Contemporary World Module Midterms

The Contemporary World
Module
Republic of the Philippines
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES
Olongapo City Sports Complex, Donor St., East Tapinac, Olongapo City 2200
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
College of Education Arts and Sciences
Program:
Course Code: GEC03
Course Title: The Contemporary World
Course Description:
This course introduces students to the contemporary world by examining the multifaceted
phenomenon of globalization. Using the various disciplines of the social sciences, it examines
the economic, social, political, technological, and other transformations that have created an
increasing awareness of the interconnectedness of peoples and places around the globe. To
this end, the course provides an overview of the various debates in global governance,
development, and sustainability. Beyond exposing the student to the world outside the
Philippines, it seeks to inculcate a sense of global citizenship and global ethical
responsibility.
Course Learning Outcomes:

1. Distinguish different interpretations of and approaches to globalization.
2. Describe the emergence of global economic, political, social, and cultural systems.
3. Analyze the various contemporary drivers of globalization.
4. Understand the issues confronting the nation-state.
5. Analyze contemporary news events in the context of globalization.
6. Analyze global issues in relation to Filipinos and the Philippines.
7. Write a research paper with proper citations on a topic related to globalization.
8. Articulate personal positions on various global issues.
9. Identify the ethical implications of global citizenship.
Grading Rubric:
b. FINALS
a. MIDTERM Final Exam 30%
Midterm Exam 30% Performance Output 40%
Learning Module (Midterm)
Performance Output 40% Portfolio (Compilation of Activities)
Portfolio (Compilation of Activities) Class Standing 30%
Class Standing 30% Accomplished Learning Task
Accomplished Learning Task
Tentative Total 100%
Tentative Total 100%
Rubric for Essay

Criteria Inadequate = 3 Adequate = 4 Exemplary = 5
(Below Standard) (Meet Standard) (Far Exceeds
Standard)
Organization Writing lacks logical Writing is coherent Writing shows high
organization. It and logically degree of attention
shows some organized. Some to logic and
Exclusive for Gordon College use only and NOT FOR SALE
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
coherence but ideas points remain reasoning of points.

lack unity. Serious misplaced and stray Unity clearly leads
errors. from the topic. the reader to the
Transitions evident conclusion and stirs
but not used thought regarding
throughout essay. the topic.
Level of Content Shows some Content indicates Content indicates
thinking and thinking and synthesis of ideas,
reasoning but most reasoning applied in-depth analysis
ideas are with original thought and evidences
underdeveloped and on a few ideas. original thought and
unoriginal. support for the topic.
Development Main points lack Main points are Main points well
detailed present with limited developed with high
development. Ideas detail and quality and quantity
are vague with little development. Some support. Reveals
evidence of critical critical thinking is high degree of
thinking. present. critical thinking.
Grammar and Spelling, Most spelling Essay is free of
Mechanics punctuation, and punctuation, and distracting spelling,
grammatical errors grammar correct punctuation, and
create distraction, allowing reader to grammatical errors;
making reading progress though absent of fragments,
difficult; fragments, essay. Some errors comma splices, and
comma splices, run- remain. run-ons.
ons evident. Errors
are frequent.
Style Mostly in elementary Approaches college Shows outstanding
form with little or no level usage of some style going beyond
variety in sentence variety in sentence usual college level;
structure, diction, patterns, diction, and rhetorical devices
rhetorical devices or rhetorical devices. and tone used
emphasis. effectively; creative
use of sentence
structure and
coordination.
Format Fails to follow Meets format and Meets all format and
format and assignment assignment
assignment requirements; requirements and
requirements; generally correct evidences attention
incorrect margins, margins, spacing, to detail; all
spacing and and indentions; margins, spacing
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
indention; neatness essay is neat but and indentations are

of essay needs may have some correct; essay is neat
attention. assembly errors. and correctly
assembled with
professional look.
Rubric for Group Presentation

Criteria Excellent Very Good Satisfactory Needs
Improvement
10pts 8pts 6pts
4pts
Delivery  Captures the  Encourages  Encourages  No
audience with some some encouragement
clear voice participation participation for learners’
 Professional of the of the participation
delivery learners learners  Unprepared
 Well-prepared  Prepared  Somewhat  Very poor
 Optimal use  Fluid delivery prepared delivery
of slides  Good choice  Poor delivery  Very difficult
and/or short  Average use  Hard to hear to hear and
video/s and/or of slides and follow follow
short video/s and/or short  Less use of  No use of
video/s slides and/or slides and/or
short video/s short video/s
Content  Clear  Some success  Attempts to  Objectives and
objectives and in defining define the subject matter
subject matter the objectives objective and are not clearly
 Accurate and subject subject matter defined
complete and matter  Some  Useful
useful  Some information information
information examples, are inaccurate are missing
 Complete and facts and and not useful  References are
correct other useful  Incomplete not cited
citation of information and wrong  Major ideas
references  Some citation citation of are unclear,
(APA style) of references references leaving the
 Ideas are  May need to  Major ideas audience
summarized refine are not without
and the summary of summarized learning
audience is ideas or audience is
left with full left with
understanding vague ideas
of the topic
Teamwork  Clear  Adequate  Some  Little evidence
evidence of evidence of evidence of of teamwork
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
teamwork and teamwork and teamwork and and some

equal division equal division some division division of
of labor of labor of labor labor
 Tasks have  Tasks have  Most of the  Only one
been been work was person did all
distributed distributed done by only the work
within the within the one person
group group
 Assigned  Assigned
tasks tasks
performed by performed by
each member the most of
the members
Detailed Learning Module
Module Learning Objectives Topics and Key Teaching and Learning

Number and (most essential Concepts Learning Tasks
Title learning Materials and
competencies) Resources
Module 1:  Define  What  YouTube  Reading

CHAPTER 1 Globalization Globalization lecture series. Materials
The Structures  Analyze the Mean  PowerPoint (PDF).
of interrelated factors  Globalization Presentations  Online
Globalization of Globalization and  Worksheets Forum
 Interpret how Competitiveness  Diagrams  Critical
governments  A brief modern  PDF Files Thinking
influence history of Questions
Competitiveness; Globalization
 Explain why  Measuring
Globalization is Globalization
uneven based on
the three rankings.
Module 2:  Describe the  An overview of  PowerPoint  Reading
CHAPTER 2 changes in the the World Presentation Materials
Market world economy; Economy.  Book (PDF)
Globalism  Identify the three  World Bank  Worksheets  Venn
forms of economic Four-Category  PDF Files Diagram
system; System  YouTube Video  Critical
 Distinguish the  The Six Core Thinking
three forms of Claims of Market Questions
economic system; Globalism
 Explain the  The International
characteristics of Economic
the World Bank Environment
Rankings; and
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
 Explain the
principles, ideas,
and arguments
postulated on the
six core claims of
market globalism.
Module 3:  Distinguish Nation  What is State  YouTube  Reading
CHAPTER 3: from State;  The Political, lecture series. Materials
Governments  Identify the Legal, and  PowerPoint (PDF).
and Citizens in elements of State; Regulatory Presentations  Online
a Globally  Explain the Environments  Answer sheets Forum
Interconnected political and among States.  Diagrams  Critical
World of States regulatory  Political Risk  PDF Files Thinking
environments of  International Questions
Global States Law
 Explain the
political Risk on
Governments
 Distinguish
Common Law,
Civil Law, and
Islamic Law; and
 Explain the
principles and
concepts of Bribery
and Corruption
Module 4:  Define economic  Interconnected  PowerPoint  Reading
CHAPTER 4 globalization; Dimensions of Presentation Materials
The  Distinguish Economic  Book (PDF)
Globalization globalization from Globalization  Worksheets  Venn
of Economic internationalization;  Distinction of  PDF Files Diagram
Relations  Explain the Globalization from  YouTube Video  Critical
important function Internationalization Thinking
of World Trade  The World Trade Questions
Organization; Organization and
 Discuss the GATT
different types of  Preferential Trade
trades; Agreements
 Explain the  The Bretton
importance of Woods System
regional trade  Developing
organizations and Countries and
its implication to International Trade
the member  The
countries; and McDonaldization
 Assess the situation of Society
of the developing
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
countries in terms
of their
international trades.
Module 5:  Explain the impact  Presence in Key  YouTube  Reading
CHAPTER 5 of dealing business Global Markets lecture series. Materials
The Rise of with triad;  Functions of  PowerPoint (PDF).
Global  Identify the Global Presentations  Online
Corporation competitive Corporations  Answer sheets Forum
strategies of global  Major Concerns  Diagrams  Critical
corporations; of Global  PDF Files Thinking
 Discuss the idea of Managers. Questions
globalization  Challenges of
drivers; Globalization
 Explain how global
corporations
function;
 Identify what
constitutes a global
corporation;
 Explain the role of
international
financial institution
in the creation of
global economy;
 Identify the
emerging market
global corporations;
and
 Explain the
relevance of
changing regulatory
environment to the
structure and
operation of global
corporations.
Module 6:  Discuss the  The Global South  PowerPoint  Reading
CHAPTER 6 distinction of the  Global Inequality Presentation Materials
Global Politics, global south and and the Future  The (pdf)
Governance global north;  Reasons on Contemporary  Venn
and the  Explain the Analyzing States World Book Diagram
Globalization success and and Interstates  Worksheets Quiz
in the Asia- failures of global Inequalities  PDF Files
Pacific and divides;  The Asia-Pacific  Google Forms
South Asia  Differentiate Region
regionalization and
globalization; and
 Research on the
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
factors leading to a
greater integration
of Asian Region
Module 7:  Analyze how  The  YouTube  Reading
CHAPTER 7 various media drive Communication lecture series. Materials
Globalization various forms of Media  PowerPoint (PDF).
and Media: global integration;  Media power and Presentations  Online
Creating the  Explain the its limits  Answer sheets Forum
Global Village dynamics between  The Mass Media  Diagrams  Critical
local and global  Solving Ethical  PDF Files Thinking
cultural production; Dilemmas Questions
 Define Mass  Ethical Problems
Media; of Global
 Identify the Journalists
function of Mass  The relationship
Media; between
 Explain the ethical Globalization
philosophies and and Popular
ethical problems in Music
Mass Media;  Religion and
 Explain media Mass Media.
ethics and its
effects on social
change; and
 Explain the relation
between
globalization and
popular music.
Module 8:  Define Religion;  Defining  YouTube  Reading
CHAPTER 8  Explain the idea of Religion lecture series. Materials
The rituals and magic;  Social  PowerPoint (PDF).
Globalization  Identify the Organizations of Presentations  Online
of Religion varieties of Religion  Answer sheets Forum
religion;  Religion and  Diagrams  Critical
 Explain the social Society  PDF Files Thinking
organization of  Globalization of Questions
Religion; World Religion.
 Explain how
globalization
affects religious
practices and
beliefs; and
 Analyze the
relationship
between religion
and global conflict,
and conversely,
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
global peace.
Module 9:  Explain the theory of  Sources of  PowerPoint  Reading
CHAPTER 9 demographic Demographic Data Presentation Materials
Global transition as it  The Tools of  The (pdf)
Demography: affects global Demography Contemporary  Critical
Population, population;  About Population World Book Thinking
Urbanization,  Explain the concepts  Population  Worksheets Questions
and Ecology of fertility, mortality, Dynamics  PDF Files  Virtual
population growth  Population  Google Forms Group
and population Theories Activity
composition;  Population Quiz
 Describe the Controls Strategies
demographic tools; Ecology
 Discuss the nature of
population
dynamics;
 Identify the factors
affecting fertility;
 Identify and explain
the three general
profile of a
population;
 Compare and
contrast the theories
of population;
 Discuss the idea of
urbanization and
urbanism as a way of
life;
 Evaluate the concept
of environment and
society as to global
dimensions;
 Describe the
ecology; and
 Discuss the nature
and issues
concerning our
environment.
Module 10:  Identify the  The Rise of  YouTube  Reading
CHAPTER 10 attributes of a Cities. lecture series. Materials
The Global global city;  Patterns of  PowerPoint (PDF).
Cities  Explain the patterns Urban Presentations  Online
of urban Development  Answer sheets Forum
development;  Problems in  Diagrams  Critical
 Discuss the Cities.  PDF Files Thinking
problems  Human Ecology Questions
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
experienced in and
cities; Environmental
 Discuss the Concerns in
environmental Global Cities
concerns of global  The World
cities; and Global Cities
 Analyze how cities
serve as engines of
globalization.
Module 11:  Differentiate  Toward a  PowerPoint  Reading
CHAPTER 11 stability from Sustainable Presentation Materials
Sustainable sustainability; and Society and World  The (pdf)
Development  Articulate models  Food Sustainability Contemporary  Virtual
of global Food Security World Book group
sustainable  Worksheets activity
development.  PDF Files Quiz
Google Forms
Module 12:  Articulate a personal  Global Citizenship  PowerPoint  Reading
CHAPTER 12 definition of global Education Presentation Materials
Global citizenship;  Social Change and  The (pdf)
Citizenship  Appreciate the Global Citizens Contemporary  Virtual
ethical obligations of Social Movements World Book group
global citizenship; and Change  Worksheets activity
and  PDF Files Quiz
 Explain what global  Google Forms
citizen means.
DETAILED LEARNING MODULE
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
Title: CHAPTER 1: The Structures of Globalization

