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II. Classification of Tissues

Created @October 6, 2023 10:19 AM

Tags gen bio 1

i. LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism → population → community →
ecosystem → biosphere

ii. STRUCTURE vs FUNCTION

Structure

determines the function

the body plan, or the way the parts are arranged and made of

Function

the job for that part of the organism

WHAT IS A TISSUE?

are groups of cells with a common structure and function

II. Classification of Tissues 1

 different types of tissue have different structures that are especially suited to their
functions

“The individual cells in a

A. Animal Tissues multicellular organism are
arranged into groups that function
collectively as tissues. Each tissue
type is composed of similar cells
performing the same or closely-
related functions. Tissues in turn
are combined into organs, and
organs into organ system.”

Animal tissues are generally classified into four types:

a. Epithelium
a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity

Functions Characteristics
1. Protection 1. Polarity

skin

II. Classification of Tissues 2

 2. Specialized contacts have an apical surface and attached
basal surface
stomach and intestinal lining (gut)
2. Specialized contacts
3. Filtration
fit closely together and form
kidney
continuous sheets
4. Secretion
3. Supported by connective tissue
forms glands (exocrine glands, such as:
basal surface is attached to underlying
salivary glands, sweat glands, and
connective tissue
gastric glands)
4. Avascular and innervated

has no blood vessels and supplied by

nerve fibers

5. Regeneration

can regenerate itself

Classification of epithelium is based on the:

Number of cell layers

1. Simple

consists of single-cell layer that is

attached to the basement membrane

2. Stratified

composed of 2 or more layers stacked

atop each other

3. Pseudostratified

a single layer of cells that appears to

be multiple layers due to variance in
height and location of the nuclei in the
cells.

4. Transitional

cells are rounded and can slide across

one another to allow stretching

II. Classification of Tissues 3

 Shape of the cells

1. Squamous

flat, thin, scale-like cells

2. Cuboidal

cells that have a basic cube shape.

Typically, the cell's height and width
are about equal.

3. Columnar

tall, rectangular, or column-shaped

cells. Typically taller than they are
wide.

II. Classification of Tissues 4

 b. Connective Tissue
supporting tissue that surrounds other tissues and organs

Functions Characteristics
They occur throughout the body.

II. Classification of Tissues 5

 Protect, support, and bind together Tend to be very vascular (have a rich
parts of the body. blood supply) but not all.

store nutrients and run through organ

capsules and in deep layers of skin
giving strength.

TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES

1. Collagenous Connective Tissue

predominantly made up of type I collagen

Classification of Collagenous Connective Tissue:

A. Loose Connective Tissue

a) Areolar Connective Tissue

cushion around organs, loose arrangement of cells, and fibers.

B. Dense Regular Connective Tissue

tendons and ligaments regularly arranged bundles packed with fibers running the same
way for strength in one direction.

C. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

skin, organ capsules, and irregularly arranged bundles packed with fibers for strength
in all.

2. Reticular Connective Tissue

formed type III collagen (protein found in bones and cartilage)

internal supporting framework of some organs, delicate network of fibers and cells
directions.

Classification of Reticular Connective Tissue:

A. Adipose Tissue

storehouse for nutrients, packed with cells and blood vessels

3. Elastic Connective Tissue

formed by type II collagen, a component of joint cartilage

often found in bronchi, trachea, blood vessels, and hollow organs

II. Classification of Tissues 6

 Specialized Connective Tissue

1. Cartilage

provides strength with flexibility while resisting wear, i.e. epiglottis, external ear,
larynx

cushions and shock absorbs where bones meet, i.e. intervertebral discs, joint capsules

a) Hyaline

exists on the ventral ends of ribs, in the larynx, trachea, and bronchi, and on the
articulating surfaces of bones

gives the structures a definite but pliable form

b) Elastic

great flexibility so that it is able to withstand repeated bending

chondrocytes lie between the fibers

found in the epiglottis (part of the larynx), the pinnae (the external ear flaps of many
mammals)

c) Fibrocartilage

tough, very strong tissue found predominantly in the intervertebral disks and at the
insertions of ligaments and tendons; it is similar to other fibrous tissues but contains
cartilage ground substance and chondrocytes.

II. Classification of Tissues 7

 2. Bone (osseous tissue)

provides framework and strength for body; allows movement; stores calcium;
contains blood-forming cells

3. Blood

transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients around the body; immune response

c. Muscle Tissue
responsible for body movement

moves blood, food, waste through body’s organs

responsible for mechanical digestion

The 3 Types of Muscle Tissue

1. Smooth Muscle

organ walls and blood vessel walls, involuntary, spindle-shaped cells for pushing things
through organs

2. Skeletal Muscle

large body muscles, voluntary, striated muscle packed in bundles and attached to bones
for movement

3. Cardiac Muscle

II. Classification of Tissues 8

 heart wall, involuntary, striated muscle with intercalated discs connecting cells for
synchronized contractions during heartbeat

d. Nervous Tissue
conducts impulses to and from body organs via neurons

controls all activities of the body

The 3 Elements of Nervous Tissue

1. Brain

2. Spinal cord

3. Nerves

NEURON

electrically excitable cells in the nervous system that function to process and transmit
information

Has 3 parts:

A star shaped body called CYTON (cell body) which has nucleus and cytoplasm.

A single long part called AXON (carries messages away from the cyton)

Short, branched part called DENDRITES (carries messages towards cyton)

II. Classification of Tissues 9

 Types of Neurons
a. Sensory neurons

carry information obtained from the interior of the body and the environment to the
CNS

b. Motor neurons

carry impulses away from the CNS to the effector organs

B. Plant tissues
Types of Plant tissues
a. Meristematic or embryonic tissue
tissues comprise of cells which have the dividing capacity

immature and help plants to divide continuously

Types: Apical, lateral and intercalary meristems (enlarge the cell and increase the length and
width of the stem, roots, and leaves)

1. Apical meristems

found at the tips of the shoots and roots which increase in length as the apical
meristems produce new cells

2. Intercalary meristems

found at the vicinity of nodes which occurs at intervals along stems. Just like the apical
meristems, they also increase the length of stems

3. Lateral meristems

increase the girth or diameter of plants

they are found along the sides of some roots and stems.

b. Non-meristematic or Permanent tissue

don’t have the dividing capability

aid in other functions like conduction of substances, storage of food, etc.

Types: simple and complex permanent tissue

II. Classification of Tissues 10

 Simple permanent tissues: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma
Complex tissues: xylem and phloem

II. Classification of Tissues 11