Seminar Nasional Paedagoria

Universitas Muhammadiyah Mataram

Mataram, 16 Agustus 2022
ISSN 2807-8705 | Volume 2 Agustus 2022

An Analysis of the Lexical and Contextual Meaning of

the Poem Phenomenal Woman by Maya Angelou
Asma Hendra1, Ilham2, Edi3
1,2,3
English Education, Muhammadiyah University of Mataram, Indonesia
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Keywords: Abstract: Semantics is the study of meaning. So many kinds of meaning,

Lexical meaning; among other lexical and contextual meanings. The lexical meaning is the
Contextual meaning; meaning according to the dictionary or a direct specific of a word, and the
Poem; contextual meaning is the meaning according to the context. The objectives
Phenomenal Woman. of the research are to explain the lexical and contextual meaning of words
in the lines of the poem Phenomenal Woman by Maya Angelou. This
research used a descriptive qualitative because the researcher would
analyze and interpret the research object of the lines in the poem
Phenomenal Woman by Maya Angelou. The first step in obtaining the data
is by collecting the source of the data from the Book. The next step was
conducted, collecting the data and analyzing it with the table, and
concluding. The researcher showed that the meaning of the term used in
lines of the poem Phenomenal Woman‖ by Maya Angelou from the lexicon
or general dictionary was fairly different from the meaning in the context.
Contextual meaning is the term that explained the actual meaning
according to the situation in which they were used. In this discussion,
interesting events are unique to learn to avoid misunderstanding and
misinterpreting.

Kata Kunci: Abstrak: Semantik adalah studi tentang makna. Begitu banyak jenis
Makna Lexical; makna, di antara makna leksikal dan kontekstual lainnya. Makna
Makna Kontekstual; leksikal adalah makna menurut kamus atau spesifik langsung dari suatu
Puisi; kata, dan makna kontekstual adalah makna sesuai dengan konteksnya.
Wanita Phenomenal. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menjelaskan makna leksikal dan
kontekstual dari kata-kata dalam baris puisi Fenomenal Woman karya
Maya Angelou. Penelitian ini menggunakan deskriptif kualitatif karena
peneliti akan menganalisis dan menginterpretasikan objek penelitian dari
baris-baris dalam puisi Fenomenal Woman karya Maya Angelou. Langkah
pertama dalam memperoleh data adalah dengan mengumpulkan sumber
data dari Buku. Langkah selanjutnya dilakukan, mengumpulkan data dan
menganalisisnya dengan tabel, dan menyimpulkan. Peneliti menunjukkan
bahwa makna istilah yang digunakan dalam baris puisi Fenomenal
Woman oleh Maya Angelou dari leksikon atau kamus umum cukup
berbeda dengan makna dalam konteksnya. Makna kontekstual adalah
istilah yang menjelaskan makna sebenarnya sesuai dengan situasi di
mana mereka digunakan. Dalam diskusi ini, peristiwa menarik.
Article History:
Received: 12-08-2022
Online : 20-08-2022 This is an open access article under the CC–BY-SA license

——————————  ——————————

A. BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Language is never separated from human life. Language is a system of sound signs that
members of particular social groups have decided to use for interaction, communication, and
self-identification (Rahmawati & Nurhamidah, 2018). As a system, one of its components is

