APPENDIX A2: LAB SOIL TESTS RESULTS SUMMARY

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Silt sample analysis
Weight Wet Dry
Upper Lower Dry Moisture Bulk
Volume Wet of sample Sample Percent Percent Percent
Sample Height Heigth Mass content Density
(m3) Mass (g) container mass Mass Sand Silt Clay
(cm) (cm) (g) (%) (kg/m3)
(g) (kg) (kg) Soil Class
1 0 20 9.121E-04 772.80 271.70 55.00 0.72 0.22 231.24 237.59 76 16 8 sandy loam
2 20 40 9.121E-04 1046.70 388.80 54.00 0.99 0.33 196.51 367.08 70 20 10 sandy loam
3 40 60 9.121E-04 1209.40 561.40 180.30 1.03 0.38 170.03 417.84 64 24 12 sandy loam
4 60 80 9.121E-04 1124.20 506.40 145.70 0.98 0.36 171.28 395.47 78 14 8 sandy loam
5 80 100 9.121E-04 1063.20 444.30 54.70 1.01 0.39 158.86 427.16 74 18 8 sandy loam
6 100 120 9.121E-04 1259.60 595.00 149.90 1.11 0.45 149.31 488.01 76 16 8 sandy loam
7 120 145 1.140E-03 1246.90 567.40 53.60 1.19 0.51 132.25 450.67 78 14 8 sandy loam

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APPENDIX A3: EMBANKMENT UPSTREAM SLOPE PROTECTION MEASURES

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APPENDIX A3: TABLE OF QUANTITIES FOR RIP RAP AND GEOTEXTILE

ITEM DESCRIPTION UNIT QTY

Rip rap on upstream Inclined face 350mm thick

Rip rap 350mm thick: placed upstream inclined at slope angle as
E627 m3 2,246
per drawings and specifications
E730.1 Geotextile underlay as per drawings and specification m2 4,000

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APPENDIX A4: EMBANKMENT SHOWING UPSTREAM SLOPE PROTECTION
MEASURES

SPECIFICATIONS FOR STONEWORK

(INCLUDING DUMPED RIP RAP)

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STONEWORK

1.1 Stones
Stone for all purposes shall be the best of its kind, sound and durable, free from flaws and
from soft, weathered or decomposed parts. The stone and the quarry from which it is obtained
shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer, samples shall be submitted by the Contractor
of the stone he proposes to use in the Works and the Engineer's approval shall be obtained
before such stone is used or any order is placed. The stone used shall be clean and must be
washed if deemed necessary in the opinion of the Engineer.

Stones for face work shall be as far as possible quarry split and not bullnosed or hammer
dressed. A moderate amount of dressing to trim off large projections will however be permitted.
Exposed faces of stones for masonry shall be free from tool marks except such as are inherent
in the nature of any dressing that may be specified. In rock-faced work the roughness on the
surface shall not project more than 40mm for stone less than 0.3m2 face area and not more
than 60mm for large stones.

4.2 Stone Masonry

Masonry shall be built to the lines and levels shown on the Drawings.

For face work the stones shall show a face of not less than 0.025 m2 and not more than 0.1m2
in area and none shall be less than 100mm in depth; they shall be laid to give a uniformly
random appearance and shall be selected in laying so as to present an even distribution of
large and small stones on the face.

For the arises, stones shall be roughly squared, quarry split and of a size to give outbands
varying from 300mm to 500mm in length and inbands from 150mm to 250mm. The alignment
of arises shall be set true to the required lines.

The stones shall be set in mortar with their natural bedding plane (if any) as near normal as
possible to the face or normal to the line of thrust in the case of load bearing structures.
Particular care must be given to obtaining a sound bond both longitudinally and transversely
and there shall be at least one bonder, or length not less than two-thirds of the wall thickness,
in each square yard of wall face.

The mortar, unless otherwise specified, shall be machine mixed cement and sand in the
proportion of one part to three (1:3) parts generally as described in the specification. Mortar
shall completely fill all interstices between the stones.

The face joints in rubble masonry may vary in thickness from 10mm to 20mm. They shall be
finished as a neat weathered joint with mortar while the work proceeds where the masonry is
specified to be “unpointed”. Where pointing is specified, the joints in each day’s work shall be
raked out to a depth of not less than 25mm before the mortar has set. Subsequently the joint
shall be filled with mortar and finished in accordance with Clause 4.6. The face of the masonry
is to be kept wet while the pointing is proceeding. Provision shall be made to clean all exposed
faces both as work proceeds and on completion so that they are left in a neat, tidy and clean
condition.

