• FIELD STUDY

Field research is defined as a qualitative method of data collection that aims to observe, interact and
understand people while they are in a natural environment. For example, nature conservationists observe
behavior of animals in their natural surroundings and the way they react to certain scenarios. In the same
way, social scientists conducting field research may conduct interviews or observe people from a distance to
understand how they behave in a social environment and how they react to situations around them.

LABORATORY METHOD

• Laboratory experiments are a research method by which researchers create controllable environments
to test hypotheses. Laboratories used for academic research are rooms or specifically designed spaces
within buildings typically located on college and university campuses.

• It is important to distinguish between experiments and other types of research studies conducted in
laboratory spaces.

• A research study that occurs in a laboratory space does not necessarily make it an experiment.
Laboratory experiments, like all true experimental designs, incorporate techniques of random
assignment of participants and control groups to assess causal inferences about the relationships
between independent and dependent variables.

• LONGITUDINAL STUDY

• In longitudinal studies, researchers do not manipulate any variables or interfere with the environment.
Instead, they simply conduct observations on the same group of subjects over a period of time.

• These research studies can last as short as a week or as long as multiple years, or even decades. Unlike
cross sectional studies that measure a moment in time, longitudinal studies last beyond a single
moment, enabling researchers to discover cause and effect relationships between variables.

• They are beneficial for recognizing any changes, developments, or patterns in the characteristics of a
target population. Longitudinal studies are often used in clinical and developmental psychology to
study shifts in behaviors, thoughts, and emotions as well as trends throughout a lifetime.

• Panel Study

• A panel study is a type of longitudinal study involves sampling a cross-section of individuals at specific
intervals for an extended period.

• These studies measure people’s behaviors over time, specifically their opinions, feelings, emotions
and thoughts. Panel studies are a type of prospective study.

• Panel studies involve the collection of data over time from a baseline sample of respondents.

Unlike other forms of longitudinal studies, panels allow for the study of individual behavior change
over time

1. Selection of Research Problem

2. Extensive Literature Survey 8)Hypothesis testing

3. Making Hypothesis 9)Genetalization and interpretation

4. Preparing the Research Design 10)Preparation of report

5. Sampling

6. Data collection THIS IS STEPS IN RESAERCH PROCESS

7. Data Analysis
 • BENEFITS OF SECONDARY DATA DRAWBACKS
• Resource advantage 1) Applicability of data

• Accessibility of data 2)accuracy of data

• Accuracy and stability of data

• Assessment of data

Focus group method-

• Size- should not be too large or too small.

• Nature- individual from same background must be included i.e. demographic traits

• Acquaintance

• Setting

• Time period

• The recording

• The moderator

Personal interview method

Use of this method in-

• Problem definition

• Exploratory research

• Primary data collection

• The interview process can be-

• Unstructured

• Semi-structured

• Structured

Projective Techniques are indirect and unstructured methods of investigation which have been developed by
the psychologists and use projection of respondents for inferring about underline motives, urges or intentions
which cannot be secure through direct questioning as the respondent either resists to reveal them or is unable
to figure out himself.

• Sociometry is one of the technique which is used to analyse and study the extent and nature of social
relationship of individual within a group. It is a way to find out the personality related problems e.g. it
help in identifying individuals who are isolated or rejected in a group.

• There are usually three types of sociometric techniques:

• (i) the nomination

• (ii) the social acceptance and

Focuses on testing hypotheses and theories Focuses on exploring ideas and formulating a
theory or hypothesis

Analyzed through math and statistical Analyzed by summarizing, categorizing and

Mainly expressed in numbers, graphs and Mainly expressed in words

Requires many respondents Requires few respondents

Closed (multiple choice) questions Open-ended questions

Key terms: testing, measurement, Key terms: understanding, context, complexity,

• What is a citation and citation style?

• A citation is a way of giving credit to individuals for their creative and intellectual works that you
utilized to support your research. It can also be used to locate particular sources and combat
plagiarism. Typically, a citation can include the author's name, date, location of the publishing
company, journal title, or DOI (Digital Object Identifier).

• A citation style dictates the information necessary for a citation and how the information is ordered,
as well as punctuation and other formatting.

RESEARCH ETHICS

Research ethics are the set of ethical guidelines that guides us on how scientific research should be
conducted and disseminated.

• Research ethics govern the standards of conduct for scientific researchers It is the guideline for
responsibly conducting the research.

• Research that implicates human subjects or contributors rears distinctive and multifaceted ethical,
legitimate, communal and administrative concerns.

ADVANTAGES

• Research ethics promote the aims of research.

• It increases trust among the researcher and the respondent.

• It is important to adhere to ethical principles in order to protect the dignity, rights and welfare of
research participants.

• Researchers can be held accountable and answerable for their actions.

• Promotes the ambitions of research, such as understanding, veracity, and dodging of error.

• Ethical standards uphold the values that are vital to cooperative work, such as belief, answerability,
mutual respect, and impartiality.

Ethical norms in research also aid to construct public upkeep for research. People are more likely to trust a
research project if they can trust the worth and reliability of research

• PLAGIARISM

Plagiarism means using someone else’s work without giving them proper credit. In academic writing,
plagiarizing involves using words, ideas, or information from a source without citing it correctly. In practice, this
can mean a few different things DOWN BELOW IS Process of Checking a Research Paper for Plagiarism:

• 1. Source Citation

• Inconsistent citation format may lead to plagiarism. Writers must cite with the mention of the first
source.