434
 Ilham, Lexical and Contextual Meaning... 435

semantics. One of the key subfields of linguistics is semantics, which examines how words,
sentences, and symbols are understood (Sucihati, 2021).
Semantic is considered an aspect of meaning in language. According to Riemer, (2010), the
study of meaning is called semantics. Semantics is the study of the organization and expression
of meaning in language. One sort of meaning studied in semantics is lexical and contextual
meaning.
The definition of lexical meaning is the meaning of lexemes with the meaning of the
sentences in which they occur. it happens as a result of lexical meaning’s (external meaning’s)
focus on the connection between words and meanings (Yulia Syahfitri, 2021). Lexical meaning is
the meaning of the word that will be free from its context and usage (Pateda, 2001). Thus, the
word’s lexical meaning is every definition in the dictionary. While contextual means of a lexeme
or authentic phrase or in keeping with the context. Meaning can change according to its users.
The context in semantics can be influenced by the structure of words or sentences and their
constituents (Khasanah & Nursalim, 2020)
Meaning is everywhere, for example, in literary works, scientific works, songs, etc. With the
many types of meanings proposed by linguists, the authors are interested in analyzing the lexical
meanings and contextual meanings of individualized organizations in a poem. Knowing the
lexical and contextual meaning of the individualized organization customized structure in the
poem will make it easier to understand the overall meaning of the poem (Hasanah & Habibullah,
2020). Understanding the intended individualized structure and the entire text will be clear and
provide the necessary information. These lexical and contextual meanings are used to
understand the meaning of the text in depth and correctly. Jabar & Mansor, (2021) also claims
that understanding the meaning of the word can also remain achieved using the contextual clue
found in a text. Educators should also emphasize the contextual feature in understanding the
meaning of vocabulary.
There are a number of studies that have been conducted in the areas of lexical and
contextual meaning of a poem (Hasanah & Habibullah, 2020; Safaah et al., 2020; Sucihati, 2021;
Yulia Syahfitri, 2021). For example, (Hasanah & Habibullah, 2020) who analyze one word to
explain the content of the term in “Raef’s Song” lyrics, there are many terms that have different
meanings lexically and contextually. The research found that 65 words existed in the song that
contains contextual meaning such as miracle, strong, tear, darkness, blinding, touch, strength,
eyes, weakness, etc. The context of that tune with regards to the circumstance, and the context of
the speaker's state of mind which is seen from the video cut.
From the previous studies above, the researcher obtained the difference which is presented
in this study. This study takes a poem entitled “Phenomenal Woman” written by Maya Angelou
which applied lexical and contextual meanings as the object of the study. Moreover, this poem as
the object of study is unique in concerning others and has at any point been examined in past
exploration.
In this study, a poem turns into an object of the review. A poem is one of the scholarly works
which once in a while applies significance to it. According to Duki, (2017); Rosmaidar &
Wijayanti, (2012) poem is any sort of verbal or composed language that is organized musically
to recount a story, or express any sort of feeling, thought, or heart condition. The actual sonnet is
organized in lines and the sonnet is likewise portrayed in different sorts of spoken and
composed structures, styles, designs, and different sorts of subjects. Anindita et al., (2017)
stated that a poem is a roundabout articulation, implying that it portrays something utilizing
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Volume 2, Agustus 2022, pp. 434-443

demonstrative significance. Then indirect expression is caused by displacing meaning, distorting

meaning, and creating meaning.
From the argument above, it is clear that the analysis of meaning is necessary for the study
of poems. This is understandable because meaning is the purpose of the poem. A poem as one of
the scholarly assortments can be contemplated from different viewpoints, as stated by Pradopo,
(2009), “First, a poem can study its structure and elements because a poem is a structure
composed of various elements and facilities satisfaction. Second, a poem can be studied based on
the types considering there are many types of poems. Third, a poem can be studied from the
historical element of remembering throughout its history, from time to time poem is always
written and read by a human.” Moreover, the discussion of a poem is very important.
Numerous popular poems are from one side of the planet to the other. But Maya Angelou is
one of the lady essayists who utilize the women's activist methodology in her work and her
verse is an excruciating course of reviewing and recollecting a previous that is broken into parts.
Maya Angelou is a person of color residing in America where Whites are the larger part of the
public eye there. Maya Angelou is a commended writer, memoirist, writer, instructor,
screenwriter, maker, entertainer, vocalist, student of history, movie producer, and social
liberties, extremist. She encountered the mercilessness of racial separation however she
likewise retained the unfaltering confidence and upsides of the customary African-American
family, local area, and culture (Jayageetha & Rani, 2018).
Based on the description above, the researcher chooses Maya Angelou’s works to be
analyzed. The reason for choosing this Maya Angelou’s poem is because this poem is about
woman’s discrimination toward the black woman in her era and also the main reason why this
poem has lexical meaning and contextual meaning is to know the meaning of the poem itself
(Permatasari, 2016).
In this research, the researcher is focusing on the lexical and contextual meaning of Maya
Angelou’s poem entitled Phenomenal Woman (1978). The researcher is interested in analyzing
Maya Angelou’s poems expressing struggles in her life. Due to the reason above, this research is
very significant and interesting to be conducted.

