GRAMMAR PRACTICE

6A Present perfect with ever and never

We use the present perfect to talk about experiences in our lives. 1 Complete the chart with the correct forms of the verbs.
I’ve read Don Quixote. Base form Simple past Past participle
He hasn’t been to the U.S. 1 be been
Have they done yoga?
2 break broke
We often use ever with questions and never instead of the negative to emphasize
3 cried cried
that we are talking about our lifetime.
4 ate eaten
Have you ever flown in a helicopter?
I’ve never eaten a hamburger! 5 drive drove
We form the present perfect with the verb have and the past participle of the 6 live lived
main verb. 7 sang sung
8 speak spoke
6.3 I / you / we / they he / she / it
9 stop stopped
+ I’ve written a novel. Michelle has been to China.
10 walk walked
- They haven’t gone swimming in Claude hasn’t seen my new car.
the river.
2 Write sentences and questions in the present perfect.
? Have you tried this new drink? Has he worked as a chef?
1 you / ever / be / to New Zealand?
Y/N Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t. Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t.
2 I / never / eat / hamburgers
In regular verbs, the past participle is the same as the simple past form.
I cooked pasta yesterday. I’ve never cooked dinner for her. 3 she / walk / along the Great Wall of China
He played tennis with her last week. Have you ever played the saxophone?
In some irregular verbs, the past participle is different from the simple past form. 4 my uncle / not give up / smoking
For a full list of irregular verbs, see page 175.
I ate toast for breakfast this morning. Have you ever eaten Chinese food? 5 you / ever / watch / the sun rise?
I saw Roberta at Ruth’s party. I haven’t seen that TV series.
6 we / never / play / rugby
Present perfect or simple past
7 he / ever / ask / his boss for a pay raise?
We use the present perfect to talk about an experience in our lives and we use the
simple past to talk about when a specific event happened.
8 my sister / try / to learn English
I’ve met a movie star.
I met George Clooney in Mexico two years ago.
3 Choose the correct form (present perfect or simple
We often start a conversation with the present perfect. When we ask for more
past) to complete the conversation.
information, or give details, we use the simple past.
Have you ever been to Australia? Rachel 1Have you ever learned / Did you ever
Yes, I have. I went there in 2014. learn another language?
Who did you go with? Sarah Yes, 2I have taught / I taught myself
I went with my friend, Ella. Spanish about ten years ago.
Rachel So, 3have you ever been / did you ever
go to Spain?
Sarah No, but 4I’ve been / I went to South
America.
Rachel Really? When 5have you been / did
you go there?
Sarah Six years ago. 6I’ve been / I went with
John. It was our honeymoon.
Rachel That's great! 7Have you traveled /
Did you travel around a lot when you
were there?
Sarah Yes, 8we’ve visited / we visited
Chile, Argentina, and Brazil. It was
amazing!

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 GRAMMAR PRACTICE

6C Second conditional
We use the second conditional to talk about impossible or very unlikely situations. 1 Match the two parts to make second conditional sentences.
If I went climbing in the mountains, I’d take a first-aid kit. (but it's not likely that 1 If you had a daughter,
I'll go climbing in the mountains). 2 I would speak perfect English
There are two parts to a second conditional sentence: an if clause to describe the 3 Your computer wouldn’t do strange things
situation and the main clause to describe the result. 4 If you told people about your website,
5 What would you do today
If she had more money, she’d buy a new car. 6 If I wrote a book,
a it would be much more popular.
if clause main clause b it would be about my childhood.
We can put either clause first with no change in meaning. However, if we put c if you weren’t at work?
the main clause first, we don’t use a comma between the two clauses. d if I came from the U.S.
e what would you name her?
If he spoke German, he would apply for the job.
f if it didn’t have a virus.
He would apply for the job if he spoke German.
We form the if clause with if + simple past, and we form the main clause with 2 Choose the correct form of the verbs to complete the
would + the base form. conversation.

Look! We often use were instead of was in the if clause with I/he/she/it.
If he were a little taller, the pants would fit him.
I’d take a taxi if I were you.

6.10 if clause main clause

+ If I knew the answer, I’d tell you.

you wouldn’t have this
– If you weren’t so impatient,
problem. A What 1did / would you do if your company
? If it were cheaper, would you buy it? 2offered / would offer you a job in Japan?

Y/N Yes, I would. / No, I wouldn’t. B If that happened, I 3thought / ’d think about
it. If they 4paid / would pay me more money,
We use could + the base form or would be able to + the base form in the main clause I 5’ll / ’d probably go.
to say that a result would be possible. A But 6wouldn’t / didn’t you miss your family
and friends if you went abroad?
If Alex didn’t have so much work, he could go to the party.
B Yes, but they 7can / could visit me if I was in
Sara would be able to help us if she were here. Japan. It 8were / would be a great opportunity
if I went.
Second conditional or first conditional A I 9wouldn’t / didn’t go … not even if they
We can sometimes use either the first conditional or the second conditional, but it 10doubled / would double my salary!
depends on if we think a situation is a real possibility, or if we think it’s very unlikely/
impossible. 3 Complete the sentences with the verbs in parentheses so
If I get the job, I’ll be really happy. = a real possibility they are true for you. Use the second conditional if the
If I got the job, I’d be really happy. = very unlikely situation is less likely. Use the first conditional if the
I’ll meet you later if I don’t have to work late. = a real possibility situation is possible.
I’d meet you later if I didn’t have to work late. = impossible 1 If it (snow) this afternoon,
.
2 If I (pass) my English exam,
.
3 If I (see) my parents this evening,
.
4 If my computer (stop) working,
.
5 If a reporter (ask) me to appear on TV today,
.
6 If I (go) out with my friends after class,
.

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