Anchor Works

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Theory
Introduction
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Theory Anchor design used to be based on practical experience of the anchor manufacturer only. Nowadays, science has become a major factor in the design process, complementing the experience of the anchor manufacturer. Based on test results, both in the laboratory and in the field, a much better understanding of anchor behaviour has been achieved. The performance of an anchor is influenced by many different parameters, of which the following are only a few: fluke area and design, shank design, soil conditions, load conditions, type of mooring line. This chapter presents a short overview of how these parameters influence the performance of the anchor. It is by no means complete, but it will give a better understanding of how an optimal anchor design can be achieved. In the last part of this chapter, a few relevant test results are presented.
Anchor holding capacity
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Criteria for anchor holding capacity The holding capacity of an anchor is governed by the following parameters: The fluke area, which is limited by the strength of the anchor design. The penetration of the anchor. The penetration of the anchor is governed by the soil type (deep penetration in very soft clay and shallow penetration in sand), the anchor type (design), the type of mooring line that is used (chain or wire rope) and the applied load. An increase in fluke area or an increase in the penetration depth of the anchor results in a higher holding capacity. In the following paragraphs, the influences on the anchor penetration are further clarified.
fig. 2-01
fig. 2-02
Streamlining of the anchor A streamlined anchor is very important for optimal penetration in the soil. As can be seen in fig. 2-01 and fig. 2-02, an anchor which has protruding parts will encounter much more soil resistance and consequently will not penetrate as deep as a more streamlined anchor with the same fluke area. Shank shape A square shank, which is common for most older type single shank anchors, will cause penetration resist-ance due to the fact that the soil can not pass easily past the shank. A clod of soil will form underneath the shank, effectively increasing the resistance of the soil (fig. 2-03). Bevelling the shank allows deeper penetration.When the single shank is replaced by a twin shank construction (for instance Stevpris, FFTS), usually two thin parallel steel plates, the soil can more easily pass through and past the shank, and consequently the twin shank anchor can penetrate deeper (fig. 2-04).
fig. 2-03
fig. 2-04
Anchor holding capacity
26
Mooring line An anchor connected to a wire rope mooring line will penetrate deeper than the same anchor connected to a chain mooring line (fig. 2-05 and fig. 2-06). This is caused by the higher lateral resistance (penetration resistance) along the chain mooring line. This effect is noticeable in all soil conditions, but especially in very soft clay where very deep penetration can be obtained. The holding capacity of a chain mooring line, due to friction in and on the seabed, is larger than the holding capacity of a wire rope mooring line. When an anchor reaches its ultimate holding capacity, i.e. it will not resist any higher loads, at shallow penetration a wedge shaped piece of soil (in front and above the anchor) will fail. The holding capacity of the anchor can then be described as a combination of the following parameters (fig. 2-07 and fig. 2-08): The weight of the anchor (A). The weight of the soil in the failure wedge (B). The friction of the soil in the failure wedge along fracture lines (C). Friction between fluke surface and soil (fluke area) (D). The bearing capacity of shank and mooring line (E). The friction of the mooring line in and on the soil (E).
fig. 2-05
fig. 2-06
B E D A
fig. 2-07
fig. 2-08
Criteria for good anchor design
27
Scale influence
Model Reality Related to Weight Length Fluke area Weight Penetration Moment Moment of inertia Section Modulus Bending stress Shear strength
table A
Anchor parameters can be scaled from geometrically proportional anchors using the scale rules in table A. There are several attributes of an anchor which are crucial in assuring its effective performance:
L A W P M I S M/S F/A
n n2 n3 n n4 n4 n3
W 1/3 W 2/3 W W 1/3 W 4/3 W 4/3 W
The anchor must offer a high holding capacity; a result of the fluke area
and shank design in combination with penetration and soil type. The design of the anchor should be such that the anchor is capable of being used successfully in practically all soil conditions encountered over the world, ranging from very soft clay to sand, corals and calcarenites. The fluke/shank angle of the anchor should be easily adjustable, allowing the anchor to be quickly deployed in different soil conditions. The design must be so conceived and produced that the high loads common in practice can be resisted and that the anchor can be easily handled, installed, retrieved and stored. The penetration of an anchor depends upon its shape and design. Obstructing parts on the anchor should be avoided as much as possible. The stability of an anchor encourages its penetration and, consequently, its holding capacity. Efficient stabilisers are an integral part of a good anchor design. The shank must permit passage of the soil. The surface area of an anchor fluke is limited by the required structural strength of the anchor. The anchor design must have optimal mechanical strength to fulfil requirements and stipulations of the classification societies. The anchor should be designed to ensure an optimum between structural strength of the anchor and holding capacity. The anchor should be streamlined for low penetration resistance.
n4/n3=n W 1/3 n3/n2=n W 1/3
Aspects of soil in anchor design
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Aspects of soil mechanics in anchor design Until the nineteen seventies anchor design was largely an empirical process. There was not much science involved, more use of experience. It is not easy, for instance, to calculate the Ultimate Holding Capacity (UHC) of an anchor from the commonly known soil mechanics formulas. The main problem is the prediction of the volume of soil mobilised by the anchor. To a large degree, it is this volume which determines the UHC. Detailed understanding of soil characteristics and behaviour is essential in the anchor design process and of increasing benefit in handling at sea. It is this understanding which is the hallmark of a competent anchor designer and builder. For anchor design and installation, the availability of good soil data is of utmost importance as the soil is of great influence on anchor behaviour. The following are influenced by the soil conditions encountered: Anchor type - some anchors are more suited for soft soil conditions (soft clay), while others are more suited for hard soils (sand and hard clays), although there are a number of anchor types on the market that are suited for most soil conditions encountered. Holding capacity - in hard soil like sand and hard clay, the maximum attainable ultimate holding capacity with a certain anchor type and size is higher than the attainable ultimate holding capacity in very soft clay. Penetration and drag - in very soft clay the anchor will penetrate deeper than in harder soil like sand. As a consequence, the drag length of the anchor will also be longer in very soft clay than in hard soil. Retrieval forces - when an anchor is installed in very soft clay, the required retrieval forces will be higher than in hard soil like sand. For example, in very soft clay the required retrieval force of an anchor can be equal to 80%90% of the installation load while in hard soil (sand) the retrieval force might only be 20%-30% of the installation load.
Soil classification
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Undrained Shear Strength (kPa)

Consistency of Clay Very soft Soft Firm Stiff Very stiff Hard Very hard
table B
Soil strength is generally expressed in terms of the shear strength parameters of the soil. The soil type is classified mainly by grain size distribution. Grain size < - 2 m 2 - 6 m 6 - 20 m 20 - 60 m 60 - 200 m 200 - 600 m 0.6 - 2 mm 2 - 6 mm 6 - 20 mm 20 - 60 mm 60 - 200 mm > - 200 mm Soil description Clay Fine Silt Medium Silt Coarse Silt Fine Sand Medium Sand Coarse Sand Fine Gravel Medium Gravel Coarse Gravel Cobbles Boulders
ASTM D-2488 0 - 13 13 - 25 25 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 200 200 - 400 > 400
BS CP-2004 0 - 20 20 - 40 40 - 75 75 - 150 150 - 300 300 - 600 > 600
In general, the soil types encountered in anchor design are sand and clay (Grain diameter from 0.1 m to 2 mm). However, mooring locations consisting of soils with grain sizes above 2 mm, such as gravel, cobbles, boulders, rock and such, also occur. Clay type soils are generally characterised by the undrained shear strength, the submerged unit weight, the water content and the plasticity parameters. The consistency of clays is related to the undrained shear strength. However, American (ASTM) and British (BS) standards do not use identical values. The undrained shear strength values Su can be derived in the laboratory from unconfined unconsolidated tests (UU) (table B).
Soil classification
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Su kPa 0 - 13 13 - 25 25 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 200 > 200

table C
UCT kPa 0 - 25 25 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 200 200 - 400 > 400
SPT N 0- 2 2- 4 4- 8 6 - 15 15 - 30 >-30
CPT MPa 0.0 - 0.2 0.2 - 0.4 0.4 - 0.7 0.7 - 1.5 1.5 - 3.0 >3.0
On site the values can be estimated from the results of the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) or Cone Penetrometer Test (CPT). An approximate relation between shear strength and the test values are shown in table C. The mechanical resistance of sandy soils is predominantly characterised by the submerged unit weight and the angle of internal friction, . These parameters are established in the laboratory. An approxim-ate correlation between the angle and the relative density of fine to medium sand is give in table D. The undrained shear strength of clayey soil can also be estimated based on manual tests.
Descriptive term
Relative Density
Angle
SPT N
CPT MPa 0- 5 5 - 10 10 - 15 15 - 20 > 20
In soft clay the thumb will easily penetrate several inches, indicating an
undrained shear strength smaller than 25 kPa. In firm (medium) clay the thumb will penetrate several inches with moderate effort, indicating an undrained shear strength between 25 kPa and 50 kPa. Stiff clay will be easily indented with the thumb but penetration will require great effort, indicating an undrained shear strength between 50 kPa and 100 kPa. Very stiff clay is easily indented with the thumbnail, indicating an undrained shear strength between 100 kPa and 200 kPa. Hard clay is indented with difficulty with the thumbnail, indicating an undrained shear strength larger than 200 kPa. The rock strength can generally be described by its compressive strength (table E). A classification system for soil based on the carbonate content and grain size of the soil (Clark and Walker), is shown on the laste page of this chapter.
Very loose < 0.15 < 30 0- 4 Loose 0.15 - 0.35 30 - 32 4 - 10 Medium dense 0.35 - 0.65 32 - 35 10 - 30 Dense 0.65 - 0.85 35 - 38 30 - 50 Very dense > 0.85 > 38 > 50
table D
Descriptive term
Compressive strength qu [MPa] < 1.25 5 12.5 50 100 200 > 200
Very weak Weak Moderately weak Moderately strong Strong Very strong Extremely strong
table E
1.25 5 12.5 50 100
Fluke/shank angle
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The penetration of an anchor into a certain soil type is greatly influenced by the selected fluke/shank angle. For hinging anchor types (Stevin, Danforth etc.) the fluke/shank angle is the angle between the anchor shackle, the hinge and the fluke tip. The method for measuring the fluke/shank angle for fixed shank anchors (Stevpris, FFTS, etc.) is not well defined. Often it is the angle between the anchor shackle, the rear of the fluke and the fluke tip, but not all anchor manufacturers use the same definition. The recommended fluke/shank angles for different soil conditions are presented in table F. Some modern anchors, like the Stevpris Mk5, have an additional intermediate fluke/shank angle of 41o, which can be used in intermediate or more complex soil conditions. For instance at a location where the anchor has to pass through a layer of soft clay before penetrating into a layer of sand. If an anchor is used with an incorrect fluke/shank angle, it will negatively influence performance. This is the case for all anchor types. In hard soil, an anchor with a fluke/shank angle of 320 will give the highest holding power. If an anchor is used with the fluke/shank angle set at 500, the anchor will fail to penetrate into the seabed and will begin to trip, fall aside and slide along the seabed (Fig. 2-9 and 2-10).
fig. 2-09
fig. 2-10
Soil type
Approximate fluke/shank angle 50 32 32
Very soft clay Medium clay Hard clay and sand

table F
Fluke/shank angle
32
If an anchor is used in very soft clay (mud) with the fluke/shank angle set at 32o, the anchor will penetrate into the seabed, however the penetration will be less than when a fluke/shank angle of 50 o is used. Consequently the holding capacity will be lower when the fluke/shank angle is set at 32o, and the drag length longer (Fig. 2-11).
sand angle mud angle
fig. 2-11
Fluke area
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Because the fluke area of an anchor is of great influence on the holding capacity, it can be useful to compare the fluke area of different anchor types that are available on the market today. In general, it can be stated that two anchors of the same weight but of different type (for instance a Stevin anchor and a Stevpris Mk5 anchor), do not necessarily have the same fluke area. Consequently, two anchors of the same weight but different type, will have different holding capacities. Some examples: Fig. 2-12 shows a Stevpris Mk5 anchor and a Moorfast anchor, both of identical weight. It demonstrates that in spite of being the same weight, the fluke areas differ substantially. The ultimate holding capacity of the Stevpris Mk5 anchor is 4 to 8.5 times higher than that of the same weight Moorfast anchor. Fig. 2-13 illustrates the difference in fluke area of the Stevpris Mk5 anchor in comparison with the Bruce FFTS Mk4 anchor, both of which have identical weight.
fig. 2-13 fig. 2-12
Strength of an anchor design
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Anchors should be designed to withstand the loads applied on them in the different loading situations. Typical loading situations and areas of special attention for anchors are: During the proof loading of the anchors in the factory, after construction has been completed. On basis of the proof load results, the classification societies issue the approval certificate. While embedded in the seabed Depending on the soil conditions, different loading situations can occur on the anchor. In sands and clays, the load tends to be spread equally over the anchor, which generally presents no problems. Retrieval is also very simple, without excessive loads placed on the anchor. In very hard soils, the anchor has to be able to withstand the load with only one or two of the fluke tips buried in the soil, as penetration in very hard soil conditions is generally shallow. In very soft clays (mud) penetration of the anchor is uncomplicated. However, recovery of the anchor can cause high loads, sometimes exceeding the load that was used to install the anchor. Sidewards forces on the top of (shallow) buried anchors can be so extreme that no anchor is capable of resisting them. During anchor handling Care should be taken during the handling of the anchors, as the loads exerted by the winches, vessels and chain can sometimes exceed the structural strength of the anchor and cause damage. Anchor designers attempt to design the anchors for these high loads, however this is not always possible due to variations in the magnitude of the loads during handling operations.
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Large forces can be exerted on the anchor when high winch power is
used, the anchor is caught on the anchor rack or caught behind the stern roller of the AHV. The use of an improper anchor/chaser combination. When a chaser is used that is either too small or too large, the chaser could jam on the shank of the anchor and cause damage. The strength of the Stevpris anchor is now more closely examined in the light of the remarks made before. Strength of the shank The prismatic shape of the Stevpris anchor not only ensures optimal penetration of the soil but also guarantees maximum strength. Although the Stevpris design also has limitations, it is one of the better designs to withstand sideward forces on the shank, a frequent occurrence in practice. When using an anchor in very soft clay (mud), the bending moment on the shank is low during the installation and when the anchor is in the soil. However, during the breaking out of the anchor, high bending moments could be introduced in the shank due to the high retrieval forces required in very soft clay. In extremely sticky soils, the breaking out force of the anchor can rise to 80% or 90% of applied anchor load; in certain instances, it can even exceed 100%. To reduce these forces the breaking out procedure is undertaken at low speed to allow time for the anchor to break out.
36
Strength of the fluke The strength of the fluke and especially the fluke points of an anchor are very important when working in extremely hard soils such as coral, limestone and other rock types. It is possible in such instances that the total holding capacity of the anchor will have to be sustained by the fluke points alone. This means the structure must be strong enough to withstand extreme bending forces. Loading in normal soil conditions is not a problem due to the fact that the load is equally spread over the fluke. In fig. 2-14, the different force points are shown for varying soil conditions. The location on the fluke where the proofload is applied, is also indicated. Strength in extremely hard soils In very hard soils such as calcarenite, coral and limestone, an anchor will not penetrate very deeply. Consequently the load applied to the anchor has to be held by the fluke tips of the anchor and a small portion of the fluke. This means that extremely high loads will be applied to the fluke tips, compared to normal soil conditions such as sand and clay. For use in very hard soil conditions, vryhof has designed the Stevshark anchor, a modified version of the Stevpris anchor. To create the Stevshark, the Stevpris anchor has been strengthened, consequently a Stevshark anchor having the same outside dimensions and holding capacity as a Stevpris anchor will be heavier. Strength calculations of the Stevshark design have been made to guarantee sufficient strength in the fluke points. The Stevshark anchor is designed to withstand the application of the main part of the load on just its fluke tips.
clay sand
proofload rock
fig. 2-14
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To promote penetration, the Stevshark anchor has a serrated shank and can be provided with cutter points on the fluke tips. Ballast weight can also be added inside the hollow flukes of the anchor, up to 35% of the anchor weight. This is important when working in very hard soil, where the anchor weight pressing on the fluke tips promotes penetration, i.e. increased bearing pressure.
Anchor loads and safety factors
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Load in kN
4000
3895 Total dynamic Quasi static 2342
3000
The loads in a mooring system are caused by the wind, waves and current acting on the floater. Depending on the location of the floater in the world, different metocean conditions will prevail. In the table below, some extreme metocean conditions are presented for different areas. The loads induced in the mooring system can be divided into quasi-static loads and total dynamic loads. The quasi static load is the load due to the swell, wind, current and the frequency of the system. For quasi-static loads, the systems tend to move at a low frequency, generally with a period of 140 to 200 seconds. On top of this quasi-static load there are the individ-ual wave forces causing a high frequency motion. The high frequency motion causes dynamic shock loads with a period of 10 to 14 seconds due to the rolling of the vessel and the movements of the anchor lines through the water. The quasi-static load plus the individual wave forces is called the total dynamic load. Generally the quasi-static loads will be equal to 50% to 90% of the total dynamic load. See Fig. 2-15 for an example of the difference between the quasi-static load and the total dynamic load.
Location Waveheight m 8 10 11 15 - 16 16 14 4 15 18 15 6 17 Wave period s 12 - 15 14 15 - 17 16 16 10 16 20 17 16 19 Windspeed m/s 25 44 - 48 38 - 39 39 - 41 37 - 39 20 39 - 41 Current m/s 1 1 0.9 1.2 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 1 1.0 3.0
2000
1000
8300
8400
8500
8600
8700
8800
9800
fig. 2-15
Time in seconds
Campos Basin Gulf of Mexico Northern North Sea Porcupine Basin Vorine Basin West of Africa West of Shetlands
Anchor loads and safety factors
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Permanent mooring Intact load condition Damaged condition

table G
Quasi-static Total dynamic load load 1.8 1.2 1.5 1.0
The quasi-static and total dynamic loads are generally calculated for the intact and damaged load condition. The intact load condition is the condition in which all the mooring lines are intact. The damaged load conditions is the condition in which one of the mooring lines has broken. From the quasi-static load and the total dynamic load, the required holding capacity of the anchor can be calculated. This is called the ultimate holding capacity (UHC) for drag embedment anchors and the ultimate pull-out capacity (UPC) for VLAs. The required holding capacity is calculated by applying the factors of safety specified by the classification societies. In the tables G and H, the factors of safety are presented for the different load conditions for drag embedment anchors (for instance the Stevpris Mk5 anchor), according to API RP 2SK. The factors of safety used by the major classification societies are generally similar to those given in API RP 2SK (2nd edition, 1996). For VLAs, the recently used factors of safety suggested by ABS, are presented in table I. The factors of safety for VLAs are higher than the factors of safety required for drag embedment anchors, due to the difference in failure mechanisms. When a drag embedment anchor reaches its ultimate holding capacity, it will continuously drag through the soil without generating additional holding capacity, i.e. the load will stay equal to the UHC. When a VLA exceeds its ultimate pullout capacity, it will slowly be pulled out of the soil.
Temporary mooring
Quasi-static Total dynamic load load 0.8 Not required
Intact load condition 1.0 Damaged condition Not required

table H
VLA
Total dynamic load 2.0 1.5
Intact load condition Damaged condition

table I
Anchor behaviour in the soil
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Drag embedment anchors Drag embedment anchors are generally installed by applying a load equal to the maximum intact load. The anchor will then have penetrated to a certain depth, but will still be capable of further penetration because the ultimate holding capacity has not been reached. The anchor will also have travelled a certain horizontal distance, called the drag length. After installation the anchor is capable of resisting loads equal to the installation load without further penetration and drag. When the installation load is exceeded, the anchor will continue to penetrate and drag until the soil is capable of providing sufficient resistance or the ultimate holding capacity has been reached. However, there are certain effects which allow the anchor to withstand forces larger than the installation load without further penetration and drag. These are: The set-up and consolidation effect Set-up and consolidation mainly occur in clayey soils. The penetrating anchor disturbs the soil and the soil temporarily loses strength. With time, the disturbed clay reconsolidates to its initial shear strength, this takes from a few hours up to 1 month, depending on the soil type. Because not all the soil around the anchor is disturbed, the set-up effect factor is less than the sensitivity index indicates. The disturbance mainly reduces the soil resistance parallel to the fluke. On reloading, the parallel soil resistance gains strength, it takes a larger load to move the anchor again. Equilibrium dictates that also the normal load, i.e. the bearing soil resistance to the fluke, increases; consequently the load at the shackle increases also with the setup factor. Observations on anchors for drilling rigs and theoretical considerations for a 3 to 4 week consolidation time demonstrate a typical set-up effect factor =1.5.
Rate effect factor
Anchor behaviour in the soil
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0 1.2 1.1 1 0.9 0.8

