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    7 Structural Organisation in Animals - Notes - Sample

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    Manish Kumar
    There are four main types of tissues in animals: epithelial, connective, muscular, and neural. Epithelial tissue covers surfaces and forms glands. It is classified as simple or compound based on cell layers. Connective tissue connects and supports other tissues, and is made of cells and fibers in a matrix. The main types are loose, dense, and specialized connective tissues. Muscular tissue allows movement and includes three types - skeletal, smooth and cardiac. Neural tissue forms the nervous system and is composed of neurons that conduct electrical signals.

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    7 Structural Organisation in Animals - Notes - Sample

    Uploaded by

    Manish Kumar
    78 views2 pages
    There are four main types of tissues in animals: epithelial, connective, muscular, and neural. Epithelial tissue covers surfaces and forms glands. It is classified as simple or compound based on cell layers. Connective tissue connects and supports other tissues, and is made of cells and fibers in a matrix. The main types are loose, dense, and specialized connective tissues. Muscular tissue allows movement and includes three types - skeletal, smooth and cardiac. Neural tissue forms the nervous system and is composed of neurons that conduct electrical signals.

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    There are four main types of tissues in animals: epithelial, connective, muscular, and neural. Epithelial tissue covers surfaces and forms glands. It is classified as simple or compound based on cell layers. Connective tissue connects and supports other tissues, and is made of cells and fibers in a matrix. The main types are loose, dense, and specialized connective tissues. Muscular tissue allows movement and includes three types - skeletal, smooth and cardiac. Neural tissue forms the nervous system and is composed of neurons that conduct electrical signals.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    78 views2 pages

    7 Structural Organisation in Animals - Notes - Sample

    Uploaded by

    Manish Kumar
    There are four main types of tissues in animals: epithelial, connective, muscular, and neural. Epithelial tissue covers surfaces and forms glands. It is classified as simple or compound based on cell layers. Connective tissue connects and supports other tissues, and is made of cells and fibers in a matrix. The main types are loose, dense, and specialized connective tissues. Muscular tissue allows movement and includes three types - skeletal, smooth and cardiac. Neural tissue forms the nervous system and is composed of neurons that conduct electrical signals.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 2

    ANIMAL TISSUES

    A group of cells having same origin, structure and function


    are called the tissues. Animal tissues are 4 types:
    (i) Epithelial (ii) Connective (iii) Muscular (iv) Neural

    I. EPITHELIAL TISSUE (EPITHELIUM)


    • It has a free surface that faces body fluid or outside
    environment.
    • Covers or lines body or body parts.
    (a) Unicellular (b) Multicellular
    • Compactly packed cells with little intercellular matrix.
    Based on mode of pouring of secretions, glands are 2 types:
    • Epithelial tissues are 2 types: Simple and Compound.
    ▪ Exocrine glands: Here, secretions are released through
    1. Simple epithelium ducts (tubes). Exocrine glands secrete mucus, saliva,
    It is composed of a single layer of cells. It lines body cavities, earwax, oil, milk, digestive enzymes etc.
    ducts and tubes. Based on structural modification of cells, ▪ Endocrine glands: Ductless. They produce hormones.
    simple epithelium is 3 types: 2. Compound epithelium
    o Squamous epithelium: • Made up of more than
    - Thin layer of flattened cells with irregular boundaries. one layer (multi-
    - Found in the walls of blood vessels and lung alveoli. layered) of cells.
    - Functions: Form a diffusion boundary. • Limited role in
    o Cuboidal (cubical) epithelium: secretion & absorption.
    - Composed of cube-like cells. • They cover dry surface
    - Found in ducts of glands and tubular parts of nephrons. of skin, moist surface of buccal cavity, pharynx, inner
    - Functions: Secretion and absorption. lining of ducts of salivary glands and pancreatic ducts.
    - The epithelium of proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) • Function: Protect against chemical & mechanical stresses.
    of nephron in the kidney has microvilli. Cell junctions: The junctions that provide structural and
    o Columnar epithelium: functional links between adjacent cells. They are 3 types.
    - Composed of tall and slender cells. i. Tight junctions: Help to stop substances from leaking
    - Their nuclei are located at the base. across a tissue.
    - Free surface may have microvilli. ii. Adhering junctions: Perform cementing to keep
    - Found in the lining of stomach and intestine. neighbouring cells together.
    - Functions: Secretion and absorption. iii. Gap junctions: Facilitate the cells to communicate with
    each other by connecting the cytoplasm of adjoining cells,
    for rapid transfer of ions, small molecules and sometimes
    big molecules.
    II. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
    • It links and supports other tissues/organs.
    • They are most abundant in complex animals.
    • All connective tissues except blood have fibroblast cells.
    They secrete structural fibrous proteins called collagen &
    elastin. They give strength, elasticity & flexibility to tissue.
    Modification of columnar or cuboidal cells
    • The cells also secrete modified polysaccharides (matrix),
    • Ciliated epithelium: which accumulate between cells and fibres.
    - Cells bearing cilia on their free surface. • Types of connective tissues: Loose, Dense & Specialised.
    - Present in the inner surface of hollow organs like
    bronchioles and fallopian tubes.
    1. Loose Connective Tissues
    - Functions: To move particles or mucus in a specific In this, cells (fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells etc.) and
    direction over the epithelium. fibres are loosely arranged in a semi-fluid matrix.
    • Glandular epithelium: For secretion. They are 2 types: It is 2 types: Areolar & Adipose.
    ▪ Unicellular: Consists of isolated glandular cells. o Areolar tissue:
    E.g. Goblet cells of the alimentary canal. - Present beneath the skin.
    ▪ Multicellular: Contains cluster of cells. E.g. salivary - It serves as a support framework for epithelium.
    glands.
    1
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