Microbial Applications

MICROBIAL APPLICATIONS
ABUNDIENTE, CASABA & DELA PEÑA

TOPIC OUTLINE
• SEWAGE TREATMENTS
- Definition, Major Contaminants, Processes, Microorganisms
• BIOREMEDIATION
-Discovery, Definition, Microbes and Pollutants, Mechanism, Types
• RECYCLING VITAL ELEMENTS
-Biodegradation, Bio-composting, Bioleaching
SEAWAGE TREATMENTS
Usually preferred as
wastewater treatment or
domestic wastewater treatment
WHAT IS
SEWAGE
TREATMENT? Process of which removing
contaminants from wastewater
to produce a safe water for the
environment
MAJOR CONTAMINATIONS IN WASTEWATER
Suspended Biodegradable Pathogens and

Nutrients
solids organics parasites
Priority Refractory Dissolved

Heavy metals
pollutants organics inorganics
SEWAGE TREATMENT PROCESSES
Preliminary Treatment
Primary Treatment (Mechanical

Treatment)
• Septic Tanks
• Oxidation Ponds
PRIMARY
TREATMENT:
SEPTIC TANKS
PRIMARY
TREATMENT:
OXIDATION
PONDS
SEWAGE TREATMENT
PROCESSES
• Secondary Treatment (Biological Treatment)
• Activated Sludge Systems
• Trickling Filters
• Sludge Digestion
• Tertiary Treatment (Chemical Treatment)
• Relies in physical and mechanical methods
ACTIVATED
SLUDGE
SYSTEMS
TRICKLING FILTERS
SLUDGE
DIGESTION
COMMON MICROORGANISMS USED IN
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
AEROBIC BACTERIA ANAEROBIC FACULTATIVE

BACTERIA BACTERIA
BIOREMEDIATION
BIOREMEDIATION | DISCOVERY
George M. Robinson
-Invented Bioremediation in 1960s

-Assistant Country Engineer at Santa Maria,
California
BIOREMEDIATION | DEFINITION
• A branch of biotechnology that employs the use of living

organisms, like microbes and bacteria, in the removal of
contaminants, pollutants, and toxins from soil, water, and other
environments (Investopedia.com, 2020).
• Is the use of microbes to detoxify or degrade pollutants
(Tortora et al.,2016).
MICROBES AND POLLUTANTS
MICROBES COMPOUNDS
Microorganisms and Penicillium chrysogenum Monocyclic aromatic hydro
Hydrocarbon (organic carbons, benzene, toluene, ethyl
compound) interaction benzene and xylene ,phenol
compounds
Cyanobacteria, green algae, Napthalene
diatoms, Bacillus licheniformis
Microorganisms important for Fusarium sp. Oil
oil bioremediation. Bacillus cereus A Diesel oil
Representative examples of Penicillium ochrochloron industrial dyes
most dominate microorganisms B. subtilis strain NAP1, NAP2, oil-based based paints
in the involvement of dyes NAP4
bioremediation
MICROBES AND POLLUTANTS
MICROBES COMPOUNDS
Microorganisms serve for Pseudomonas fluorescens, Fe2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Mn2+, Cu2+
utilizing heavy metals. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Aerococcus sp., Pb, Cr, Cd
Rhodopseudomonas palustris
Potential biological agents for Bacillus, Staphylococcus Endosulfan
pesticides. Enterobacter sp. Chlorpyrifos
BIOREMEDIATION | MECHANISM
BIOREMEDIATION | MECHANISM
• Bioremediation relies on stimulating the growth of certain microbes that utilize

contaminants like oil, solvents, and pesticides for sources of food and energy. These
microbes convert contaminants into small amounts of water, as well as harmless
gases like carbon dioxide.
• Bioremediation requires a combination of the right temperature, nutrients, and foods.
The absence of these elements may prolong the cleanup of contaminants. Conditions
that are unfavorable for bioremediation may be improved by adding “amendments” to
the environment, such as molasses, vegetable oil, or simple air. These amendments
optimize conditions for microbes to flourish, thereby accelerating the completion of
the bioremediation process.
TYPES OF BIOREMEDIATION | IN-SITU
TYPES OF BIOREMEDIATION | EX-SITU
TYPES OF BIOREMEDIATION | DIFFERENCES
TYPES OF BIOREMEDIATION | SUBPARTS
IN-SITU BIOREMEDIATION EX-SITU BIOREMEDIATION

