Seminar Report
Seminar Report
Seminar Report
0 INTRODUCTION
The MOCT measures the rotation angle caused by the magnetic field and
converts it into a signal of few volts proportional to the electric currant. It consist of a
sensor head located near the current carrying conductor, an electronic signal processing
unit and fiber optical cables linking to these two parts. The sensor head consist of only
optical component such as fiber optical cables, lenses, polarizers, glass prisms, mirrors
etc. the signal is brought down by fiber optical cables to the signal processing unit and
there is no need to use the metallic wires to transfer the signal. Therefore the insulation
structure of an MOCT is simpler than that of a conventional current transformer, and
there is no risk of fire or explosion by the MOCT. In addition to the insulation benefits, a
MOCT is able to provide high immunity to electromagnetic interferences, wider
frequency response, large dynamic range and low outputs which are compatible with the
inputs of analog to digital converters. They are ideal for the interference between power
systems and computer systems. And there is a growing interest in using MOCTs to
measure the electric currents.
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2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
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Figure2.1: - Polarization due to Faraday effect
2.2 MOCT-Principle
The Magneto-Optical current transformer is based on the Faradays effect.
Michael Faraday discovered that the orientation of linearly polarized light was rotated
under the influence of the magnetic field when the light propagated in a piece of glass,
and the rotation angle was proportional to the intensity of the magnetic field. The concept
of Faraday Effect could be understood from the Fig.1.
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Generally, this phenomenon can be described as follows:
∫ Β. dl
θ=V …………Eq(1)
‘θ’ is the Faraday rotation angle,
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Figure 2.3: - Arrangement of Magneto-optic current transducer
P 0
P1 = 2 (1 + Sin 2θ )
P 0
P2 = 2 (1 - Sin 2θ )
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P0 is the optical power from the light source,
θ is the Faraday rotation angle,
P1 and P2 are the optical power delivered by the detectors.
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2.3 Design
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Figure2.5: - Two paths for Light to divert and return
The two halves can be assembled around the conductor. Thereby, the
rotation angles from the two halves of the sensor [Fig.4(a)] are added up in the signal
processing unit so that the total rotation angle (θ1+θ2 ) is the same as the rotation angle θ
from the optical path shown in Fig4(b), which is two turns around the conductor.
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Figure 2.5 shows the structure of the housing for the clamp-on MOCT.
The optical glass prism polarizes, and lenses are completely sealed in the housing by
epoxy, so that they are free of environmental hazards such as dust and moisture. This
structure avoids the use of magnetic material to concentrate the magnetic field as found in
some other MOCT design and Hall Effect current measurement devices. There for it is
free from the effect of remanent flux, which could affect the accuracy of the current
measurement.
θ ≈ θ1+ θ2 ≈ 2μVI
Different optical fibers are designed for different usage. The single mode
fiber has very wide bandwidth, which is essential for communication systems, but it is
difficult to launch optical power into the single mode fiber because of it’s very thin size.
While large multimode fiber is convenient for collecting maximum amount of light from
the light source, it suffers from the problem of dispersion which limits its bandwidth. In
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the situation of power system instrumentation, only moderate frequency response is
required and in MOCT, the more optical power received by the detectors the better signal
to noise ratio can be achieved. Therefore, the large core multi-mode optical fiber is used
here to transfer the optical signals to and from the optical sensors.
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power system current signals for digital relay systems. In each part of the device, the sum
of the two receiving channels signals, which have the same DC bias αI 0, differenced at
junction with a reference voltage Vref from the power level adjustment potentiometer.
Then an integrator is used to adjust the LED driver current to maintain 2αI 0 to be the
same as the Vref at the junction. Because the reference voltage V ref is the same for both the
sides, the DC bias αI0 and the sensitivities 2αI 0 of the two halves of the clamp-on MOCT
are considered to be stable and identical. The difference of the two receiving channels
signals 2αI0 or 2Sinθ1 and 2αI0 2Sinθ2 in each part of the device are added directly and
then fed through an amplifier for the small signals. At the same time these two signals are
processed digitally to do a sin -1 calculation on each and then summed together for the
large signal situation when the non-linearity of the MOCT can no longer be ignored. The
ratio responses of the two output stages of the clamp-on MOCT are designed as 10V/KA
and 0.5V/KA and frequency responses are 4KHZ and 40 KHZ respectively.
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Figure 2.8: - Schematic of Faraday current sensor using
magnetic concentrator
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Figure 2.9: - Schematic of faraday bulk sensor using
Fibre Optics
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2.64 Witness Sensor
This converter is the latest type in our assortment and it is only type that
measurement of it does not include the surrounding of conductor completely. Instead, as
shown in Figure 6, the magnetic field at a point closer to the conductor affects on the
light distribution. And therefore, it is not a real current transformer. Although it can be
said a field constant distribution around the conductor is a function of its current. It can
be said that light with arbitrary polarization is composed of two independent components.
In the case of linearly polarized components can be simply said that two components are
perpendicular to each other
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Figure 2.11:- Schematic of faraday effect sensor
unlinked type geometry
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3.0 APPLICATION
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3.1 Advantages of MOCT
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3.2 Disadvantages of MOCT
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4.0 CONCLUSION
Rapid advances in the quality of performance and costs of the
optical fiber and electronic equipment to encourage development of
measuring trances based on new technology. This paper presents a new kind
of current transducer known as magneto optical current transducer. This
magneto optical current transducer eliminates many of the drawbacks of the
conventional current transformers. In an conventional current transformers,
there is a chance of saturation of magnetic field under high current,
complicated insulation and cooling structure, a chance of electro-magnetic
interference etc.
By applying Faraday’s principle this transducer provides an easier
and more accurate way of current measurement. This MOCT is widely used in
power systems and substations nowadays. And a new trend is being
introduced, which known as OCP based on adaptive theory, which make use
of accuracy in the steady state of the conventional current transformer and the
MOCT with no saturation under fault current transients.
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5.0 References
1. J. World Electric Tech. 4(1), www.science-line.com.
2. www.nature.com/articles.html
3. www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/magneto-opticeffect.html
4. www.ece.mtu.edu
5. A New Faraday Rotation Measurement Method for the Study on Magneto
Optical Property of PbO-Bi2O3-B2O3 Glasses for Current Sensor Applications,
www.SciRP.org.
6. www.jweet.science-line.com.
7. Magneto optics by S. K. Sujame and N kojima.
8. E. Munin, A. B. Villaverde, et al., “Magneto-Optical Rotation of Heavy-Metal
Oxide Glasses,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, Vol. 231, No. 1-2, 1998, pp.
134-142.
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