THE VISUAL ARTS AND PERFORMING ARTS What is SCULPTURE?

PAINTING  The definition of sculpture is an art form

through which 3D pieces of art are produced.
There are a few unifying characteristics that
What is PAINTING?
most sculptures share. One is that sculpture is
3D: sculptures can be in-the-round, meaning
 Painting is a way for artists to express they are not connected to background material,
themselves. or they can be reliefs, meaning they are partially
 Painting is the application of pigments to a connected in some way to background material.
support surface that establishes an image, Because of the three-dimensional nature of
design, or decoration. sculpture, another key characteristic of sculpture
 In art the term “painting” describes both the act is that sculptors can explore the artistic element
and the result. of form more so than any other branch of art.
 Painting is also important to help improve
creativity, improve cultural appreciation, and it
What does “SCULPTURE” mean?
can have various physical and emotional
benefits, such as improving focus and building
self-esteem.  The word "sculpture" is derived from the Latin
 Most painting is created with pigment in liquid word "sculpere," meaning "to cut," "to carve," or
form and applied with a brush. "to engrave." Both the term "sculpture" and the
practice of the art form are truly ancient. The
word "sculpture" has been used as early as the
7 Elements in PAINTING
14th century and evolved with the various
romantic languages of Europe as time went on.
 Color
 Form
History of SCULPTURE
 Line
 Shape
 Space  Early Forms of Sculpture. Sculpture has been
 Texture used as a form of human expression since
 Value prehistoric times—the earliest known works of
sculpture date from around 32,000 B.C. Early
man created utilitarian objects that were
Examples of famous paintings
decorated with sculptural forms. Ancient peoples
also created small animal and human figures
 Las Menins by: Diego Velasquez carved in bone, ivory, or stone for possible
 The Creation of Adam by: Michael Angelo spiritual or religious purposes.
 Traditions of carving and casting emerged from
the ancient civilizations of the Mediterranean.
Summary of PAINTING
The cultures of Egypt and Mesopotamia often
created sculptures on a monumental scale. These
 Painting is a form of visual art where artists use sculptures were related to religious life or
pigments and various mediums to create images functioned as a lasting memorial to the power of
or scenes on a surface. It has a rich history rulers. In ancient Greece and Rome, the human
dating back to prehistoric times, with examples form was the dominant subject in sculpture, and
found in cave paintings. Throughout the ages, the artists of classical Greece achieved a high
painting styles and techniques have evolved, degree of naturalism in sculpting the human
becoming an important means of artistic form. From the rigid archaic male figures,
expression. It allows artists to convey beauty, known as kouroi, of the sixth century B.C. to the
emotions, and ideas, offering a unique window naturalism of Classical Greece and Rome, the
into culture, history, and human experiences. human form was considered the most respected
subject matter for art.
SCULPTURE
Elements of SCULPTURE
  Form both substances are soft enough to be shaped but
 Line hard enough to hold their shape when carved.
 Plane  Casting in sculpture
 Volume It refers to the process of creating a three-
 Color dimensional reproduction of an original artwork
 Mass or model, typically made of a moldable material
 Space such as clay, wax, or plaster. This involves
 Mass pouring a liquid or molten material such as
 Shape metal or resin into a mold, allowing it to harden,
and then removing the mold to reveal the final
cast sculpture.
Types of SCULPTURE
The basic need of casting is to make difficult
and complex shapes that are nearly impossible to
 Relief Sculpture make by simple methods and techniques. Heavy
Relief sculpture is a type of sculpture that is machinery and shapes like ships, beds, and other
connected on one side to the background objects can be cast easily rather than made by
material. Relief sculpture is in opposition to joining different smaller objects one by one.
sculpture in the round, which is a sculpture that Casting is the oldest known sculpting technique
is completely separate from any background. out there, and it is said to be in use since 3200
Relief sculpture is known for blending both 2D BC.
and 3D art. Because it is connected to the
background, relief sculpture is often viewed
ARCHITECTURE
from one perspective, like paintings. However, it
is a form of sculpture because subjects are
sculpted and provide a textural component to the What is ARCHITECTURE?
work.
 Additive Sculpture
 Architecture is the art of building. It satisfies a
Additive sculpture refers to a sculptural method
basic, universal human need for shelter.
that includes the addition of materials to build
An architect is an artist who designs structures
up a structure and design. Additive sculpture
to enclose residential, commercial, or public
includes methods such as modeling and casting
space. Architects work with construction
techniques. Modeling refers to a soft material
technologies, building materials, topography,
being built up to create a design and includes the
contractors, and governmental regulations within
use of clay or papier mâché. Using clay often
a project budget to satisfy their clients' wants
requires the adding of pieces of clay onto a
and needs.
structure and onto other layers of clay that are
built up to create a finished design. Papier
mâché works very similar to clay sculpting, What is the purpose?
where layers of paper and glue or plaster are
applied to a frame or other layers of paper.
 Architects play a critical role in designing
Another type of additive sculpture is known as
buildings and public spaces that are not only
readymade or found object sculpture. Marcel
functional but also beautiful and sustainable.
Duchamp is known for inventing the concept of
architecture exists to create the physical
readymade.
environment in which people live, but
 Subtractive Sculpture
architecture is more than just the built
Subtractive sculpture is defined as a method of
environment, it's also a part of our culture
sculpture that requires the removal of material.
Subtractive sculpture methods include primarily
carving, but can include modeling as well, as 5 Material of ARCHITECTURE
clay or other soft materials are sometimes
removed in the process of sculpting. Carving
methods use tools such as chisels, knives,  Stone
gouges, and hammers to remove material to Massive and virtually indestructible and a
reveal a design. Materials used in carving symbol character of strength and permanence it
techniques include primarily wood and stone, as can express warmth.
 Wood
 wood has excellent sound absorption. Stopping MUSICAL STRUCTURES
sound waves therefore provides greater acoustic
comfort. In the same way, wood also acts as a
Introduction
thermal insulator, which not only gives the
material a pleasant touch but reduces energy
consumption.  The smallest structure in music is a figure,
 Cast Iron sometimes known as a cell. The melody is made
Was also a product of the 19th century's mainly from repetitions of a four-note figure at
Industrial Process. different pitches.
It was a welcome alternative to stone and wood
Allowed for the erection of taller buildings with
Structures
thinner walls.
Has great strength but is heavy.
 Steel  Strophic Form
Very strong metal with some carbon and other Simplest form, using the same tune for each
metals. verse of a song and the structure is AAA.
Harder than cast iron and very expensive.  Verse and Chorus Form
 Concrete Each verse (A) has a similar music but different
Architectural concrete refers to concrete that words, and followed by contrasting chorus (B).
while providing an aesthetic finish to the Thus, the structure is ABABB.
building also serves a structural function.  Binary Form
It has two sections, usually repeated in the
pattern AABB.
MUSIC
The first and second section.