Module No.1
I. Introduction
The Structure of Globalization tackles the definition and perspectives of globalization from
different authors, globalization rankings, and how government influence competitiveness.
II. Learning Objectives

After studying this module, you should be able to:
 Define Globalization
 Analyze the interrelated factors of Globalization
 Interpret how governments influence Competitiveness;
 Explain why Globalization is uneven based on the three rankings.
III. Topics and Key Concepts

 What Globalization Mean
 Globalization and Competitiveness
 A brief modern history of Globalization
 Measuring Globalization
IV. Teaching and Learning Materials and Resources

 YouTube lecture series.
 PowerPoint Presentations
 Answer sheets
 Diagrams
 PDF Files
V. Learning Task
1. Using a table, identify Globalization through the following context:
a. Government
b. Social
c. Culture
d. Economic
LESSON PROPER:
What is Globalization?
Globalization represents the global integration of international trade, investment, information
technology and cultures. Government policies designed to open economies domestically and
internationally to boost development in poorer countries and raise standards of living for their
people are what drive globalization. However, these policies have created an international
free market that has mainly benefited multinational corporations in the Western world to the
detriment of smaller businesses, cultures and common people.
The Broader Meaning of Globalization
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
 Globalization is a term used to describe the changes in societies and the world
economy that are the result of dramatically increased trade and cultural exchange. In
specifically economic contexts, it refers almost exclusively to the effects of trade,
particularly trade liberalization or "free trade".
 It is a common belief that globalization plays a role just at international levels of trade
and commerce, but the fact is that it has played an important role in making our lives
much more comfortable too. The phones, apparels, gadgets or accessories that we use
in our day-to-day life are be available to us through globalization. Knowingly or
unknowingly, we are all under the impact of globalization, and more importantly it
has helped in bringing international peace and justice to mankind.
PITSTOP 1:
Look around your house and Identify as many as you can any products (and Brands) that has
something to do with Globalization
*For offline users (who opted Option 1): Write it in a 1 whole sheet of Yellow pad. (Please
wait for further announcement from your teachers for submission)
*For online users (who opted Options 2&3): Type it in columns. (You can pass this to your
respective teachers via GC Email)
Globalization can also mean:

 The formation of a global village - closer contact between different parts of the world,
with increasing possibilities of personal exchange, mutual understanding and
friendship between "world citizens",
 Economic globalization - "free trade" and increasing relations among members of an
industry in different parts of the world (globalization of an industry), with a
corresponding erosion of National Sovereignty in the economic sphere.
Signs of globalization
 Increase in international trade at a faster rate than the growth in the world economy
 Increase in international flow of capital including foreign direct
 investment
 Greater transborder data flow, using such technologies such as the Internet,
communication satellites and telephones
 Greater international cultural exchange, for example through the export of Hollywood
and Bollywood movies.
 Some argue that even terrorism has undergone globalization. Terrorists
 now have attacked places all over the world.
 Spreading of multiculturalism and better individual access to cultural diversity, with
on the other hand, some reduction in diversity
 through assimilation, hybridization, Westernization, Americanization or Sinosization
of cultures.
 Erosion of national sovereignty and national borders through international
agreements leading to organizations like
 the WTO and OPEC
 Greater international travel and tourism
 Greater immigration, including illegal immigration
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
 Development of global telecommunications infrastructure

 Development of a global financial systems
 Increase in the share of the world economy controlled by multinational corporations
 Increased role of international organizations such as WTO, WIPO, IMF that deal with
international transactions
 Increase in the number of standards applied globally; e.g., copyright laws
Advantage of Globalization:
Peaceful Relations- Most of the countries have resorted to trade relations with each other in
order to boost their economy, leaving behind any bitter past experiences if any.
Employment- Considered as one of the most crucial

advantages, globalization has led to the generation of numerous employment opportunities.
Companies are moving towards the developing countries to acquire labor force.
Education- A very critical advantage that has aided the population is the spread of education.
With numerous educational institutions around the globe, one can move out from the home
country for better opportunities elsewhere.
Product Quality- The product quality has been enhanced so as to retain the customers.
Today the customers may compromise with the price range but not with the quality of the
product. Low or poor quality can adversely affect consumer satisfaction.
Cheaper Prices- Globalization has brought in fierce competition in the markets.
Communication- Every single information is easily accessible from almost every corner of
the world. Circulation of information is no longer a tedious task, and can happen in seconds.
The Internet has significantly affected the global economy, thereby providing direct access to
information and products.
Transportation- Considered as the wheel of every business organization, connectivity to

various parts of the world is no more a serious problem. Today with various modes of
transportation available, one can conveniently deliver the products to a customer located at
any part of the world.
GDP Increase- Gross Domestic Product, commonly known as GDP, is the money value of
the final goods and services produced within the domestic territory of the country during an
accounting year.
Free Trade- Free trade is a policy in which a country does not levy taxes, duties, subsidies or
quota on the import/export of goods or services from other countries. There are countries
which have resolved to free trade in specific regions. This allows consumers to buy goods
and services, comparatively at a lower cost.
Travel and Tourism- Globalization has promoted tourism to great heights. International
trade among different countries also helps in increasing the number of tourists that visit
different places around the world.
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
External Borrowing- With the help of globalization, there is opportunity for corporate,
national, and sub-national borrowers to have better access to external finance, with facilities
such as external commercial borrowing and syndicated loans.
DISADVANTAGE:
Health Issues
Globalization has given rise to more health risks and presents new threats and challenges for
epidemics.
 The dawn of HIV/AIDS. Having its origin in the wilderness of Africa, the virus has
spread like wildfire throughout the globe in no time.
 Food items are also transported to various countries, and this is a matter of concern,
especially in case of perishable items.
 The Corona Virus Pandemic.
PITSTOP 2:
The advent of Corona Virus (COVID-19) affected the whole world since December of 2019
to present. With the world scrambling to get the vaccines from different pharmaceuticals, do
you think we can recover from this worldwide pandemic in spite everything that is happening
around the world.
Loss of Culture- With large number of people moving into and out of a country, the culture
takes a backseat. People may adapt to the culture of the resident country. They tend to follow
the foreign culture more, forgetting their own roots. This can give rise to cultural conflicts.
Uneven Wealth Distribution- It is said that the rich are getting richer while the poor are
getting poorer. In the real sense, globalization has not been able to reduce poverty.
Environment Degradation -The industrial revolution has changed the outlook of the
economy. Industries are using natural resources by means of mining, drilling, etc. which puts
a burden on the environment.
Disparity- Though globalization has opened new avenues like wider markets and
employment, there still exists a disparity in the development of the economies.
Structural unemployment owes to the disparity created. Developed countries are moving their
factories to foreign countries where labor is cheaply available.
Conflicts- It has given rise to terrorism and other forms of violence. Such acts not only cause
loss of human life but also huge economic losses.
Cut-throat Competition- Opening the doors of international trade has given birth to intense
competition. This has affected the local markets dramatically. The local players thereby
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
suffer huge losses as they lack the potential to advertise or export their products on a large
scale. Therefore, the domestic markets shrink.
Globalization in the Philippines

