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DUNGO
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Integumentary System - Occurs in pairs, separated by serous fluid

with a visceral and parietal layer.
Skin and body membranes
- Construction:
- Function:
 Simple squamous epithelium
 Cover body surfaces
 Areolar connective tissue (surround
 Line body cavities
and anchors organs)
 Form protective sheets around
- Types:
organs
 Visceral & Parietal Pericardium –
heart; pericardial cavity
Classification According to Tissue Types
 Visceral & Parietal Pleurae – lungs;
Epithelial Membranes – contains epithelial tissue
pleural cavity
layer and connective tissue
 Visceral & Parietal Peritoneum –
Cutaneous Membrane
exterior potion of the organ;
- Outer covering of the human body (skin)
abdominopelvic cavity/ peritoneal
- First line of defense
cavity
- Dry membrane
- Note: In the abdominopelvic cavity you can
- Construction
find mesentery that holds organs of the said
 Epidermis – is composed of
cavity; double fold of peritoneum
keratinized squamous epithelium
(20-30 layers of dead squamous
cells)
 Dermis – is mostly dense (fibrous)
connective tissue; connects
epidermis to muscle tissue; where
we can see the accessory structures
of the skin
Note: Keratinization – replaces organelles with
keratin proteins

Mucous Membrane Connective Tissue Membrane

- Lining of the body organs Synovial Membrane
- Moisture and lubrication - Along joints and ends of bones
- Absorption and secretion - It gives moisture to joints for movements
- Construction: - Construction:
 Epithelium type depends on site  Loose areolar connective tissue only
 Lamina Propria - layer or areolar (no epithelial)
tissue that underlies all membranes - Lines fibrous capsules of surrounding joints
 Line bursae
Serous Membrane  Line tendon sheaths
- Lines and covers organs and body cavities - Secrete a lubricating fluid (synovial fluid) to
that are closed to the exterior of the body cushion organs moving against each other
- Serous Fluid – allows the organ to slide during muscle activity
easily across the cavity walls w/o friction
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- More keratinized

Integumentary System Stratum Granulosum

- Function: - Keratinization
 Insulation and Cushion – covering - Protein granules accumulate here
 Protection – from water loss, - Dead cells
microbes, bumps, cuts, acids and
bases, heat, cold Stratum Lucidum
 Temperature Regulation – - Formed from dead cells of the deepest
homeostasis (Hypodermis: heat strata
pad; Blood vessels: amount of heat - Occurs only in thick, hairless skin
depends on the amount of blood; - Location:
Hair shaft: collects warm air  Palm
molecules)  Sole of feet
 Excretion – sweat glands removes
waste Stratum Corneum
 Vitamin D production – UV light - Skin coloration (melanin)
stimulates production (light - 20-30 layers
activates Vit D, stimulating calcium - Outermost
uptake and breakdown) - Shingle-like dead cells are filled with keratin
(protective protein that prevents water loss
Skin from skin)
Layers of the Skin Note:
Epidermis Melanin
- Hard and tough (keratinized dead cells) - pigment produced by melanocytes
- Stratified squamous epithelium - yellow to brown to black
 Keratinocytes – most common cell; produce  accumulates in membrane bound granules
a fibrous protein called keratin called melanosomes (we all have the same
- Avascular amount of melanosomes in the body)
- amount of melanin produced depends upon
5 Layers of Strata (deepest to superficial) genetics and exposure to sunlight; it also
Stratum Basale (stratum germinatibum) depends on the adaptation to environment
- Development site of new cells - Process:
- Deepest layer  Melanocytes
- Only living (kasi next to dermis where you  Golgi bodies transports protein
can find blood vessels; kaya nakakapag cell (melanin) to;
division)  Melanosomes that secretes vesicles
- Cells undergoing mitosis containing melanin;
- Daughter cells are pushed upward  Epithelial cells phagocytize the
melanosomes
Stratum Spinosum Epidermal Dendritic Cells
 Desmosomes – anchors living to dead skin - Alerts and activate immune cells to a threat
parts (bacterial or viral invasion)
- Flatter Merkel Cells
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- Associated with sensory receptor endings - Blood vessels