B. METHOD
This research used the descriptive qualitative method. The researcher believed that the
descriptive qualitative method was appropriate for this research. Subjective strategies exhibit an
alternate way to deal with insightful requests than techniques for quantitative exploration.
According to Creswell & Creswell, (2018) qualitative research is an approach to exploring and
understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem.
Qualitative methods rely on text and image data, have unique steps in data analysis, and draw on
diverse designs. The justification behind picking this technique is following the focal point of this
review, which is to break down texts, as the poem. It means to depict the lexical and contextual
meaning of the poem Phenomenal Woman by Maya Angelou.
The main data source in this research is Maya Angelou’s poem taken from her book entitled
“The complete collected poems of Maya Angelou were published in 1994”. In this research, the
researcher chose one of the most famous poems as a data source namely Phenomenal Woman
(1978) the poem written by Maya Angelou based on her life experience became interesting to
analyze. The main instrument of data in this research is a document including words, phrases,
and sentences in Maya Angelou’s poem. The research collects, compiles, and analyzed the data
individually. According to (Creswell, 2018), there are several characteristics of qualitative
 Ilham, Lexical and Contextual Meaning... 437

research, including the researcher as a key instrument: qualitative researchers collect data
themselves through examining documents, observing behavior, or interviewing participants.
In the analysing data, three phases data analysis consisting of Data Reduction, Data Displays,
and Conclusion Drawing is adopted. Finally, the result of data reduction, data display, and
conclusion drawing process was elaborated in the form of words, phrases, and sentences
through a descriptive qualitative. The qualitative descriptive method will be used to present
analysis along with citations of the sources and a part of analysis interpretation.

C. FINDING AND DISCUSSION

This section discusses finding from the study site that have been supported with related
review on analyzing poems. The result of analyzing the lexical and contextual meaning of the
poem “Phenomenal Woman” can be seen in the table below.
1. Lexical Meaning of Poem “Phenomenal Woman” by Maya Angelou
Table 1. Contextual meaning of Poem “Phenomenal Woman”
Line Stanza Part of Speech Lexical Meaning
1 Pretty women wonder where Adjective Kept from the knowledge or view
my secret lies. of others, quiet and unknown
2 I’m not cute or built to suit a Noun The well-known style of garments,
fashion model’s size hair, and so on at a specific time
and a famous approach to acting,
or following through with
something
6 It's in the reach of my arms, Verb Arrive at a place, achieve an aim
7 The span of my hips, Noun The time that something lasts or is
able to continue
8 The stride of my step, Verb Significant progress in walking
with long steps
9 The curl of my lips. Noun Something that forms a curved or
round shape, especially a small
bunch of hair
15 Just as cool as you please, Adjective Not hot or cold, fairly cold, calm,
not exited
20 A hive of honey bees. Noun Box for bees to live in
22 It’s the fire in my eyes, Noun Burning that produces light and
heat
23 And the flash of my teeth, Noun A sudden bright burst of light
24 The swing in my waist, Verb Moving backward or forward
while hanging from a fixed point
25 And the joy in my feet. Noun Great happiness
28 Phenomenal woman, Adjective Very great or impressive
33 But they can’t touch Verb Put your hands or fingers onto
somebody or something
34 My inner mystery. Adjective and Inside, near to the middle, and
Noun something that cannot be
understood or explained
38 It’s in the arch of my back, Noun The curved structure
39 The sun of my smile, Noun Star round which the earth moves
and which gives it heat and light
40 The ride of my breasts, Verb Exactly; direct all the way,
completely
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Volume 2, Agustus 2022, pp. 434-443

41 The grace of my style. Noun Simple beauty, especially in the

movement
53 It’s in the click of my heels, Verb Make a short sharp sound
54 The bend of my hair, Verb Make something that was straight
into a curved shape
55 The palm of my hand, Noun An inner surface of the hand
56 The need for my care. Noun A situation when something is
necessary or must be done