The country is taking part in the process of globalization ever since the country signed
agreements with World Trade Organization in 1995.
Now, globalization is very effective in the Philippines, it has allowed major changes in the
nation like more labor, and more Filipino and foreign companies has emerged in the nation in
order to help the country’s developing economy.
Globalization can make the Philippines into a better nation if the Philippine leaders to make
their economy more advance through global trading and allowing more foreign investors to
the help boost the economy. And by accomplishing those goals, the Philippines should be
able to reduce the poverty level as well as increase labor force for job opportunities for those
that are in need for a living.
However, since the poverty level is still increasing, most Filipinos has managed to find work
overseas and they have managed to seek better living than in the Philippines. The most
effective factor in the Philippines is education. The society’s mentality is to be educated and
it’s with education that people in the nation see their opportunity for a better life in the future.
PITSTOP 3:
Do you think, our Country can compete in terms of Globalization?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
*For online users (who opted Options 2&3): Typewritten (Soft Copy). (You can pass this
to your respective teachers via GC Email)
VI. Reference
 Malit, Ponciano III R., [Thirdy Malit]. 2020, June 28. Structures of Globalization. YouTube.
https://youtu.be/MgODZ9JZJL8
 Malit, Ponciano III R., [Thirdy Malit]. 2020, June 28. Globalization Discussion. YouTube.
 https://youtu.be/9FfMofItD5c
 Malit, T. (2020, July 17). Globalization. Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/tmalit1/globalization-236998564
 Malit, T. (2020, July 17). Globalization Introduction. Retrieved July 17, 2020, from
https://www.slideshare.net/tmalit1/globalization-introduction-236998568
Title: CHAPTER 2: Market Globalism

Module No.2
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
I. Introduction
Market Globalism is devoted in the thorough discussion of market globalism,
changes in the world economy, the forms of economic system, the World Bank
category system. We introduce here the six core claims of market globalism and a
substantial discussion of global marketing.

1. Describe the changes in the world economy;
2. Identify the three forms of economic system;
3. Distinguish the three forms of economic system;
4. Explain the characteristics of the World Bank rankings; and
5. Explain the principles, ideas, and arguments postulated on the six core
claims of market globalism

 An overview of the World Economy
 Economic Systems
 World Bank Four-Category System
 The Six Core Claims of Market Globalism
 The International Economic Environment

 PowerPoint Presentation
 The Contemporary World Book
 Worksheets
 Reading Materials in PDF file
 Quiz using Google Forms
V. Learning Task
 Reading Materials about the lessons for this chapter in PDF format.
 Triple Venn Diagram about the similarities and differences of Economic
Systems (Market Allocation, Command Allocation and Mixed Allocation)
 Critical Thinking Questions
1. How do you perceive the idea of claim 6 that if global War on
Terror turns out to be an intense engagement, it would become
actually more important over time? Recall the 9/11 tragedy, the
Gulf War between Iraq and Kuwait. The civil disturbances in Syria,
Yemen, and Libya. If these will continue, would you agree on the
premise?
2. Do you agree with the statement of former British Prime Minister
Margaret Thatcher that ‘there is no alternative’ which means
governments, the society, politicians, and economic, have to adjust
to the coming or existence of globalization?
 Quiz about the topic that discuss using Google Forms
LESSON PROPER:
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
An Overview of the World Economy

After strong growth in 2017 and early 2018, global economic activity slowed notably in the
second half of last year, reflecting a confluence of factors affecting major economies. China’s
growth declined following a combination of needed regulatory tightening to rein in shadow
banking and an increase in trade tensions with the United States. The euro area economy lost
more momentum than expected as consumer and business confidence weakened and car
production in Germany was disrupted by the introduction of new emission standards;
investment dropped in Italy as sovereign spreads widened; and external demand, especially
from emerging Asia, softened. Elsewhere, natural disasters hurt activity in Japan. Trade
tensions increasingly took a toll on business confidence and, so, financial market sentiment
worsened, with financial conditions tightening for vulnerable emerging markets in the spring
of 2018 and then in advanced economies later in the year, weighing on global demand.
Conditions have eased in 2019 as the US Federal Reserve signaled a more accommodative
monetary policy stance and markets became more optimistic about a US–China trade deal,
but they remain slightly more restrictive than in the fall.
Source: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2019/03/28/world-economic-
outlook-april-2019
Economic Systems
Capitalism AKA Market Economy
In a free market economy, firms and households act in self-interest to determine how
resources get allocated, what goods get produced and who buys the goods. This is opposite to
how a command economy works, where the central government gets to keep the profits.
There is no government intervention in a pure market economy (“laissez-faire“). However, no

truly free market economy exists in the world. For example, while America is a capitalist
nation, our government still regulates (or attempts to control) fair trade, government
programs, honest business, monopolies, etc.
In this type of economy, there is a separation of the government and the market. This
separation prevents the government from becoming too powerful and keeps their interests
aligned with that of the markets.
Advantages
 Consumers pay the highest price they want to, and businesses only produce profitable
goods and services. There is a lot of incentive for entrepreneurship.
 This competition for resources leads to the most efficient use of the factors of
production since businesses are very competitive.
 Businesses invest heavily in research and development. There is an incentive for
constant innovation as companies compete to provide better products for consumers.
Disadvantages
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
 Due to the fiercely competitive nature of a free market, businesses will not care for
the disadvantaged like the elderly or disabled. This lack of focus on societal benefit
leads to higher income inequality.
 Since the market is driven solely by self-interest, economic needs have a priority over
social and human needs like providing healthcare for the poor. Consumers can also be
exploited by monopolies.
Socialism AKA Command Economy

In a command economic system, a large part of the economic system is controlled by a
centralized power. For example, in the USSR most decisions were made by the central
government. This type of economy was the core of the communist philosophy.
Since the government is such a central feature of the economy, it is often involved in
everything from planning to redistributing resources. A command economy is capable of
creating a healthy supply of its resources, and it rewards its people with affordable prices.
This capability also means that the government usually owns all the critical industries like
utilities, aviation, and railroad.
Advantages
 If executed correctly, the government can mobilize resources on a massive scale.
This mobility can provide jobs for almost all of the citizens.
 The government can focus on the good of society rather than an individual. This focus
could lead to a more efficient use of resources.
Disadvantages
 It is hard for central planners to provide for everyone’s needs. This challenge forces
the government to ration because it cannot calculate demand since it sets prices.
 There is a lack of innovation since there is no need to take any risk. Workers are also
forced to pursue jobs the government deems fit.
Mixed Economy
A mixed economy is a combination of different types of economic systems. This economic
system is a cross between a market economy and command economy. In the most common
types of mixed economies, the market is more or less free of government ownership except
for a few key areas like transportation or sensitive industries like defense and railroad.
However, the government is also usually involved in the regulation of private businesses. The
idea behind a mixed economy was to use the best of both worlds – incorporate policies that
are socialist and capitalist. To a certain extent, most countries have a mixed economic
system. For example, India and France are mixed economies.
Advantages:
 There is less government intervention than a command economy. This results in
private businesses that can run more efficiently and cut costs down than a government
entity might.
 The government can intervene to correct market failures. For example, most
governments will come in and break up large companies if they abuse monopoly
power. Another example could be the taxation of harmful products like cigarettes to
reduce a negative externality of consumption.
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
 Governments can create safety net programs like healthcare or social security.
 In a mixed economy, governments can use taxation policies to redistribute income
and reduce inequality.
Disadvantages
 There are criticisms from both sides arguing that sometimes there is too much
government intervention, and sometimes there isn’t enough.
 A common problem is that the state-run industries are often subsidized by the
government and run into large debts because they are uncompetitive.
PITSTOP 1:
Which Market System does the Philippines fall to?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
The World Bank 4-Category System

The Low-income Countries- Low-income countries have a GNP per capita of less than
$766. The characteristics shared by countries at this income level are:
 Limited industrialization and high percentage of the population engaged in agriculture
and subsistence farming.
 High birth rates
 Low literacy rates
 Heavy reliance on foreign aid.
 Political instability and unrest.
 Concentration in Africa south of Sahara.
Low-Middle-Income Countries- Sometimes, countries that can be assigned to the lower

income and lower-middle income categories are known collectively as less-developed
countries (LDCs). This to indicate a contrast developing (upper-middle-income) countries
and developed (high income) countries. Lower-income countries are those with GNP per
capita between $766 and $3,035.
Upper-Middle-Income Countries- These Countries are also known as industrializing or

developing countries with a GNP per capita ranging from $3,036 to $9,385. In these
countries, the percentage of population engaged in agricultural drops sharply as people move
to industrial sector and the degree of urbanization increases.
High-Income Countries- High-income countries are also known as advanced, developed,

industrialized, or post-industrial countries. They have a GNP per capita above $9,386. With
exception of a few oil-rich nations, the countries in this category reached their present income
levels through a process of sustained economic growth.
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
PITSTOP 2: Give at least 8 countries that belong in each of the 4 World Bank Category
VI. Reference
 Abelos, A., et al., (2018). The Contemporary World. Malabon City. Mutya
Publishing House, Inc.
 Malit, Ponciano III R., [Thirdy Malit]. 2020, June 30. Market Globalism.
YouTube. https://youtu.be/pNfjiNBjyMI
 Malit, T. (2020, July 17). Market globalism. Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/tmalit1/market-globalism
Title: CHAPTER 3: Governments and Citizens in a Globally Interconnected World of