 Serve as touch receptors called Merkel discs
Skin Coloration and Pigmentation
Melanin
- Yellow, reddish brown, black pigments
Carotene
- Orange to yellow
- Deposited in the stratum corneum and
sebaceous tissue
Hemoglobin
- Red coloring from blood vessels in dermal
capillaries
- Oxygen content determines the extent of
red coloring

Skin Color Signals Certain Diseases

Redness or Erythema
- Embarrassment
Dermis - Inflammation
- Connective tissue - Hypertension
- Underlies the epidermis - Fever – response to coldness
Two Layers of Dermis - Allergy
Papillary Layer Pallor or Blanching
- Upper portion of the dermal region - Emotional stress (fear, anger, etc.)
 Dermal Papillae – projections of papillary - Anemia (low hemoglobin)
layer; 20% of dermis - Low blood pressure
- Indent the epidermis above - Impaired blood flow to an area
- Provides nutrition to stratum basale Jaundice or Yellow Cast
through blood vessels - Liver disorder
- On palm and soles, papillae increase  Bilirubin – fats+shells of RBC; biproduct of
frictions and gripping ability (lines/ degrading fats; when not secreted, it
projections in the skin) transpires to the skin
- Fingerprints Bruises
- Black and blue marks
Reticular Layer (deepest skin layer)  hematoma – clotted blood masses
- Blood vessels  tendency to bruise may signify low Vitamin C
- Sweat and oil glands
 Lamellar Corpuscles: deep pressure Accessory Organs / Appendages of the Skin
receptors Cutaneous Glands
 are all exocrine glands
Other Dermal Features  Sebaceous and Sweat Glands
- Cutaneous sensory receptors Hair Follicles
- Phagocytes Hair
- Collagen and elastics fibers Nails
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 Hair grows in the matrix of the hair bulb in

stratum basale
Cutaneous Glands
Sebaceous / Oil Glands
 All over the skin except the palm and sole
 Produces sebum / oil for lubrication of skin
 Makes skin soft and moist
 Prevents hair from becoming brittle
(combing = activates seb. Glands)
 Prevents attachment of bacteria to skin
 Most have ducts: that empty into hair
follicles; other open directly to skin
 Glands are activated at puberty

Sweat Glands (Sudoriferous Glands)

 Produces sweat Hair Anatomy
 Widely distributed in the skin  Medulla – living part; keratinization does
Two Types: not happen
Eccrine Glands  Cortex – surrounds and protects medulla
 Open via duct to sweat pores on skin’s  Cuticle – prevents excessive water loss; lipid
surface substance
 Produces acidic sweat (water, salt, Vit. C,  Hair Follicle – most heavily keratinized
traces of metabolic waste) region of the hair; protects hair root
 Function  Hair Root – where continuous division of
 Body temperature regulation cells happen for hair growth
Apocrine Glands  Arrector Pili – connects to the hair follicle to
 Ducts empty into hair follicles in the armpits pull hair upright when we are scared or cold
and genitals
 Begin to function at puberty
 Release sweat that also contains fatty acids
and proteins (yellowish color)
 Play a minimal role in regulating body temp.

Hair
 Produced by hair follicles (it dictates the
shape of hair)
 Root is enclosed in the follicle
 Shaft projects from the surface of the
scalp/skin
 Consist of hard keratinized epithelial cells
 Melanocytes provides pigments for hair
color Nail
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 Heavily keratinized, scale-like modifications  Itching, redness, and swelling of skin