• They must incorporate other essential stuff like authors’ names or the publication date.

• 2. Quoting from elsewhere

• Quoting from a good source is permissible to enhance the writing standard. Writers should avoid
patchy information. Sometimes accidental plagiarism may take place. Content creators must use
quotation marks in their research papers to avoid plagiarism. They must write thoughtfully, infuse new

ideas and engage readers with original content. 3. Using paraphrasing tools

• Some writers try brainstorming ideas and borrow information from already published materials.
However, it may cause unintentional plagiarism. Paraphrasing tools could be advantageous. Often,
writers got to establish their views on similar subjects for an extended time. Utilizing paraphrase
software, they can invigorate the procedure.

• 4. Presenting original ideas

• Students must consider innovative ideas for research rather than borrowing from others. They ought
to use unique perspectives and contribute to the field of knowledge.

TITLE

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

METHODS

RESULTS

DISCUSSIONS

CONCLUSION

REFRENCES

APPENDIX
Questionnaire Design

Questionnaire is the most popularly and widely used tool for collecting the primary data. It suits to any kind of
research problem. In today’s marketing research activities, the questionnaire has become indispensable tool. It
is not used only in marketing field, but also all types of social research projects.

Steps in Questionnaire Design

The task of composing questionnaire may be considered more an art than a science. It needs a great deal of
experience, expertise, and creativity.

1. Determine the Data to be collected.

2. Determine the Method to be used for Data Collection.

3. Evaluate the Contents of the Question.

4. Decide on Type of Questions and Response Format.

5. Decide on Wording of Questions.

6. Determine on Questionnaire Structure or Physical Format.

7. Pretest, Review and Final Draft.

Types of Questionnaire

Questionnaire can be classified on the basis of several criteria as stated below

1. On the basis of structure and distinguishes, there are four types of questionnaire:

(i) Structured Undisguised

This type of questionnaire involves structured and undisguised questions. Response is limited to certain
options. A structured means that answers of the questions are predetermined. Respondents have to select
answer from the given list of answers. Undisguised means questions are open-ended. They are asked directly.
Respondents can know what the researcher wants to know. For example, there are four products a, b, c, and d.
Customers are asked to select the most preferred product.

(ii) Unstructured Undisguised

Unstructured means free questions are asked. Their response is not limited to certain answers only. They have
full freedom to answer the question. In short, answers of the question are not decided in advance. For
example, customer is asked to name the most preferred products in particular category.

(iii) Structured Disguised

Structured means the answers of the questions to be asked are determined in advance. Disguised means
indirect way of asking questions. Customers do not know the exact purpose/intension of question but can
answer easily. For example, which of the following products is more harmful? Why?

1. Unstructured Disguised

Here, the response is not fixed. Respondents have full freedom to answer the question. Disguised means
something hidden. For example, which motorbike is more risky? Why?
Types of Hypothesis: The following are different types of hypothesis:

(i) Simple Hypothesis: It shows a relationship between one dependent variable and a single independent
variable. For example - If you eat more vegetables, you will lose weight faster. Here, Eating more vegetables is
an independent variable, while losing weight is the dependent variable.

(ii) Complex Hypothesis: It shows the relationship between two or more dependent variables and two or more
independent variables. Eating more vegetables and fruits leads to weight loss, glowing skin, reduce the risk of
many diseases such as heart disease, high blood pressure, and some cancers.

(iri) Directional Hypothesis: It shows how a researcher is intellectual and committed to a particular outcome.
The relationship between the variables can also predict its nature. For Example- Children aged four years eating
proper food over a five years period are having higher IQ level than children not having a proper meal. This
shows the effect and the direction of effect.

(v) No directional Hypothesis: It is used when there is no theory involved. It is a statement that a relationship
exists between two variables, without predicting the exact nature (direction) of the relationship.

(v) Null Hypothesis: It provides the statement which is contrary to hypothesis It's a negative statement, and
there is no relationship between independent and dependent variable. The symbol is denoted by "HO".

(vi) Associative and Causal Hypothesis: Associative hypothesis occurs, When there is a change in one variable
resulting a change in the other variable. Whereas, Causal hypothesis propose a cause and effect interaction
between two or more variables.

If sampling is carried out in a series of stages, it is, of course, possible to combine probability and non-
probability sampling in one design. That is, one or more of the stages can be carried out according to
probability sampling principles and the balance by non-probability principles.

The investigators may select clusters by probability cluster sampling techniques, but, at the final stage, select
the elements as a quota sample. Thus, it is possible to select a probability sample of districts in a state, within
each of these districts, a probability sample of towns: and within each of the selected towns, a quota sample
controlled for, say, age and sex.

Sampling: Concept, Significance and Types

Basics of Socia1 Work Research

The advantage of such a design is the cost of obtaining cases for the sample. It is relatively inexpensive to select
the areas within which the final stage of sampling will take place by probability sampling, and we thereby gain
the advantages of probability sampling, at least for the areas. There is some evidence, for instance, that quota
samples built up in selected areas are more successful in controlling such variables as socioeconomic status
than quota samples in which the control of these variables depends on the judgments of the interviewers (Kish,
1965).

The second example of combining probability and non-probability sampling involves the opposite strategy. The
investigator takes a probability sample of elements within a non-probability sample of areas. The areas are
selected as a purposive sample. For example, a number of districts may be selected on the grounds that th'ey
have lower rate of literacy, within each of the "typical" districts, the investigator selects a probability sample of
respondents.