States
Module No.3
I. Introduction
Governments and Citizens in a Globally Interconnected World of States presents a
comprehensive and detailed discussion on the distinction of nation from a state, the elements
of state, theories and relationship of states, globalization of governments, political risk on
governments, the idea of civil, common and Islamic laws, bribery, and corruption as a fact of
life and balances in globalization

 Distinguish Nation from State;
 Identify the elements of State;
 Explain the political and regulatory environments of Global States
 Explain the political Risk on Governments
 Distinguish Common Law, Civil Law, and Islamic Law; and
 Explain the principles and concepts of Bribery and Corruption

 What is State
 The Political, Legal, and Regulatory Environments among States.
 Political Risk
 International Law
 Answer sheets
 Diagrams
 PDF Files
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
V. Learning Task
1. Give and describe at least 6 types of government and what countries do have.
2. Illustrate how a bill becomes a law.
3. What is the United Nations Declaration on Human Rights, how did it affect the Globalized
Society.
LESSON PROPER:
The State and the Government
Garner, as cited by Aruego (1994), defines the state as a community of persons, more or less
numerous, permanently occupying a territory, completely free of external control, and
possessing an organized government to which the great body of its inhabitants render habitual
independence. It is not similar to nation. This is because a nation is but a group of people
bound together by a common culture. While state is a political concept, nation is a cultural
concept.
It is not also synonymous with the term government. Government is but one of the elements
comprising the state. It is through the government that the will of the state is expressed.
Without this element, a state cannot exist. Another source of difference between these two
concepts is permanence. For of Government can be modified but the state remains unchanged
as long as its essential elements are present.
The Elements of State:

 People
 Territory
 Government
 Sovereignty
Theories on the Origin of the State

Divine Right Theory- According to this theory, God created the state. He anointed the ruler
to rule the people. Thus, the ruler’s mandate to rule originated from God. This theory used by
monarchs during the olden times to justify their absolute rule over their subjects.
The divinity of the Emperors of Japan

The Japanese concept of the divinity of the Emperor is often misunderstood by Westerners.
Neither the Emperor nor most of his people ever thought that the Emperor was a God in the
sense of being a supernatural supreme being.
From the 6th century onwards, it was accepted that the Emperor was descended from the
kami (in this context gods), was in contact with them, and often inspired by them.
This didn't make him a god himself, but rather imposed on him the obligation of carrying out
certain rituals and devotions in order to ensure that the kami looked after Japan properly and
ensured its prosperity.
Force Theory- This theory asserts that the state emerged as a consequence of invasion,
occupation, force or coercion. Prior to the existence of the state, there were those who were
able to force others to accept their leadership through sheer force, invasion, and occupation.
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
These powerful leaders, therefore, imposed their will upon the weak, which gave rise to the
state.
Paternalistic Theory- This theory attributes to the expansion of the family the origin of the
state. As a consequence of the intermarriages of children, the family grew into a clan, the clan
into tribe, and a tribe into a nation. As the head of the family, the father governed as the chief
ruler of the institution.
Rousseau’s Social Contract- This theory asserts that the people deliberately surrendered
their individual rights to form a society and government for their common good. In this
agreement, people were to surrender their individual rights and obey the government in
consideration of a just ruler. Nonetheless, when the ruler becomes unjust and fails to run for
their welfare, the people can cease obeying the government and its ruler.
Hobbes’ Social Contract- This theory claims that the natural state of humans is constant war
with each other. Society, therefore, arose only by convention. From self-interest, people make
peace and security inasmuch as they delegate total power to the state. Once this happens, the
decrees of the king are absolute in all areas of life, including the family and religion. Hobbes,
further, asserted that rebellion against the state breaks society’s basic contract and is
punishable by whatever penalty the ruler may exact in order to protect his subjects from a
return to the original state of nature.
Locke’s Social Contract- According to this theory, the state was established to preserve the
natural rights of its citizens. Unlike Hobbes, Locke believe that man in a state of nature is
happy and tolerant one. The agreement between the people and the ruler preserves the pre-
existent natural rights of the individual to life, liberty, and property and that the enjoyment of
private rights and the pursuit of happiness leads to a civil society for the common good.
Furthermore, this theory states that when the government fails in its task of preserving these
natural rights, the citizens have the right and duty to withdraw their support and even rise up
in arms against the government.
Instinctive Theory- This theory claims that the state originated from the natural tendencies
of people to live in an organized society. Political institutions came into being as
consequence of people’s instinct to bind themselves as social beings. Thus, the state emerged
as a result of the institutionalized expression of the people’s desire for political association.
Economic Theory- Proponents of this theory believes that the state came into being as a
consequence of man’s numerous and diverse material needs and wants. As man cannot satisfy
his needs and wants by himself alone, he had to interact and associate with his fellow in
society. This association and interaction between and among men led to the creation of the
state.
Historical or Evolutionary Theory- This theory averts that the state results from a gradual
process or evolutionary growth that had been part of the history of humanity. Since the state
is like a living organism, it has the capacity to grow, wither, and develop.
The Political, Legal and Regulatory environment among States
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
The Political Environment- Globalization in the context of governance takes place within
the political environment of governmental institutions, political parties, and organization
through which a country’s people and rulers exercise power.
Each nation as we know has a political culture, which reflects the relative importance of the
government and legal system and provides a context within which individuals and
corporations doing business outside its home country should carefully study the political
culture in the target country and analyze salient issues arising from the political environment.
Seizure of Assets- The ultimate threat a government can pose toward a company is seizing
assets. Expropriation refers to government action to dispossess a foreign company or
investor. Compensation is generally provided, although not often in a “prompt, effective, and
adequate” manner provided for by international standards.
 If no compensation is provided, the action is referred to as confiscation.

 Nationalization is generally broader scope than expropriation. It occurs when the
government takes control of some or all enterprises in a particular industry.
International Law- International law may be defined as the rules and principles that nation-
states consider binding upon themselves.
The court whose function is to decide in accordance with international law, such disputes are
submitted to it, shall apply.
 International conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules and

expressly recognized by the contesting states;
 International customs, as evidence of a general practice are accepted as law;
 The general principles of law recognized by civilized nations; and
 Subject to provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions, and the teaching of the most
highly qualified publicist of various nations, as subsidiary means for the
determination of the rules of law.
Common Law and Civil Law

 Private international law is the body of law that applies to disputes arising from
commercial transactions between companies of different nations.
 A Civil-law country is one in which the legal system reflects the structural concepts
and principles of the Roman Empire in the sixth century.
 In common-law countries, many disputes are decided by reliance on the on the
authority of past judicial decisions.
 In common-law countries, companies are legally incorporated by state authority.
 In civil-law countries, companies are formed by contract between two or more parties
who are fully liable for actions of the company.
Sharia Law- The legal system in many Middle Eastern countries is identified with the law of
Islam, which are associated with “the one and only God, the Almighty”
In Islamic Law, the Sharia is a comprehensive code governing Muslim conduct in all areas of
life, including business.
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
Bribery and Corruption: Legal and Ethical Issues

Corruption is the abuse of power – or the inducement to abuse power – for personal, political,
or commercial gain. It’s often done in secret. Bribery is a specific offense that involves the
exchange of something that has value to the receiver. But… it’s given in the hope of getting
something in return. Its impact on society is damaging, and it’s more common than you might
think. Corrupt activity, bribery, or attempted bribery is never acceptable for legal, moral, and
ethical reasons. Each and every one of us has a responsibility to ensure that all our business
relationships are conducted in an ethical and honest manner. Failure to do so harms society,
our company, your colleagues, and you. You need to be able to recognize red flags for
bribery and corruption, so you can protect our company, your colleagues, and yourself
PITSTOP:
1. Read the Republic Act 3019 (Anti Graf and Corrupt Practices Act), what are your
thoughts on the law.
2. Do a little background research on the Current issue involving the PhilHealth
Insurance Corporation. What are the keys that got them involved in the corruption
scandal? Do you think, this issue could affect especially right now we are
experiencing pandemic?
Global Interstate System- Institutions that Govern International Relations.
The history of United Nations:

United States President Franklin Roosevelt coined the name United Nations that was used in
the Declaration of United Nations of January 1, 1942.
Only 26 nations representatives pledge their governments to:

 Each Government pledges itself to employ its full resources, military or economic,
against those members of the Tripartite Pact and its adherents with which such
government is at war.
 Each Government pledges itself to cooperate with the Governments signatory hereto
and not to make a separate armistice or peace with the enemies.
Also, the United Nations means Allies to fight against the Axis Powers in the Second World
War II.
 The United Nations officially comes to Existence
 50 countries representatives met and held the United Nations Conference on
International Organization to officially make the United Nations Charter.
TRIVIA: The Philippines is 28th Signatory in the United Nations Charter.
PITSTOP:
If you are going to stand in-front of the United Nations General Assembly, what will be your
stand regarding the Following?
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
 The World-wide Pandemic