of the epidermis
 Stratum basale extends beneath the nail Impetigo
bed, which is responsible for growth  Caused by bacterial infection
 Lack of pigments makes nail colorless (straphylococcus aureus in the skin)
 Pink, fluid filled raised lesions around
mouth and nose
Psoriasis
 Triggered trauma, infection, hormonal,
changes, stress
 Red, epidermal lesions covered with dry,
silvery, scales that itch, burn, crack, or
sometimes bleed
Burns
 Tissue damage and cell death caused by
Nail Anatomy heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals
 Free Edge – kinacut na area  Associated dangers:
 Nail Body – visible attached to the tissue of  Protein denaturation and cell death
the fingers  Dehydration and electrolyte
 Nail Folds – skin folds that overlaps the imbalance
edges of the nails  Circulatory shock
 Cuticle – is the proximal edge transparent  Results in loss of body fluids and infections
flap of skin from the invasion of bacteria
 Root of nail – embedded in skin  Extent of a burn is using the Rules of Nines
 Nail matrix – where growth of nail occurs  Body is divided in 11 areas for quick
estimation
Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin  Each area represents about 9% of
Infections and Allergies total body surface
Athlete’s Foot  The area of surrounding genitals
 Caused by fungal infection (tinea pedis) (beriineum) represents 1% of the
 Itchy, red peeling skin between the toes body surface area
Extent of Burn
Boils (Furuncles) and Carbuncles First Degree Burn (superficial burn)
 Caused by inflammation of hair follicles  Only epidermis
 Carbuncles are clusters of boils caused by  Skin is red and swollen
bacteria  2-3 days to heal
  Tanning and sunburn
Cold Sores (Fever blisters)  UVA – Malignant mekanoma (causes cancer
 Caused by human herpesvirus mole)
 Blisters itchy and sting  UVB – sunburn
 Second Degree Burn (partial-thickness burn)
Contact Dermatitis  2-3 weeks to heal
 Caused by exposure to chemicals that  Epidermis and superficial part are damaged
provoke allergic responses  Red, painful, and blistered
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 Regrowth of epithelium can occur  Arises from melanocytes metastasizes

Third Degree Burn (full-thickness burn = black) rapidly to lymph and blood vessels
 Destroys epidermis and dermis  Detection uses ABCDE (Asymmetrical,
 Burned area is painless (no more nerve = Irregular Borders, Color, Diameter,
numbness) Evolution)
 Requires skin grafts, as regeneration is not
possible Developmental Aspects of Skin and Body
 Burned area is blanched (gray white) or Membranes
black  Lanugo
Fourth Degree Burn (full-thickness burn) - A downy hair, covers the body by
 Extends into deeper tissues (bone, muscles, the fifth/sixth month of fetal
tendons) development but disappears by
 Appears dry and leathery birth
 Requires surgery and grafting  Vernix caseosa
 may need amputation - An oily covering is apparent at birth
Criteria for Determining Critical Burns (lipid content covers the body
 over 30% of the body has 2nd degree burn  Milia
 over 10% of the body has 3rd/4th degree - Small white spots, are common at
burn birth and disappears at 3rd week
 3rd/4th degree burns of the face, hands, feet,  Acne
or genitals - May appear during adolescents’
 Circumferential burns (around the body hormonal changes
limb) - Cause: exposure to dirt and dust
 Burn affect the airways clumping collagen (clogs sweat and skin pores);
so nablock air genetic
 In youth, skin is thick, resilient, and well
Most common types of skin cancers hydrated
Basal Cell Carcinoma  With aging skin loses elasticity and thins
 Least malignant; most common type  Skin cancer is a major threat to skin
 Arises from cells in stratum basale that are exposed to excessive sunlight
altered so that they can no longer make  Balding/graying occurs with aging; both are
keratin genetically determined and other factors
 Lesions appear shiny, dome-shaped may contribute includes drugs or stress
 Can be removed through surgery
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
 Induced by UV exposure
 Arises from cells of stratum spinosum
 Lesions appear scaly, reddened papules that
gradually from shallow ulcers
 Early removal allows good chance of cure
Malignant Carcinoma
 Most deadly
 Excessive melanocytes because of exposure
 5% of skin cancers