Building of masonry will not be allowed in heavy rain without the written consent of the
Engineer. Building shall only proceed when suitable precautions to the satisfaction of the
Engineer shall be taken against the action of rain on newly placed mortar. If for any reason of
urgency the consent of the Engineer should be desired to a departure from these provisions,
the Contractor shall submit to the Engineer for approval their proposals for protecting the
materials and work from the weather.

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4.3 Types of Masonry

The arrangement of the stones on the exposed face or faces of the masonry shall be as
described below according to which type is called for on the Drawings.

Random rubble uncoursed masonry shall be built with stones of irregular shapes taken
generally as they come from the quarry, preparation being limited to the removal of
inconvenient corners and excrescences. They shall be selected as the work proceeds to give
a uniformly random appearance and no attempt shall be made to form courses.

Random rubble masonry brought to courses shall be generally as the preceding type except
that it shall be levelled up to courses between 300mm to 400mm in depth and coinciding with
the quoin stones.

Squared rubble coursed masonry shall be built in courses between 100mm to 250mm in depth
of stones squared to rectangular shapes and selected so that all stones in one course are of
approximately the same height.

4.4 Bedding of Stone Masonry

Unless otherwise directed by the Engineer, all masonry stones, when incorporated in the
Works shall be laid on its natural bed, except in the case of arches where the natural bed shall
be radial.

4.5 Special Stonework

Special stonework shall consist of approved stones dressed to the shapes and dimensions
and with the faces tooled, all as shown on the Drawings. All stones shall be laid true to line
and centre with mortar joints as shown on the Drawings.

4.6 Pointing of Joints in Masonry

Unless otherwise shown on the Drawings, pointing to masonry joints shall be flush and shall
be formed by raking the joint clean and then filling it with pointing consistency mortar which
shall be given a flush face with a steel trowel.

4.7 Hand Placed Rubble Filling

Hand placed rubble filling shall consist of stones individually selected and placed by hand
firmly in place in bearing contact with each other or with the sides of the space to be filled; the
voids shall be carefully filled with small rocks and spalls wedged together to form a compact
mass. The sides of stones shall be roughly trimmed if necessary with a spalling hammer to
obtain a reasonably close fit. On the exposed face the stones shall be placed with their
flattened sides uppermost and in the plane of the face.

4.8 Tipped Rock/Pitching

Rock protection on embankment slopes and around structures shall be to the lines and levels
shown on the contract Drawings. The terms “tipped rock” and “pitching” refer to the manner in
which the rock is placed.

The different classes of rock are specified on the Drawings according to nominal size and the
maximum and minimum size of the individual particles. Within the size limits of each class, the
rock fragments shall be well graded with not more than forty per cent (40%) of the rocks being
smaller than the stated nominal size. The shape of the rock shall be roughly uniform with no
dimension less than sixty percent (60%) of the largest dimension. The individual rock pieces
shall be dense, durable and abrasion resistant.

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The Contractor shall submit bulk samples of not less than 2m3 of each class of rock for
approval by the Engineer prior to placing. These samples shall be retained for comparison
with material being placed in order to ensure a reasonable degree of uniformity within each
class.

The base on which rock protection is to be placed shall be compacted and trimmed to the lines
and levels shown on the drawings. Where two or more classes of rock are specified, the lower
layers shall be completed to the Engineer's approval before the placing of subsequent layers.

Tipped Rock shall be tipped directly into place and roughly trimmed to the required profile.
The thickness, lines and levels of each class of tipped rock is shown on the Drawings.

Pitching will be used where a finished horizontal or inclined surface is required. It shall consist
of hand placed stones, with spalls wedged into the interstices to produce an even surface,
without projection above the neat lines shown on the Drawings. Care shall be taken to ensure
that the stones are well bedded and the percentage of spalls shall not exceed forty percent
(40%) of the total rock volume. Pitching on slopes shall be built upwards from the toe, unless
otherwise directed by the Engineer. A coping consisting of large flat stones shall be laid along
the top of stone pitching on slopes to produce a firm edge.

Tipped Rock and Stone Pitching shall consist of selected hard durable rock free from
weathered or decomposed parts to the approval of the Engineer, containing no flaky stone
and being well graded within the limits shown below. The class and the thickness of the layer
shall be as shown in Table 4.1 below

Table 6-1: Classification of stone pitching materials

Size of stone d Percentage by weight smaller than
Class
(mm) stone sized (%)
300 100
A 125 40-50
45 0
150 100
B 63 40-50
31.5 0
63 100
22 60-85
C
8 20-40
4 0
31.5 100
16 50-80
D
8 20-50
4 0
350 100
E
200 0
225 100
F 90 35-55
45 0
850 100
G 500 30-60
300 0

Tipped rock/stone pitching shall be placed in an approved manner in order to produce a

uniform well-knit unsegregated layer in which all sizes are held in position.