Bioventing Land Farming
In situ Biodegradation Composting
Biostimulation Biopiles
Biosparging Bioreactors
Bioaugmentation
Natural Attenuation
RECYCLING OF VITAL
ELEMENTS
• Microbes' influence on the environment might be positive, detrimental, or undetectable
by human measurement or observation. Bacteria and other microorganisms are
frequently linked to diseases, but they also play a vital part in the waste recycling process.
• The capacity of bacteria to recycle the fundamental components that make up all living
systems, particularly carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen, is their most important impact on the
earth. The recycling of inorganic matter between living organisms and their nonliving
environment is called a biogeochemical cycle.
BIODEGRADATION
• Biodegradation is defined as the biologically catalyzed reduction in

complexity of chemical compounds [1]. Indeed, biodegradation is the
process by which organic substances are broken down into smaller
compounds by living microbial organisms [2]. When biodegradation is
complete, the process is called "mineralization". However, in most cases
the term biodegradation is generally used to describe almost any
biologically mediated change in a substrate [3]. (Joutey et al., 2013)
PROCESS OF BIODEGRADATION
BIODEGRADATION: MICROORGANISMS THAT CAN
DEGRADE POLYESTER
• Polycaprolacton: PCL can be degraded by both aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms.
Aspergillus sp. ST-01, a fungal strain is found to degrade PCL into valuable products such as
succinic acid and valeric acid.
• Polyethylene succinate: Microbes that degrade PES are limited in number as compared to
microbes that degrade PCL. Pseudomonas sp. AKS2, a bacterial strain is found to degrade
PES efficiently.
• Polylactic acid: The hydrolytic products of its degradation can be degraded completely by
microorganisms. Lactic-co-glycolic acid is a bio-based polymer which is used in drugs and
food delivery in host microbes. Cryptococcus sp., Amycolatopsis sp. and B. lichenformis
degraded PLA efficiently.
• Starch and polyester blend: Lipase enzymes secreted by R. arrhizus and R. delemar
hydrolyze polyester blends and lead to degradation
• The bacteria, Ideonella sakaiensis, was found to be able to eat a particular kind of plastic
called polyethylene terephthalate (PET), from which bottles are commonly made, and it
could not do so nearly fast enough to mitigate the tens of millions of tons of plastic
waste that enter the environment every year.
BIODEGRADATION: FACTORS AFFECTING ITS RATE
• soil moisture
• soil pH
• availability of oxygen
• availability of nutrients
• contaminant concentration
• presence of suitable microbes
BIO-COMPOSTING
• According to RUR Sustainable Waste To Resource Solutions, Bio-

composting is the biological aerobic decomposition of organic material
into simpler compounds, yielding a dark, earthy, nutrient-rich humus.
Simply put, bio-composting is nature’s way of recycling. Each of us
consumes food, producing biodegradable kitchen waste like fruits and
vegetable peels, tea leaves, eggshells, meat, and fishbones. These can easily
be composted instead of being sent to the landfills.
PROCESS OF BIO-COMPOSTING
BIO-COMPOSTING: MICROORGANISMS INVOLVED
• The composting process involves three phases, and uses diverse microflora such as
bacteria, fungi and mesophilic (Streptomyces rectus) and thermophilic Actinomycetes
(Actinobifida chromogena (Thermomonospora fusca) Microbispora (Thermopolyspora) bispora,
Therinomnonospora curvata, Thermoactinomyces sp.) eventually converting organic waste to
humus.
BIO-COMPOSTING: ELEMENTAL REQUIREMENTS
BIOLEACHING
• According to AngloAmerican, Bioleaching (or biomining) is a process in

mining and biohydrometallurgy (natural processes of interactions between
microbes and minerals) that extracts valuable metals from a low-grade
ore with the help of microorganisms such as bacteria or archaea.
PROCESS OF BIOLEACHING
BIOLEACHING: MICROORGANISMS INVOLVED
• The bacterium Chromobacterium violaceum is known for producing an antimicrobial agent

