Zamboanga peninsula.

They were originally

Lumad Ethnic Groups found along the river banks or "suba" but
now reside in the mountains.
Sangil
The Sangirese or Sangihe people are Agricultural and Livelihood
native to the Sangir Islands located in the The Subanen practices agriculture
northern chain of islands in Sulawesi and the and swidden farming, fishing, hunting, and
southern part of Mindanao. gathering of forest products as their means
of livelihood.
Agriculture and Livelihood
The Sangir people's main livelihoods Language
are fishing, hunting, farming (focusing on Subanen languages are spoken in
tubers, root crops, bananas, and sago), and various areas of Zamboanga Peninsula,
marine trading between Sulawesi, Maluku namely the provinces of Zamboanga
Islands, and the Philippines. They often Sibugay, Zamboanga del Norte and
cultivate taro culture on mountain slopes and Zamboanga del Sur, and in Misamis
near rivers. Occidental of Northern Mindanao. There is
also a sizeable Subanen community in
Language Misamis Oriental.
The Sangirese people speak
Sangirese, Talaud, and Indonesian, as well Ancestral Beliefs and Religion
as their own dialects, which belong to the Religious beliefs and practices. The
Austronesian language family. They also use indigenous beliefs of the Subanon include
a secret language called Sasahara, developed the veneration of a supreme being called
in the first half of the 20th century, which Diwata Migbebaya. Today the Subanon
includes borrowed or distorted words from people have adopted either Islam,
other languages. The language has been Catholicism, or Evangelical Protestantism,
widely spoken among Sangirese sailors or the last particularly among the Subanon in
pirates. Lapuyan, Zamboanga del Sur.

Ancestral Beliefs and Religion Arts and Crafts

The Sangirese people have
polytheistic beliefs, with a belief in many Subanen Crafts is a livelihood project for
spirits of nature and ancestors, and practice Subanen women who live in the rugged
ritual worship of inanimate objects and mountains of Northwest Mindanao in the
magic. Distinguished shamans or priests Philippines. Their handicrafts focus on the
mediate between humans and spirits, Sacred Story of the Universe and the
performing miracles and protecting patients Wonders of Creation.
and children. Despite the influence of Islam
and Christianity, many ancient rituals are Music and Dance
still practiced.
The pangalitawao is a courtship dance of the
Music and Dance Subanon of Zamboanga del Sur, usually
Sangirese folklore is known for its performed during harvest time and in other
dance art, featuring various local dances like social occasions. Traditional costumes are
“gunde” and “alabadiri”. These dances were worn, with the women holding shredded
previously part of ritual gatherings, but now banana leaves in each hand, while the men
also accompany public holidays. hold a kalasay in their right hand. The
change in steps is syncopated.
Subanen Their vocal music is characterized by chants
The Subanen people are known as and different types of songs such as the
the aborigines of the Island of Mindanao, dionli (love song), buwa (lullaby), and giloy
and are found mostly in the northern, (funeral song),
western and southern portions of the
 are all placed on altars for the blessing of
their diwata. Through such offerings, they
Marriage obtain immunity from malignancy spirits
Marriage in Subanon society is through called buso and spirits of the departed.
parental arrangement, which can take place
even before the parties reach the age of Tagakaulo
puberty. The contracting families go through Also known as “olo sa tubig” are part of the
preliminaries for the purpose of determining ethnic group called Kalagan, together with
the bride-price, which may be in the form of Tagakaolo, Kalagan.
cash or goods, or a combination of both