0 200 400 600 800 1000
The rate effect An increased rate of loading increases the soil resistance, consequently the anchor holding capacity increases. This must be taken into account with respect to total dynamic loads. For anchor behaviour the rate effect factor indicates how much higher the dynamic high frequency load may be without causing extra movement of the anchor once installed at the installation load. The rate of loading influences pore pressure variations, viscous inter-granular forces and inertia forces. Typical rate effect factors are 1.1 to 1.3 for total dynamic loads, see Fig. 2-16 where the rate effect is presented for two different soil conditions (Su = 10 kPa and Su = 50 kPa). Using the rate effect and set-up factors, the behaviour of the anchor after installation can be predicted more accurately. Vertical Load Anchors A VLA is installed just like a conventional drag embedment anchor. During installation (pull-in mode) the load arrives at an angle of approximately 45 to 500 to the fluke. After triggering the anchor to the normal load position, the load always arrives perpendicular to the fluke. This change in load direction generates 2.5 to 3 times more holding capacity in relation to the installation load. This means that once the required UPC of the VLA is known, the required installation load for the VLA is also known, being 33% to 40% of the required UPC. As a VLA is deeply embedded and always loaded in a direction normal to the fluke, the load can be applied in any direction. Consequently the anchor is ideal for taut-leg mooring systems, where generally the load angle varies from 25 to 450.
Time factor St
fig. 2-16
Su=10 kPa Su=50 kPa
Proof loads anchors
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Proof loads for high holding power anchors The proof load according to Classification Societies rules is applied at 1/3rd of the fluke length and is carried out immediately on fabrication of the anchor. It is obtained by placing the anchor in a test yoke in which a hydraulic cylinder applies the test loads, controlled by a calibrated manometer (fig. 2-17). The vryhof anchor types have been approved by the following Classification Societies:
The American Bureau of Shipping Bureau Veritas Det Norske Veritas Germanischer Lloyd Lloyds Register of Shipping Registro Italiano Navale USSR Register of Shipping Nippon Kaiji Kyokai Norwegian Maritime Directorate
In the early days there were no specific regulations regarding the holding power and strength of mooring anchors. The rules which did exist were often followed regardless of the type of vessel. Some anchors were approved as high holding power anchors. This so-called HHP approval was obtained after carrying out field tests in various types of soil in which it had to be shown that an anchor provided a holding power of at least twice that of a standard stockless anchor. If an HHP anchor was requested by the owner, the anchor has proof tested in strict accordance with the rules, nothing more. See table J for some examples of HHP anchor proof loads. A more detailed overview of HHP anchor proof loads is given in the product data section.
fig. 2-17
Anchor weight 1 5 7 10 15 20
table J
Proof Load factor 26 79 99 119 155 187 t t t t t t
Anchor weight 26 15 14 12 10 9 x x x x x x
t t t t t t
Proof loads anchors
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29 t Danforth
Proofload HHP anchors, UHC=250 t.
The use of the specified proof loads for HHP anchors can lead to situations where different types of anchors with the same holding capacity are proof loaded at different loads, see fig. 2-18. From this figure it can be concluded that the proof load of the anchors should preferably be related to the break-load of the mooring line on the vessel. Nowadays the rules and regulations are far more rigid, and the requirements have been substantially increased. There are now special rules for mobile offshore units and permanently moored structures. If anchors need mobile offshore units certification, the following properties may be required:
10 t Stevin Mk3
4.5 t Stevshark Mk5
4 t Stevpris Mk5 0 50 100 150 200 250
fig. 2-18
Proofload in t Balanced mooring system API RP 2SK
Breakload chain Ultimate holding capacity anchor Damaged load floater Proofload chain Pretension load anchor Intact load floater Proofload anchor
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Proof load of the anchors at 50% of the breaking load of the chain. Submission of a strength calculation of the anchor to the classification
society prior to commencing anchor production: this includes determining the mechanical strength of the anchor as well as proving that the applied material can withstand the proofload. A statement of documented holding power from the anchor supplier. Submittal of a Quality Assurance/Quality Control Manual. In fig. 2-19, a mooring system is shown in which all of the components are balanced. The strength of the mooring line, holding capacity of the anchor and strength of the anchor are all in the correct proportion and comply with the rules.
fig. 2-19
Load in %
Quality control
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The application of more advanced and complex technology in anchor construction has brought about requirements for a systematic approach to quality. Initiated by various authorities they are continuously refined and followed up by operating companies such as vryhof anchor. Like other companies, vryhof has become increasingly aware of the vital importance of managerial aspects and their influence on the total quality-assurance and control system. Design and fabrication of anchors for permanent moorings are in accordance with the quality requirements of the Rules NS/ISO 9001 as described in our Quality Assurance Manual. Vryhof anchors obtained the ISO 9001 certificate No. QSC 3189 issued by Det Norske Veritas for Design, Manufacture of anchors, and Sales of anchors and mooring components. Quality control is maintained throughout production. A compilation of certificates is presented to a client upon completion of a project.
ACCREDITED BY THE DUTCH COUNCIL FOR CERTIFICATION Reg. No 24
ISO-9001CERTIFICATED FIRM
DET NORSKE VERITAS INDUSTRY B.V., THE NETHERLANDS
Anchor tests
45
Introduction In addition to practical experience of users and associates, anchor tests are one of the most reliable means of forecasting anchor performance and thus making a proper choice of anchor type and size. Examining anchor tests that have been carried out in the past, certain conclusions can be made: Many tests were undertaken in which the results were recorded accurately. Detailed reports, however, have not been very common. Anchor tests of the past are not always easy to interpret or compare because of different soil and anchor types. Test results have not always been interpreted independently. The more tests results are strictly compared to practical results, the better one can forecast the holding power and general behaviour in practice. Vryhof is in the perfect situation of having detailed test data available together with extensive practical data obtained during installation and use of anchors on projects on site. Research into anchor behaviour and the ultimate holding capacity of anchors is often carried out by testing a model anchor, preferably followed by a full-scale test in the field. The optimal anchor test consists of model tests with 10 kg anchors, followed by full-scale tests with 1 t and 10 t anchors. The anchors should be pulled until the ultimate holding capacity is reached. It is obvious that full-scale testing of anchors can be expensive. Large AHVs, strong winches and strong mooring lines are required, which are not always available. For example, a 5 t Stevpris Mk5 anchor, deployed in sand, is capable of stopping a modern AHV at its full bollard pull.
Anchor tests
46
Holding Capacity A G B C D E F
fig. 2-20
Testing a 10 t Stevpris Mk5 anchor to its ultimate holding capacity in sand would require a horizontal pulling capacity of approximately 600 t. If anchor tests are to be comparable, the testing program should preferably meet, as a minimum, the following criteria: An accurate and sophisticated measuring system should be used. The anchors should be tested up to their ultimate holding capacity. Drag and penetration of the anchor should be recorded during testing. The anchor should be held under tension with a blocked winch for 15 minutes, to investigate any drop in holding capacity. Reading test curves The behaviour of an anchor during tensioning can be accurately interpreted from the holding capacity versus drag curve. Sample test curves are presented in Fig. 2-20. Properly interpreted performance curves can explain a lot about anchor behaviour.
Drag
Curve A is very steep and represents a streamlined anchor in very stiff soil. Curve B is a normal curve for anchors in sand and medium clay. Curve C is a curve of an unstable anchor. This can be caused by a wrong
fluke/shank angle setting, a short stabiliser or a fluke that is too long. Curve D is a normal curve for an anchor in very soft clay. Curve E is an anchor with a 32o fluke/shank angle in very soft clay. Curve F represents an anchor that is turning continuously. This can be caused by the absence of stabilisers, a too large fluke/shank angle or a low efficiency anchor at continuous drag. Curve G represents an anchor penetrating in a layer of stiff clay overlain by very soft clay.
Holding capacity in t
Anchor tests
47
150
Sand
100
Curves A, B, D, E and G show a very stable rising line, which indicates that the anchor builds up its holding capacity constantly until the ultimate holding capacity has been reached, after which the anchor shows continuous drag. The other curves are largely self-explanatory. Test results Vryhofs extensive database of test results with different anchor types, sizes and soil conditions, has been frequently used in anchor design. Data has been obtained from practice, scale models and from third parties. The data has been interpreted and afterwards incorporated in the ultimate holding capacity, drag and penetration graphs of the Stevin Mk3 and Stevpris Mk5 anchor as well as in the ultimate pull-out capacity graph of the Stevmanta VLA. Norwegian Contractors (1984) In 1984 Norwegian Contractors carried out tests at Digernessundet, Stord, Norway. The purpose of these tests was to determine the correct anchor type and size for the mooring system of the Gullfaks A platform during the construction of the platform at Digernessundet. Although the construction would took place at one location, it was know that three different types of soil conditions would be encountered: sand, soft mud and an 8 m mud layer on rock. After the initial trials the Stevpris anchor was selected for further testing. The 3 t Stevpris anchor that was used for the tests at a 3.30 pulling angle, produced a maximum holding capacity of 150 t in the sand, 102 t in the very soft clay and 150 t in the layer of mud on rock. As the mooring system required a survival load of 1500 t, a 65 t Stevpris (mud location), 40 t Stevpris (sand location) and 60 t Stevshark (mud on rock location) were selected for the final mooring. Fig. 2-21 shows the test results of the 3 t Stevpris anchor, while fig. 2-22 shows the result of the tensioning of the final anchors with a load of 820 t.
8 m soft clay on rock
50 25
soft clay
0 10 20 30 40
fig. 2-21
Drag in meters Full scale Gullfaks A anchors

800 700 600
Holding capacity in t
A
500 400 300
B*
Survival load = 1500 ton

200 100 0 20 40 60 80
A = 40 t Stevpris in sand B = 60 t Stevshark in mud on rock C = 65 t Stevpris in mud * Final pretension load on site
fig. 2-22
Drag in meters
Horizontal load in kips
Anchor tests
48
700 600
Large scale anchor test jip - 7 & 2 t

7-3
Large scale anchor tests in the Gulf of Mexico In 1990, tests were performed with 2 t and 7 t Stevpris Mk5 anchors, as part of an anchor test Joint Industry Project (JIP). The anchors were tested using a wire rope forerunner. The 2 t Stevpris anchor was tested up to its ultimate holding capacity of 107 t (235 kips). Due to insufficient pulling capacity, the 7 t Stevpris anchor could not be pulled up to its ultimate holding capacity. Based on the results of tests, the ultimate holding capacity of the 7 t Stevpris anchor was calculated to be larger than 338 t (745 kips) (fig. 2-23).
500 400 300 200 100
7-2 7-1
7-4 2-1 2-2
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
fig. 2-23
Drag distance in feet
Anchor tests
49
Uplift Stevpris anchors are well capable of resisting uplift loads when they are deeply embedded. Anchors in sand and firm to hard clays do not penetrate very deeply and only take small uplift loads. Stevpris anchors installed in very soft clay and mud penetrate deeply, a typical penetration for a 15 t anchor is 15 to 25 meters. Due to the inverse catenary in the soil, the anchor line arrives at the anchor shackle at an angle of 20o to 30o with the mud line. Once the anchor is installed, a load making an angle up to 20o with the horizontal at mud line will not change the loading direction at the anchor! A Stevpris anchor has been tested in the Gulf of Mexico with gradually increasing pull angle (fig. 2-24). The maximum resistance was obtained for 18o uplift at mud line.
Line load in lbs
30 000 25 000 20 000
= dyn load = pull angle
50 40 30
15 000 10 000 20
18
5 000 0 10 0
50
100
150
200
250
300
fig. 2-24
Line length pulled in feet
Line angle vs mudine
35 000
60
Anchor tests
50
Cyclic effect factor The loading at the anchor is cyclic. Exxon performed cyclic tests on anchors reported by Dunnavent and Kwan, 1993. Although the maximum cyclic load was less than the initial installation load, the static load applied after the cycling phase revealed 25 to 50% larger anchor resistance than the initial installation load (fig. 2-25). This effect is explained by further penetration of the anchor. Applying this knowledge to the anchors, the static anchor resistance after some storm loading improves by the cyclic effect factor of 1.25 to 1.5.
Anchor resistance in kN
Initial static capacity

0.15 0.1
Increased capacity vs initial static
Cycling
0.0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
fig. 2-25
Time in seconds
Anchor tests
51
Tests with Stevmanta anchors Tests have been performed in the Gulf of Mexico and offshore Brazil. The Stevmanta anchor being pulled in with a load equal to F, accepted a vertical load to the anchor of up to 2 times F! Amongst the many tests the anchor relaxation was measured. The anchor with a fluke area of 0.13 m2 was pulled in at 0o pull angle (fig. 2-26), then loaded vertically to a load equal 1.6 times the maximum installation load. At this load the winch was blocked.
200
Line load in %
Block winch
150
100
Change mode
50
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
fig. 2-26
Anchor tests
52
This permitted the monitoring of the load with time (fig. 2-27) as what would be expected in real circumstances at a constant loaded anchor line. The results show that the holding capacity of the anchor does not change significantly during continuous loading, as the observed decrease in tension was due to movement of the winch. The subsequent pulling at 7:00 AM showed that for only a small movement, the full plate capacity (2 x installation load) could be reached. Continuous pulling caused the anchor to loose resistance and break out.
200
Line load in %
150
Block winch
100
50
Change from pull-in to normal mode
0 20.00
22.00
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
fig. 2-27
Time in seconds
Anchor tests
53
To demonstrate that the feature of these anchors is not only a vertical resistance, the anchor was installed with a horizontal pull, the mode changed to the normal (vertical) mode and the anchor subsequently pulled with an uplift angle of 30o (fig. 2-28). The behaviour is similar to the earlier vertical pull test. However, for the 30o pull angle the anchor did not break out but moved slowly along the pulling direction through the soil. The graphs clearly show this effect and that the anchor can be used for substantial horizontal loads.
200
Line load in %
150
100
50
Change from pull-in to normal mode

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
fig. 2-28
Soil table
Increasing grain size of particulate deposits
Approx. Rock strength 0.002 mm Carbonate silt Carbonate sand 0.063 mm 2 mm 60 mm Carbonate gravel 90 Carbonate clay silt sand Siliceous carbonate Siliceous carbonate Mixed carbonate and non-carbonate gravel Calcareous clay Calcareous silica silt Calcareous silica sand 10 Very weak Clay Calcilutite (carb. Calystone) Clayey calcilutute Siltstone) Siliceous calcisiltite Calcisiltite (carb. Silica silt Silica sand Calcarenite (carb. Sandstone) Siliceous calcarenite 50 Silica gravel Calcirudite (carb. Conglom. Or Breccia Conglomeratic calcirudite Calcareous sandstone Calcareous conglomerate Siltstone Sandstone Conglomerate or breccia Detrital limestone Conglomerat limestone Fine-grained agrillaceous limestone Calcareous claystone Claystone Fine-grained siliceous limestone Calcareous siltstone Siltstone Siliceous detrital limestone Calcareous sandstone Sandstone Conglomerate limestone Calcareous conglomerate 10 Conglomerate of Breccia 90 90
Cementation of soil Very weak to firmly cemented soil Weak to moderately weak strong Well cemented soil Claystone Fine-grained limestone Moderately strong to strong (well cemented) rock Strong to extemely Calcareaous claystone Calcareous siltstone Crystalline limestone or marble
Increasing lithification
Total carbonate content %