 Nuclear War (or Global Conflict in General)
 World Hunger
 Labor and Employment
 Concern about the Children
 Economy
VI. Reference
 Abelos, A., et al., (2018). The Contemporary World. Malabon City. Mutya Publishing House,
Inc.
 Malit, Ponciano III R., [Thirdy Malit]. 2020, June 30. Governments and Citizens in a
Globally Interconnected World of States. YouTube. https://youtu.be/o4OINZy8bFk
 Malit, Ponciano III R., [Thirdy Malit]. 2020, June 30. Types of Government. YouTube.
https://youtu.be/h6GJgUVAti0
 Malit, Ponciano III R., [Thirdy Malit]. 2020, June 30. Global Interstate System. YouTube.
https://youtu.be/1_x28V4H-AA
 Malit, T. (2020, July 17). Governments and citizen in a globally interconnected world.
Retrieved July 17, 2020, from https://www.slideshare.net/tmalit1/governments-and-citizen-in-
a-globally-interconnected-world
 Malit, T. (2020, July 17). Global interstate system. Retrieved July 17, 2020, from
https://www.slideshare.net/tmalit1/global-interstate-system-236999243
 Malit, T. (2020, July 17). Different forms of government. Retrieved July 17, 2020, from
https://www.slideshare.net/tmalit1/different-forms-of-government-236998547
Title: The Globalization of Economic Relations

Module No.4
I. Introduction
The Globalization of Economic Relations shows how people are apart (even
countries) in terms of economic globalization. It traces the development of
economic globalization, and intensive discussion of the function of World Trade
Organizations as well as the different kinds of economic trades.

1. Define economic globalizations;
2. Distinguish globalization from internationalization;
3. Explain the important function of World Trade Organization;
4. Discuss the different types of trades;
5. Explain the importance of regional trade organizations and its implication to
the member countries; and
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
6. Assess the situation of the developing countries in terms of their international

trades.

 Interconnected Dimensions of Economic Globalization
 Distinction of Globalization from Internationalization
 The World Trade Organization and GATT
 Preferential Trade Agreements
 The Bretton Woods System
 Developing Countries and International Trade
 The McDonaldization of Society

 PDF Files
 Worksheets
 Quiz using Google Forms
V. Learning Task
 Reading Materials about the lessons of this chapter in PDF format that
students need to read to understand the lesson.
 Virtual Group Activity using Zoom Meeting Application.
Instruction: Divide the class into groups
1. Browse the Internet and search for the economy of the following
countries. The following group will be assigned to report the following
economy of the ASEAN countries on the basis of their export and
import, products, manufacture, bilateral trades and trade balance and
deficits in a given year (the professor/instructor will assign what
particular year will be presented). Each group will be given 5 to 7
minutes to present the report. The data must reveal statistics from the
year 2015, 2016 to 2017.
2. Analyze the data of your given ASEAN country and synthesize the
positive points of that particular country.
 Essay
1. Does McDonald’s success outside the United States provide support
for Levitt’s view about the global marketplace?
2. Do you think a company like McDonald’s is welcome in countries like
Syria, Yemen, Somalia and Libya as well as Iraq? What about North
Korea and Afghanistan? Why or Why not?
3. Describe your personal experience with McDonald’s and Jollibee as a
customer.
4. As to cost benefit analysis, which would you prefer as your gadget:
Samsung, Vivo, Lenovo or local manufactured phones as Cherry
Mobile, Star Mobile or My Phone?
 Quiz about the topic using Google Forms
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
LESSON PROPER:
What is Economic Globalization?
Economic Globalization is a historical process, the result of human innovation and
technological progress. It refers to increasing integration of economies around the world,
particularly through the movement of goods, services, and capital across borders. The term
sometimes also refers to the movement of people (labor) and knowledge (technology) across
international borders. (IMF, 2008)
Interconnected dimensions of economic globalization

The globalization of trade goods and services
When a country exports more than imports, it runs a trade surplus. When a country imports
more than it exports, it runs a trade deficit. The large trade deficits in the middle and the late
1980s sparked political controversy that still persist today.
The Globalization of Financial and Capital Markets- A country enjoys an absolute

advantage over another country in the production of goods if it uses fewer resources to
produce that good than the other country does.
For Example: Supposed Country A and Country B produce coffee, but A’s climate is more
suited to coffee and its labor is more productive. Country A will produce more coffee per
acre than country B. And use less labor in growing it and bringing it to market. Country A
enjoys an absolute advantage over country B in production of coffee.
Absolute Advantage- Absolute Advantage in the production of goods enjoyed by one

country over another when it uses fewer resource to produce that goods than the other
country does.
Trade Barriers- Also called obstacles to trade– take many forms. The three most common
are tariffs, export subsidies, and quotas.
Tariff- A tariff is a tax on imports. The average tariff on imports into the United States is less
than .5%. Certain protected items have much higher tariffs. For example, in 2009, former
President Obama of the United States imposed a tariff of 35% on tire imports from China.
Export Subsidies- Export Subsidies is a government payments made to domestic firms to

encourage exports-can also act as a barrier to trade.
Quota- A quota is a limit on the quantity of imports. Quotas can be mandatory or voluntary,
and they may be legislated or negotiated with foreign governments.
The Globalization of Technology and Communication- Capital is not the only factor of
production required to produce output, labor is equally important. To be productive, the
workforce must be healthy. Health is not the only issue but basic literacy as well as
specialized training in farm management, for example, can yield high returns to both the
individual
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
Globalization of Production- Production is the process of which inputs are combined and
transformed into output. Production technology relates inputs to outputs. Specific quantities
of inputs are needed to produce any given service or good. Most outputs can be produced by
a number of different techniques. In choosing the most appropriate technology, firms choose
the one that maximize the cost of production. For a firm, an economy with a plentiful supply
of inexpensive labor but not much capital, the optimal method of production will involve
labor-intensive techniques.
Distinction of Globalization from Internationalization- Dickens (2004) distinguished
economic globalization from internationalization by stating that the former is functional in
integration between internationally dispersed activities while the latter is about the extension
of economic activities of nation states across borders. Hence, economic globalization is more
on qualitative change.
The World Trade Organization and the GATT:

General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT)
 Year established: 1947
 23 Nations
 Established on 3 principles
 Equal, nondiscriminatory trade treatment for all member nations;
 The reduction of tariffs by multilateral negotiations;
 The elimination of import quotas.
World Trade Organization- Regulates international trades Deals with the rule of trade
between nations Ensures the trade will flows smoothly, predictably and freely as possible.
Acts as forum in negotiation trade agreements.
Preferential Trade Agreement- In addition to multilateral initiative of GATT, countries in

each of the world’s region are seeking to lower barriers to trade within their regions.
Historically, when countries entered into preference agreement, they notified GATT.
Between 1947 and 1992, there were 85 agreements that were notified while 77 new
agreements have been added since 1992. Strictly speaking few of the trade agreements fully
conform with GATT requirements, although none was disallowed. Only Japan, Hong Kong,
and South Korea among the WTO members have not sign preferential trade agreements.
Free-trade Area- A free trade area (FTA) is formed when two or more countries agree to
abolish all internal barriers to trade among themselves. Countries that belong the free trade
area can do and maintain independent trade policies with respect to non-FTA countries. A
system of certificates of origin is used to avoid trade diversion is in favor of low-tariff
members.
Customs Union- A custom union represents the logical evolution of a free trade area. In
addition to eliminating internal barriers to trade, members of a custom s union establish
common external barriers. On January 1, 1996, the European Union and Turkey initiated a
customs union in an effort to boost two-way trade above the current annual level of $20
billion. The arrangement called for elimination of tariffs averaging 14% that added $1.5
billion each year to the cost of European goods imported by Turkey.
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
Common Market- A common Market is the next step in the spectrum of economic
integration. In addition to the removal of internal barriers to trade and the establishment of
common external barriers, the common market allows for free movements of factors of
production, including labor, capital and information.
North American Free Trade Agreement- The North American Free Trade is an agreement
signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral trade bloc in North
America. The agreement came into force on January 1, 1994. It superseded the 1988 Canada–
United States Free Trade Agreement between the U.S. and Canada, and is set to be replaced
by the 2018 United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement.
Andean Community- The Andean Community (Spanish: Comunidad Andina, CAN) is a

customs union comprising the South American countries of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and
Peru. The trade bloc was called the Andean Pact until 1996 and came into existence when the
Cartagena Agreement was signed in 1969. Its headquarters are in Lima, Peru.
The Andean Community has 98 million inhabitants living in an area of 4,700,000 square
kilometers, whose Gross Domestic Product amounted to US$745.3 billion in 2005, including
Venezuela, who was a member at that time. Its estimated GDP PPP for 2011 amounts to
US$902.86 billion, excluding Venezuela.
Common Market of the South (Mercosur)- Mercosur, officially Southern Common Market
(Portuguese: Mercado Comum do Sul or Mercosul; Guarani: Ñemby Ñemuha) is a South
American trade bloc established by the Treaty of Asunción in 1991 and Protocol of Ouro
Preto in 1994. Its full members are Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Venezuela is a
full member but has been suspended since December 1, 2016. Associate countries are
Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru and Suriname. Observer countries are New
Zealand and Mexico.
Mercosur's purpose is to promote free trade and the fluid movement of goods, people, and
currency. It currently confines itself to a customs union, in which there is free intra-zone
trade and a common trade policy between member countries. The official languages are
Spanish, Portuguese, and Guarani. Since its foundation, Mercosur's functions have been
updated, amended, and changed many times: it is now a full customs union and a trading
bloc. Mercosur and the Andean Community of Nations are customs unions that are
components of a continuing process of South American integration connected to the Union of
South American Nations (USAN).
Asia and the Pacific