From the table 01 above, it can be seen a possible explanation lexically meaning of ‘Fire’ in
“It’s the fire of my eyes,” in line 22 is (Bull, 2008) the word “fire” is a noun that burning that
produces light and heat, burning that causes destruction, a pile of burning fuel for heating,
cooking, etc, apparatus for heating a room, and shots from guns.
The fire above which has numerous different options in implications since they are
acquired through lexical importance which comprises word reference meaning. When the word
‘fire’ stands alone, it will have meanings such as heat and light coming from something that
burns, burning that produces destruction, and apparatus for heating a room. Those implications
are the importance of the genuine word itself. Individuals who will mean the words lexically will
in any case convey those implications since words could have a few implications in lexical
importance when they remain solitary with practically no unique situation. For instance: near
the place where the fire appeared several people (Fire means burning that produces light and
heat), and fire hazards are common in large cities (fire means something burning that causes
destruction). This finding agrees with Suprihatin’s (2021) findings which showed that the word
fire means fire produces flames and heat while consuming a material such as coal or wood.
Furthermore, lexically, the word secret in “Pretty women wonder where my secret lies” is
in line 1. The word secret is an adjective. The meaning of secret based on the dictionary is kept
from the knowledge or view of others, quiet and unknown. This word confirms that secret is
associated with Suprihatin (2021) which showed that the word secret means something that is
known by only a few people. The next data is fashion in “I’m not cute or built to suit a fashion
model’s size” in line 2. The word fashion is a noun. The meaning of fashion is the famous style
of garments, hair, and so forth at a specific time and a well-known approach to acting or
following through with something. This result matches those observed in earlier studies by
Ahmad et al, (2022), that the word fashion is a model, yet she can be sure, extreme, and fearless.
In addition, The word span in “The span of my lips” in line 7. The word span is a noun. The
meaning of span is the time that something lasts or is able to continue. The data is a stride in
“The stride of my step” in line 8. The word stride is a verb. The meaning of stride is significant
progress of walking with long steps. The last data in the first stanza is curl in “The curl of my
lips” in line 9. The word curl is a noun. The meaning curl is something that forms a curved or
round shape, especially a small bunch of hair. This finding agrees with Prajnya (2012) who
showed that the word span is utilized to suggest the speaker's somewhat wide hips. The word
stride is a long step. And the word curl is to form into coils or ringlets.
The next lines conducted four data that contain specific meanings. They are; flash, swing,
and joy. The word is flash in “And the flash of my teeth” in line 23. The word flash is a noun.
Lexically means a sudden bright burst of light. The third word is a swing in “The swing in my
waist” in line 24. The word swing is a verb. Lexically means moving backward or forwards while
hanging from a fixed point. The last word is joy in “And the Joy in my feet” in line 25. The word
joy is a noun. Lexically means great happiness. This finding also agrees with Hendy (2010) who
 Ilham, Lexical and Contextual Meaning... 439

showed that the words flash meant the magnificence lies in a grin since somebody's white teeth
are as though it is streak when somebody is grinning. The swing meant certainty and looks
pretty swings abdomen. And the word joy meant an optimistic woman; will always be happy.
The next word is the sun in “The sun of my smile,” in line 39. The word sun is a noun.
Lexically means star round where the earth moves and gives it heat and light. The fifth word is a
ride in “The ride of my breasts,” in line 40. The word ride is a verb. Lexically means exactly;
directly all the way, completely. The last word is glace in “The grace of my style.” In line 41. The
word grace is a noun. Lexically means simple beauty, especially in movement. This word
confirms that the sun is associated with Hendy (2021) who showed that the word sun
represents satisfaction, confidence, or a positive way. The word ride is to travel in or on a
conveyance. The grace of style that looks rich, depicts certainty.