50 10
54
50
50
Conventional metamorphic nomenclature applies in this section
vryhof anchor manual 2000
Vryhof anchors
ACCREDITED BY THE DUTCH COUNCIL FOR CERTIFICATION Reg. No 24
p.o. box 105, 2920 AC krimpen ad yssel, the netherlands www.vryhof.com [email protected]
ISO-9001CERTIFICATED FIRM
DET NORSKE VERITAS INDUSTRY B.V., THE NETHERLANDS
Copyright Vryhof anchors b.v., krimpen a/d yssel, the netherlands 1999. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, copy or in any other way without written permission of vryhof. Vryhof, Stevin Mk3, Stevpris, Stevshark and Stevmanta are registered trade marks. Vryhof reserves all intellectual and industrial property rights such as any and all of their patent, trademark, design, manufacturing, reproduction, use and sales rights thereto and to any article disclosed therein. All information in this manual is subject to change without prior notice. Vryhof anchors is not liable and/or responsible in any way for the information provided in this manual. First edition published 1984. Print run 7,500 copies. Second edition published 1990. Print run 7,500 copies. Reprint second edition print run 5,000 copies. Third edition published 2000. Print run 2,500 copies.
Introduction
A stone and something that looked like a rope. For millennia this was the typical anchor. Over the last 25 years of more recent history, vryhof has brought the art to a more mature status. They have grown into a world leader in engineering and manufacturing of mooring systems for all kinds of floating structures. In doing so the company has secured numerous anchor and ancillary equipment patents, and shared its experience with others. The company understands that the needs of the industry can not be satisfied by the supply of standard hard-ware only. Universal and tailored solutions rooted in proven engineering should be based on long practical experience. Vryhof has been and will be introducing new and original anchor designs well into the 21st century. With their products, advice and this manual, it shares this knowledge with those who are daily faced with complex mooring situations. This manual is intended as a means of reference for all who purchase, use, maintain, repair or are in any way involved with anchors. Though written from one anchor manufacturers standpoint, the information contained herein is applicable to many types of anchors. Total objectivity is, of course, impossible. It is hoped this manual will contribute to the work and success of all who work with anchors. They are the only fixed reference point for many of the floating structures on the worlds often turbulent waters.
General
Mooring systems
Mooring systems have been around just as long as man has felt the need for anchoring a vessel at sea. These systems were used, and are still used, on ships and consisted of one or more lines connected to the bow or stern of the ship. Generally the ships stayed moored for a short duration of time (days). When the exploration and production of oil and gas started offshore, a need for more permanent mooring systems became apparent. Numerous different mooring systems have been developed over the years, of which a short selection is presented here. Semi-submersible drilling rig - generally the semi-submersibles are moored using an eight point mooring. Two mooring lines come together at each of the columns of the semi-submersible. CALM buoy - generally the buoy will be moored using four or more mooring lines at equally spaced angles. The mooring lines generally have a catenary shape. The vessel connects to the buoy with a single line and is free to weathervane around the buoy. SALM buoy - these types of buoys have a mooring that consists of a single mooring line attached to an anchor point on the seabed, underneath the buoy. The anchor point may be gravity based or piled. Turret mooring - this type of mooring is generally used on FPSOs and FSOs in more harsh environments. Multiple mooring lines are used, which come together at the turntable built into the FPSO or FSO. The FPSO or FSO is able to rotate around the turret to obtain an optimal orientation relative to the prevailing weather conditions.
semi-sub mooring
typical turret mooring
Mooring systems
catenary system
Spread mooring - generally used on FPSOs and FSOs in milder environments. The mooring lines are directly connected to the FPSO or FSO at both the stern and bow of the vessel. When oil and gas exploration and production was conducted in shallow to deep water, the most common mooring line configuration was the catenary mooring line consisting of chain or wire rope. For exploration and production in deep to ultra-deep water, the weight of the mooring line starts to b e c o m e a limiting factor in the design of the floater. To overcome this problem new solutions were developed consisting of synthetic ropes in the mooring line (less weight) and/or a taut leg mooring system (fig. 1-01 and fig. 1-02). The major difference between a catenary mooring and a taut leg mooring is that where the catenary mooring arrives at the seabed horizontally, the taut leg mooring arrives at the seabed at an angle. This means that in a taut leg mooring the anchor point has to be capable of resisting both horizontal and vertical forces, while in a catenary mooring the anchor point is only subjected to horizontal forces. In a catenary mooring, most of the restoring forces are generated by the weight of the mooring line. In a taut leg mooring, the restoring forces are generated by the elasticity of the mooring line. An advantage of a taut leg mooring over the catenary mooring is that the footprint of the taut leg mooring is smaller than the footprint of the catenary mooring, i.e. the mooring radius of the taut leg mooring will be smaller than the mooring radius of a catenary mooring for a similar application.
fig. 1-01
taut leg system
fig. 1-02
Mooring components
A typical mooring system can be divided in three different components, the mooring line, the connectors and the anchor point.
Mooring line
Chain The most common product used for mooring lines is chain which is available in different diameters and grades. Two different designs of chain are used frequently, studlink and studless chain. The studlink chain is most commonly used for moorings that have to be reset numerous times during their lifetime, for instance semi-submersibles, while studless link chain is often used for permanent moorings (FPSOs, buoys, FSOs). A chain mooring line can be terminated in either a common link or an end link (fig. 1-03). Wire rope When compared to chain, wire rope has a lower weight than chain, for the same breaking load and a higher elasticity. Common wire ropes used in offshore mooring lines are six strand and spiral strand. The wire rope is terminated with a socket (for instance open spelter, closed spelter, CR) for connection to the other components in the mooring system. Generally wire rope is more prone to damage and corrosion than chain (fig. 1-04). Synthetic fibre rope A recent development is the use of synthetic fibre ropes as mooring line. Typical materials that can be used are polyester and high modulus polyethylene (Dyneema). The major advantage of synthetic fibre ropes is the light weight of the material and the high elasticity. The synthetic fibre rope is generally terminated with a special spool and shackle for connection to the other components in the mooring system.
fig. 1-03
fig. 1-04
Mooring components
Connectors
Shackles The shackle is a connector that is very common in the offshore industry. It consists of a bow, which is closed by a pin. Many different types of shackles are available, depending on the application. The shackle can be used in both temporary and permanent moorings (fig. 1-05). Connecting link kenter type The connecting link kenter type is most commonly used for the connection of two pieces of chain mooring line, where the terminations of the two pieces have the same dimensions. The connecting link kenter type has the same outside length as a chain link of the same diameter. Generally connecting links kenter type are not used in permanent mooring systems, as they have a shorter fatigue life than the chain (fig. 1-06). Connecting link pear shaped The pear shaped connecting link is similar to the connecting link kenter type, except that it is used for the connection of two pieces of mooring line with terminations that have different dimensions. Like the connecting link kenter type, the pear shaped connecting links are not used in permanent mooring systems (fig. 1-07). Connecting link c type Like the connecting link kenter type, the connecting link c type is used for the connection of two pieces of mooring line with terminations that have the same dimensions. The major difference between the kenter type and the c type is the way that the connector is opened and closed. This connector is generally not used in permanent moorings (fig. 1-08).
fig. 1-05
fig. 1-06
fig. 1-07
fig. 1-08
Mooring components
Swivels A swivel is used in a mooring system, generally of a temporary type, to relieve the twist and torque that builds up in the mooring line. The swivel is often placed a few links from the anchor point, although it can also be placed between a section of chain and a section of wire rope. There are many different types of swivels available, although a disadvantage of most common swivels is that they may not function while under load, which is caused by high friction inside the turning mechanism. A new development is swivels that are capable of swivelling under load, due to special bearing surfaces inside the mechanism (fig. 1-09).
fig. 1-09
Anchoring point
Dead weight The dead weight is probably the oldest anchor in existence. The holding capacity is generated by the weight of the material used and partly by the friction between the dead weight and the seabed. Common materials in use today for dead weights are steel and concrete (fig. 1-10).
fig. 1-10
Mooring components
10
Drag embedment anchor This is the most popular type of anchoring point available today. The drag embedment anchor has been designed to penetrate into the seabed, either partly of fully. The holding capacity of the drag embedment anchor is generated by the resistance of the soil in front of the anchor. The drag embedment anchor is very well suited for resisting large horizontal loads, but not for large vertical loads although there are some drag embedment anchors available on the market today that can resist significant vertical loads (fig. 1-11). Pile The pile is a hollow steel pipe that is installed into the seabed by means of a piling hammer or vibrator. The holding capacity of the pile is generated by the friction of the soil along the pile and lateral soil resist-ance. Generally the pile has to be installed at great depth below seabed to obtain the required holding capacity. The pile is capable of resisting both horizontal and vertical loads (fig. 1-12).
fig. 1-11
fig. 1-12
Mooring components
11
Suction anchor Like the pile, the suction anchor is a hollow steel pipe, although the diameter of the pipe is much larger than that of the pile. The suction anchor is forced into the seabed by means of a pump connected to the top of the pipe, creating a pressure difference. When pressure inside the pipe is lower than outside, the pipe is sucked into the seabed. After installation the pump is removed. The holding capacity of the suction anchor is generated by the friction of the soil along the suction anchor and lateral soil resistance. The suction anchor is capable of withstanding both horizontal and vertical loads (fig. 1-13). Vertical load anchor A new development is the vertical load anchor (VLA). The vertical load anchor is installed like a conventional drag embedment anchor, but penetrates much deeper. When the anchor mode is changed from the installation mode to the vertical (normal) loading mode, the anchor can withstand both horizontal and vertical loads (fig. 1-14).
fig. 1-13
fig. 1-14
History of embedment anchors
12
History of drag embedment anchors History traces the use of anchors to China as far back as 2,000 BC, though it is quite probable that they were used prior to this. At that time the general tendency was to use large stones, baskets of stones, bags of sand or even logs of wood loaded with lead which were then fastened to lines. It was this weight as well as a certain degree of friction on the bottom which secured a vessel in position. With the introduction of iron into anchor construction, teeth or flukes were built on the anchor, allowing penetration into the seabed, thus offering additional stability. Yet these primitive anchors were of poor construction and often broke under pressure. Curved arms were introduced in 1813, and from 1852, the so-called Admiralty Anchor was used for ships of the Royal Navy. Another refinement in the 19th century was the elimination of the stock, the crosspiece at the top of an anchor which ensured that the positioning of the anchor would allow the flukes to penetrate the soil. A stockless anchor was invented in 1821 and became popular, primarily as a result of the ease of handling and stowing, qualities still valued today. A large number of anchor types has been designed and commercialised over the years. Some have prospered, others not. The most recent designs are the results of vast experience and extensive testing, and are far more efficient than their historical predecessors. A short overview of the anchors in use today, is presented on the following pages.
Characteristics of anchor types
13
Based upon certain charateristics such as fluke area, shank, stabilisers, it is possible to classify the various anchor types. To allow a rough comparison of anchor type efficiency, an indication (*) is provided for a 10 t anchor as (HOLDING CAPACITY = WEIGHT * EFFICIENCY). Class A efficiency range *33 to 55 slender anchors with ultra-penetration.
Class A
Stevpris
Stevshark
FFTS
14
Class B efficiency range *17 to 25 anchors with elbowed shank, allowing for improved penetration. Class B Bruce SS
Bruce TS
Hook
15
Class C efficiency range *14 to 26 anchors with open crown hinge near the centre of gravity and relatively short shank and stabilisers or built-in stabilisers.
Class C
Stevin
Stevfix
Stevmud
Flipper Delta
16
Class D efficiency range *8 to 15 anchors with hinge and stabilisers at the rear and relatively long shanks and stabilisers.
Class D
Danforth
LWT
Moorfast - Stato - Offdrill
Boss
17
Class E efficiency range *8 to 11 anchors with very short, thick stabilisers; hinge at the rear and a relatively short, more or less square-shaped shank.
Class E
AC14
Stokes
Snugstow
Weldhold
18
Class F efficiency range *4 to 6 anchors with square shank, no stock stabilisers. The stabilising resistance is built-in the crown.
Class F
US Navy Stockless
Beyers
Union
Spek
19
Class G efficiency range *<6 anchors with small fluke area and stabilisers at the front of the shank. Class G Single Fluke Stock
Stock
Dredger
Mooring Anchor
History of vryhof anchor designs
20
Stevin
A brief chronological summary of the types of anchors vryhof has designed for use in the offshore and dredging industries:
1972 - The Stevin anchor: The original design. The wing was not yet
enlarged. The anchor had a square shank. It is no longer manufactured.
Hook
1974 - The Hook anchor: originally designed for permanent moorings.

This design was surpassed in 1980 by the Stevpris design and is no longer manufactured.
1977 - The Stevin Mk3 anchor: is the improved version of the original
Stevin anchor. It was equipped with an enlarged crown and fluke area and a streamlined shank for more efficient penetration. This anchor is still manufactured and in use in offshore and dredging activities. It has all classification societies approvals.
Stevin Mk3
21
Stevfix
1978 - The Stevfix anchor: this anchor was designed with special fluke
points for harder soils and a larger fluke area than the Stevin, but has been surpassed by the Stevpris anchor. It is no longer manufactured.
1979 - The Stevmud anchor: the Stevmud is essentially the Stevin anchor
with a considerably enlarged fluke area. This anchor type was also surpassed by the Stevpris anchor and is no longer manufactured.
Stevmud
1980 - The
introduction of the Stevpris and Stevshark anchors. The Stevpris anchor is a deep penetrating anchor with a plough shaped shank, surpassing the performance of all earlier designs in the vryhof range, and incorporating the latest experience, research and knowledge of the anchor designer. The Stevshark anchor is a specially reinforced Stevpris anchor, equipped with a serrated shank and cutter-teeth for better penetration in hard soils, such as coral types or sandstone. The fluke points are specially reinforced to withstand high point loads.
Stevpris

1990 - The Stevpris
22
Stevshark Mk5
Mk5 and Stevshark Mk5 were introduced. The improved versions of the original Stevpris and Stevshark anchors. Improvements have concentrated on two features: higher holding capacity and easier handling.
Stevmanta
1996 - Introduction of the Stevmanta VLA (Vertical Load Anchor). Based

on industry demand for an anchor that could withstand vertical loads, the Stevmanta VLA was developed. The Stevmanta VLA is a new design in which a traditionally rigid shank has been replaced by a system of wires connected to a plate. The anchor is designed to accept vertical (or normal) loads and is installed as a conventional drag embedment anchor with a horizontal load to the mudline to obtain the deepest penetration possible. By changing the point of pulling at the anchor, vertical (or normal) loading of the fluke is obtained thus mobilising the maximum possible soil resistance. As a VLA is deeply embedded and always loaded in a direction normal to the fluke, the load can be applied in any direction. Consequently the anchor is ideal for taut-leg mooring systems.
Product data
Introduction
108
Product Data In this editon of the vryhof anchor manual, we have given the reader as much information and data as we imagined would normally be needed. Undoubtedly some is missing. This can be vryhof-specific or general information. Vryhof-specific, information can be related to brochures, detailed handling recommendations and product data. This can be obtained on request, while general information will also be provided if available. To make the next edition of the anchor manual suit the requirements of the reader even better than this one, your suggestions of comments are much appreciated.
Dimensions
Dimensions of vryhof anchor types
109
B D
C A
Stevin Mk3
Dimensions
110
E L K
Main dimensions Stevin Mk3 dimensions in mm anchor weight in kg weight A B C D E K L S 1000 2429 2654 1559 2023 737 1010 412 60 1500 2774 3038 1785 2316 843 1156 471 65 3000 3493 3828 2249 2918 1063 1456 594 80 5000 4120 4538 2667 3460 1260 1727 704 80 7000 4602 5077 2983 3871 1409 1932 788 90 9000 5012 5521 3244 4209 1533 2100 857 100 12000 5516 6076 3570 4632 1687 2312 943 110 15000 5942 6545 3846 4990 1817 2490 1016 120 20000 6372 6986 4100 5324 2048 2674 1083 160 30000 7289 7997 4694 6094 2345 3061 1240 180
Note: The dimensions of the Stevin Mk3 anchor may be changed for specific applications
Dimensions
111
C A
Stevpris Mk5
Dimensions
112
S E T
sand
F
mud
Main dimensions Stevpris Mk5 dimensions in mm anchor weight in kg weight A B C E F H T S 1500 2954 3184 1812 1505 271 1230 493 80 3000 3721 4011 2283 1896 342 1550 622 90 5000 4412 4756 2707 2248 406 1837 738 110 8000 5161 5563 3166 2629 474 2149 862 130 10000 5559 5992 3410 2832 511 2315 929 140 12000 5908 6368 3624 3010 543 2460 988 150 15000 6364 6860 3904 3242 585 2650 1064 170 18000 6763 7290 4149 3446 622 2816 1131 180 20000 7004 7550 4297 3569 644 2917 1171 190 22000 7230 7794 4436 3684 665 3011 1209 200 25000 7545 8133 4629 3844 694 3142 1262 200 30000 8018 8643 4919 4085 737 3339 1341 220 65000 10375 11184 6365 5286 954 4321 1736 300
Note: The dimensions of the Stevpris Mk5 anchor may be changed for specific applications
Dimensions
113
C A
Stevpris Mk5
Dimensions
114
S E T
sand
F
mud
Main dimensions Stevshark Mk5 dimensions in mm anchor weight in kg weight A B C E F H T S 1500 2862 3085 1755 1458 263 1192 478 80 3000 3605 3886 2212 1837 332 1502 603 90 5000 4275 4608 2622 2178 393 1780 715 110 8000 4999 5389 3067 2547 460 2082 836 130 10000 5385 5805 3304 2743 495 2243 900 140 12000 5723 6169 3511 2915 526 2383 957 150 15000 6165 6645 3782 3140 567 2567 1031 160 18000 6551 7062 4019 3337 602 2728 1095 170 20000 6785 7314 4163 3457 624 2826 1135 180 22000 7004 7550 4297 3568 644 2917 1171 190 25000 7309 7879 4484 3723 672 3044 1222 200 30000 7767 8373 4765 3957 714 3235 1299 210 65000 10051 10834 6166 5120 924 4186 1681 300
Note: The dimensions of the Stevshark Mk5 anchor may be changed for specific applications
Dimensions
115
B D
Stevmanta VLA
Dimensions
116
E1
E0
T F
Main dimensions Stevmanta VLA dimensions in mm. Area in m2 area B C D E0 E1 F H T 5 3143 2976 1945 3075 3371 172 1459 639 8 3975 3765 2460 3890 4264 217 1845 809 10 4445 4209 2750 4349 4767 243 2063 904 12 4869 4611 3013 4764 5222 266 2260 991 15 5443 5155 3368 5326 5839 298 2527 1107 17 5795 5488 3586 5670 6216 317 2690 1179 20 6286 5953 3890 6150 6742 344 2918 1279
Note: The dimensions of the Stevmanta VLA anchor may be changed for specific applications
Dimensions other anchor types
117
A D D
C
B Flipper Delta weight lb. kg 2205 1000 5512 2500 11023 5000 16535 7500 22046 10000 26455 12000 33069 15000 44092 20000 71650 32500 88185 40000 Danforth weight lb. kg 1000 454 2500 1134 5000 2268 10000 4536 12000 5443 14000 6350 16000 7257 20000 9072 25000 11340 30000 13608
A mm 2605 3150 3945 4565 5040 5335 5735 6405 7320 7850
B mm 1960 2660 3300 3850 4270 4530 4845 5410 6200 6650
C mm 740 1005 1260 1435 1600 1705 1830 2010 2310 2480
D mm 1560 2130 2660 3080 3400 3600 3875 4320 4930 5290
A mm 1830 2260 2780 3510 3730 3920 4100 4370 4710 5000
B mm 1580 2140 2700 3330 3540 3720 4000 4150 4470 4750
C mm 410 560 710 890 945 995 1040 1110 1195 1270
D mm 1100 1350 1650 2100 2240 2360 2470 2620 2820 3000
118
A D D
B B C
LWT weight lb. 1000 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 60000 kg 454 2268 4536 6804 9072 11340 13608 15876 18144 27216 A mm 1905 2997 3658 3988 4394 4851 5029 5283 5537 6350 B mm 1803 2845 3480 3791 4166 4521 4801 5055 6096 7061 C mm 622 984 1245 1362 1499 1708 1715 1803 1905 2184 D mm 1168 1829 2235 2438 2692 2946 3073 3226 3327 3810
Moorfast weight lb. kg 1000 454 6000 2722 10000 4536 12000 5443 16000 7257 20000 9072 30000 13608 40000 18144 50000 22680 60000 27216
A mm 1549 2565 3327 3531 3886 4166 4801 5436 5639 5893
B mm 1905 3632 3988 4242 4750 4978 5512 6299 6528 6883
C mm 483 787 1041 1092 1219 1295 1499 1600 1676 1778
D mm 940 1549 2032 2159 2388 2591 2997 3226 3353 3556
119
A D D
B Stato weight lb. kg 3000 1361 6000 2722 9000 4082 15000 6804 20000 9072 25000 11340 30000 13608 35000 15876 40000 18144 60000 27216 AC14 weight lb. kg 2844 1290 4630 2100 6746 3060 12368 5610 18298 8300 23149 10500 29762 13500 41447 18800 44092 20000 50706 23000
A mm 3277 3658 4064 5182 5334 5740 5969 6299 6553 7540
B mm 2769 3632 4318 5690 5842 6248 6528 6883 7188 8120
C mm 860 960 1090 1370 1420 1540 1570 1670 1750 2000
D mm 1829 2337 2540 3200 3277 3480 3683 3886 4064 4570
A mm 2730 3210 3640 4460 5080 5500 5980 6670 6810 7140
B mm 980 1150 1310 1600 1830 1970 2150 2400 2450 2570
C mm 470 550 620 760 870 940 1020 1140 1170 1220
D mm 1060 1250 1420 1740 1980 2140 2330 2600 2660 2780
120
A D
US Navy Stockless weight lb. kg 1000 454 5000 2268 10000 4536 15000 6804 20000 9072 25000 11340 30000 13608 35000 15876 40000 18144 60000 27216
A mm 1072 1854 2337 2680 2946 3175 3372 3550 3708 4775
B mm 841 1437 1810 2089 2280 2456 2608 2743 2872 3194
C mm 521 889 1121 1295 1413 1522 1616 1703 1778 2218
D mm 772 1319 1661 1861 2094 2256 2394 2523 2619 3375
Proof load test

Proof load test for HHP anchors (US units)
anchor weight lbs 100 125 150 175 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 proof load kips 6.2 7.3 8.2 9.1 9.9 11.5 12.9 14.2 15.5 16.7 18.1 19.2 20.5 21.7 23 24.3 25.5 26.6 27.8 28.9 29.8 32.1 34.5 36.8 39.1 41.3 43.5 45.8 48.2 50.3 52.3 54.5 anchor weight lbs 4100 4200 4300 4400 4500 4600 4700 4800 4900 5000 5100 5200 5300 5400 5500 5600 5700 5800 5900 6000 6100 6200 6300 6400 6500 6600 6700 6800 6900 7000 7100 7200 proof load kips 92.5 94.2 95.9 97.5 99.1 100.7 102.3 103.9 105.5 107 108.5 110 111.4 112.9 114.4 115.9 117.4 118.7 120 121.4 122.7 124.1 125.4 126.8 128.2 129.5 130.8 132 133.2 134.4 135.7 136.9
121
anchor weight lbs 10000 11000 12000 13000 14000 15000 16000 17000 18000 19000 20000 21000 22000 23000 24000 25000 26000 27000 28000 29000 30000 31000 32000 33000 34000 35000 36000 37000 38000 39000 40000 42000
proof load kips 165.8 174.5 184.8 194.7 205.2 214.3 222.9 230.9 239 245 250.4 256.7 263.5 270.9 277.2 282.8 289.2 296.7 304.9 312.3 318.9 326.9 333.7 341.2 348 354.8 361.6 368.4 375.2 382 388.8 400.6
Proof load test

Proof load test for HHP anchors (US units)
anchor weight lbs 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 3600 3700 3800 3900 4000 proof load kips 56.6 58.6 60.8 62.8 64.8 66.8 68.8 70.7 72.6 74.5 76.4 78.3 80.1 81.9 83.7 85.5 87.2 89 90.7 anchor weight lbs 7300 7400 7500 7600 7700 7800 7900 8000 8100 8200 8300 8400 8500 8600 8700 8800 8900 9000 9500 proof load kips 138.1 139.3 140.6 141.6 142.7 143.7 144.7 145.7 146.8 147.9 149 150 151.1 152.2 153.2 154.3 155.2 156.2 161.1
122
anchor weight lbs 44000 46000 48000 50000 52000 54000 56000 58000 60000 62000 64000 66000 68000 70000 75000 80000 82500
proof load kips 411.5 425.1 437 449.1 460.4 472 484.3 496.5 508.4 519.3 530.2 541 551.9 562.8 590 617 630
Proof load test