What is MUSIC? The second section is usually longer than the

first. The first section must end with a key, and
the second section ends with a tonic.
 Music, art concerned with combining vocal or
instrumental sounds for beauty of form or
Lastly often used for dances in the 17th and 18th
emotional expression.
centuries. It was also used for short piano pieces
 Music move us, it makes us feel the tears but
in 19th century.
cannot trace the source, says Leticia Sayden.
 Ternary Form
 Franz Liszt defines it as the language of the
Ternary form has three sections, the first of
heart.
which returns at the end, either exactly (A B A)
or varied (A B A1).
Properties of MUSIC
The B section usually contrasts with the A
sections in key or content (or both).
 Pitch
Highness or lowness of the tone
Many 18th century songs do this and are
 Duration
consequently known as 'da capo' arias.
Longness or shortness of tone
 Sonata Form
 Volume
It begins with a section called exposition in
Loudness or softness of tone
which a main theme called the first subject is
 Timbre or tone color
heard in the tonic key.
Individual quality of musical sound
It moves to a closely related key that features a
6 Classes of Voices contrasting second subject.

The movement may end with a coda and there is

 Soprano
a slow introduction before the start of
 Mezzo Soprano
exposition.
 Alto
 Tenor
 Baritone Musical Structures
 Bass
  Rondo Form The set design should have a strong visual
It is based on the idea of a rondo theme (A) that composition, considering elements such as
repeatedly comes around in the tonic key balance, proportion, symmetry, and focal points.
between contrasting episode (B, C and so on) in It should be visually appealing and draw the
related keys. This gives rise to structures such as audience's attention to key areas of the stage.
ABACA or ABACABA.  Creativity and Innovation
 Arch Form A good set design for musicals often
Arch form has a symmetrical structure such as A incorporates creativity and innovation to bring
B C B A. unique and fresh perspectives to the production.
 Ritornello Form It can involve inventive use of materials,
The 'ritornello' of the title refers to the opening unconventional shapes or structures, and
section in the tonic key. creative ways to depict fantastical or abstract
concepts.
It returns to the related keys, separated by  Attention to Detail
modulating episodes for one of more soloists. The set design should pay attention to detail to
create a realistic and immersive environment.
Rondo themes complete and in the tonic every This includes elements such as textures, colors,
time it returns props, and scenic painting. Details help to
enhance the storytelling and create a believable
world on stage.
Structures
 Collaboration
Set design is a collaborative process involving
 Longer musical forms directors, producers, choreographers, and other
Suite, Concerto, and Symphony members of the production team. It is important
 Pop song structures for the set designer to collaborate closely with
Developed from verse and chorus songs in the others to ensure the set supports the overall
early 20th century A short introduction replaces vision of the musical and aligns with other
the first verse and the rest of the song consists of production elements.
a repeated 32 bar chorus made from four eight
bar phrases in the pattern AABA.
PHILIPPINE MUSIC