Association of Southeast Asian Nation (ASEAN)- It is a geo-political and economic
organization of ten countries located in Southeast Asia, which was formed on 8 August 1967
by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Since then, membership has
expanded to include Brunei, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. Its aims
include accelerating economic growth, social progress, cultural development among its
members, protection of regional peace and stability, and opportunities for member countries
to discuss differences peacefully.
Europe
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
The European Union- The European Union has established a single market across the
territory of all its members representing 512 million citizens. In 2017, the EU had a combined
GDP of $21 trillion international dollars, a 17% share of global gross domestic product by
purchasing power parity (PPP). As a political entity the European Union is represented in the
World Trade Organization (WTO). EU member states own the estimated second largest after
the United States (US$93.6 trillion) net wealth in the world, equal to 25% (US$70.8 trillion)
of the $280 trillion global wealth.
Middle East
The Gulf Cooperation Council- A common market was launched on 1 January 2008 with
plans to realise a fully integrated single market. It eased the movement of goods and services.
However, implementation lagged behind after the 2009 financial crisis. The creation of a
customs union began in 2003 and was completed and fully operational on 1 January 2015. In
January 2015, the common market was also further integrated, allowing full equality among
GCC citizens to work in the government and private sectors, social insurance and retirement
coverage, real estate ownership, capital movement, access to education, health and other
social services in all member states. However, some barriers remained in the free movement
of goods and services. The coordination of taxation systems, accounting standards and civil
legislation is currently in progress. The interoperability of professional qualifications,
insurance certificates and identity documents is also underway.
Africa
Economic Community of West African States- The union was established on 28 May
1975, with the signing of the Treaty of Lagos, with its stated mission to promote economic
integration across the region. A revised version of the treaty was agreed and signed on 24
July 1993 in Cotonou. Considered one of the pillar regional blocs of the continent-wide
African Economic Community (AEC), the state’s goal of ECOWAS is to achieve "collective
self-sufficiency" for its member states by creating a single large trade bloc by building a full
economic and trading union.
South African Development Community (SADC)- The SADC Free Trade Area was
established in August 2008, after the implementation of the SADC Protocol on Trade in 2000
laid the foundation for its formation. Its original members were Botswana, Lesotho,
Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia
and Zimbabwe, with Malawi and Seychelles joining later. Of the 15 SADC member states,
only Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo are not yet participating. The SADC-
Customs Union, scheduled to be established by 2010 according to SADC's Regional
Indicative Strategic Development Plan (RISDP), is unlikely to become reality in the near
future. This is because the European Union's Economic Partnership Agreements (EPA) with
their inherent extra-regional free trade regimes provided for several SADC members more
benefits than deeper regional market integration within the framework of a SADC-Customs
Union. Since these SADC countries formed four different groupings to negotiate and
implement different Economic Partnership Agreements with European Union, the chance to
establish a SADC-wide common external tariff as prerequisite for a regional customs union is
missed.
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)- The formation of OPEC

marked a turning point toward national sovereignty over natural resources, and OPEC
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
decisions have come to play a prominent role in the global oil market and international
relations. The effect can be particularly strong when wars or civil disorders lead to extended
interruptions in supply. In the 1970s, restrictions in oil production led to a dramatic rise in oil
prices and in the revenue and wealth of OPEC, with long-lasting and far-reaching
consequences for the global economy. In the 1980s, OPEC began setting production targets
for its member nations; generally, when the targets are reduced, oil prices increase. This has
occurred most recently from the organization's 2008 and 2016 decisions to trim oversupply.
The Bretton Woods System- Preparing to rebuild the international economic system while
World War II was still raging, 730 delegates from all 44 Allied nations gathered at the Mount
Washington Hotel in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States, for the United Nations
Monetary and Financial Conference, also known as the Bretton Woods Conference. The
delegates deliberated during 1–22 July 1944, and signed the Bretton Woods agreement on its
final day. Setting up a system of rules, institutions, and procedures to regulate the
international monetary system, these accords established the International Monetary Fund
(IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), which
today is part of the World Bank Group. The United States, which controlled two thirds of the
world's gold, insisted that the Bretton Woods system rest on both gold and the US dollar.
Soviet representatives attended the conference but later declined to ratify the final
agreements, charging that the institutions they had created were "branches of Wall Street".
These organizations became operational in 1945 after a sufficient number of countries had
ratified the agreement.
The Philippines and the Bretton Woods Agreement

On 5 December 1945, President Osmeña appointed Resident Commissioner Carlos P.
Romulo as his representative to accept Philippine membership in the International Monetary
Fund and in the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, which bodies had
been conceived in the Bretton Woods Agreement, in which the Philippine had also taken part.
Romulo signed said membership on 27 December 1945 on behalf of the Philippines.
Source: https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1944/07/22/statement-agreements-reached-at-the-
bretton-woods-monetary-conference-july-22-1944/
Developing Countries and International Trade- When the United Nations Conference on
Trade and Development (UNCTAD) came into being in 1964, that was the first major change
in the state of affairs of developing nations into international trade as they did not participate
actively in multilateral trade negotiations for a relatively long time.
PITSTOP:
What is the role of International Monetary Fund and the World Bank? How do they help the
countries who are in dire need of assistance?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
The Mcdonaldization of Society

Basic Organizational Principles
Efficiency- Ray Kroc, the marketing genius behind McDonald’s set out with one goal: to
serve a hamburger, French fries, and milkshake to a customer in 50 seconds or less. In the
restaurant, most customers bus their own trays, or better still, drive away from pick-up
window taking whatever mess they make with them. Efficiency is a value virtually without
criticism in our society. We tend to think that anything done quickly is, for that reason alone,
good.
Calculability- The first McDonald’s operating manual declared the weight of a regular raw
hamburger to be 1.6 ounces, its size to be 3.875 inches across and its fat content to 19%. A
slice of cheese weighs exactly half an ounce, and French fries are cut precisely 9/32 of an
inch thick. Think about how many objects around the home, the workplace, or on the campus
are designed and mass-produced uniformly according to a standard plan. Not just our
environment but our life experiences-from traveling the nation’s interests to sitting at home
viewing television-are now more deliberately planned than ever before.
Uniformity and predictability- An individual can walk into a McDonalds’s restaurant

almost anywhere and buy the same sandwiches, drinks, and desserts prepared in precisely the
same way. Uniformity results from a highly rational system that specifies every action and
leaves nothing to chance.
Control Through automation- The most unreliable element in the McDonald’s system is
human beings. People, after all, have good and bad days, sometimes let their minds wander,
or decide to try something a different way. To minimize the unpredictable human element,
McDonald’s has automated their equipment to cook food at a fixed temperature for a set
length of time. Even the cash register at a McDonald’s is keyed to picture of the items, so that
ringing up a customer’s orders is as simple as possible.
VI. Reference
 Malit, Ponciano III R., [Thirdy Malit]. 2020, June 30. The Globalization of
Economic Relations. YouTube. https://youtu.be/41o6r156GQI
 Malit, T. (2020, July 17). The globalization of economic relations. Retrieved July
18, 2020, from https://www.slideshare.net/tmalit1/the-globalization-of-economic-
relations-236998519
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
Title: CHAPTER 5: The Rise of Global Corporation
Module No.5
I. Introduction
The Rise of Global Corporation presents an intensive discussion on the impact of dealing
business with the triad, the strategies of global corporation, and functions of global
corporations from the perspective of global managers, what constitutes the global
corporations, and the emerging global markets.

 Explain the impact of dealing business with triad;
 Identify the competitive strategies of global corporations;
 Discuss the idea of globalization drivers;
 Explain how global corporations’ function;
 Identify what constitutes a global corporation;
 Explain the role of international financial institution in the creation of global
economy;
 Identify the emerging market global corporations; and
 Explain the relevance of changing regulatory environment to the structure and
operation of global corporations.

 Presence in Key Global Markets
 Functions of Global Corporations
 Major Concerns of Global Managers.
 Challenges of Globalization

 Answer sheets
 Diagrams
 PDF Files
V. Learning Task
1. Go to the Fortune 500 Website (https://fortune.com/fortune500/2020/search) and look for
the following companies and identify their rank, revenue, and profits based on 2020 update
A. Starbucks
B. Apple
C. Microsoft
D. Nike
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
2. Aside from the companies mention above, name at least 5 Multinational Corporations from
each sector that have influenced the global society.
A. Garment Industry D. Financial Corporations.
B. Food Service NOTE: You can also visit the Fortune 500 website.
C. Technology sector
LESSON PROPER:
Globalization is a business initiative based on the belief that the world is becoming more
homogenous and that distinctions between national markets are not only fading but for some
products, will eventually disappear. As a result, companies need to globalize their
international strategy by formulating it across markets to take advantage of underlying
market, cost, environmental, and competitive factors.
Once a firm has made the decision to compete in the global environment, it subjects itself to
pressures single-country firms often do not experience. Single-country firms normally
operate in a relatively homogenous market for their products and service. Consequently,
product design and production can often fairly standardized, allowing the firm to achieve
economies of scale in production, and deliver a product that appeal to its entire market.
Furthermore, strictly domestic firms typically don’t have to concern themselves with
differences in industry and trade regulations from other countries.
Global corporations, in contrast, often faces a trade-off between seeking competitive

advantage through the lower production cost that global economies of scale allow, and
seeking competitive advantage by tailoring the products to specific national markets--
forgoing economies of scale but providing a product more tailored to local taste.
Furthermore, the global firm must determine how to balance the demands and practices of
other countries.
Presence in Key Global Market- The United States, Japan, and Western Europe account for
about half of the world’s total consumption. They share certain important economic and
demographic conditions such as high-income levels and high GNP values. It has been argued
(Ohmae, 1990) that a firm cannot truly compete on a Global Scale if it is not present in this
“triad.”
If a firm does not have operations in all three areas of the triad, it may not be able to achieve
maximum economies of scale. Furthermore, since the three areas are often source of
technological and product innovations, a firm not present in all triad areas would have
difficulty keeping abreast of technological developments in its industry.
Competitive Strategies of Global Corporations

 Cost leadership- In cost leadership, a firm sets out to become the low cost producer
in its industry. The sources of cost advantage are varied and depend on the structure
of the industry. They may include the pursuit of economies of scale, proprietary
technology, preferential access to raw materials and other factors. A low cost
producer must find and exploit all sources of cost advantage. if a firm can achieve and
sustain overall cost leadership, then it will be an above average performer in its
industry, provided it can command prices at or near the industry average.
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
 Differentiation- In a differentiation strategy a firm seeks to be unique in its industry

along some dimensions that are widely valued by buyers. It selects one or more
attributes that many buyers in an industry perceive as important, and uniquely
positions itself to meet those needs. It is rewarded for its uniqueness with a premium
price.
 Focus- The generic strategy of focus rests on the choice of a narrow competitive
scope within an industry. The focuser selects a segment or group of segments in the
industry and tailors its strategy to serving them to the exclusion of others.
 The focus strategy has two variants.