Proof load test for HHP anchors (SI units)
anchor weight kg 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 475 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 proof load kN 29.7 31.7 34 35.3 37 39 40.7 44 47.3 53 58.3 63.7 68.4 73.3 80 85.7 91.7 98 104.3 110.3 116 122 127.3 132 137.3 143 155 166 177.3 188 199 210.7 anchor weight kg 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 3600 3700 3800 3900 4000 4100 4200 4300 4400 4500 4600 4700 4800 4900 5000 5100 proof load kN 434.3 450 466 480.7 495 509.7 524.3 537 550.3 563.7 577 589 601 613 625 635.7 645 655.7 666.3 677 687 696.3 706 715.7 725.7 735 742.3 751.7 760 769 777 786
123
anchor weight kg 7000 7200 7400 7600 7800 8000 8200 8400 8600 8800 9000 9200 9400 9600 9800 10000 10500 11000 11500 12000 12500 13000 13500 14000 14500 15000 15500 16000 16500 17000 17500 18000
proof load kN 970.3 987 1002 1018 1034 1050 1066 1078 1088.7 1099.3 1110 1120.7 1132 1148 1162.7 1173.3 1210 1240 1266.7 1300 1340 1380 1410 1450 1483.3 1520 1553.3 1586.7 1620 1653.3 1686.7 1720
Proof load test

Proof load test for HHP anchors (SI units)
anchor weight kg 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 proof load kN 221.3 231 241.7 252.3 262 272.7 282.7 292 302 311.7 321 330.3 339.7 349 366.7 384 401 418.3 anchor weight kg 5200 5300 5400 5500 5600 5700 5800 5900 6000 6100 6200 6300 6400 6500 6600 6700 6800 6900 proof load kN 797.3 808.7 818 827.3 836.3 845 855.7 866.3 877 887 897.3 908 917.3 926.7 936 944.7 953 961
124
anchor weight kg 18500 19000 19500 20000 21000 22000 23000 24000 25000 26000 27000 28000 29000 30000 31000 32000 34000 36000
proof load kN 1753.3 1780 1800 1833.3 1900 1956.7 2016.7 2070 2130 2190 2250 2303.3 2356.7 2410 2463.3 2516.7 2623.3 2730
Dimensions vryhof tensioners
125
Main dimensions Stevtensioner dimensions in m. weight in t Stevtensioner model VA220 VA500 L 2.6 5.4 B 1.0 2.4 H 1.2 2.6 weight 5 20
Dimensions vryhof tensioners
126
Main dimensions Stevtensioner dimensions in m. weight in t Stevtensioner model VA600 VA1000 VA1250 L 2.2 3.1 3.5 B 0.6 0.8 0.9 H 0.9 1.2 1.4 weight 2.5 6 9
Proof load/break
Proof load/break load of chains (in US units)
diameter
R4-RQ4
127
Proof load
R3S R3 RQ3-API R4-RQ4
Break load
R3 S R3 RQ3-API
Weight stud kips 73 86 128 162 198 238 282 329 379 432 489 518 548 579 611 643 676 744 815 852 889 965 1044 1084 1125 1167 1209 1251 1295 1383 1428 1473 1566 1613 1660 1708 1756 1855 1955 lbs/ft 5 6 10 12 15 18 21 25 29 33 38 40 43 45 48 51 54 59 65 69 72 79 86 89 93 97 100 104 108 116 121 125 134 138 143 147 152 162 172 studless lbs/ft 5 6 9 11 14 16 20 23 27 31 35 37 39 42 44 46 49 54 60 63 66 72 78 81 85 88 92 95 99 106 110 114 122 126 130 135 139 148 157
stud inches 3 /4 1 3/16 1 1 1/8 1 1/4 1 3/8 1 1/2 1 5/8 1 3/4 1 7/8 2 2 1/16 2 1/8 2 3/16 2 1/4 2 5/16 2 3/8 2 1/2 2 5/8 2 11/16 2 3/4 2 7/8 3 3 1/16 3 1/8 3 3/16 3 1/4 3 5/16 3 3/8 3 1/2 3 9/16 3 5/8 3 3/4 3 13/16 3 7/8 3 15/16 4 4 1/8 4 1/4 kips 75 88 131 165 203 244 289 337 388 443 500 531 561 593 625 658 692 762 835 872 910 988 1069 1110 1152 1194 1237 1281 1325 1416 1462 1508 1603 1651 1699 1749 1798 1899 2001
studless kips 66 77 116 146 179 216 255 298 343 391 443 469 496 524 553 582 612 674 738 771 805 874 945 982 1019 1056 1094 1133 1172 1252 1292 1334 1417 1460 1503 1546 1590 1679 1770
stud kips 62 73 110 138 169 203 241 281 323 369 417 442 468 494 521 549 577 635 696 727 758 823 891 925 960 995 1031 1068 1105 1180 1218 1257 1336 1376 1416 1457 1498 1582 1668
studless kips 60 71 106 133 163 197 233 271 313 357 403 427 452 478 504 530 558 614 672 702 733 796 861 894 928 962 997 1032 1068 1140 1177 1215 1291 1330 1369 1409 1448 1529 1612
stud stud studless studless kips kips 54 49 63 57 95 85 119 107 147 132 176 158 208 187 243 218 280 252 320 287 361 324 383 344 405 364 428 384 452 405 476 427 500 449 550 494 603 541 630 565 657 590 714 640 772 693 802 719 832 747 863 774 894 802 925 830 957 859 1022 918 1056 947 1089 977 1158 1039 1192 1070 1227 1101 1263 1133 1299 1165 1371 1231 1445 1297
stud and studlless kips 95 111 167 210 257 310 366 427 492 562 635 673 712 752 793 835 878 967 1059 1106 1154 1253 1356 1408 1461 1515 1570 1625 1681 1796 1854 1913 2033 2094 2156 2218 2281 2409 2538 kips 86 101 152 191 234 281 333 388 447 510 577 612 647 684 721 759 798 878 962 1005 1049 1139 1232 1280 1328 1377 1427 1477 1528 1632 1685 1739 1848 1903 1959 2016 2073 2189 2307 kips 77 90 136 171 210 252 298 348 401 457 517 548 580 612 646 680 715 787 862 900 940 1020 1103 1146 1189 1233 1278 1323 1368 1462 1509 1557 1655 1704 1754 1805 1856 1960 2066
Proof load/break
Proof load/break load of chains (in US units)
diameter
R4-RQ4
128
Proof load
Break load
R3 S R3 RQ3-API
Weight stud kips 2057 2160 2265 2372 2480 2589 2700 2812 2925 3039 3154 3270 3387 3504 3623 3742 3861 3981 4102 4223 4344 4465 4586 4708 lbs/ft 182 192 203 214 226 238 250 262 274 287 301 314 328 342 356 371 386 401 417 433 449 466 482 500 studless lbs/ft 166 176 186 196 206 217 228 239 251 262 275 287 299 312 325 339 353 367 381 395 410 425 440 456
stud inches 4 3/8 4 1/2 4 5/8 4 3/4 4 7/8 5 5 1/8 5 1/4 5 3/8 5 1/2 5 5/8 5 3/4 5 7/8 6 6 1/8 6 1/4 6 3/8 6 1/2 6 5/8 6 3/4 6 7/8 7 7 1/8 7 1/4 kips 2105 2211 2319 2428 2538 2650 2764 2878 2994 3111 3228 3347 3467 3587 3709 3830 3953 4076 4199 4323 4447 4571 4695 4820
studless kips 1862 1955 2050 2147 2245 2344 2444 2545 2647 2751 2855 2960 3066 3172 3279 3387 3495 3604 3713 3822 3932 4042 4152 4262
stud kips 1754 1843 1932 2023 2115 2209 2303 2398 2495 2592 2690 2789 2889 2989 3090 3192 3294 3396 3499 3602 3706 3809 3913 4016
studless kips 1696 1781 1868 1956 2045 2135 2226 2319 2412 2506 2601 2696 2793 2890 2987 3086 3184 3283 3383 3482 3582 3682 3782 3882
stud stud studless studless kips kips 1521 1365 1597 1433 1675 1503 1753 1574 1833 1645 1914 1718 1996 1791 2079 1865 2162 1940 2247 2016 2332 2093 2417 2170 2504 2247 2591 2325 2678 2404 2766 2483 2855 2562 2944 2642 3033 2722 3122 2802 3211 2882 3301 2963 3391 3043 3481 3124
stud and studlless kips 2671 2805 2941 3080 3220 3362 3506 3651 3798 3946 4095 4246 4398 4551 4704 4859 5014 5170 5327 5483 5641 5798 5956 6114 kips 2427 2549 2673 2799 2926 3055 3186 3318 3451 3586 3722 3859 3997 4135 4275 4416 4557 4698 4841 4983 5126 5269 5412 5556 kips 2174 2283 2394 2507 2621 2736 2853 2971 3091 3211 3333 3456 3579 3704 3829 3954 4081 4208 4335 4463 4591 4719 4847 4976
Proof load/break
Proof load/break load of chains (in SI units)
diameter
R4-RQ4
129
Proof load
Break load
R3 S R3 RQ3-API
Weight stud kN 324 376 431 511 598 691 790 895 1007 1124 1248 1377 1513 1654 1800 1952 2110 2273 2441 2615 2794 2978 3166 3360 3559 3762 3970 4291 4621 4847 5194 5550 5916 6289 6544 6932 7195 7596 7868 kg/m 8 9 11 13 15 17 20 22 25 28 32 35 39 42 46 50 55 59 64 69 74 79 84 90 95 101 107 117 126 133 144 155 166 177 185 198 206 219 228 studless kg/m 7 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 23 26 29 32 35 39 42 46 50 54 58 63 67 72 77 82 87 92 98 107 116 122 131 141 151 162 169 181 188 200 208
stud mm 19 20.5 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 73 76 78 81 84 87 90 92 95 97 100 102 kN 331 385 442 524 612 707 809 917 1031 1151 1278 1410 1548 1693 1843 1999 2160 2327 2499 2677 2860 3048 3242 3440 3643 3851 4064 4392 4731 4962 5317 5682 6056 6439 6699 7096 7365 7776 8054
studless kN 293 340 390 463 541 625 715 811 911 1018 1130 1247 1369 1497 1630 1767 1910 2058 2210 2367 2529 2695 2866 3042 3221 3406 3594 3884 4183 4388 4702 5024 5355 5693 5923 6275 6513 6876 7122
stud kN 276 320 368 436 510 589 674 764 859 959 1065 1175 1290 1411 1536 1666 1800 1939 2083 2231 2383 2540 2701 2867 3036 3209 3387 3660 3942 4135 4431 4735 5046 5365 5582 5913 6138 6480 6712
studless kN 267 310 356 422 493 570 651 738 830 927 1029 1136 1247 1364 1485 1610 1740 1874 2013 2156 2304 2455 2611 2771 2935 3102 3274 3538 3811 3997 4283 4577 4878 5187 5396 5716 5933 6264 6488
studstudstud and studlless studless studless kN kN kN kN kN 239 215 420 382 342 278 249 488 443 397 319 286 560 509 456 378 339 664 604 541 442 397 776 706 632 511 458 897 815 730 584 524 1026 932 835 662 594 1163 1057 946 744 668 1308 1188 1064 831 746 1460 1327 1188 923 828 1621 1473 1319 1018 914 1789 1625 1456 1118 1004 1964 1785 1599 1223 1097 2147 1951 1748 1331 1194 2338 2124 1903 1443 1295 2535 2304 2063 1560 1400 2740 2490 2230 1681 1508 2952 2682 2402 1805 1620 3170 2881 2580 1933 1735 3396 3086 2764 2066 1854 3628 3297 2953 2201 1976 3867 3514 3147 2341 2101 4112 3737 3347 2484 2230 4364 3965 3551 2631 2361 4621 4200 3761 2782 2496 4885 4440 3976 2935 2634 5156 4685 4196 3172 2847 5572 5064 4535 3417 3066 6001 5454 4884 3584 3216 6295 5720 5123 3840 3446 6745 6130 5490 4104 3683 7208 6550 5866 4374 3925 7682 6981 6252 4650 4173 8167 7422 6647 4838 4342 8497 7722 6916 5125 4599 9001 8180 7326 5319 4774 9343 8490 7604 5616 5040 9864 8964 8028 5817 5220 10217 9285 8315
Proof load/break
Proof load/break load of chains (in SI units)
diameter
R4-RQ4
130
Proof load
Break load
R3 S R3 RQ3-API
Weight stud kN 8282 8561 9130 9565 10005 10452 10753 11057 11516 11981 12294 13085 13887 14700 15522 16352 17188 17693 18199 18707 19386 19896 20236 21087 kg/m 241 251 270 285 300 315 326 337 353 370 382 411 442 473 506 540 575 596 618 640 671 694 710 750 studless kg/m 221 229 246 260 274 288 298 308 323 338 348 375 403 432 462 493 525 545 564 585 613 634 648 685
stud mm 105 107 111 114 117 120 122 124 127 130 132 137 142 147 152 157 162 165 168 171 175 178 180 185 kN 8478 8764 9347 9791 10242 10700 11008 11319 11789 12265 12585 13395 14216 15048 15890 16739 17596 18112 18631 19150 19845 20367 20715 21586
studless kN 7497 7750 8265 8658 9057 9461 9734 10009 10425 10846 11129 11844 12571 13306 14051 14802 15559 16016 16474 16934 17548 18010 18318 19088
stud kN 7065 7304 7789 8159 8535 8916 9173 9432 9824 10221 10488 11162 11847 12540 13241 13949 14663 15094 15525 15959 16538 16972 17263 17989
studless kN 6829 7060 7529 7887 8251 8619 8868 9118 9497 9880 10138 10790 11452 12122 12800 13484 14174 14590 15008 15427 15986 16407 16687 17389
studstudstud and studless studless kN kN kN kN 6123 5495 10754 9773 6330 5681 11118 10103 6750 6058 11856 10775 7071 6346 12420 11287 7397 6639 12993 11807 7728 6935 13573 12334 7950 7135 13964 12690 8175 7336 14358 13048 8515 7641 14955 13591 8858 7950 15559 14139 9089 8157 15965 14508 9674 8682 16992 15441 10267 9214 18033 16388 10868 9753 19089 17347 11476 10299 20156 18317 12089 10850 21234 19297 12708 11405 22320 20284 13081 11739 22976 20879 13455 12075 23633 21477 13831 12412 24292 22076 14333 12863 25174 22877 14709 13201 25836 23479 14961 13427 26278 23880 15590 13991 27383 24884
studlless kN 8753 9048 9650 10109 10574 11047 11365 11686 12171 12663 12993 13829 14677 15536 16405 17282 18166 18699 19234 19771 20488 21027 21387 22286
Chain components
Chain components and forerunners
131
4D
3.6D
4.4D
3.96D
1.1D
4.35D
4D
1.2D
PL
Chain components
132
4D
4.2D
1.52D
PL
B D A E
PL
Chain components
13.2D
133
6.3D
4.7D
3.8D
9.7D
H
1.2D 3.8D
4.15D
3.3D 1.2D
I
5.15D 2.2D 1.45D 4D 3.4D 0.8D
1.7D 2.2D 8D
1.65D 1.35D
1.4D 4D
7.1D
G
1.6D 1.2D 2.8D
1.3D
A = B = C = E = F = G = PL = H = I = K =
common link enlarged link end link joining schackle kenter type anchor shackle D type joining shackle D type pear link swivel swivel shackle special end link
4.6D
1.8D
2.4D 5.2D
8.7D
F
1.8D 1.4D 3.1D
1.4D
Connecting links
C H K B
134
F G J
D A
Pear shaped anchor connecting link (pearlink) dimensions in mm NO 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 chain size 32 42 52 62 81 94 97 103 - 40 - 51 - 60 - 79 - 92 - 95 - 102 - 108 A 298 378 454 562 654 692 889 940 B 206 260 313 376 419 435 571 610 C 59 76 92 117 133 146 190 203 D 40 51 60 79 92 98 121 127 E 48 64 76 95 124 130 165 175 F 83 100 121 149 149 159 190 203 G H J 26 32 37 48 54 57 73 76 K 43 52 64 76 79 83 108 111 kg 13 27 49 94 149 236 386 418
44x 44 56 51x 60 74 62x 73 88 85x 79 111 111x 102 130x133 124x 137 141 130 181 156 200
Connecting links
D E F E G B C
135
A
Detachable chain connecting link (C-connector) dimensions in mm chain size 30 - 32 33 - 35 36 - 38 40 - 42 43 - 44 46 - 48 50 - 51 52 - 54 56 - 58 59 - 60 62 - 64 66 - 67 68 - 70 71 - 73 74 - 76 78 - 79 81 - 83 84 - 86 87 - 89 90 - 92 94 - 95 97 - 98 100 - 102 A 190.5 210 229 248 267 286 305 324 343 362 381 400 419 438 457 476 495 514 537 552 571 590 607 B 127 140 152 165 190 184 197 210 221 234 246 246 275 283 295 308 320 332 350 356 368 381 394 C 44 49 53 57 62 64 64 67 71 78 79 83 92 94 95 102 103 107 116 119 122 127 132 D 32 35 38 41 44 48 51 54 57 60 64 67 73 73 76 79 83 86 92 92 95 98 102 E 35 39 43 50 51 55 59 64 67 70 73 78 83 85 90 92 92 100 105 106 114 117 119 F 39 42 46 50 56 60 64 67 71 75 78 79 90 93 94 96 103 107 114 116 119 121 122 G 21 23 25 27 30 31 33 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 55 57 59 61 62 67 68 weight kg 4.5 6.0 7.8 10.0 12.5 14.5 16.5 20.0 23.5 27.5 32.0 37.0 45.5 48.5 54.5 62.5 73.0 80.5 93.5 97.5 116.0 123.0 130.0
Conversion table
to convert from
length millimetres mm metres m kilometres km kilometres km inches in feet ft miles mi nautical miles nmile area square millimetres mm2 square metres m2 square kilometres km square inches in2 square feet ft2 square miles mi volume millilitres ml litres l cubic metres m
3 2 2
136
multiply by
0.03937 3.28084 0.62137 0.53996 25.4 0.30480 1.60934 1.852 0.00155 10.76391 0.38610 645.16 0.09290 2.58999 0.06102 0.26417 35.31467 16.38706 3.78541 0.02832 2.20462 1.10231 0.45359 0.90718 0.06243 16.01846
to obtain
inches in feet ft miles mi nautical miles nmile millimetres mm metres m kilometres km kilometres km square inches in2 square feet ft2 square miles mi2 square millimetres mm2 square metres m2 square kilometres km2 cubic inches in3 gallons (US) gal cubic feet ft3 millilitres ml litres l cubic metres m3 pounds lb short tons US ton kilograms kg metric tons t pounds per cubic foot lb/ft3 kilograms per cubic metre kg/m3
cubic inches in3 gallons (US) gal cubic feet ft3 mass kilograms kg metric tons t pounds lb short tons US ton density kilograms per cubic metre kg/m3 pounds per cubic foot lb/ft3
Conversion table
to convert from
force or weight kilonewtons kN kilonewtons kN metric tons t kips kip metric tons t kips kip pressure or stress kilopascals kPa megapascals MPa pounds per square foot psf kips per square inch ksi velocity metres per second m/s metres per second m/s knots kn miles per hour mph temperature degrees celsius C degrees fahrenheit F
137
multiply by
0.22481 0.10197 2.20462 4.44822 9.80665 0.45359 20.88555 0.14504 0.04788 6.89472 1.94384 2.23694 0.51444 0.44704 multiply by 1.8 then add 32 subtract 32 then multiply by 0.555
to obtain
kips kip metric tons t kips kip kilonewtons kN kilonewtons kN metric tons t pounds per square foot psf kips per square inch ksi kilopascals kPa megapascals MPa knots kn miles per hour mph metres per second m/s metres per second m/s degrees fahrenheit F degrees celsius C
Mooring line catenary
138
X
When the mooring line of a floater is deployed, part of the mooring line will lay on the seabed and part of the mooring line will be suspended in the water. The part of the mooring line that is suspended in the water will take on a catenary shape. Depending on the waterdepth, the weight of the mooring line and the force applied to the mooring line at the fairlead, the length of the suspended mooring line (S in [m]) can be calculated with:
d j
fig. 4-01
length S and X in meters
S=
d x 2 x F -d W
1600
1200
with d : the waterdepth plus the distance between sealevel and the fairlead in [m] F : the force applied to the mooring line at the fairlead in [t] and w : the unit weight of the mooring line in water in [t/m] The horizontal distance (X in [m]) between the fairlead and the touchdown point of the mooring line on the seabed can be calculated with:
800
400
0 0 100 200 300 400 500
depth in meters fig. 4-03