2. Contextual Meaning of poem “Phenomenal Woman” by Maya Angelou

Table 2. Contextual meaning of Poem “Phenomenal Woman”
Line Stanza Part of Speech Contextual Meaning
1 Pretty women wonder where Adjective Not of society’s typical ideal of
my Secret lies. beauty that conventionally
attractive women may wonder
about or struggle to understand
2 I’m not cute or built to suit a Noun Doesn’t look like the models
fashion model’s size glorified by the fashion industry
7 The span of my hips, Noun Ignoring her courage
8 The stride of my step, Verb The movement/step of parts of a
woman’s body
9 The curl of my lips. Noun Angled/dry
22 It’s the fire in my eyes, Noun Passionate and powerful
23 And the flash of my teeth, Noun Beauty and beautiful
24 The swing in my waist, Verb Confident and looks pretty
25 And the joy in my feet. Noun Optimistic and be happy
28 Phenomenal woman, Adjective Extraordinary and impressive
34 My inner mystery. Adjective and The power comes from the
Noun inside and it is not just that can
be contacted or seen
38 It’s in the arch of my back, Noun Upright posture and confidence
39 The sun of my smile, Noun Happiness, optimism, energy as
well as self-sufficiency
40 The ride of my breasts, Verb Huge in size
41 The grace of my style. Noun Rich with the style it depicts
certainty
53 It’s in the click of my heels, Verb The shortness and sharpness of
her heels sound
54 The bend of my hair, Verb Make women seem delicate and
superficial
55 The palm of my hand, Noun Grips of hand
56 The need for my care. Noun The necessity of something
important

Table 02 shows that contextually the meaning of ‘Fire’ in “It’s the fire of my eyes,” in line 22
based on this context is not preferred to something burning that produces light and heat in Maya
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Volume 2, Agustus 2022, pp. 434-443

Angelou’s eyes but it means she is a passionate and powerful woman. The researcher sets those
meaning because the word ‘my’ refers to Maya Angelou and based on KBBI, the word ‘fire’ can
mean spirit. For the final discussion of the contextual meaning of “It’s the fire of my eyes,” Maya
Angelou is a passionate and powerful spirit woman who saw in her eyes. These findings further
support the idea of the word fire which is stated by Eka Permatasari (2016) that Angelou
depicts the picture of a certain lady. She is showing herself off, and how ladies can depict
themselves as evident people. It additionally shows how they ought to can pick what they
believe they should do because they are strong, certain, and free.
Furthermore, contextually, the first line begins, “Pretty women wonder where my secret
lies. I’m not cute or built to suit a fashion model’s size” in lines 1 and 2. The meaning of these
lines based on the context is Angelou sets up to demonstrate that she is not of society's run-of-
the-mill ideal of magnificence that conventionally attractive women may wonder or struggle to
understand that she doesn’t look like the models glorified by the fashion industry. These
findings further support the idea of the line which is stated by Eka Permatasari (2016) that in
those lines, the meaning of the word secret and fashion based on context is Maya Angelou
explained that although her appearance was not what was considered ideal, she was still
confident and not ashamed of her body. This includes liberal feminism because that line shows
confidence in her appearance as a black woman.
For “The span of my hips, The stride of my step” lines 7-8. The meaning of these lines is the
development of parts of a lady's body to turn female generalization on its head. While a ladies'
hips, walk, and lips may generally be sexualized and introduced as the determinants of a lady's
worth in mainstream society. These findings further support the idea of the word in line which is
stated by Prajnya (2012) that “The span of my hips” outlines the state of the speaker's body.
“The stride of my step” depicts the speaker's way of strolling.
In addition, in the next data finding the meaning of the word flash, she needs to say that her
magnificence lies in her grin since we can see somebody with white teeth as though it is lovely
when somebody is grinning. The word is a swing in “The swing in my waist” in line 24. The
word swing is a verb. While contextually means she is sure and looks pretty. The next word is
joy in “And the joy in my feet” in line 25. The word joy is a noun. While contextually means that
Angelou is a hopeful lady any place she strolls, she will constantly be cheerful. These findings
further support the idea of the word in line which is stated by Prajnya (2012) that “the flash of
my teeth” is an articulation alluding to the speaker's grin. “The swing of my waist” Yet again
depicts the speaker's motion in the manner she strolls. Aside from her long advances, the
speaker additionally strolls with her midsection swinging. This way of the walk is normally
thought to be appealing to men since it underscores the bends of a lady's body. And the word joy
is defined in Hendy (2010) as that Angelou is a hopeful lady, any place she strolls, she will
constantly be cheerful.
The word Phenomenal in “Phenomenal woman” in line 28 is an adjective. Contextually
means she is delighting in being an exceptional and great lady. The word inner and mystery is
in “My inner mystery” in line 34. The word inner is an adjective and the word mystery is a
noun. Contextually means that the force of ladies comes from the inside, it isn't just their actual
magnificence and not something that can be genuinely contacted or seen. These findings further
support the idea of the word in line which is stated by Ahmad et al, (2022) who showed the
word phenomenal is characterized as exceptional and noteworthy, and Angelou was
celebrating being a shocking and great lady. The words inner mystery as stated by Eka
Permatasari (2016) mean Angelou needs to show that the magnificence of a lady isn't just from
 Ilham, Lexical and Contextual Meaning... 441

