3. Upper limb
    4. Lower limb

    The trunk is subdivided into:


    1. Thorax
    2. Abdomen - Abdomen proper
    3. Pelvis and Perineum

    Upper limb consists of -


    Shoulder
    Arm
    Forearm
    Hand

    Lower limb consists of


    Gluteal region (buttock)
    Thigh
    Leg
    Foot

    Regional Anatomy
    7

    It is the study of group of organs

    Systemic anatomy
    The study of group of organs / structures concerned with the same / similar functions.

    Organ systems of the body

    Organ systems of the body


    1. Skeletal system
    2. Muscular system
    3. Cardio-vascular system
    4. Lymphatic system
    5. Respiratory system
    6. Digestive system
    7. Urinary system
    8. Reproductive system
    9. Endocrine system
    10. Nervous system
    8

    11. Integumentary system

    Systemic Anatomy Terms of movement


    Flexion, extension.
    Abduction, adduction
    Medial rotation
    Lateral rotation
    Circumduction.

    Movements of the body

    Upper limb
    Pronation
    Supination

    Pectoral girdle
    Protraction
    Retraction.

    Foot
    Inversion and eversion.
    Musculoskeletal system
    9

    Components
    Muscles
    Bones
    Joints

    Muscular system
    Composed of muscles and tendons
    Allows movement and helps in locomotion
    Maintains posture
    Produces heat

    Muscle tissue properties

    Excitability or irritability
    Ability to respond to a stimulus

    Contractility
    Ability to shorten forcibly

    Extensibility
    Muscle fibers can be stretched

    Elasticity
    Resume its normal length after being shortened

    Types of muscular tissue

    Skeletal muscle
    Striated,voluntary

    Cardiac muscle of heart


    Heart, striated, involuntary

    Smooth muscle
    Nonstriated, involuntary.

    Joints
    10

    General features of joints


    1. Joints are the junctions of two or more bones.
    2. Joints are made of flexible connective tissues that hold bones together allowing movement
    3. Range of movements: - Some joints allow a great degree of movement ,while some joints do
    not permit any movement.

    Classification of joints

    Joints are classified based on


    1. Movement.
    2. Axis of movement.
    3. Structure between the bones

    According to movement:

    Synarthrosis
    Immovable joint- Example - skull

    Amphiarthrosis
    Slightly movable joint-Example-elbow, knee

    Diarthrosis
    Freely movable joint – Example- shoulder

    Synovial joints

    According to axis of movement

    Uniaxial joints
    Hinge joints

    Biaxial joints
    Ellipsoid joints & saddle joints

    Multiaxial joints
    Plane joints & Ball and socket joint.

    Fibrous joints
    Joints connected by fibrous structures like ligaments- immovable.
    11

    Cartilaginous joints
    Bones connected by cartilages - immovable or slightly movable.

    Cartilaginous joints
    12

    Synovial joints
    More mobile

    Synovial joints - Structure


    1. Articular surfaces of bones are covered by articular cartilage, made up of hyaline cartilage
    2. Articular capsule, a fibrous membrane covers and protects the articular surfaces of bones
    3. Synovial membrane lines the joint cavity, secretes synovial fluid which lubricates the joint.

    Types of synovial joint


    1. Plane joint
    2. Hinge joint
    3. Pivot joint
    4. Condyloid joint
    5. Ellipsoid joint
    6. Saddle joint
    7. Ball & socket joint
    13

    Synovial joints

    Plane joint
    The opposed articular surfaces are flat and permits only sliding movements.

    Eg.Acromioclavicular joint

    Hinge joint
    Resemble the hinge on a door and allows movement in one axis.
    14

    Eg.Elbow,knee & ankle

    Pivot joint
    A central bony pivot is surrounded by bony ligamentous ring.

    Eg.Atlanto axial & superior radio ulnar joints

    Condyloid joint
    1. Have convex surfaces articulating with concave surfaces.
    2. Slight rotation possible.

    Eg.Metacarpo phalangeal joints of fingers

    Ellipsoid joint
    1. Elliptical convex surface articulating with elliptical concave surface.
    2. No rotation

    Eg.Wrist joint

    Saddle joint
    1. Articular surfaces are reciprocally concavo convex like a saddle on horse back.
    2. Rotation is possible.

    Eg.Carpo metacarpal joint of thumb.

    Ball and socket joint


    1. A ball shaped head of one bone articulates with the socket like cavity of another bone
    2. Capable of free movements around number of axes

    Eg. Shoulder & hip joints

    Summary
    1. Anatomy- definition
    2. Subdivisions of anatomy
    3. Planes of human body
    4. Terms of position
    5. Terms of movement
    6. Regional and systemic anatomy
    7. Joints

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