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The rip rap Materials prescribe to the minimum specifications for abrasion, Absorption and
hardness as defined in the USBR Manual for Design of small

4.9 Gabions

Gabions shall be of the types and sizes shown on the Drawings. The cages shall be
constructed from mild steel wire complying with BS 1052, “Specification for mild steel wire for
general engineering purposes”, galvanised in accordance with BS 443, “Specification for
testing zinc coatings on steel wire and for quality requirements”. The wire shall be 3mm
diameter formed into a fabric having a mesh of 75mm x 100mm for baskets and 60 mm x 80
mm for mattresses.

Stone filling for gabions shall consist of hard durable rock, free from weathered or decomposed
parts. The minimum dimensions of each stone shall not be less than half its maximum
dimension. For mattresses the stone shall be 200mm to 150mm for baskets the stone shall
be 300mm to 200mm. The stone shall be obtained from a source approved by the Engineer.
No stone shall be smaller than the size of the gabion mesh. In carrying out the filling, selected
pieces of stone of elongated shape shall be placed with their flatter and elongated faces in
contact with the mesh wherever possible.

The empty gabions shall be placed to line and level as shown on the Drawings or as directed
by the Engineer and then stretched so that the gabions regain their shape on being filled.
Diaphragms shall be provided at not more than 1m intervals for baskets and not more than
0.6m intervals for mattresses. A gabion shall not be completely filled until the adjacent basket
or mattress has been half filled, unless otherwise directed, in order not to cause displacements
from bulging during filling.

For baskets at least two horizontal connection wires shall be tied between front and back of
the gabion in each 1m compartment, at a height of 300mm and 600mm from the bottom as
the stone fill reaches these levels. Additional tie wires shall be provided if necessary and in no
case shall the gabion basket bulge by more than 40mm. Where a continuous line of gabions
is required, adjacent gabions shall be securely tied together at the top and bottom of the
gabions with tying wire.

The gabions shall be filled to a level just sufficient to require the lid to be forced into place with
a bar. The lid and all joints between baskets and between diaphragms and baskets shall each
be tied down with a continuous running wire.

Where gabions are to be shaped, the shape shall be formed by folding the mesh internally
and tying it with a continuous running wire.

All tying wire shall be galvanised and of same gauge as specified for the cages above.

The surface upon which gabions are to be laid shall be compacted to a minimum dry density
of 95% of the maximum dry density (AASHTO T99).

4.10 Geotextile Filter Cloths

Geotextile filter cloth shall be made of non-woven polyester material with a minimum weight
of 270g/m2 and minimum thickness of 2.3mm.

The material shall be placed carefully on suitably cleared surfaces, such that tearing or
piercing is avoided at all times.

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Continuity at horizontal and vertical joins shall be achieved with a minimum overlap of 0.6m.
Overlaps may be physically sealed using spot welds with an open flame and subject to
approval of the Engineer. On a horizontal join, the new layer shall be placed on the outside
and backfilling shall proceed carefully to ensure that full contact of the join overlap is
maintained. On a vertical join, the new layer shall be placed on the inside, and backfilling shall
proceed such that contact is first on the outside layer, thereby sealing the inside layer to
prevent soil migration between the overlap.

4.11 Graded Filters

The filter shall consist of well graded natural or manufactured aggregate having the following
gradation. In the following ratios, FM represents the filter material and BM the base material.

For graded filters of sub-rounded particles:

50% size FM
R50 =------------------ = 12 to 58
50% size BM

and
15% size FM
R15 =------------------ = 12 to 40
15% size BM

For graded filters of angular particles:

50% size FM
R50 =------------------ = 9 to 30
50% size BM
and

15% size FM
R15 =------------------ = 6 to 18
15% size BM

The filter material should pass a 7mm for minimising particle segregation and bridging during
placement. Also the filter must not have more than five per cent (5%) of material finer than
that passing a 60 micron sieve to prevent movement of fines within the filter.

The graded filters shall consist of stone graded to meet the requirements indicated in Table
4.2 below.
e approval of the Engineer, samples shall be submitted by the Contractor of the stone he
proposes to use in the Works and the Engineer's approval shall be obtained before such stone
is used or any order is placed. The stone used shall be clean and must be washed if deemed
necessary in the opinion of the Engineer.

Stones for face work shall be as far as possible quarry split and not bullnosed or hammer
dressed. A moderate amount of dressing to trim off large projections will however be permitted.
Exposed faces of stones for masonry shall be free from tool marks except such as are inherent
in the nature of any dressing that may be specified. In rock-faced work the roughness on the
surface shall not project more than 40mm for stone less than 0.3m2 face area and not more
than 60mm for large stones.

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APPENDIX A5: US ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS-EM 110-2-1092-PAGE
25EXTRACT

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