S, F = 50 t S, F = 100 t X, F = 150 t S, F = 100 t S, F = 300 t X, F = 200 t S, F = 150 t X, F = 50 t X, F = 250 t S, F = 200 t X, F = 100 t X, F = 300 t
X=
F { w -d} x log
e
{ }
S + F w F - d w
The weight of the suspended chain (V in [t]) is given by: V=wxS See fig. 4-01 for a clarification of the symbols used. The angle is the angle between the mooring line at the fairlead and the horizontal.
Mooring line catenary
139
weight catenary chain in t
180
140
Example In fig. 4-02, the suspended length S and the horizontal distance X are plotted for a 76 mm chain for different loads F (ranging from 50 t to 300 t). The suspended weight of the mooring line is plotted in fig. 4-03. The submerged unit weight of the 76 mm chain is 0.110 t/m.
100
60
20 0 0 100 200 300 400 500
depth in meters fig. 4-02

F = 50 t F = 250 t F = 100 t F = 300 t F = 150 t F = 200 t
Mooring line holding capacity
140
Mooring line holding capacity on the seabed The holding capacity (P) in [t] of the part of the mooring line that is laying on the seabed, can be estimated with the following equation: P=fxlxw with f : friction coefficient between the mooring line and the seabed l : the length of the mooring line laying on the seabed in [m] w : the unit weight of the mooring line in water in [t/m] If no detailed information on the friction coefficient is available, the following values can be used:
mooring line type chain wire rope
friction coefficient starting sliding 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.25
The values for the friction coefficient given under starting can be used to calculate the holding capacity of the mooring line, while the values given under sliding can be used to calculate the forces during deployment of the mooring line.
Shackles
A
141
B C
Chain shackle
C
Anchor shackle
Shackles
Chain shackle and anchor shackle According to U.S. federal specification (RR-C-271) dimensions in mm SWL t A B C D chain shackle 43 51 59 73 85 90 94 115 127 149 171 190 203 230 267 400 500 540 600 650 700 700 730 730 750 750 840 840 D anchor shackle 51 64 76 83 95 108 115 133 146 178 197 222 254 330 381 400 500 540 600 650 700 700 730 730 750 750 840 870
142
2 3.25 4.75 6.5 8.5 9.5 12 13.5 17 25 35 42.5 55 85 120 150 200 250 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1200 1500
13 16 19 22 25 28 32 35 38 45 50 57 65 75 89 102 120 125 135 165 175 195 205 210 220 230 250 260
16 19 22 25 28 32 35 38 42 50 57 65 70 80 95 108 130 140 150 175 185 205 215 220 230 240 280 325
22 27 31 36 43 47 51 57 60 74 83 95 105 127 146 165 175 200 200 225 250 275 300 300 320 340 400 460
32 38 44 50 56 64 70 76 84 100 114 130 140 160 190 216 260 280 300 350 370 410 430 440 460 480 560 650
O anchor shackle 32 43 51 58 68 75 83 92 99 126 138 160 180 190 238 275 290 305 305 325 350 375 400 400 420 420 500 600
Weight Chain shackle KG 0.38 0.66 1.05 1.46 2.59 3.34 4.74 6.19 7.6 12.82 18.16 27.8 35.1 60 93 145 180 225 305 540 580 850 920 990 1165 1315 1700 2500
Weight anchor shackle KG 0.44 0.79 1.26 1.88 2.79 3.8 5.26 7 8.8 15 20.65 29.3 41 62.3 109.5 160 235 285 340 570 685 880 980 1110 1295 1475 1900 2800
Shackles
A
143
B C F E
Heavy duty shackle double nut dimensions in mm SWL t 60 85 110 130 175 225 rope dia inch 12-13 14-15 16-18 19-21 22-23 24-> A 65 80 90 100 125 130 B 76 90 102 114 133 146 C 175 220 254 280 300 333 D 350 390 430 480 600 720 E 165 178 210 235 265 305 F 305 380 434 480 550 593 G 535.5 604 676 754.5 924 1075.5 weight kg 65 87 146 194 354 410
Shackles
144
B A C A
Sling shackle dimensions in mm SWL t 75 125 150 200 250 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1250 1500 A 70 85 89 100 110 122 145 160 170 190 200 220 240 260 280 B 70 80 95 105 120 134 160 180 200 215 230 255 270 300 320 C 105 130 140 150 170 185 220 250 275 300 325 350 380 430 460 D 290 365 390 480 540 600 575 630 700 735 750 755 760 930 950 E 186 220 250 276 300 350 370 450 490 540 554 584 614 644 680 F 120 150 170 205 240 265 320 340 370 400 420 440 460 530 560 weight kg 67 110 160 220 320 350 635 803 980 1260 1430 1650 2120 2400 2980
Wire rope
145
Depending on the required service life of the mooring system, the following types of wire rope are recommended: Design life recommended product type Up to 6 years Six strand Up to 8 years Six strand c/w zinc anodes Up to 10 years Six strand c/w A galvanised outer wires & zinc anodes 10 years plus Spiral strand 15 years plus Spiral strand c/w Galfan coated outer wires 20 years plus Spiral strand c/w HDPE sheathing The two rope constructions have differing properties. The advantages of each of the rope types are presented in the following table: Spiral strand six strand Higher strength/weight ratio Higher elasticity Higher strength/diameter ratio Greater flexibility Torsionally balanced Lower axial stiffness Higher corrosion resistance Higher fatigue resistance
Properties of spiral stand wire rope Diameter mm (inch) 76 84 90 96 102 108 114 121 127 133 140 146 151 (3) (3.25) (3.5) (3.75) (4) (4.25) (4.5) (4.75) (5) (5.25) (5.5) (5.75) (6) MBL t 525 640 720 825 965 1075 1180 1300 1455 1595 1775 1895 2020 Axial Stiffness (EA) [MN] 520 610 700 810 910 1030 1170 1300 1430 1600 1720 1870 2030 Weight in air Unsheathed kg/m 28 35.2 39.5 45 51 57 65 71 80 88 96 106 114 Sheathed kg/m 31 38.7 42.5 49.5 54 62 70 76 85 94 101 111 120 Submerged weight kg/m 24 30.5 33.5 38 43 48 55 60 67 74 81 89 96 Nominal steel area mm2 3465 4220 4750 5435 6350 7055 7775 8550 9596 10490 11675 12470 13270 Sheathing Thickness mm 8 8 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
Wire rope
Properties of six strand wire rope Diameter mm (inch) Construction Axial Stiffness (EA) [MN] API 9A-EIPS Minimum Breaking load t 347 402 460 516 582 652 725 801 880 915 995 1078 1165 MBL t
146
Weight in air kg/m 25 29 35 37.5 43.5 49 56 64 69 75 80 88 97
Submerged weight kg/m 20.5 24.5 29.5 31.5 36.5 41.5 47 54 58 63 67 74 81.5
Nominal steel area mm2 2835 3285 3950 4185 4925 5575 6050 6810 7760 8095 9025 9815 10650
77 83 90 96 103 109 115 122 128 135 140 146 152
(3) (3.25) (3.5) (3.75) (4) (4.25) (4.5) (4.75) (5) (5.25) (5.5) (5.75) (6)
6*36 6*47 6*47 6*52 6*52 6*52 6*76 6*76 6*76 6*95 6*95 6*95 6*95
320 370 445 470 555 630 680 770 875 915 1020 1100 1200
425 475 575 625 680 740 844 950 1025 1110 1220 1310 1410
Installation of sheathed spiral strand The limiting factors for the installation of a sheathed spiral strand are defined by the properties of the sheathing. The maximum bearing pressure (_b) on the sheath is limited to 21 N/mm2 to avoid permanent deformation.
Wire rope
147
The minimum bending diameter permitted can be calculated using the following formula: D = (4 x W) / ( x b x {d x 0.15 x t}0.5) Where : D = sheave diameter mm W = line load N d = sheathed cable diameter mm t = sheathing radial thickness mm b = maximum bearing pressure N/mm2 The above formula ensures no damage to the sheathing through bending. In addition to prevent damage to the cable within the sheathing, the minimum bending diameter is 24 times the unsheathed cable diameter., i.e. D > 24 x (d 2 x t).
Wire rope sockets
148
G D1 B A X
Closed spelter socket dimensions in mm NO 428 430 431 433 440 445 450 MBL t 650 820 1000 1200 1500 1700 1900 for wire dia. mm 75 - 84 85 - 94 95 - 104 105 - 114 115 - 130 131 - 144 145 - 160 A 360 400 425 500 580 625 700 B 375 410 450 500 570 630 700 D1 150 175 205 230 260 300 325 F 350 380 400 500 600 680 725 G 150 170 200 210 225 240 275 X 1110 1250 1400 1570 1800 1940 2150
Wire rope sockets

F E C G C F E
149
D Closed spelter socket dimensions in mm NO 201 204 207 212 215 217 219 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 240 250 260 SWL t 6.3 10 14 17 20 28 40 40 45 50 60 60 75 80 90 100 115 160 225 270 320 for wire dia. mm 20 - 22 24 - 27 27 - 30 31 - 36 37 - 39 40 - 42 43 - 48 49 - 53 49 - 54 54 - 59 55 - 60 60 - 65 61 - 68 69 - 75 76 - 80 81 - 86 87 - 93 94 - 102 122 - 130 140 - 155 158 - 167 A 101 114 127 139 152 165 190 195 216 215 228 235 248 279 305 330 356 381 500 580 675 B 90 103 116 130 155 171 198 225 224 235 247 245 270 286 298 311 330 356 475 550 600 C 33 36 39 43 51 54 55 54 62 58 73 62 79 76 83 102 102 108 120 150 175
D 24 28 32 38 41 44 51 56 57 62 63 68 73 79 86 92 99 108 138 160 175
E 47 57 63 70 79 82 89 100 96 110 108 120 140 159 171 184 197 216 260 300 325
F 92 104 114 127 136 146 171 190 193 210 216 230 241 273 292 311 330 362 515 510 600
G 38 44 51 57 63 70 76 90 82 100 92 110 102 124 133 146 159 178 210 250 300
type A A A A A A A B A B A B A A A A A A A A A
Wire rope sockets
150
C D1 B A
Open spelter socket dimensions in mm NO 338 340 344 346 350 370 380 MBL t 650 820 1000 1200 1500 1700 1900 for wire dia. mm 75 - 84 85 - 94 95 - 104 105 - 114 115 - 130 131 - 144 145 - 160 A 375 410 425 500 580 625 700 B 298 320 343 500 580 625 700 C 296 340 362 440 580 625 680 D1 140 152 178 200 250 280 300 J 159 171 191 200 220 230 250 X 1050 1170 1300 1570 1800 1940 2150
Wire rope sockets

L2 K J K D1 B L1 A L1 L2 K J K D1
151
Open spelter socket dimensions in mm NO 100 101 104 108 111 112 115 118 120 121 125 128 130 132 135 138 140 142 144 146 150 160 170 SWL t for wire dia. mm 5 18 - 19 3 14 - 16 6.3 20 - 22 10 23 - 26 14 27 - 30 10 31 - 34 17 31 - 36 20 37 - 39 28 40 - 42 16 39 - 43 40 43 - 48 45 49 - 54 60 55 - 60 75 61 - 68 80 69 - 75 90 76 - 80 100 81 - 86 115 87 - 93 160 94 - 102 200 108 - 115 225 122 - 130 270 140 - 155 320 158 - 167 A 89 115 101 114 127 190 139 152 165 220 190 216 228 248 279 305 330 356 381 460 500 580 675 B 76 62 89 101 114 114 127 162 165 142 178 228 250 273 279 286 298 318 343 480 500 500 600 C 80 70 90 120 130 127 144 160 176 157 200 216 236 264 276 284 296 340 362 440 560 600 650 D 21 18 24 28 32 36 38 41 44 45 51 57 63 73 79 86 92 99 108 125 138 160 175 D1 35 28 41 51 57 50 63 70 76 63 89 95 108 121 127 133 140 152 178 190 250 275 290 J 38 36 44 51 57 60 63 76 76 74 89 101 113 127 133 146 159 171 191 208 210 230 250 K 16 16 19 22 25 32 28 30 33 38 39 46 53 60 73 76 79 83 89 101 120 140 175 L1 205 212 235 275 306 367.5 338 394 418 440.5 468 552 596 653 696 733 776 844 905 1160 1280 1380 1600 L2 70 68 82 95 107 124 119 136 142 150 167 193 219 247 279 298 317 337 369 410 450 510 600 type C A C C C A C C C A C C C C C C C C C C C C C
Wire rope sockets
152
F E
D CR-socket dimensions in mm NO 522 524 526 527 528 529 530 531 533 MBL t 250 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 rope dia mm 49 - 54 55 - 60 61 - 68 69 - 75 76 - 80 81 - 86 87 - 93 94 - 102 108 - 115 A 215 230 250 280 310 340 360 380 450 B 125 145 160 175 190 205 220 240 260 C 55 65 75 80 85 100 105 110 125 D 57 63 73 79 86 92 99 108 120 E 115 135 150 165 175 200 205 225 240 F 200 230 270 300 325 350 360 380 420 weight kg 30 46 62 87 110 135 160 208 270
Advantages of the CR socket Guaranteed high breaking load. Integrated non rotating stopper system which prevents the tamp from turning or slipping out of the cone. An open-widow side for easy rope handling. A high performance connection for the right combination with a detachable link. No rings in the cone to a give a maximum rope/socket connection. Impact value of min. 27 Joule at -40C.
Wire rope sockets
153
B C
Y Forged eye socket Dimension A B C X Y Size 1.7 D According to insulating tube thickness 1.4 D According to wire rope diameter According to wire rope diameter
Note : D is the nominal diameter of the chain that connects to the socket.
Thimbles
154
F E K
D C
Main dimensions bellmouth thimble dimensions in mm For wire dia. 10-12 15-16 18-21 A 366 440 454 B 606 746 844 C 277 352 352 D 480 608 660 E 195 248 300 F 166 191 226 K 85 105 118 weight kg 80 125 175
Thimbles
H2 A H1
155
C X E D
F B
G Main dimensions tubular thimble dimensions in mm For wire dia. 12 15 18 21 24 27 A 521 625 727 829 930 1035 B 420 510 610 740 880 1020 C 260 312 368 415 465 517 D 194 194 219 219 273 273 E 144 144 169 169 201 201 F 130 150 175 200 225 250 G 20 25 30 30 30 30 H1 130 158 183 206 229 260 H2 140 168 194 219 245 273 X 10 40 40 40 40 40 weight kg 50 80 140 180 260 380
Synthetic ropes
Material properties Polyester Material Construction Specific gravity of core Melting point Range for use UV resistance Rot / mildew resistance Cold water shrinkage Water absorption fibres Water adhesion Approximate elongation at first loading (brokenin rope, dry and wet condition) At 20% of MBL At 50% of MBL At break High tenacity polyester Parallel strand with braided jacket 1.38 > 250C -40C - +120C Excellent 100% < 0.5% < 0.5% 30%
156
HMPE High modulus gel spun polyethylene Parallel strand with braided jacket 0.99 (floating) 144 / 152C -30C - +100C Conform BS 4928 / BS 5053 100% 0% Nil 45%
3% 6% 12%
0.8% 2% 4%
Production and construction in accordance with BS4928 / BS5053 (1985). The dry breaking strength is equal to the wet breaking strength. The properties of the different rope sizes are presented in the following tables.
Synthetic ropes
HMPE Circ. inch 2 21/2 3 31/2 4 41/2 5 51/2 6 61/2 7 71/2 8 81/2 9 91/2 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Diameter mm 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 88 96 104 112 120 128 136 144 152 160 168 MBL t 16 25 36 47 62 77 95 115 131 152 174 198 222 248 274 301 330 390 462 530 600 686 777 868 966 1066 1170 1280 Weight kg/m 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.7 4.5 5.1 6.1 7.0 7.9 8.9 10.0 11.2 12.4 13.9 Polyester Circ. inch 15 17 191/2 201/2 22 23 241/2 251/2 261/2 Diameter mm 120 137 156 166 176 186 199 205 213
157
MBL t 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Weight kg/m 9.5 13.0 15.8 17.3 19.4 21.7 23.8 26.3 28.3
Note : MBL in spliced condition.
Note : MBL in unspliced (new) conditions, MBL spliced -/- 10%.
Synthetic ropes
158
Recommended practise for handling fibre rope mooring lines before and during installation Ropes should not be permanently installed around bollards or fairleads. A minimum bending radius should be observed. The minimum bend radius (D/d) with very low line tensions should be larger than 6. When unreeling the rope, maximum line tension should be observed, to avoid pulling the rope into the underlying layer. Torque or twist in the rope should be avoided. Fibre ropes should not be run over surfaces which have sharp edges, grooves, nicks or other abrasive features. Care should be taken when applying shearing forces to the rope. There should be no hot work such as welding in the vicinity of the rope. Frictional heat from excessive slippage of the fibre rope over a capstan, drum, etc. must be avoided. Care should be taken that ropes do not get knotted or tangled. Rope contact with sharp gritty materials should be avoided. Abrasion or fouling of the mooring line with other anchoring equipment such as anchor, steel wire rope, chain and connectors must be avoided. Chasers should not be used on fibre ropes. Shark jaw stoppers designed for use with steel wire rope or chain should not be used for handling fibre ropes. It should be avoided that the ropes undergo more than 1000 loadcycles with a line tension smaller than 5% of the MBL. Pre-deployed lines should not be left buoyed at the surface waiting connection to the platform, unless a minimum line tension of 5% (for polyester) of the MBL is maintained. If the fibre rope is laid on the seabed, it must be protected against external abrasion and ingress of abrasive particles.
Mooring hawsers
Double braided nylon Circ. inch 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Diameter mm 96 104 112 120 128 136 144 152 160 168 Ndbs t 208 249 288 327 368 419 470 521 577 635 Nwbs t 198 236 273 311 349 398 446 495 548 603 1.14 250C weight kg/m 5.7 6.7 7.8 8.9 10.2 11.4 12.8 14.3 15.8 17.4
159
Circular braided nylon Ndbs t 205 256 307 358 406 454 501 547 597 644 Nwbs t 195 244 292 341 387 433 477 521 569 614 1.14 215C weight kg/m 5.0 6.0 7.3 8.4 9.5 10.7 12.0 13.2 14.4 15.7
Deltaflex 2000 Ndbs = nwbs t 217 258 297 339 378 423 468 523 578 636 1.14 260C weight kg/m 5.7 6.7 7.8 8.9 10.2 11.5 12.8 14.3 15.9 16.9
Specific gravity Melting point
Note : ndbs = new dry break strength in spliced condition nwbs = new wet break strength in spliced condition Deltaflex 2000 in 8 strand plaited construction.
Approximate elongation at first loading (brokenin rope, dry and wet condition) At 20% of MBL At 50% of MBL At break
Circular braided nylon (double braided is similar)
Deltaflex 2000
16% 22% >40%
19% 26% 33%
Mooring hawsers
160
Double braided construction versus circular braided construction The circular braided construction can be defined as a recent alternative for the double braided construction. The elongation and TCLL values of both construction types are the same. The efficiency (breaking load/raw material) of the circular braided construction is however much higher, which means that the circular braided construction can be more budgetary attractive. Both construction types have an overbraided jacket as part of their construction, but the important difference is that where the overbraiding of the double braided construction is load bearing, the overbraiding of the circular braided construction is just there for protection. This means that when the overbraiding is damaged due to chafing or other reasons, the stability and break load of the circular braided construction will remain unchanged, while the double braided construction should be considered as structurally damaged (loss of stability and a lower break load). Advantages of Deltaflex 2000 When compared to nylon hawsers, a Deltaflex 2000 hawser has the folowing advantages: Equal strength in dry and wet conditions. Strength is 10% to 20% higher than wet double braided nylon. High energy absorption and elastic recovery. No water absorption. One of the highest TCLL (thousand cycle load level) values of all sysnthetic ropes.
Main dimensions chasers