her appearance. The "inner mystery" implied her internal magnificence that should be visible to
men who thought the excellence of a lady was exclusively from her appearance. This internal
magnificence can be addressed as the power, certainty, and strength of a lady.
Overall, the word arch in “It’s in the arch of my back” in line 38is a noun. While contextually
means her upright posture and confidence. The word is the sun in “The sun of my smile,” in line
39. The word sun is a noun. While contextually based on the context it means happiness,
optimism, energy, and self-sufficiency, her smile is an energic and happy woman. The fifth word
is a ride in “The ride of my breasts,” in line 40. The word ride is a verb. Contextually, her breasts
are huge, making her confident and look sexier. The last word is glace in “The glace of my style.”
in line 41. The word grace is a noun. Contextually means that she looks exquisite with her style
and it depicts her certainty. These findings further support the idea of the word in line which is
stated by Prajnya (2012) that "The curve of my back" firmly shows the speaker's quality as a
lady the bend of her body. A lady's body is carefully bent. The picture of a lady's bent back offers
hotness as well as delicate quality. "The sun of my smile" depicts the speaker's grin. The
following line, "The ride of my breasts" depicts a sort of excursion made on the speaker's
bosoms. The last line, "the grace of my style" expresses that Angelou looks exquisite with her
style. It depicts her certainty.
Getting back to the inquiry presented toward the start of this review, it is currently
conceivable to express that the lexical and contextual meaning of the poem Phenomenal Woman
by Maya Angelou is regularly novel to decide the significance of the word in her poem. This
investigation has discovered that for the most part, the lexical significance in this poem is more
prevailing than the contextual meaning.

D. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

The lexical meaning here is the significance utilized in the poem Phenomenal Woman by
Maya Angelou depict in the vocabulary or word reference. The analyst made sense of those as
suitable as were written in the overall word reference. From the perspective linguistically most
lexical implications distinguished from the information are like things, action words, and
descriptors. The specialist needs to show that the significance of the poem Phenomenal Woman
by Maya Angelou from the vocabulary or general word reference is fairly unique concerning the
importance in the context.
Analyzing contextually is not quite the same as the lexical meaning. It is more troublesome
than lexically because the significance given the context is not generally clear, it is certain and
we need to decipher its meaning. The contextual meaning is the terms that made sense of the
genuine significance as per the circumstance where they were utilized. For this situation, the
circumstance implied the above terms in the poem, Phenomenal Woman, by Maya Angelou.
Along these lines, this conversation is an intriguing occasion novel to be figured out how to
abstain from misconception and confounding.
Overall, this research would have liked to be valuable for all readers, particularly the people
who are intense in a similar field, the study of meaning. From the clarification above it tends to
be summed up that the lexical and contextual meaning is vital to make a difference to be aware
and learn, even though it is not difficult to learn without advancing by heart.In this section the
author details the conclusions of the results of the discussion and data analysis and is advised to
submit further research to the next researcher.
442 | Seminar Nasional Paedagoria
Volume 2, Agustus 2022, pp. 434-443

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researcher would like to express his deepest appreciation to supervisors Dr. Ilham, M.Pd
and Dr. Edi for their ideas, time, and guidance. The researcher would also like to express his big
thanks to my beloved lecturers and all my classmates in English Departments Muhammadiyah
University of Mataram.

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