M3 Yash Allabadi

Case study-3
Addressing Modes
Addressing Modes– The term addressing modes refers to the way in which the operand of
an instruction is specified. The addressing mode specifies a rule for interpreting or
modifying the address field of the instruction before the operand is actually executed.
Immediate Addressing Mode
In this addressing mode,

 The operand is specified in the instruction explicitly.
 Instead of address field, an operand field is present that contains the operand.
Examples-
 ADD 10 will increment the value stored in the accumulator by 10.

 MOV R #20 initializes register R to a constant value 20.
Implied Addressing Mode-

 The definition of the instruction itself specify the operands implicitly.
 It is also called as implicit addressing mode.
Examples-
 The instruction “Complement Accumulator” is an implied mode instruction.

 In a stack organized computer, Zero Address Instructions are implied mode
instructions.
 since operands are always implied to be present on the top of the stack.
Direct Addressing Mode-

 The address field of the instruction contains the effective address of the operand.
 Only one reference to memory is required to fetch the operand.
 It is also called as absolute addressing mode.
Example-
 ADD X will increment the value stored in the accumulator by the value stored at
memory location X.
AC ← AC + [X]
Indirect Addressing Mode-
 The address field of the instruction specifies the address of memory location that
contains the effective address of the operand.
 Two references to memory are required to fetch the operand.
Example-
 ADD X will increment the value stored in the accumulator by the value stored at
memory location specified by X.
AC ← AC + [[X]]
Register Direct Addressing Mode-

 The operand is contained in a register set.
 The address field of the instruction refers to a CPU register that contains the
operand.
 No reference to memory is required to fetch the operand.
Example-
 ADD R will increment the value stored in the accumulator by the content of register
R.
AC ← AC + [R]
NOTE-
It is interesting to note-
 This addressing mode is similar to direct addressing mode.
 The only difference is address field of the instruction refers to a CPU register instead
of main memory.
Register Indirect Addressing Mode-

 The address field of the instruction refers to a CPU register that contains the
effective address of the operand.
 Only one reference to memory is required to fetch the operand.
Example-
 ADD R will increment the value stored in the accumulator by the content of memory
location specified in register R.
AC ← AC + [[R]]
NOTE-
It is interesting to note-
 This addressing mode is similar to indirect addressing mode.
 The only difference is address field of the instruction refers to a CPU register.
Relative Addressing Mode-

 Effective address of the operand is obtained by adding the content of program
counter with the address part of the instruction.
Effective Address
= Content of Program Counter + Address part of the instruction
NOTE-
 Program counter (PC) always contains the address of the next instruction to be
executed.
 After fetching the address of the instruction, the value of program counter
immediately increases.
 The value increases irrespective of whether the fetched instruction has completely
executed or not.
Indexed Addressing Mode-

 Effective address of the operand is obtained by adding the content of index register
with the address part of the instruction.
Effective Address
= Content of Index Register + Address part of the instruction
Base Register Addressing Mode-

 Effective address of the operand is obtained by adding the content of base register
with the address part of the instruction.
Effective Address
= Content of Base Register + Address part of the instruction
Stack Addressing Mode-

 The operand is contained at the top of the stack.
Example-
ADD
 This instruction simply pops out two symbols contained at the top of the stack.
 The addition of those two operands is performed.
 The result so obtained after addition is pushed again at the top of the stack.

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Case study-3

Immediate Addressing Mode

In this addressing mode,

 ADD 10 will increment the value stored in the accumulator by 10.

Implied Addressing Mode-

In this addressing mode,

 The instruction “Complement Accumulator” is an implied mode instruction.

Direct Addressing Mode-

In this addressing mode,

Register Indirect Addressing Mode-

In this addressing mode,

Relative Addressing Mode-

In this addressing mode,

Indexed Addressing Mode-

In this addressing mode,

In this addressing mode,

In this addressing mode,

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