G H G H F
161
G H
D
A
A A C
B B E
E D B E
J-Chaser VA 101
G H
J-Lock Chaser VA 115

G
Permanent Wire Chaser VA 210-213-214-215
A C
A C
F D B E D B E
Permanent Chain Chaser VA 102-106-110-112
Detachable Chain Chaser VA 107-108-111

Main dimensions chasers dimensions in mm Type VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA 101 102 106 107 108 110 111 112 115 210 213 214 215 A 2483 1657 1702 1886 1931 1867 1994 2210 2083 2073 1962 2318 2051 B 1829 1143 1168 1143 1168 1245 1245 1384 1486 1245 1099 1308 1168 C 991 991 1080 1067 1130 1130 1397 1203 1086 1397 1060 D 699 762 762 762 762 838 838 953 711 838 692 902 711 E 305 305 381 305 381 330 330 356 533 432 445 508 445 F 191 203 191 203 203 203 260 305 330 330 330 356
162
G 124 124 130 124 130 130 130 130 124 130 130 130 178
H 86 86 99 86 99 99 99 99 86 99 99 99 127
proofload t 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 400
weight kg 1882 1088 1451 1238 1656 1433 1742 2064 1778 1959 1846 2530 2495
163
Note: the VA115 is available in two versions: the VA 115/35 for 21/2 to 31/2 chain and the VA115/45 for 33/4 to 41/2 chain. Restoration of worn chaser profiles Worn profiles may be restored by application of a weld deposit. Care must be taken to ensure a satisfactory bond between parent material and the weld deposit and to avoid the generation of a brittle structure in the area of repair. The following procedure is recommended: The area to be welded must be cleaned to a bright metal finish. Prior to the commencement of welding, the parent material should be pre-heated to 180-200 C and the pre-heat temperature is to be maintained during welding. The initial layer of weld deposit should be effected by a high nickel electrode such as: Metrode C.I. softlow nickel N.I.O. 8C.2FE A.W.S. No.A5.15.ENI-CL. Subsequent layers of welding may be laid using a less noble electrode such as: Metrode CI special cast Ni Fe FE.55.NI-1.3.C A.W.S. No. A5.15.ENI.FE.CI. Each successive layer of weld must be cleaned and hammered. On completion of welding, the built-up zone and surrounding area should be insulation wrapped to permit slow cooling.
Stevin Mk3
Stevin Mk3 UHC chart
164
Ultimate Holding Capacity The prediction lines above represent the equation UHC= A*(W)0.92 with UHC as the Ultimate Holding Capacity in tonnes and A a parameter depending on soil, anchor and anchor line with values between 16 and 31.
y
ed ry
m iu ft so
cla
cla
ve
typical Ultimate Holding Capacity (UHC) in t
d an
an
rd ha y
cla
The Stevin Mk3 design line very soft clay represent soils such as very soft clays (mud), and loose and weak silts. The line is applicable in soil that can be described by an undrained shear strength of 4 kPa at the surface increasing by 1.5 kPa per meter depth or in the equation Su = 4+1.5*z. with Su in kPa and z being the depth in meters below seabed. In very soft soils the optimum fluke/shank angle is typically 50 deg. The design line sand represents competent soils, such as medium dense sands and stiff to hard clays and is based on a silica sand of medium density. In sand and hard clay the optimal fluke/shank angle is 32. The medium clay design line represents soils such as silt and firm to stiff clays. The fluke/shank angle should be set at 32 for optimal performance.
Stevin Mk3 size in t
Stevin Mk3
Stevin Mk3 drag and penetration chart
165
drag
penetration
ry s oft clay
lay
ve g in dra
in m drag
ediu
mc
Example: loading 70% of ultimate holding capacity corresponds with 48% of maximum drag and 80% of maximum penetration at ultimate holding capacity. anchor load as % of UHC 70 60 50 40 30 drag % max drag 48 37 27 18 9 penetration as % max penetration 80 68 55 42 23
in sa drag
nd
pen
ti etra
ry n ve on i
soft
clay
pen
etra
tion
m ediu in m
clay
etra pen
tion
in s
and
Stevin Mk3 size in t
typical drag and penetration in meters anchor loaded to ultimate holding capacity (UHC)
Stevpris Mk5
Stevpris Mk5 UHC chart
166
Ultimate Holding Capacity The prediction lines above represent the equation UHC= A*(W)0.92 with UHC as the Ultimate Holding Capacity in tonnes and A a parameter depending on soil, anchor and anchor line with values between 24 and 110.
h d an y nd la sa m c u i ed y m cla ft so ry ve
d ar
cla
typical Ultimate Holding Capacity (UHC) in t
The Stevpris Mk5 design line very soft clay represent soils such as very soft clays (mud), and loose and weak silts. The line is applicable in soil that can be described by an undrained shear strength of 4 kPa at the surface increasing by 1.5 kPa per meter depth or in the equation Su = 4+1.5*z. with Su in kPa and z being the depth in meters below seabed. In very soft soils the optimum fluke/shank angle is typically 50 deg. The design line sand represents competent soils, such as medium dense sands and stiff to hard clays and is based on a silica sand of medium density. In sand and hard clay the optimal fluke/shank angle is 32. The medium clay design line represents soils such as silt and firm to stiff clays. The fluke/shank angle should be set at 32 for optimal performance.
Stevpris Mk5 size in t
Stevpris Mk5
Stevpris Mk5 drag and penetration chart
167
drag
penetration
nv ag i ery soft clay
dr
dra
m g in
ediu
m cl
ay
Example: loading 70% of ultimate holding capacity corresponds with 48% of maximum drag and 80% of maximum penetration at ultimate holding capacity.
clay
drag
in sa
nd nd a
hard
pen
etra
ti
n ve on i
ry so
ft cl
ay
pen
etra
tio
m n in
ediu
m cl
ay
etr pen
atio
n in
sa
nd nd a
hard
clay
Stevpris Mk5 size in t
typical drag and penetration in meters anchor loaded to ultimate holding capacity (UHC)
anchor load as % of UHC 70 60 50 40 30
drag % max drag 48 37 27 18 9
penetration as % max penetration 80 68 55 42 23
Stevmanta VLA
Stevmanta VLA UPC chart
Typical Ultimate Pull-out Capacity (UPC) The prediction lines on the UPC chart can be expressed in the equations as stated below:
168
2000
1800
600
= 1.5 *k0.6 *d-0.7 *A0.3 *tan1.7 ()

1600
1200
400
1000 300 800
UPC = Nc *Su *A
where, UPC = Nc = Su = A =
Ultimate Pull-out Capacity [kN] Bearing Capacity Factor (k *D), Undrained Shear Strength clay [kPa] Stevmanta fluke area [m2]
C
600 200
The UPC graph incorporates a Nc- value of 10, -value of 50 degrees and k-value of 2. The graph clearly illustrates the influence of the diameter of the mooring line or installation line, and whether six strand or spiral strand is used. The typical installation load to obtain a specified UPC is presented on the right vertical axis of the graph.
400
200
B A
100
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Stevmanta Fluke Area (m2) Mooring lines in diameters;

A
76 mm
121 mm
151 mm Spiral strand
Six strand & spiral strand
typical installation load in t
where, D = Stevmanta penetration depth [m] k = quotient Undrained Shear Strength clay [kPA] and depth [m] d = mooring line or installation line diameter [m] A = Stevmanta fluke area [m2] = Stevmanta fluke / shank angle [deg]
typical UPC - Ultimate Pull-out Capacity in t
500 1400
Practice
Introduction
56
Practice Although theoretical knowledge of anchors is essential for good anchor design and selection, the practical issues are just as important. The handling of an anchor and the selection and use of support equipment is of equal importance. Anchor handling is a critically important and often complicated process. It is influenced by such factors as the weight and shape of the anchor, the nature of the soil, the depth of the water, the weather conditions, the available handling equipment and the type and weight of mooring line. It is for these reasons that anchor handling is a subject which requires careful consideration. Without proper anchor handling, optimal performance of an anchor is not possible. In the process of handling anchors, various types of support equipment are necessary or beneficial. An anchor manual would be incomplete without consideration of these auxiliary items, the reasons for their use, their operation and the advantages and drawbacks involved. This chapter gives an overview of the recommended procedures that should be followed for anchor handling and the types and use of the support equipment during the handling operations. The following handling procedures are by no means complete, but they do give some suggestions which can be applied to each anchor handling procedure and adapted for specific circumstances and locations. Some of the topics covered in this chapter are: requirements for a soil survey, connection of the anchor to the mooring line, chasers, handling the Stevpris anchor, handling the Stevmanta anchor, the Stevtensioner, anchor handling/supply vessels.
Soil survey
57
Typical contents survey report Cone penetration resistance. Sleeve friction. Pore pressure. SPT values. Granulometry and percentage fines. Wet and dry densities. Water content. Drained and undrained triaxal tests. Undrained shear strength, also remoulded. Unconfined compression tests. Plasticity limits. Specific gravity. CaCO3 content. Shell grading. Angularity and porosity. Compressibility. Cementation. Normalised rock hardness test (point load test). RQD index, rock quality designation.
table K
For the dimensioning of drag embedment anchors, the availability of site-specific soil data is important. For advice on specifying drag embedment anchor type/size and calculating expected behaviour, the site-specific soil data should be compared with soil data of previous drag embedment anchor (test) sites. The soil survey requirement for the design of drag embedment anchors usually consists of only shallow boreholes, while in anchor pile design deep boreholes are required. For suction anchor design therefore a more extensive soil investigation is generally required when compared to drag embedment anchors. When choosing between anchor pile, suction anchor and drag embedment anchor the financial implications of the soil survey should be taken into account. A typical soil survey for drag embedment anchor design requires a survey depth of twice the length of the fluke in sand and 8 times the fluke length in very soft clay. In most cases a depth of 8 to 10 meters is sufficient, although in very soft clay a reconnaissance depth of 20 to 30 meters should be considered. For optimal drag embedment anchor dimensioning, each anchor location should ideally be surveyed. The soil investigation can consist of boreholes, vibrocores, cone penetration tests or a combination of these. Cone penetration tests including sleeve friction are preferred, but they should be accompanied by at least one vibrocore or sample borehole per site to obtain a description of the soil. Depending upon the type of survey performed and the soil conditions encountered, the survey report should present the test results obtained on site and in the laboratory including the points as shown in table K. It is possible to dimension the drag embedment anchors based on limited soil information (for instance fewer boreholes). The lack of soil data can be compensated by choosing a conservative (larger) anchor size.
Pile or anchor
58
Description
Pile
Suction Anchor pile + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
The choice between piles and anchors is only possible for permanent systems. Piles are not a good investment when an anchored entity must be moved. But the choice is often made for piles on emotional grounds; a pile does not drag! However, anchors that are properly pre-tensioned on site will also not drag. While it is a psychologically loaded subject, experience has shown that the choice between anchor and pile is merely a matter of economics. The required pile weight for a system is equal to the required weight of a Stevpris anchor. Piles cost about 40% of equivalent capability anchors. However, the installation costs for piles are much higher. Piles require a follower and a pile hammer. The installation spread for piles is much more significant; a crane barge with support spread versus the two anchor handling vessels. The weather downtime for a spread involving a crane vessel is much longer than when AHVs are used. To allow drag of the anchors during pretensioning, extra chain length is required. Sometimes the pretension load for piles is much less than for anchors. The survey work for anchors is generally much simpler than for piles. When abandoning a field, anchor removal is much cheaper than removal of installed piles. The choice between piles and anchors strongly depends upon the circumstances. The table L can help in estimating the costs for the two alternatives. Suction piles are an alternative for drag embedment anchors and piles, also for MODU applications. The advantage is the accurate positioning of the suction piles. The disadvantage is the cost of the pile itself and the cost of the installation. Also many soil types do not allow suction pile applications, whereas drag embedment anchors can be used in any soil type.
Soil survey Procurement Installation spread Installation time Pile hammer Follower Pump unit Pretensioning Extra chain Rest value pile/anchor Removal of anchor point ROV + less expensive
table L
+ + + + +
- more expensive
Setting the fluke/shank angle
59
fluke angle too large in hard soil !
Introduction In soil such as sand and medium to hard clay, an anchor with a fluke/shank angle of 32o will give the highest holding power. An anchor with a 50o fluke/shank angle in this soil will not penetrate but will drag along the seabed. If used in mud a 50o fluke/shank angle is appropriate. An anchor with a 32 o fluke/shank angle will penetrate less and generate lower holding capacity in mud(fig. 3-01). The Stevpris Mk5 anchor has an additional fluke/shank angle setting of 41o, which can be adopted in certain layered soil conditions (table M). Changing the fluke/shank angle on the Stevpris Mk3 This can be carried out within half an hour with the Stevpris anchor upside down on deck. Secure the anchor on deck. Connect a tugger wire (C) to the holes (D) on the bottom side of the fluke. Change from mud to sand angle by removing the locking plates and the two rear pins in (B), decrease the fluke/shank angle by hauling the cable (C). Reinstall the pins and locking plates in (A). Seal weld the lock-ing plates, do not weld them to the pins (fig. 3-02).
no penetration !
fig. 3-01
change from mud to sand angle
fig. 3-02
Soil type
Optimal fluke/shank angle setting 500 410 * 320
Very soft clay (mud) Certain layered soils Medium to hard clay or sand * Stevpris Mk5 only
table M
Setting the fluke/shank angle
60
change from sand to mud angle
Change from sand to the mud position, increase angle by veering (C), change over pin and locking plates from (A) to (B). No special welding requirements (fig. 3-03). Changing the fluke/shank angle on the Stevpris Mk5 Changing the fluke/shank angle on the Stevpris Mk5 anchor is even quicker. No welding required. Veering and hauling (C) to change the fluke/shank angle as above, the pin however remains in (A), the locking plate is secured by means of a cotter pin (fig. 3-04).
fig. 3-03
change fluke/shank angle Stevpris Mk5
fig. 3-04
Connecting a swivel
61
Connecting a swivel to the Stevpris anchor To connect a swivel to the Stevpris anchor, several different configurations are possible. These are: Type I - The swivel is connected directly to the shank of the anchor thus omitting the anchor shackle (fig. 3-05). J swivel shackle, C end link, B enlarged link, A common link Type II - The swivel is connected to the anchor shackle (fig. 3-06). J swivel shackle, C end link, B enlarged link, A common link Type III - The swivel is connected to the anchor shackle via a special design end link (fig. 3-07). K special end link, J swivel, C end link, B enlarged link, A common link Type IV - The swivel is part of a forerunner connected to the anchor shackle, for instance the forerunners VA02, VA04 and VA 06 described in the product data section (fig. 3-08). PL pear link, A common link, B enlarged link, H swivel. When a chaser is used in combination with the Stevpris and swivel, some of the configurations mentioned above are more suitable than others. In general, swivels are only designed to withstand longitudinal forces, and are usually not designed for use in combination with chasers. The design of the chaser tends to stop it at the swivel. Consequently, there will be high bending forces on the swivel, which can result in damage or even breakage.
fig. 3-05
fig. 3-06
fig. 3-07
PL
fig. 3-08
Connecting a swivel
62
damage possible!
Generally, it is best when the swivel is fitted some distance from the anchor when a chaser is used. The chaser can then pass the swivel and stop on the anchor shank. When a load is applied to the chaser, the swivel is only loaded longitudinally. This means that in combination with the use of a chaser, the configuration type III and type IV are preferred. When the swivel (or swivel forerunner) is connected to the anchor shackle by means of an end shackle and a chaser is used, the end shackle and the anchor shackle should be connected bow through bow instead of pin through bow as is normal practice. This to minimise the chance of damage to the shackles. The illustrations fig. 3-09 through fig. 3-14 show how and how not to connect the swivel to the Stevpris anchor when using a chaser. (See next page for fig. 3-13 and 3-14).
NO !
fig. 3-09
fig. 3-10
damage possible!
NO !
fig. 3-11
fig. 3-12
Connecting a swivel
63
damage possible!
The best method for chasing with a swivel in the system is to maintain the tension of the anchor line as much as possible during chasing. This will make the chaser pass more easily over the swivel.
NO !
fig. 3-13
fig. 3-14
Chasers
64
Chasers and their application To facilitate handling, pendant wires may be applied to retrieve the anchor. These wires are connected to a pendant eye situated on the anchor and equipped with a buoy for picking up. In deeper water higher anchor break-out forces are encountered, resulting in longer, heavier pendant wires and consequently larger buoys. Due to wear caused by the continuous movement of the buoy by the waves, these pendants will break close to the buoy. The buoys would then float free and the anchors are much more difficult to recover. To overcome this, chasers were introduced. These were rings chased along the cable towards the anchor and back again to a rig or handling vessel. Their function was to ensure both installation and break-out of the anchor without having to use a pendant line/buoy. The chaser system thus totally eliminates buoys, partly eliminates cables and reduces wear on the system. The cost of a chaser is small when compared to the cost of a mooring line. It is therefore extremely important from an operators viewpoint that chasers do not inflict damage to the mooring lines.
Chasers
65
Towing a chaser along mooring lines with, at times, high interface pressures, must result in wear. It is thus essential that such wear is taken by the chaser and not the mooring line. The chasers vryhof recommends are manufactured in a material that is softer than the steel used for the mooring line. Chaser wear is induced by the application of high interface pressure between the mooring line and the chaser. High interface pressure can arise from:
Pulling the chaser along a slack mooring line. Maintaining high tension in the chaser workwire
tensioned mooring line.
when chasing a
Chasing operations are best carried out on mooring lines which are fully tensioned. There is little need for the application of high interface pressure while chasing, the permanent chaser is captive on the mooring line and, unlike the J-chaser, will not become disengaged due to a slack work wire. For optimum chasing operations, the length of the chaser pendant line should be at least 1.5 times the waterdepth. There are many different types of chaser available on the market today. A selection of the different chaser types is described in more detail on the following pages.
Chaser types
66
The J-chaser The J-chaser (fig. 3-15) is used on mooring lines where the anchor has to be recovered and no permanent chaser has been installed, or the normal recovery mechanism has failed. In other cases the J-chaser is used simply to keep a chain free from a pipeline during deployment of the anchors. The chaser is deployed over the stern roller of an AHV at approximately 1/3 of the water depth. The chaser is towed across the mooring catenary until it catches the chain. It is then towed into contact with the anchor shank/fluke for anchor break-out and retrieval. The permanent chain chaser As a practical alternative to the buoy and pendant, the permanent chain chaser (fig. 3-16) was introduced. Originally, simple shackles were used; these were followed by special cast oval rings which were attached to a pendant by a bight of chain and shackle. Very soon afterwards the pear-shaped chaser with shackle eye was introduced. The design of these chasers offers superior sliding and penetration properties.
fig. 3-15
fig. 3-16
Chaser types
67
The detachable chain chaser For rigs in service it is sometimes preferred to equip the mooring with a chaser which does not require the anchor chain to be broken and re-made. Detachable chain chasers (fig. 3-17) were introduced to satisfy this need. The withdrawal and replacement of the single bolt permits easy assembly of the chaser on the mooring cable. The permanent wire chaser The permanent wire chaser (fig. 3-18) was introduced when rigs moved to deeper waters, and composite wire/chain mooring systems became necessary. The chaser incorporates a rocker which is centrally mounted on a hinge bolt. The rocker has two opposing grooves, and when the chaser is engaged with the mooring line, the wire slides through one of these grooves irrespective of the angle which the chaser makes with the mooring. The large radius at the base of the groove assists in reducing wear of the rocker and avoids severe opening of the lay of the wire if a loop of wire is pulled during the handling process. The material of the rocker is not as hard as the material of the wire. This means that wear is taken by the rocker without damage to the wire and, because the rocker is easily removable, replacement is relatively inexpensive. The permanent wire chaser is easily detachable by removal and re-assembly of the hinge bolt and rocker. Some designs of wire chaser incorporate fully rotating rollers over which the mooring wire passes. To be effective such rollers need to be of a large diameter and require to be supported by bearings. They are consequently larger, heavier and much more costly than the permanent wire chasers discussed above, and because of their size, they require more power at the AHV to penetrate the seabed and reach the anchor.
fig. 3-17
fig. 3-18
Chaser types
68
The J-lock chaser The J-lock chaser (fig. 3-19) has been designed so that it can slide along the chain in one direction and when the pulling direction is reversed, the chaser locks on the chain and does not slide any further. This means that the tension in the mooring line can be wholly transferred from the rig to the chaser. The J-shape permits catching the anchor chain after the anchor has been installed. This means that this chaser can be used to assist in unforeseen circumstances. The well-balanced and guiding design of the chaser enables catching the chain when the chaser approaches a mooring at a point where the catenary angle is as high as 450. When a normal permanent chaser is used under unforeseen conditions, there is the chance that the AHV cannot break out the anchor by means of the chaser. The J-lock chaser can help in such an instance. It is released from a second AHV and slides along the chain towards the anchor. The design prevents the J-lock chaser from sliding back. The J-lock chaser is stopped at the permanent chaser. If the winch pull of both tugs is now increased, the J-lock chaser prevents the permanent chaser from sliding away from the anchor. Consequently, the forces required do not increase, and the anchor can easily be broken out. After this operation, the J-lock chaser can be released again. This chaser can also be used when a very heavy chain has to be installed. It assists during installation by lifting the chain.
fig. 3-19
Stevpris installation
Stevpris deployment for MODUs
69
chaser
Introduction Typical methods for deployment and retrieval of Stevpris anchors with an anchor handling vessel (AHV) are described, focusing on the use of chasers for handling the anchor (fig. 3-20). This is the most common practice on mobile drilling rigs (MODUs). Handling using permanent pendant lines is similar. Deployment procedures for the Stevpris anchor will also be given for permanent moorings where chasers are normally not used. Laying anchors It is preferred, and by some operators required, to deck the anchor before run out to check the jewellery. Run the anchor line out the full distance with anchor on deck or on roller, with the chain between the flukes (fig. 3-21). Boat increases power until anchor line tension rises on rig winch tension meter. When rig gives order to lower the anchor, veer pendant till anchor arrives at roller. Allow the anchor some speed to negotiate the bump at the change-over from the deck on to the roller (fig. 3-22).
fig. 3-20
always deck anchor with chain between flukes