MUSICAL DESIGN
Music

 Musical design is the art and practice of creating

 Music is considered to be the least tangible of
soundtracks for a variety of needs. It involves
the arts
specifying, acquiring or creating auditory
elements using audio production techniques and
tools. Elements of MUSIC

Use of MUSICAL DESIGN  Melody

This refers to the succession of consecutive
notes or tones changing and pitch and duration.
 Film Making
 Rhythm
 Television Production
This has something to do with the patterns in
 Sound Recording
time. (Tempo, meter, and rhythmic pattern)
 Harmony
Elements of MUSICAL DESIGN This may refer to a combination of different
tones or pitches played or sung together.
 Texture
 Concept and Theme This element refers to the relationship of
The set design should align with the concept and
melodic and harmonic lines in music.
theme of the musical. It should visually
 Dynamics
represent the time period, location, mood, and
This refers to the degree of softness and
overall atmosphere of the story being told.
loudness of music.
 Visual Composition  Timbre
 This refers to the quality of sound generated by - Ensemble of plectrum instruments
instrument or by voice.
 Form - Use overtures and arias from operas
This element refers to how other elements of compatible with the philippine music
music are organized. -Shift between major and minor chords
-Recreation of courtship usage
Historical Background
(Plectrum- used for plucking of strings,
Overture- used as an introduction to an opera,
 Starts off with ethnic music
Opera- dramatic composition accompanied by
- Music of tribes
music, Aria- a melody song with
- Use for occasions
accompaniment, Accompaniment- part of a
 Spans until the post-spanish era
composition that serves as a background)
- Music influenced by the spaniards and other
cultures  Sarswela
 American Colonial Period (Late 19th to Early
20th Century): - Filipino version of the spanish zarzuela
 And even until the modern filipino music - Use as theater music or entertainment

Musical Background - A form of operetta

(operetta- a.k.a opera contains dialogue)
 Use for feast and rituals of the tribe  Filipino
- Pre/Post-harvest rituals  Sarswela
- Weddings
- Pre/Post-war rituals - Filipino version of the spanish zarzuela
 Connection with nature
- Use as theater music or entertainment
- Mimicry of movements in nature
- Copying monkeys, birds, etc. - A form of operetta
(operetta- a.k.a opera contains dialogue)
Form of Music
 Kundiman

 Ethics - "Should-it-not-be"
 Percussions are mainly used
- Delivered with romantic lyrics and mellow
 Sometimes gongs are also used melodies
 Pentatonic scale
- Five-note scale - Considered as one of the most romantic
- not commonly used Filipino love songs
 Diatonic Scale
- Accompanied usually by a guitar or violin
- seven-note scale
- Watch preferred over pentatonic - Use for serenading
(percussion- striking of a musical instruments to
produce tones) (Mellow- soft and rich in sound)
 Hispanic
 Awit and Corrido
 Banda - Similar to ancient epic tale telling
- Form that kept a spanish characteristics - An array of songs and dances performed by
local talents
- Much like the spanish and mexican style bans
- Translated and spread to different regions of
- Use as a competitive tool between different the philippines.
municipal
 Modern
 Randolla  Original Philippine Music (OPM)
- Songs created in the Philippines or created by
Filipinos or those with Filipino origin
- Mostly comprised of Tagalog, English or
Taglish ballads
- Songs of other languages also exist and are
considered as OPM because of the
composer/creator
 Pinoy Rock (Filipino Rock Music)
- Usually in taglish which catches the attention
of most listeners due to the use of the language
for casual conversation in the philippines
- A 'renre similar to that of rock in the USA,
through a filipino origin
 Choral Music
- Performance of a group through choral singing
- Made famous by the world renown philippine
madrigal singers (Madz)
- The philippines is one of the most prestigious
multi-awarded country in asia in terms of choral
singing.
(Madrigal- usually of 4 to 6 voices singing
without accompaniment)
 Neo-Traditional
- Modern Filipino music fuse with ethnic music
- Examples are music from joey ayala and
pinikpikan