A. In cost focus a firm seeks a cost advantage in its target segment, while in ;
B. Differentiation focuses a firm seeks differentiation in its target segment. Both

variants of the focus strategy rest on differences between a focuser's target
segment and other segments in the industry. The target segments must either
have buyers with unusual needs or else the production and delivery system
that best serves the target segment must differ from that of other industry
segments. Cost focus exploits differences in cost behaviour in some segments,
while differentiation focus exploits the special needs of buyers in certain
segments
Globalization Drivers
Market Factors- The world Customer today identified by Ernst Dichter more than 30 years
ago has gained new meaning today. For example, Kinichi Ohmae has identified a new group
of consumers emerging in the triad of North America, Europe and Japan whom marketers can
treat as a single market with the same spending habits.
Approximately over 600 million consumers have similar educational backgrounds, income
levels, lifestyles, use of leisure time and aspirations. One reason given for the income levels
in their demand is a level of purchasing power (10 times greater than that of LDCs or NICs)
that translates into higher diffusion rates (for certain product).
Cost Factors- Avoiding cost inefficiencies and duplication of effort are two of the most
powerful globalization drivers. A single-country approach may not be large enough for the
local business to achieve all possible economies of scale and scope as well as synergies,
especially given the dramatic changes in the marketplace.
For example, pharmaceuticals, in the 1970s, developing a new drug cost about 16 million
dollars and took 4 years to develop. The drug could be produced in UK or United States and
eventually exported. Now, developing a drug cost from 250 to 500 million dollars and takes
as long as 12 years, with competitive efforts close behind. Only a global product for a global
market can support that risk (The Wall Street Journal, 1993).
Environmental- As the world market is going global, government barriers have fallen
dramatically in the last years to further facilitate the globalization of markets and the
activities of global corporations with them.
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
Competitive Factors- Many global corporations are already dominated by global

competitors that are trying to take advantage of the three sets of factors mentioned earlier. To
remain competitive, the company may have been able to be the first to do something or to be
able to match or preempt competitor’s moves.
Functions of Global Corporations

 International companies are importers and exporters, typically without investment
outside of their home country;
 Multinational companies have investment in other countries, but do not have

coordinated product offerings in each country. They are more focused on adapting
their products and services to each individual local market.
 Global companies have invested in and are present in many countries. They typically
market their products and services to each individual local market.
 Transnational companies are more complex organizations which have invested in

foreign operations, have a central corporate facility but give decision-making,
research and develop (R&D) and marketing powers to each individual foreign market.
Structural Periods of Global Corporations

Investment-based Globalization (1950-1970)- The investment-based period was dominated
by producer-driven commodity or value chains, which in turn tended to be dominated by
firms characterized by large amount of concentrated capital focused on large-scale or capital-
intensive manufacturing or extractive industries.
Trade-based Globalization (1970-1995)- The trade-based was due to the emergence of

Japan as a major producer nation, especially of automobiles and consumer electronics from
the 1970s onward. This brought to the scene new models of effective production focused
especially on quality and regimes of flexible production which prompted the European
firms to rejoin the global commodity chains.
Digital Globalization (1995-Present)- Digital Globalization has affected the entire structure
of how global corporations operate. The integration of corporate structure reducing the
effects of time and distance especially for services performed within the corporate structures
such as design, finance and accounting, advertising and brand development, legal services,
inventory controls, etc.
Multinational Corporations and Globalization

A multinational corporation (MNC) or enterprise (MNE),is a corporation or an enterprise that
manages production or delivers services in more than one country. It can also be referred to
as an international corporation. The International Labor Organization (ILO) has defined an
MNC as a corporation that has its management headquarters in one country, known as the
home country, and operates in several other countries, known as host countries.
History
The Dutch East India Company was the first multinational corporation in the world and the
first company to issue stock. It was also arguably the world's first megacorporation,
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
possessing quasi-governmental powers, including the ability to wage war, negotiate treaties,
coin money, and establish colonies.
How a Multinational Corporation (MNC) Works- A multinational corporation, or
multinational enterprise, is an international corporation that derives at least a quarter of its
revenues outside its home country. Many multinational enterprises are based in developed
nations. Multinational advocates say they create high-paying jobs and technologically
advanced goods in countries that otherwise would not have access to such opportunities or
goods. However, critics of these enterprises believe these corporations have undue political
influence over governments, exploit developing nations, and create job losses in their own
home countries.
Types of Multinationals
There are four categories of multinationals that exist. They include:
 A decentralized corporation with a strong presence in its home country.

 A global, centralized corporation that acquires cost advantage where cheap resources
are available.
 A global company that builds on the parent corporation’s R&D.
 A transnational enterprise that uses all three categories.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Multinationals- There are a number of advantages to

establishing international operations. Having a presence in a foreign country such as India
allows a corporation to meet Indian demand for its product without the transaction costs
associated with long-distance shipping.
Corporations tend to establish operations in markets where their capital is most efficient or
wages are lowest. By producing the same quality of goods at lower costs, multinationals
reduce prices and increase the purchasing power of consumers worldwide. Establishing
operations in many different countries, a multinational is able to take advantage of tax
variations by putting in its business officially in a nation where the tax rate is low—even if its
operations are conducted elsewhere. The other benefits include spurring job growth in the
local economies, potential increases in the company's tax revenues, and increased variety of
goods.
A trade-off of globalization—the price of lower prices, as it were—is that domestic jobs are
susceptible to moving overseas. This suggests that it’s important for an economy to have a
mobile or flexible labor force so that fluctuations in economic temperament aren't the cause
of long-term unemployment. In this respect, education and the cultivation of new skills that
correspond to emerging technologies are integral to maintaining a flexible, adaptable
workforce.
Those opposed to multinationals say they are ways for corporations to develop a monopoly
(for certain products), driving up prices for consumers, stifling competition, and inhibiting
innovation. They are also said to have a detrimental effect on the environment because their
operations may encourage land development and the depletion of local (natural) resources.
The introduction of multinationals into a host country's economy may also lead to the
downfall of smaller, local businesses. Activists have also claimed that multinationals breach
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
ethical standards, accusing them of evading ethical laws and leveraging their business agenda
with capital.
How do multinational corporations contribute to the globalization of the world

economy?
Globalization refers to the integration of markets within the world economy, which
consequently increases the interconnectedness of national economies. Multinational
corporations are a function of this interconnectedness, as they can form and utilize the
connections between national economies, to operate within multiple countries.
The operation of a multinational corporation within these countries will require significant
investments, often called foreign direct investment, which will act as an injection into the
host economy. With the operation of multiple multinational corporations in one nation, each
investing in the region, for example, Maharashtra in India which receives significant foreign
direct investment, the economy will be boosted, given that investment is a primary
component of the aggregate demand of a nation.
The operation of a multinational corporation within these countries will require significant
investments, often called foreign direct investment, which will act as an injection into the
host economy. With the operation of multiple multinational corporations in one nation, each
investing in the region, for example, Maharashtra in India which receives significant foreign
direct investment, the economy will be boosted, given that investment is a primary
component of the aggregate demand of a nation.
These global financial flows between economies epitomize the interconnectedness and thus
globalization of the world economy. The production of goods in one nation, and the sale of
those goods to another nation also epitomizes the increasing interconnectedness of economies
that can be achieved through the operation of multinational corporations. Additionally,
multinational corporations may also outsource their production processes, often to lesser
developed nations to reduce costs.
This means that economies must remain highly interconnected in order to smoothly import
and export goods produced between different stages of the production line, which often
operates across multiple countries. This represents the flows of physical goods between
economies, such as raw materials, energy, food, parts and consumption goods. Flows of
information are also vital in connecting economies, as the effective communication between
operating centers in different nations is a prerequisite for a successful multinational
corporation. Such flows combine to form a global economic network, which is comprised of
multiple national economies.
VI. Reference
 Abelos, A., et al., (2018). The Contemporary World. Malabon City. Mutya Publishing House,
Inc.
 Malit, Ponciano III R., [Thirdy Malit]. 2020, June 30. The Rise of Global Corporation.
YouTube. https://youtu.be/v-AchObQY78
 Malit, Ponciano III R., [Thirdy Malit]. 2020, July 17. The Multinational Corporation.
YouTube. https://youtu.be/X4015hnQ__o
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
 Malit, T. (2020, July 17). The rise of global corporation. Retrieved July 18, 2020, from
https://www.slideshare.net/tmalit1/the-rise-of-global-corporation
Title: CHAPTER 6: Global Politics, Governance, and the Globalization in the Asia-
Pacific and South Asia
Module No.6
I. Introduction
Global Politics, Governance, and the Globalization in the Asia-Pacific and South
Asia looks sensitively at the issues hounding the global divides of the North and
South in terms of economies, politics, in the perspective of their success and
failures. This section also distinguishes regionalization from globalization and
presents on outlook on the greater integration of the ASEAN Region.