fig. 3-21
quickly pass drum

fig. 3-22
If anchor is kept on roller, keep triangular plates below the main shackle on the drum for stability of the anchor. Alternatively the chaser can be kept on deck/roller. In this situation the propeller thrust passes underneath the anchor and does not influence the fluke (fig. 3-23).
triangular plates on drum

fig. 3-23
70
Reduce propulsion momentarily when anchor passes the propeller thrust, keep chaser on anchor head for control of anchor orientation and lower anchor (fig. 3-24). Once below the propeller wash zone, reactivate and maintain propeller thrust to well above 30 tons. Keep constant tension in order to ensure anchor does not fall through chaser, i.e. anchor remains in the chaser and orientation of the anchor is correct (fig. 3-25). Note: In some circumstances AHVs prefer to run the anchor hanging from the pendant line below the propeller wash approximately 60 to 80 meter above the seabed. This method requires less power on the winch during the actual laying of the anchor. If this method is employed, make sure that at all times the anchor is correctly oriented in the chaser. Keep constant tension in the pendant line to prevent the anchor from falling through the chaser and possibly turn. Stop lowering when anchor hangs 10 to 15 meter above the bottom and advise rig. Rig now instructs AHV to pay out until pendant line is 1.4 to 1.5 times the water depth in shallow water (100m) and 1.3 to 1.4 times in deeper water. AHV increases power till tension is again seen to rise at the rig, i.e. the load in the line is larger than the chain-soil friction (fig. 3-26). Rig commences to pull in slowly. AHV further increases power until tension rises further at rig winch. At this moment rig orders AHV to lay the anchor. AHV immediately stops the propulsion and is consequently pulled backwards. AHV pays out pendant and maintains paying out pendant after anchor has landed on the bottom till a wire length of 1.5 to 2 times the water depth is out. Enough slack wire must be paid out not to disturb the anchor during buoying off or waiting. Stay above or behind the anchor.
STOP !
fig. 3-24
fig. 3-25
wait for signal rig

fig. 3-26
71
Rig continues heaving the cable to a sufficient load, equal to the total chain/soil friction plus 50 t to embed the anchor fully and create confidence in good setting. This also gives stability to the anchor when the AHV strips the chaser back or buoys off the pendant. Now the AHV can retrieve the chaser and return to the rig. If circumstances allow, the rig can tension up to the full pretension load directly (fig. 3-27). No extra pull after landing! It is customary with older anchors such as Danforth, Moorfast, etc. to give another pull once the anchor is on bottom. Do not do this with Stevpris anchors. Once the anchor hits bottom, AHV should not pull again. Pendant line must remain slack, otherwise anchor could land upside down! (fig. 3-28). Suggestion: pre-load the anchors to the maximum required pretension load as soon as the chaser is 100 meter or more ahead of the anchor, i.e. do not wait. If anchor has not been laid correctly, a rerun can be made immediately. Retrieving anchors The chaser should be brought to the anchor with a pendant of at least the length of 1.5 to 2 times the water depth, measured from the stern roller. Chaser should hang freely down from the anchor line till the bottom is reached, i.e. slack in the pendant line. A too short pendant and/or too little tension in the cable results in a situation as sketched (fig. 3-29). While chasing, the rig should maintain tension of 60 to 70% of the pre-load tension. No tension in pendant to ensure smooth passing over the chain. When chaser is pulled into contact with anchor shank, increase thrust and keep thrust while heaving, especially in rough water (fig. 3-30).
rig hauls AHV slacks

fig. 3-27
do not pull after landing !

fig. 3-28
wrong ! keep cable under tension
fig. 3-29
patience in very soft soils !
fig. 3-30
72
The motion of the vessel itself now helps gradually to break the anchor loose. Sequentially with the vessels motion the pendant is shortened gradually. Anchors in very soft clay can be buried very deep. Have patience, take your time and be gentle with the equipment; the anchor will come. The rig can help and speed-up the operation by hauling the anchor line at the same time! Once the anchor is off bottom, keep the chaser in contact with the bow shackle by maintaining sufficient thrust (fig. 3-31). Anchor orientation The anchor flukes are always oriented towards the rig, on deck the anchor lays on its back with shackle towards AHVs bow and cable between the upwards directed fluke points. Check jewelry (fig. 3-32). It is important to control the anchor orientation at all times for easy racking, laying and decking of the anchor, i.e. keep pendant line under tension while working the anchor. If the anchor slides through the chaser, the anchor has to be pulled back to the stern roller and orientation checked (fig. 3-33). Decking the Stevpris anchor If anchor is not correctly oriented, reduce propulsion and let anchor slide down through the chaser. Rotation is easier while near the rig where all loads are lower (fig. 3-34).
rig hauls
keep pulling
fig. 3-31
always deck anchor with chain between flukes

fig. 3-32
keep tension !
fig. 3-33
wrong ! anchor cannot deck !

fig. 3-34
73
Turn the anchor with a shot of propeller wash. Then pay out pendant, make sure anchor is below the propeller wash away from the propeller influence zone (fig. 3-35). Increase propulsion moving AHV forward pulling chaser in contact with the anchor. Make sure the stern roller is perpendicular to the chain, the chain directing between the fluke points (fig. 3-36). With sufficient bollard pull haul pendant, stop/reduce thrust for only a few seconds when anchor passes the propeller wash onto the drum. Pull anchor on the drum, allow the anchor to turn with its back on the roller, fluke points up. Then pull further on deck (fig. 3-37).
fig. 3-36
fig. 3-35
turn
STOP ! stop / reduce propulsion
fig. 3-37
74
With little tension in the line, the chain hangs steep against the fluke points and anchor cannot rotate easily (A). Before rotating the anchor, pull on the cable, the anchor will be free to turn (B) and (C) (fig. 3-38). With anchor on the stern roller reactivate propulsion. For inspection anchor can be pulled on deck. If required, change fluke angle to 32 degrees for hard soil or to 50 degrees for very soft soil. Mind, every anchor type will be unstable and drag in hard soil, stiff clay or sand with a fluke angle set for mud! (fig. 3-39).
fig. 3-38
fig. 3-39
75
What not to do! The anchor is approaching the drum. If the AHV maintains thrust, the water flow will push the fluke (fig. 3-40). If the propeller is not stopped, the thrust risks turning the anchor around the cable then acting as a shaft (fig. 3-41). The relative weight of the anchor increased by the thrust force on the fluke will cause the anchor and the cable to slide down through the chaser and control of anchor orientation is lost (fig. 3-42). When the thrust is maintained while hauling in the chaser, the cable prevents the anchor to turn on its back at the stern roller. Boarding will be difficult now. The anchor could pass the stern roller on its side and get damaged! So stop/reduce the thrust just before the anchor passes the propeller wash (fig. 3-43).
thrust on anchor makes it swing !
fig. 3-40
and rotate !
fig. 3-41
anchor slides through chaser

fig. 3-42
damage !
fig. 3-43
76
Racking the Stevpris Rig heaves in anchor line, pulling AHV towards it. AHV keeps sufficient tension in pendant, chaser remains in tight contact with anchor, anchor remains correctly oriented (fig. 3-44).
fig. 3-44
keep tension !
At some distance from the rig, AHV pays out winch wire while keeping sufficient bollard pull (at least 1.5 times anchor weight) to keep chaser on anchor head. Anchor flukes point towards the rig. Rig hauls, AHV veers while keeping some tension in the pendant line transferring the anchor to the bolster. The direction of the anchor cable must now be perpendicular to the rack (fig. 3-45). When anchor arrives at bolster, reduce tension to 15 tons. As soon as anchor is resting on bolsters, slack pendant wire completely. If tension is not sufficient, anchor falls out of control of the chaser and might rotate and make racking difficult. If this occurs, bring anchor to the stern of the AHV, rotate anchor with fluke points directing outwards and keep chaser tight on the anchor (fig. 3-46). Deploying Stevpris from the anchor rack AHV receives pendant from rig and connects to AHV winch wire. AHV moves to a position at a good distance but less than the water depth (for instance 50 meter dependent on weather) from the rig. Stop winch and keep sufficient tension, 20 to 30 tons or more as required to maintain the chaser on the head of the anchor. Only now rig pays out cable while AHV hauls in on the winch. The AHV maintains sufficient tension while pulling the anchor to the stern roller. Reduce the power of the propeller as anchor passes the wash zone and bring anchor on roller for inspection and reactivate thrust (fig. 3-47).
keep tension !
fig. 3-45
wrong ! risk losing control over anchor orientation

fig. 3-46
keep tension !
fig. 3-47
77
Boarding the anchor in deep water In deep water the weight of the anchor line becomes of predominant importance. For line loads larger than 8 times the anchor weight the anchor could be pulled against the chaser as illustrated, it could even position itself upside down! In such cases boarding the anchor is difficult and damage might occur (fig. 3-48). The best and preferred solution is to pull the anchor from the bottom and have the rig haul the anchor line, allowing the boarding of the anchor near the rig where loads are smaller. If this is not possible or allowed for some reason, another solution is to reduce the weight that is hanging from the anchor. This can be done by lifting the anchor line using a lock chaser or grapnel handled by a second vessel (fig. 3-49). It is recommended to board the anchor with the chain between the fluke. The anchor fluke is generally designed to withstand loads up to 8 times the anchor weight (fig. 3-50). It happens that the anchor is accidentally pulled over the roller on its side. Due to the large forces damage to shank and fluke might occur when the chain is hanging over the anchor (fig. 3-51).
anchor weight high tension

fig. 3-48
lock chaser
fig. 3-49
8 x anchor weight
fig. 3-50
large weight
fig. 3-51
78
If boarding the anchor on its side is inevitable, make sure that before boarding, the vessel is turned to free the anchor line from the anchor and haul gently. The chain will pass the stern roller next to the anchor. However, this situation should be avoided as damage may occur (fig. 3-52).
fig. 3-52
Ballast in fluke Using a wire rope forerunner and ballast material placed inside the hollow fluke, the anchor may not topple over with the fluke points directed downwards. A wire anchor line might be too light to position the anchor correctly and the anchor may not topple over, the anchor could skid over the seabed and prevent penetration. When the fluke is ballasted, the weight of a chain forerunner will cause the shackle to nose down and bring the fluke in penetration position (fig. 3-53).
wire
chain
with ballast in fluke use chain forerunner

fig. 3-53
79
pendant line force
Chaser equilibrium To control the anchor, the chaser collar must always be on the anchor head. The tension in the anchor cable must be equal or larger than 1.5 times the weight of the anchor. If not, the anchor slides through the chaser and the orientation is not controlled (fig. 3-54). Equilibrium forces determine if chaser is in contact with the anchor. Near bottom, the vertical load at the chaser from the anchor line Flv is small. The chaser remains only in contact with the anchor if the bollard pull Fph is larger than the horizontal line load Flh which in turn must be larger than the anchor weight W (if not the anchor will slide down). The angle of the pendant line must be larger than 45 (fig. 3-55).
anchor line tension
anchor weight
fig. 3-54
Fp
Fpv
Flh Fph Flv

fig. 3-55
Fl
Recommendation: Bollard pull must always be equal or larger than the line tension, i.e. use a minimum bollard pull of 20 to 30 tons for a 12 to 15 ton anchor. Use a minimum pendant line length of 1.4 to 1.5 times the water depth in shallow water (100m) and 1.3 to 1.4 times the depth in deeper water (fig. 3-56).
chaser
fig. 3-56
Deployment for permanent moorings
80
The simplest deployment procedure for the Stevpris anchor is to lower the anchor to the seabed using the mooring line. When the anchor is nearly on the seabed, the AHV should start moving slowly forward to ensure that the anchor lands correctly on the seabed (fig. 3-57). Another option for the deployment of the Stevpris anchor is to connect a temporary installation bridle (wire rope) to the anchor. The bridle is connected to the padeyes situated at the back of the shank of the anchor. The AHV then lowers the anchor overboard while paying out the mooring line and the bridle simultaneously (fig. 3-58).
fig. 3-57
temporary bridle mooring line
fig. 3-58
To recover a Stevpris anchor after it has been installed, the AHV should take the mooring line and pull it in the opposite direction that the anchor was installed in, generally away from the centre of the mooring. The AHV should recover the mooring line till a length of approximately 1.5 times the water depth is still overboard. When only 1.5 times the water depth of mooring line is left overboard, the AHV should block the winch and keep a constant tension on the mooring line equal to the pre-load tension. Once the anchor starts to move in the soil, a lower tension in the mooring line can be used (fig. 3-59).
fig. 3-59
Piggy-back methods
81
Introduction Piggy-back is the practice of using two or more anchors in order to obtain holding power greater than can be achieved with one only. Piggy-backing is used when anchors are employed with insufficient holding capacity. This can be caused by improper design for the particular environment or insufficient anchor size. In some soil conditions, the use of two smaller anchors in piggy-back can offer an advantage over the use of one larger anchor. This can be the case when the anchor has to hold in a certain layer and holding capacity in the underlying layer is uncertain. Considerations to remember on piggy-backing: Installing a piggy-back system is more costly than the installation of a single anchor. If the mooring line of the second anchor is connected to the rear of the first anchor, the stability, penetration and holding capacity of the first anchor may be less than is the case for a single anchor. The force from the second anchor may tend to pull the fluke of the first anchor closed (hinging type anchors). If the piggy-back anchor is connected to the first anchor by means of a chaser, the chaser may obstruct penetration of the first anchor. Both anchors must be exactly in line with the mooring line load. The lead anchor may become unstable if a lateral load is applied. Two hinging anchors in piggy-back do not provide 2 times but only 1 to 1.6 times the individual holding capacity of the two anchors, for reasons described in second point above.
Piggy-back methods
82
If the first anchor is not influenced by the pull from the second anchor, and
the second anchor (fixed fluke/shank type anchors) is connected at 3 to 4 shank lengths distance from the first anchor, the holding capacity of the 2 anchors may be up to 2.5 times the holding capacity of the individual anchors, due to the extra penetration of the second anchor. Piggy-backing involving hinging anchors Since there is little difference between handling one hinging anchor or two, the first method is described with a Stevin anchor (hinging) in combination with a Stevpris anchor (non-hinging). Here, the Stevpris is main anchor and the Stevin is back-up. This is the best solution when using a fixed shank anchor as the fluke of the Stevpris anchor can not be pulled closed. The pendant line is connected to the padeye near the anchor shackle so performance is not reduced. Note: if the piggy-back anchor can not be laid in line with the mooring load, the piggy-back anchor makes the main anchor unstable. In such a case the Stevpris can better be placed as the second anchor. For optimal performance of the combination, the pendant line between the two anchors should be wire rope, to promote penetration and obtain better holding capacity (fig. 3-60).
fig. 3-60
Piggy-back methods
83
The installation procedure is described as follows: Pay out the main anchor as usual. Tension the mooring line until the anchor slips. Connect the second anchor to the pendant line. Bring the anchor to its location. Lower the piggy-back anchor and tension the mooring line again. Provide the pendant of the second anchor with a buoy for easy retrieval. Piggy-backing with two Stevpris anchors When two Stevpris anchors are used in piggy-back, the holding capacity of the combination may be equal or higher than the sum of the individual holding capacities of the anchors. The installation procedure of two Stevpris anchors in piggy-back (fig. 3-61) is as follows: Pay out the main Stevpris anchor, with the mooring line connected to the anchor shackle and the pendant line (wire rope for optimal performance and approximately three times the shank length of the first Stevpris anchor) connected to the padeye behind the anchor shackle. Connect the other end of the pendant line to the anchor shackle of the second Stevpris anchor. To lower the second Stevpris anchor to the seabed, a second pendant line is connected to the padeye behind the anchor shackle. Using the second pendant line, the Stevpris anchors are lowered to the seabed and positioned and buoyed off.
fig. 3-62
Piggy-back methods
84
The Stevpris anchors are then tensioned by pulling on the mooring line (fig. 3-62).
Piggy-backing by using a chaser Sometimes chasers are used to connect the piggy-back anchor to the first anchor (fig. 3-63), although a pendant line connected directly to the padeye behind the main anchor shackle of the first anchor is prefered. The installation procedure described for two Stevpris anchors is also applicable when a chaser is used for the connection. During the deployment of the piggy-back combination, care must be taken that anchors are installed in line with the load.
fig. 3-61
fig. 3-63
Stevmanta VLA installation
85
installation mode shear pin
Introduction The Stevmanta VLA consists of an anchor fluke which is connected with wires to the angle adjuster. The angle adjuster is responsible for changing the anchor from the installation mode to the vertical (or normal) loading mode. There are many options to install VLA anchors. The most efficient methods are based on two different principles: Double line installation method using the fixed angle adjuster. Single line installation method using the shear pin angle adjuster. The double line installation method is typically used when it is preferable to install the anchor with a steel wire rope installation line instead of using the actual mooring line (for example polyester). The following three typical methods for installing the Stevmanta VLA are discussed: Single line installation method. Double line installation method. Double line installation method using the Stevtensioner. It is also possible to use the Stevtensioner with the single line installation method, however because this is very similar to the double line installation method with Stevtensioner, it is not presented here.
fig. 3-64
normal mode
fig. 3-65
86
Single line installation procedure This procedure requires only one AHV for installation of the Stevmanta. The Stevmanta is deployed with the shearpin angle adjuster. The mode of the anchor changes when the shearpin breaks at a load equal to the required installation load. When the shear pin breaks, the Stevmanta changes from the installation mode to the normal (vertical) loading mode (fig. 3-64 and fig. 3-65). Installation procedure In the installation procedure an optional tail has been included on the Stevmanta. The tail assists in orientation of the Stevmanta on the seabed. Connect the installation/mooring line to the angle adjuster on the Stevmanta on the AHV. Lower the Stevmanta overboard. The Stevmanta will decend tail first, i.e. the tail will be the first part to reach the seabed (fig. 3-66). When the Stevmanta is on the seabed, an ROV can optionally inspect the anchor (position and orientation). The AHV starts paying out the installation/ mooring line while slowly sailing away from the Stevmanta (fig. 3-67).
fig. 3-67 fig. 3-66
tail for orientation recovery
ROV
87
When enough of the installation/mooring line has been paid out, the AHV starts increasing the tension in the installation line. The Stevmanta will start to embed into the seabed (fig. 3-68). When the predetermined installation load has been reached with the AHVs bollard pull, the shearpin in the angle adjuster fails, triggering the Stevmanta into the normal (vertical) loading mode. This can be clearly noticed on board the AHV, as the AHV will stop moving forward due to the sudden increase in holding capacity. Now that the Stevmanta is in the normal (vertical) loading mode, the AHV can continue to increase the tension in the (taut-leg) installation/mooring line up to the required proof tension load (fig. 3-69).
fig. 3-68
fig. 3-69
88
After the Stevmanta has been proof tensioned to the required load, the installation/mooring line can be attached to the floater. In case of a pre-laid mooring, the mooring line can be buoyed off, for easy connection later on (fig. 3-70). Stevmanta retrieval The Stevmanta is easily retrieved by pulling on the tail. Connection to the tail can be achieved either with a grapnel or by using an ROV (fig. 3-71).
fig. 3-70
fig. 3-71
89
pull for retrieval
Alternatively the Stevmanta can be equipped with an optional recovery system. The recovery system consists of two special sockets which connect the front wires to the fluke. To recover the anchor, the mooring line is pulled backwards, i.e. away from the centre of the mooring. Once the mooring line has been pulled back, the front sockets will disconnect from the fluke (fig. 3-72). The Stevmanta VLA is now pulled out of the soil using just the rear wires. This reduces the resistance of the anchor, so that it can be retrieved with a load equal to about half the installation load (fig. 3-73).
fig. 3-72
retrieval
fig. 3-73
90
installation mode mooring line installation line
Double line installation procedure This procedure requires two AHVs. The Stevmanta is deployed with the fixed angle adjuster. The mode of the anchor (installation mode or normal (vertical) loading mode) is chosen by pulling on either the installation line or the mooring line. The Stevmanta is in the installation mode when the installation line is tensioned, i.e. the line on the front of the angle adjuster (fig. 3-74). The Stevmanta is in the normal (vertical) loading mode when the mooring line is tensioned, i.e. the line on the rear of the angle adjuster (fig. 3-75). During the installation AHV1 handles the steel installation line and AHV2 handles the mooring line, for instance polyester (fig. 3-76). In the installation procedure an optional subsea recovery buoy can be included in the installation line. The recovery buoy is connected to the installation line via a delta plate at approximately 90 m from the Stevmanta (fig. 3-77).
fig. 3-74
normal mode mooring line
installation line
fig. 3-75
AHV2
AHV1
fig. 3-76
AHV2
AHV1
fig. 3-77
91
AHV2
AHV1
Connect the installation line to the angle adjuster on the Stevmanta on board AHV1. Pass the mooring line from AHV2 to AHV 1 and connect it to the angle adjuster. Lower the Stevmanta VLA overboard by keeping tension on both the installation line (AHV1) and the mooring line (AHV2). When the Stevmanta is on the seabed, an ROV can inspect the anchors position and orientation. AHV2 slackens the tension in the mooring line and AHV1 starts paying out the installation line while slowly sailing away from the Stevmanta (fig. 3-78). When enough of the installation line has been paid out, AHV1 starts increasing the tension. The Stevmanta will start to embed into the seabed. AHV2 keeps the mooring line slack by keeping the same distance from AHV1. If more bollard pull is required than one AHV can deliver, AHV2 can buoy off the mooring line and pull with AHV1 in tandem. When the predetermined installation load has been reached, the breaking device in the installation line fails (break shackle connecting the installation line to the delta plate), freeing the installation line from the Stevmanta (fig. 3-79). If the optional recovery buoy is used, the breaking device is placed on the delta plate connecting it to the installation line and AHV1. AHV1 is now no longer connected to the Stevmanta and the installation line can be recovered on deck (fig. 3-80). AHV2 can now start increasing the tension in the mooring line. If AHV2 can not generate enough bollard pull to reach the required proof tension load, AHV1 can be connected in tandem to AHV2 to generate additional bollard pull.
fig. 3-78
AHV2
AHV1
break link breaks
fig. 3-79
AHV2
pretension load recovery line