Ancestral Land and Lifestyle

Tagabawa They are now located in the mountains
“Tagabawa” means “people of the of Davao del Sur, Davao Occidental, and
south,” from bawa, which may actually Sarangani but originally came from the
mean either “south” or “north.” The Ubo Western Shores of the Davao Gulf and
Manuvu call themselves Manuvu, meaning South of Mt. Apo.
“people.” However, so as not to be confused Their lifestyle and culture are very similar to
with the Manobo groups that are scattered in the people of Maguindanao. A major part of
various places in Mindanao their culture is the Datu who leads civic and
labor duties.
Agricultural and Livelihood
The Bagobo-Tagabawa used to be Agriculture and Livelihood
nomadic kaingin farmers. They plant only The Tagakaulo Kalagan are self-
once and then leave the land to follow to sufficient farmers, producing nearly all of
recover its fertility. Their main source of their own food including:
livelihood is farming. They used to plant ● Wet-rice, Dry-rice, and Corns.
upland rice as the major crop, often ● Yams and Sweet Potatoes.
intercropped with corn. ● Vegetables, Coconuts abound; and
many kinds of fruit are available.
Language ● Goats (meat)
Tagabawa is a Manobo language of ● Chickens (eggs & meat)
Davao City and Mount Apo in Mindanao, In addition to farming, the Tagakaulo
the Philippines. Tagabawa is spoken in Kalagan catches fish and obtains wild foods
Cotabato and Davao del Sur provinces, and and other various materials from the
on the slopes of Mount Apo west of Davao marshes around them.
City.
Dance
Ancestral Beliefs and Religion “Edel Dance: Healing Ritual of Tagakaulo”
Hierarchy of gods. The Tagabawa
are polytheistic. They have a wide array of Beliefs
diwata or gods to whom their songs and The majority of the Tagakaulo Kalagan
myths are addressed. Among these is remained animists (belief that non-human
Tiguaima, the creator, assisted by the lesser objects have spirits), while some of the
gods like Mamal-e, creator of the earth. Tagakaulo, Kalagan converted to Islam.
Other diwatas such as Manama, dispenser Today, many are still ethnic religionists,
of reward and punishmen.The Bagobos also they continue to believe in various
believe in a pantheon of demons. Darago is environmental spirits which they created a
the great demon. tale that is told of magic, sorcery, and
supernatural beings.
Rituals
The daily activities of the Tagabawa Arts and Craft
are marked by rituals. Areca nuts, betel They are skilled in basket weaving,
leaves, food, clothing, and brass instruments embroidery, loom weaving, blanket
weaving, headdresses, beaded necklaces and
others. They make their jackets out of abaca Arts and Craft
and decorated them with mother-of-pearl Talaandigs are known for their art.
discs lined with glass beads. They tattoo their bodies in red, black and
purple. Their handicrafts are characterized
Talaandig with geometric patterns.
The Talaandig people are mostly
concentrated in the northern and western Teduray
part of the province of Bukidnon, Mindanao Their name may be derived from the
Island, Philippines. Their territory is marked words “tew” meaning people and “duray”
by the Kitanglad and Kalatungan mountain meaning a small bamboo hook and fishing
ranges. The local knowledge of the line.
Talaandig people was derived from oral
history and traditions. Ancestral Land and Livelihood
The Teduray people, along with the
Agriculture and Livelihood indigenous Lambangian people, come from
Men spend most of their time in the various regions in the Philippines, including
forest hunting, trapping and gathering Agusan, Davao, Lanao, Bukidnon, and
firewood. Women stay close to home taking Zamboanga. They consider their ancestral
care of the children and other household homeland as sacred and have applied for
chores, digging root crops and weaving. recognition of their ancestral domain,
covering over 289,000 hectares of land in
They have three kinds of houses, a) a Maguindanao and Sultan Kudarat Provinces,
multilayered house where they do their as well as the city of Cotabato. They used
cooking, b) tree houses as lookouts, and c) a
shack near their cultivated fields where they those lands for farming a dry cultivation.
stay during planting and harvesting season.
Their diet consists mainly of tubers and root Language
crops and whatever their hunts yield. The Teduray people speak their
native Teduray language (Tiruray), which is
Language
related to neighboring languages such as
Talaandig speaks the Binukid
Blaan, Tboli, and Maguindanaon, but with
Language.
little mutual intelligibility.

Ancestral Beliefs
Music and Dance
The Talaandig believe in the existence
Meguyaya Festival was organized to
of the highest God called “Magbabaya” and
showcase cultural diversity and gathering of
the spirits who guard and protect nature.
three groups of people namely the
They also believed that the forest was the
Christians, Muslims, and Tedurays who are
source of life because it served all of their
categorized as lumad. (native or
needs: wild animals for food; medicinal
indigenous).
plants to cure illnesses; timber for house
construction; and rattan to make baskets and
Religion Beliefs
other crafts. They chose an area within the
They believed in various
forest as a hunting reserve.
mythological figures and spirits from their
culture. Immortals such as Tulus is the
Music and Dance
Great Spirit who created everything, Lageay
The dances and music of the
Lengkuos is a great hero and shaman,
Talaandig tribe are distinctly inspired by
credited with creating the earth and forests.
nature. The Talaandigs play various
Saitan is an evil spirit brought by foreign
instruments, including the kubing (which
priests, Beliyan are shamans who mediate
sounds like a hornbill), tambulalatuk (which
between natural and supernatural worlds.
sounds like a woodpecker), pulala (a flute),
Mortals consists of The Flood
and kokak (which sounds like a frog),
Couple, consisting of a Teduray boy and
among others.
Dulungan girl, who survived a great flood
and their offspring became the Teduray and The T’Boli, with their embroidered
Dulungan people. Mamalu, an ancestor of costumes and beaded ornaments, bangles,
the Teduray, went into the mountains and bracelets, and brass link belts, are one of the
followed the native faith, while his brother most colorful of all Filipino groups. They
Tambunaoway, an ancestor of the are renowned for their tie-dyed abaca cloth
Maguindanao, remained in the lowlands and and metal industry, including intricate lost-
embraced a foreign faith. wax brass casting.

Tasaday

Tasaday typically live in simple thatch huts,

and their occasional dwelling sites are
natural caves. Their food comes from their
own harvest collected from nearby
settlements, or acquired through trading with
other groups. They also hunt animals for
meat. The bamboo they use to cook their
food comes from their own harvest or from
the fields of Manobo farmers.

T’boli

Agriculture and Livelihood

The T’Boli rely on hunting, fishing
and cultivation. The rivers, lakes and
marshes of the region have always been the
source of the fish caught by using fishing
rods, spews, nets and other traps. Mudfish,
catfish, fresh water shrimp and snails are
common food items. Ducks are also raised
along the lake’s shores.

Religious Beliefs
In T'boli belief, a spirit or force lives
in all objects, animate and inanimate. They
are also polytheistic and believe that spirits
of their ancestors are part of their daily
activities. The T'boli make offerings
(including bracelets) to the spirits of rivers
and forests. Parents will place a sword by
sleeping to children to protect them from
evil spirits.

Music and Dance

The Tboli have a musical heritage consisting
of various types of agung ensembles –
ensembles composed of large hanging,
suspended or held, bossed/knobbed gongs
that act as drones without any accompanying
melodic instrument.

Arts and Craft