1. Discuss the distinction of the global south and global north;
2. Explain the success and failures of global divides;
3. Differentiate regionalization and globalization; and
4. Research on the factors leading to a greater integration of Asian Region

 The Global South
 Global Inequality and the Future
 Reasons on Analyzing States and Interstates Inequalities
 The Asia-Pacific Region

 Worksheets
 PDF Files
 Google Forms
V. Learning Task
 Reading Materials about the lessons of this chapter in PDF format that
students need to read to understand the topics.
 Venn Diagram about the differences of Regionalization and Globalization.
 Virtual Group Activity about the global divides between the south and the
north.
 Quiz about the lesson using Google Forms
LESSON PROPER
The Global South
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
South Asia as a region is peculiar. Its trade, capital flows, and economic management differ
from other regions in how the region has globalized, although it must be mentioned that there
is a lot of diversity within the region.
Its trade characteristics are different from that of East Asia. While East Asia benefitted from
an export led growth strategy based on manufactured goods, the size of manufacturing sector
in South Asia is relatively small. There are some examples of success in garment exports
from Bangladesh/Sri Lanka, and in this sense its experience is no different from East Asia.
But most South Asian countries have much larger service sectors. They seem to have
benefitted more from modern service exports and traditional service exports such as
remittances.
India's growth has been spearheaded by exports of modern services and less by goods
exports. Remittances and traditional service exports are very important to Bangladesh and
Nepal. Are service exports as vulnerable as goods exports to the global downturn? There
seems to be emerging evidence that service exports are more resilient compared to goods
exports. Globalization of services is still at an early stage. So, as consumers pull back in the
United States, service trade is likely to be less impacted compared to goods trade, as
consumers and firms still want to access more and cheaper services, and benefit from
outsourcing.
PITSTOP:
Why do you think India right now is becoming an economic giant in South Asia?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Can the loss in external demand and reduced trade flows in goods and services be
compensated by increased trade in ideas/knowledge and technology? Trade contributes to
growth not only through trade in goods but also trade in ideas and technology. These have
huge spillovers and externalities and enhance productivity. The global crisis has not reduced
the stock of global knowledge. South Asia has a lot to learn from USA and Japan. There is a
huge room for South Asia to "catch up” with developed economies. This catch up can
generate growth even if developed economies do not grow, although global growth is even
better.
Global Inequality and the future- All societies past and present are characterized by social
differentiation, a process in which people are set apart for differential treatment by virtue of
their statuses, roles, and other social characteristics. The process of social differentiation does
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
not require that people evaluate certain roles and activities as being more important than
others.
Nevertheless, social differentiation sets the stage for social inequality, which is a condition in
which people have unequal access to wealth, power, and prestige. This description fits most
of the citizens in the global south.
Reasons on analyzing states and interstates inequalities

The decolonization process produced states, now recognized as sovereign under the system of
international law promoted by the United Nations. The likelihood of being poor is higher for
people who live in states now considered associated with the global south regions like Asia,
Africa, and the Middle East. Most of these countries were colonized and they are
inadequately represented in global organizations and the various international banks.
Solutions to problems produced by globalization are largely forwarded and articulated on a

state level. The state remains the main mechanism for social transfers, making the strongest
vehicle for social redistribution.
Even phenomena largely considered transnational are the results of state policies. Acts of
deterritorialization such as labor migration need to be placed in the context of the state. In the
case of Filipino OFWs is a good example. The remittances sent by the workers abroad boost
the domestic economy and the state economic growth is highly reliant on the remittance
which is worth billions of dollars annually. In this sense, transnational global spheres are
already pre-figured by the policies of state authorities.
Colonialism: How the Global South responded

How have the peoples of global south responded to colonialism and other linear visions of
modernity? The following are some of the variations (in different degrees).
Solidarity- The notion of solidarity among colonized states was present from the beginning
of anti-colonialism. Such solidarities would serve as the foundation for contemporary
conceptions of global south. Anderson (2007) has shown that full resistance against Spanish
colonialism in Latin America and the Philippines benefitted from the increased interaction of
political dissidents amidst and early phase of globalization in the 19th century, a globalization
that allowed for the spreading of anarchist and anti-colonial ideas.
Socialist Internationalism- The socialist internationalism (the union of socialist parties,

which are now called as the social democrats) pave the way for theories that examined the
world economic system in the light of exploitive interactions between core and peripheral
economies.
Decolonization- The end of Second World War was the highpoint of decolonization. The
creations of the United Nations in 1945 paved the way for granting independence of over 80
ex-colonies countries (United Nations, 2011).
International law ceased to formally divide the world into civilized and uncivilized nations.
The enshrinement of the principles of self-determinations, postcolonial nationalisms could
justify their causes within the range of international law.
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
The Emergence of Conservative Anti-Western Nationalism and Regionalism- Countries

like Malaysia reveal how criticisms of neo-colonialism may turn reactionary (Berger, 2004).
For Dirlik (2004) this hints at the fact that Third Worldism is implicated in a greater project
of global modernism.
The Asia-Pacific Region- In addition to differences in language and culture, the variation
among states and peoples in this region is enormous. Some of the world’s most economically
developed states are included in this region such as Japan, South Korea, Singapore, and
Taiwan. On the contrary it includes highly impoverished countries such Cambodia, Laos and
Nepal. It includes the largest and most populous states on the glove such as China and India
with over million people and some of the world’s smallest such as Maldives and Bhutan. The
countries in this region also vary widely according to geography, political system, historical
experience, and broad demographic characteristics.
The region makes up neatly a third of the world’s land mass and two third of Global
Population. The combined economies of the region now generate the largest share of the
global GDP at 35% compared with Europe (28%) and North America (23%).
However, despite the economic growth, there are still millions of people affected by poverty,
hunger, HIV/AIDS, Gender Inequality, and other socio-economic problems in the region.
Why Global Powers are focused on Asia-Pacific and South Asia?

 The Asia-Pacific and South Asia had emerged over the past decade as a new political
force in the world. This is due to the robust economic growth in China and India and
the strategic implications this brings to regional and global players.
 Japan still remains relevant through declining force in the region and the world, and
other countries including the Koreas, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Pakistan all have
economic and strategic relevance in today’s global system.
PITSTOP:
With China, Japan, Singapore and Korea dominating the Economy in Asia-Pacific, do you
think other countries can compete (especially our own country The Philippines) with the so-
called economic Giants of Asia-Pacific?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
VI. Reference
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
 Malit, Ponciano III R., [Thirdy Malit]. 2020, July 17. Global Politics,
Governance, and the Globalization in the Asia-Pacific and South Asia. YouTube.
https://youtu.be/wfGIdmu_XiA
 Malit, T. (2020, July 17). Global politics, governance, and the globalization.
Retrieved July 18, 2020, from https://www.slideshare.net/tmalit1/global-politics-
governance-and-the-globalization

Contemporary World Module Midterms

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Contemporary World Module Midterms

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Contemporary World Module Midterms

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

The Contemporary World

College of Education Arts and Sciences

Course Code: GEC03

Course Title: The Contemporary World

Course Learning Outcomes:

Rubric for Essay

coherence but ideas points remain reasoning of points.

indention; neatness essay is neat but and indentations are

Rubric for Group Presentation

teamwork and teamwork and teamwork and and some

Detailed Learning Module

Module Learning Objectives Topics and Key Teaching and Learning

Module 1:  Define  What  YouTube  Reading

DETAILED LEARNING MODULE

Title: CHAPTER 1: The Structures of Globalization

II. Learning Objectives

III. Topics and Key Concepts

IV. Teaching and Learning Materials and Resources

The Broader Meaning of Globalization

Globalization can also mean:

 Development of global telecommunications infrastructure

Employment- Considered as one of the most crucial

Cheaper Prices- Globalization has brought in fierce competition in the markets.

Transportation- Considered as the wheel of every business organization, connectivity to

Globalization in the Philippines

Title: CHAPTER 2: Market Globalism

II. Learning Objectives

III. Topics and Key Concepts

IV. Teaching and Learning Materials and Resources

An Overview of the World Economy

There is no government intervention in a pure market economy (“laissez-faire“). However, no

Socialism AKA Command Economy

The World Bank 4-Category System

Low-Middle-Income Countries- Sometimes, countries that can be assigned to the lower

Upper-Middle-Income Countries- These Countries are also known as industrializing or

High-Income Countries- High-income countries are also known as advanced, developed,

Title: CHAPTER 3: Governments and Citizens in a Globally Interconnected World of

II. Learning Objectives

III. Topics and Key Concepts

The Elements of State:

Theories on the Origin of the State

The divinity of the Emperors of Japan

The Political, Legal and Regulatory environment among States

 If no compensation is provided, the action is referred to as confiscation.

 International conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules and

Common Law and Civil Law

Bribery and Corruption: Legal and Ethical Issues

Global Interstate System- Institutions that Govern International Relations.

The history of United Nations:

Only 26 nations representatives pledge their governments to:

TRIVIA: The Philippines is 28th Signatory in the United Nations Charter.

 The World-wide Pandemic

Title: The Globalization of Economic Relations

II. Learning Objectives

6. Assess the situation of the developing countries in terms of their international

III. Topics and Key Concepts

IV. Teaching and Learning Materials and Resources

Interconnected dimensions of economic globalization

The Globalization of Financial and Capital Markets- A country enjoys an absolute