fig. 3-80
92
AHV2
After the Stevmanta has been proof tensioned to the required load, the mooring line can be attached to the floater. In case of a pre-laid mooring, the mooring line can be buoyed off, for easy connection later on (fig. 3-81). Stevmanta retrieval The Stevmanta is recovered from the seabed by returning to installation mode instead of the normal (vertical) loading mode. The AHV picks up the recovery buoy from the seabed and by pulling vertically on the installation line, the anchor is retrieved easily (fig. 3-82). Double line installation with Stevtensioner The Stevmanta is deployed with the fixed angle adjuster. The mode of the anchor (installation mode or normal (vertical) loading mode) is chosen by pulling on either the installation line or the mooring line. The Stevmanta is in the installation mode when the installation line is tensioned, i.e. the line on the front of the angle adjuster (fig. 3-83). The Stevmanta is in the normal (vertical) loading mode when the mooring line is tensioned, i.e. the line at the rear of the angle adjuster. During the installation AHV1 handles the installation line (preferably chain and steel wire) and AHV2 handles the mooring line, for instance polyester (fig. 3-84). The installation procedure with the Stevtensioner requires a reaction anchor (the typical use of the Stevtensioner is presented in the next chapter). In this case the reaction anchor can be either a Stevpris or Stevmanta. For now a Stevpris is shown as reaction anchor and is to be on the active side of the Stevtensioner.
fig. 3-84
fig. 3-81
AHV2
fig. 3-82
installation mode mooring line installation line
fig. 3-83
normal mode mooring line
installation line
93
AHV2
tensioner
AHV1
Connect the installation line to the angle adjuster on the Stevmanta on AHV1. Pass the mooring line from AHV2 to AHV1 and connect it to the angle adjuster. Lower the Stevmanta to the seabed by keeping tension on both the installation line and mooring line. Connect the installation line to the passive side of the Stevtensioner. A break link can be installed between the Stevtensioner and the installation line on the passive side (fig. 3-85). Connect the installation line to the reaction anchor. Pass the installation line through the Stevtensioner (fig. 3-86).
fig. 3-85
AHV2
work chain stopper
AHV1
fig. 3-86
The Stevtensioner
94
Sail to set-down position of the reaction anchor (AHV1 only). AHV2 stays above the Stevmanta. During the movement of AHV1, the installation line of the Stevmanta has to be paid out (fig. 3-87). Lower the Stevtensioner and reaction anchor to the seabed (fig. 3-88).
AHV2
shark jaws wire stopper tensioner
AHV1
chain
fig. 3-87
AHV2
AHV1
wire stopper tensioner
stopper chain
fig. 3-88
The Stevtensioner
95
Buoy off the retrieval line (or mooring line) of the reaction anchor. AHV1 sails to tensioning point and starts taking in the slack of the tensioning line (fig. 3-89). Start the tensioning procedure (yo-yoing) (fig. 3-90).
AHV2
AHV1
stopper chain
fig. 3-89
AHV2 wire stopper tensioner chain
AHV1
stopper
fig. 3-90
The Stevtensioner
96
The break link will break on the Stevmanta when the required installation load has been reached (fig. 3-91). Recover the Stevtensioner, the installation line and the reaction anchor to AHV1. AHV2 can now proof tension the Stevmanta and then buoy off the mooring line. Installation of the Stevmanta is now complete (fig. 3-92).
AHV2 wire stopper tensioner break link breaks chain
AHV1
stopper
fig. 3-91
AHV2 pretension load
chain tensioner
wire
AHV1
stopper
fig. 3-92
The Stevtensioner
97
Instead of using a reaction anchor, two Stevmantas can also be installed at the same time. After completion of the tensioning (yo-yoing), AHV2 proof tensions one Stevmanta while AHV1 recovers the Stevtensioner and disconnects it from the installation line of the other Stevmanta. This Stevmanta can then also be proof tensioned (fig. 3-93).
AHV2
AHV1
stopper chain
fig. 3-93
The Stevtensioner
98
Introduction The Stevtensioner is used for cross tensioning of diametrically opposed anchor legs moored by drag anchors or anchor piles. The Stevtensioner is generally used for the installation of (semi) permanent floating structures such as the SPM buoy, STL, TLP, FPS, FPSO, etc. After the tensioning operations the Stevtensioner is demobilised and ready for the next project. The Stevtensioner can however also be used for permanent tensioning purposes, becoming a part of the mooring system. The Stevtensioner can be deployed from a crane barge, AHV or any vessel having enough crane/winch capacity to pull the required vertical force. The existing models VA220 and VA500 were designed for handling a single size of chain. The new Stevtensioner models VA600, VA1000 and VA1250 can handle chain diameter ranging from 76 mm up to 152 mm. Because of this variety in chain sizes additional work chain may not be required (fig. 3-94).
fig. 3-94
The new Stevtensioner models offer the following features:

Smaller dimensions, reduced weight and improved handling, but heavy enough to easilty slide down the mooring line. Designed to smoothly guide at least 5 links and therefore prevent chain getting stuck inside. Due to economical volume/weight ratio, the new Stevtensioner models allow for containerised freight by either sea or, for rush deliveries, by air. The integrated shape allows for smooth passage over stern roller. Load measuring pin is equipped with two independent sets of strain gauges. The umbilical cable connections are protected against handling and lifting operations. These connections may be used for acoustic transfer of the signals.
The Stevtensioner
99
The working principle of the tensioner The Stevtensioner is based on the principle that a vertical load to a horizontal string causes high horizontal loads. To achieve the required horizontal pretension load at the anchor points, the vertical pulling force only needs to be 40% of this pretension. The anchor line tension is measured by a measuring pin located inside the Stevtensioner and as such well protected against damage caused by handling and lifting operations (fig. 3-95). One anchor line (passive line) is attached to the tension measuring pin at the Stevtensioner. The oppos-ite anchor line (active line) passes through the Stevtensioner. Tensioning starts by applying the yo-yo movement to the active line (fig. 3-96).
2V H
fig. 3-95
passive chain
active chain
fig. 3-96
The Stevtensioner
100
When the Stevtensioner is lifted by the active chain, it blocks the chain. When the Stevtensioner is lifted from the seabed, the passive and active mooring lines are also lifted. Consequently the anchors or piles are loaded and cause an inverse catenary of the mooring line in the soil, as well as causing the anchor to drag and embed. In other words: chain length is gained. Lowering the Stevtensioner slackens the anchor lines and allows it to slide down over the active chain. By repeating this several times (called the yo-yo movement), the horizontal load on the anchor points increases. Generally the required horizontal load is achieved after 5 to 7 steps. Once tensioning is completed, the Stevtensioner is recovered by pulling the lifting/pennant wire making it disengage. This allows the Stevtensioner to slide up along the active chain to the surface (fig. 3-97).
chain locks
fig. 3-97
The Stevtensioner
101
Measurement of the tensions applied Fig. 3-98 shows the curve recorded during tensioning of chains connected to piles for the Coveas Pipeline Project in Colombia. The graph shows a total of 5 heaves (yo-ys), each resulting in a higher tension. When the Stevtensioner is lifted from the seabed, the passive and active mooring lines are also lifted from the seabed. Consequently the anchors or piles are loaded. The loading causes an inverse catenary of the mooring line in the soil, and also causes the anchor to drag and embed; in other words: chain length is gained. When lowering to seabed the gain in chain length (slack) is won by the Stevtensioner sliding down the chain (approximately 5 to 8 links). The next heave (yo-yo) will therefore create a higher tension in the system. In practise a total of 5 to 7 yo-yos are required to reach the required proof tension load. Different methods can be applied to verify the tension in the chain. These are discussed below.
tension force in t
250 125 0 0
tension on anchor lifting force
fig. 3-98
30 time in minutes
60
90
120
The Stevtensioner
102
Computer calculations The tension in the chain can be calculated by means of computer catenary calculations. Besides known parameters such as submerged chain weight, and the length of the mooring line, other parameters measured during tensioning need to be incorporated in the calculation: Height Stevtensioner above seabed. Vertical pulling load. By using this method the tension in the chain can be calculated at any height of the Stevtensioner above seabed. This method is independent of the waterdepth. Umbilical cable and measuring pin The chain tension can be measured with a measuring pin. The pin is part of the Stevtensioner housing and is equipped with strain gauges. The pin is connected to a tension read-out unit on the installation vessel by using an umbilical cable. The pin is connected to the passive chain. All tensioning data are measured on deck and presented during tensioning on a chart recorder. A hand winch with sliding contacts is used to veer and haul the umbilical without disconnecting the umbilical from the registration equipment. The measurement is insensitive for variations in cable length. The use of an umbilical is an effective method in waterdepths down to approximately 200 meters. Beyond this depth it becomes more efficient to use either an acoustic system or computer calculations. Break-link The passive chain can be attached to the Stevtensioner by a break-link. When, during the tensioning operation, a predetermined load has been reached, the link breaks. Consequently the passive chain falls to the bottom, and the Stevtensioner can be retrieved.
The Stevtensioner
103
Duration of pretensioning anchors and piles Once the required tension has been achieved, the tension has to be maintained for a certain duration. This period is described in the table below for various Certification Authorities. Certification Authority maintaining tension Lloyds Register of Shipping American Bureau of Shipping Det Norske Veritas (NMD) Required duration of 20 minutes 30 minutes 15 minutes
Handling the Stevtensioner Handling operations can generally be described as follows:
Positioning the anchors and paying out the chain Hook-up all necessary hardware for tensioning operations on deck of
barge or AHV Deployment Stevtensioner to the seabed and positioning of the installation vessel First lift (yo-yo) Series of yo-yos Maintain required tension for a specified period of time Retrieve the Stevtensioner and disconnect Prepare for next tensioning A Stevtensioner can be deployed from a crane barge, Anchor Handling Vessel or any vessel having enough crane/winch capacity to lift the required vertical force.
The Stevtensioner
104
General tensioning procedures General tensioning procedures using crane barge or AHV for Stevtensioner models VA1000 and VA1250 are presented in fig. 3-99 and 3-100. Hook-up Pass the active chain (2) through the tensioner (1) on deck. Connect passive chain (3) to measuring pin shackle (9). Connect dislock wire (5) to shackle (4). Connect umbilical cable (7) to read-out system on deck and to the measuring pin (6). Lowering Fix active chain (2) to winch or crane hook. Slack dislock wire (5) and lower Stevtensioner to seabed. Stevtensioner will pass over active chain (2). Tensioning mode When Stevtensioner is on seabed, slack dislock wire (5) before the first yo-yo, and keep slack during all yo-yos! Tensioning is achieved by pulling on active chain (2). The mooring lines will be lifted from the seabed causing the anchors or piles to be loaded. After each yo-yo active chain is gained. The active chain can only pass through the Stevtensioner in one direction. Approximately 4 to 7 yo-yos are required to obtain the required pretension load (fig. 3-100). Retrieving When tensioning is completed be sure to lower the Stevtensioner to seabed and slack off active chain (2) before retrieving Stevtensioner with dislock wire (5). Pull on dislock wire (5). Stevtensioner will pass over chain (2). Disconnect Stevtensioner on deck of the barge or AHV.
fig. 3-99
2 7 5
8 3
fig. 3-100
The Stevtensioner
105
Stevtensioner Product Range The following Stevtensioners are available from vryhof anchors.
Stevtensioner model
Maximum horizontal load [t] 220 500 600 1000 1250
Suitable* for chain Suitable* for chain size with Kenter size without Kenter shackle [mm] shackle [mm] 50 102 76 - 84 102 - 117 114 - 132 60 112 76 - 87 102 - 135 114 - 152
Size Stevtensioner lxhxw [m] 2.6 5.4 2.2 3.1 3.5 x x x x x 1.2 2.6 0.9 1.2 1.4 x x x x x 1.0 2.4 0.6 0.8 0.9
Weight Stevtensioner [t] 5 20 2.5 6 9
VA 220 VA 500 VA 600 VA1000 VA1250
* The suitability only refers to the section of chain passing through the Stevtensioner. Chain or wire not passing through the Stevtensioner may have any dimension.
table N
Vessels
106
These specialised anchor handling vessels (AHVs) now have: A large deck space. Powerful winches, with auxiliary winches to reel extra wires. Large chain lockers, for storage of the chain. Large wire storage capacity. An adapted seaworthy design and very manoeuvrable with bow and stern thrusters. Some even with a dynamic positioning system. Space for drilling mud and fuel tanks for supply to drilling rigs. Small auxiliary cranes. One or two sets of towing pins and shark jaws. A stern roller that sometimes consists of two individually rotating drums.
table O
Supply vessels/anchor handling vessels Drilling rigs are generally moored with 8 to 12 anchors. These are laid in a mooring pattern. Originally normal tugs were used for these operations, but very soon, there was a call for specialised vessels. For anchor handling vesselss, it is very important to be able to work quickly and effectively. Much depends on the expertise of the captain and crew. The equipment and its design are also extremely important. Engine power has to be sufficient to handle chain and/or wire and anchors at the water depth concerned. The newest generation of AHVs has bollard pulls far in excess of 200 t. Care should be given to the rated maximum bollard pull which in reality might be less, depending on the use of other power consuming equipment such as bow (and sometimes) stern thrusters, winches, etc. The winch often causes confusion. An AHV owner demonstrates maximum pulling capacity at the bare drum during the maiden trip, but a contractor requires high winch output when the drum is 70 to 100% wound with wire under working conditions. It is also possible that an owner limits the pressure of the hydraulic system below factory limits, to reduce winch wear and repair costs. The dynamic capacity of the winch brake is particul-arly important when a long heavy chain must be deployed. Hydraulically and electrically braked drums are more efficient than band brakes. For handling chain, many supply vessels have chain lockers below decks and a wildcat above the chain locker. To ensure easy handling of chain and wire, simple, well-constructed tools are necessary. An experienced crew will also make the handling easier.

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vryhof

Anchor holding capacity

Anchor holding capacity

Criteria for good anchor design

W 1/3 W 2/3 W W 1/3 W 4/3 W 4/3 W

n4/n3=n W 1/3 n3/n2=n W 1/3

Aspects of soil in anchor design

Undrained Shear Strength (kPa)

ASTM D-2488 0 - 13 13 - 25 25 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 200 200 - 400 > 400

BS CP-2004 0 - 20 20 - 40 40 - 75 75 - 150 150 - 300 300 - 600 > 600

Su kPa 0 - 13 13 - 25 25 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 200 > 200

UCT kPa 0 - 25 25 - 50 50 - 100 100 - 200 200 - 400 > 400

CPT MPa 0- 5 5 - 10 10 - 15 15 - 20 > 20

1.25 5 12.5 50 100

Approximate fluke/shank angle 50 32 32

Very soft clay Medium clay Hard clay and sand

Strength of an anchor design

Strength of an anchor design

Strength of an anchor design

Strength of an anchor design

Anchor loads and safety factors

3895 Total dynamic Quasi static 2342

Anchor loads and safety factors

Permanent mooring Intact load condition Damaged condition

Quasi-static Total dynamic load load 1.8 1.2 1.5 1.0

Quasi-static Total dynamic load load 0.8 Not required

Intact load condition 1.0 Damaged condition Not required

Total dynamic load 2.0 1.5

Intact load condition Damaged condition

Anchor behaviour in the soil

Rate effect factor

Anchor behaviour in the soil

0 1.2 1.1 1 0.9 0.8

Proof loads anchors

Proof Load factor 26 79 99 119 155 187 t t t t t t

Proof loads anchors

Proofload HHP anchors, UHC=250 t.

4.5 t Stevshark Mk5

4 t Stevpris Mk5 0 50 100 150 200 250

Proofload in t Balanced mooring system API RP 2SK

ACCREDITED BY THE DUTCH COUNCIL FOR CERTIFICATION Reg. No 24

8 m soft clay on rock

Drag in meters Full scale Gullfaks A anchors

Survival load = 1500 ton

Horizontal load in kips

Large scale anchor test jip - 7 & 2 t

500 400 300 200 100

7-4 2-1 2-2

Drag distance in feet

Line load in lbs

30 000 25 000 20 000

= dyn load = pull angle

Line length pulled in feet

Line angle vs mudine

Initial static capacity

Increased capacity vs initial static

Line length pulled in feet

Change from pull-in to normal mode

Change from pull-in to normal mode