called violacein. But C. violaceum offers more than medical applications. The bacterium
might be capable of recovering precious metals from the massive quantities of electrical
and electronic waste (e-waste) generated around the world.
• Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus caldus, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, and
Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans are other well-known and widely studied microorganism for
bioleaching due to their capability to oxidize the sulfidic minerals.
BIOLEACHING: 3 COMMERCIAL PROCESSES
• Slope Leaching
• Heap Leaching
• In-situ Leaching
BENEFITS OF BIODEGRADATION, BIO-COMPOSTING
AND BIOLEACHING
• Biodegradation
• It is nature’s waste management and recycling system
• It breaks down everything from yard waste to crude oil
• It is a natural process necessary to keep our planet clean and healthy
• Bio-composting
• Improves physical structure of soil
• Enriches soil with micro-organisms
• Improves water holding capacity of soil
• Enhances germination, plant growth and crop yield
• Improves root growth and structure
• Biowastes conversion reduces waste flow to landfills
• Production reduces greenhouse gas emissions such as methane and nitric oxide
• Bioleaching
• Stabilize sulfate toxins from the mine without causing harm to the environment
• Can avoid poisonous sulfur dioxide emissions
• Offers a different way to extract valuable metals from low-grade ores that have already been
processed
LIMITATIONS OF BIODEGRADATION , BIO-COMPOSTING
AND BIOLEACHING
• Biodegradation: The accumulation of wastes result to the decrease in biodegradation rate
• Bio-composting:There is low supply of elemental factors needed for the composting

process and it is time consuming
• Bioleaching: It is expensive when manufactured commercially since the environment

should be controlled
REFERENCES
• Tortora, G.J., Funke, B.R. & Case, C.L. (2016). Microbiology, an Introduction. Pearson.
• Speight, J. G. (2018). Mechanisms of Transformation. Reaction Mechanisms in Environmental

Engineering, 337–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-804422-3.00010-9
• Bioremediation Definition. (2020, June 23). Investopedia.

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bioremediation.asp
• Clean It Up! (2021, November 23). TeachEngineering.Org.

https://www.teachengineering.org/lessons/view/cub_lifescience_lesson04
• https://www.peertechzpublications.com/articles/OJEB-2-107.php
• https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-10-1866-4_3
• https://sciencing.com/role-microbes-waste-recycling-8091838.html
• https://www.peertechzpublications.com/articles/OJEB-4-110.php
• https://morungexpress.com/bio-composting-important-component-organic-farming
• https://www.pnas.org/content/116/3/711
• https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/08/microbes-toxic-electronic-waste/
• https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottcarpenter/2021/03/10/the-race-to-develop-plastic-eating-
bacteria/?sh=679beddf7406
• https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2021.656465/full
• https://kids.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frym.2019.00116#:~:text=Soil%20bacteria%20
perform%20recycling%20of,grow%20and%20perform%20their%20functions.
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844020301882
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3376866/
• https://rur.co.in/services/bio-composting/
• https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/45093
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4624139/
• https://www.goecopure.com/what-is-biodegradation.aspx
• https://www.angloamerican.com/futuresmart/stories/our-industry/mining-
explained/mining-terms-explained-a-to-z/bioleaching-definition-and-process
• https://directcompostsolutions.com/8-methods-composting/

Microbial Applications - Abundiente Casaba Dela Pena

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Microbial Applications - Abundiente Casaba Dela Pena

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Microbial Applications - Abundiente Casaba Dela Pena

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ABUNDIENTE, CASABA & DELA PEÑA

Suspended Biodegradable Pathogens and

Priority Refractory Dissolved

Primary Treatment (Mechanical

AEROBIC BACTERIA ANAEROBIC FACULTATIVE

-Invented Bioremediation in 1960s

• A branch of biotechnology that employs the use of living

• Bioremediation relies on stimulating the growth of certain microbes that utilize

IN-SITU BIOREMEDIATION EX-SITU BIOREMEDIATION

• Biodegradation is defined as the biologically catalyzed reduction in

• According to RUR Sustainable Waste To Resource Solutions, Bio-

• According to AngloAmerican, Bioleaching (or biomining) is a process in

• The bacterium Chromobacterium violaceum is known for producing an antimicrobial agent

• Bio-composting:There is low supply of elemental factors needed for the composting

• Bioleaching: It is expensive when manufactured commercially since the environment

• Speight, J. G. (2018). Mechanisms of Transformation. Reaction Mechanisms in Environmental

• Bioremediation Definition. (2020, June 23). Investopedia.

• Clean It Up! (2021, November 23). TeachEngineering.Org.

You might also like