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    Addressing Modes1

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    There are several types of addressing modes that specify how operands are accessed in computer instructions. The main types are implied, where operands are implicit; stack, where operands are at the top of the stack; immediate, where operands are included explicitly in instructions; direct and indirect, which use memory addresses; and register-based modes that access operands in registers. Addressing modes are important as they determine how data is accessed for operations and influence how programs can be written.

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    Addressing Modes1

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    There are several types of addressing modes that specify how operands are accessed in computer instructions. The main types are implied, where operands are implicit; stack, where operands are at the top of the stack; immediate, where operands are included explicitly in instructions; direct and indirect, which use memory addresses; and register-based modes that access operands in registers. Addressing modes are important as they determine how data is accessed for operations and influence how programs can be written.

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    There are several types of addressing modes that specify how operands are accessed in computer instructions. The main types are implied, where operands are implicit; stack, where operands are at the top of the stack; immediate, where operands are included explicitly in instructions; direct and indirect, which use memory addresses; and register-based modes that access operands in registers. Addressing modes are important as they determine how data is accessed for operations and influence how programs can be written.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    23 views12 pages

    Addressing Modes1

    Uploaded by

    Play Zone
    There are several types of addressing modes that specify how operands are accessed in computer instructions. The main types are implied, where operands are implicit; stack, where operands are at the top of the stack; immediate, where operands are included explicitly in instructions; direct and indirect, which use memory addresses; and register-based modes that access operands in registers. Addressing modes are important as they determine how data is accessed for operations and influence how programs can be written.

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    Addressing Modes-

    The different ways of specifying the location of an operand in an instruction are called
    as addressing modes.
    Types of Addressing Modes-

    In computer architecture, there are following types of addressing modes-

    1. Implied Addressing Mode-


    In this addressing mode,
     The definition of the instruction itself specify the operands implicitly.
     It is also called as implicit addressing mode.

    Examples-

     The instruction “Complement Accumulator” is an implied mode instruction.


     In a stack organized computer, Zero Address Instructions are implied mode
    instructions.
    (since operands are always implied to be present on the top of the stack)

    2. Stack Addressing Mode-

    In this addressing mode,


     The operand is contained at the top of the stack.

    Example-

    ADD
     This instruction simply pops out two symbols contained at the top of the stack.
     The addition of those two operands is performed.
     The result so obtained after addition is pushed again at the top of the stack.

    3. Immediate Addressing Mode-

    In this addressing mode,


     The operand is specified in the instruction explicitly.
     Instead of address field, an operand field is present that contains the operand.
    Examples-

     ADD 10 will increment the value stored in the accumulator by 10.


     MOV R #20 initializes register R to a constant value 20.

    4. Direct Addressing Mode-

    In this addressing mode,


     The address field of the instruction contains the effective address of the operand.
     Only one reference to memory is required to fetch the operand.
     It is also called as absolute addressing mode.

    Example-

     ADD X will increment the value stored in the accumulator by the value stored at
    memory location X.
    AC ← AC + [X]
    5. Indirect Addressing Mode-

    In this addressing mode,


     The address field of the instruction specifies the address of memory location that
    contains the effective address of the operand.
     Two references to memory are required to fetch the operand.

    Example-

     ADD X will increment the value stored in the accumulator by the value stored at
    memory location specified by X.
    AC ← AC + [[X]]

    Register Direct Addressing Mode-

    In this addressing mode,


     The operand is contained in a register set.
     The address field of the instruction refers to a CPU register that contains the
    operand.
     No reference to memory is required to fetch the operand.
    Example-

     ADD R will increment the value stored in the accumulator by the content of
    register R.
    AC ← AC + [R]

    NOTE-

    It is interesting to note-
     This addressing mode is similar to direct addressing mode.
     The only difference is address field of the instruction refers to a CPU register
    instead of main memory.
    7. Register Indirect Addressing Mode-

    In this addressing mode,


     The address field of the instruction refers to a CPU register that contains the
    effective address of the operand.
     Only one reference to memory is required to fetch the operand.
    Example-

     ADD R will increment the value stored in the accumulator by the content of
    memory location specified in register R.
    AC ← AC + [[R]]

    NOTE-

    It is interesting to note-
     This addressing mode is similar to indirect addressing mode.
     The only difference is address field of the instruction refers to a CPU register.

    8. Relative Addressing Mode-

    In this addressing mode,


     Effective address of the operand is obtained by adding the content of program
    counter with the address part of the instruction.

    Effective Address
    = Content of Program Counter + Address part of the instruction
    NOTE-

     Program counter (PC) always contains the address of the next instruction to be
    executed.
     After fetching the address of the instruction, the value of program counter
    immediately increases.
     The value increases irrespective of whether the fetched instruction has
    completely executed or not.

    9. Indexed Addressing Mode-

    In this addressing mode,


     Effective address of the operand is obtained by adding the content of index
    register with the address part of the instruction.

    Effective Address
    = Content of Index Register + Address part of the instruction
    Base Register Addressing Mode-

    In this addressing mode,


     Effective address of the operand is obtained by adding the content of base
    register with the address part of the instruction.

    Effective Address
    = Content of Base Register + Address part of the instruction
    11. Auto-Increment Addressing Mode-

     This addressing mode is a special case of Register Indirect Addressing Mode


    where-

    Effective Address of the Operand


    = Content of Register

    In this addressing mode,


     After accessing the operand, the content of the register is automatically
    incremented by step size ‘d’.
     Step size ‘d’ depends on the size of operand accessed.
     Only one reference to memory is required to fetch the operand.

    Example-
    Assume operand size = 2 bytes.
    Here,
     After fetching the operand 6B, the instruction register RAUTO will be automatically
    incremented by 2.
     Then, updated value of RAUTO will be 3300 + 2 = 3302.
     At memory address 3302, the next operand will be found.

    NOTE-

    In auto-increment addressing mode,


     First, the operand value is fetched.
     Then, the instruction register RAUTO value is incremented by step size ‘d’.

    12. Auto-Decrement Addressing Mode-

     This addressing mode is again a special case of Register Indirect Addressing


    Mode where-
    Effective Address of the Operand
    = Content of Register – Step Size

    In this addressing mode,


     First, the content of the register is decremented by step size ‘d’.
     Step size ‘d’ depends on the size of operand accessed.
     After decrementing, the operand is read.
     Only one reference to memory is required to fetch the operand.

    Example-

    Assume operand size = 2 bytes.


    Here,
     First, the instruction register RAUTO will be decremented by 2.
     Then, updated value of RAUTO will be 3302 – 2 = 3300.
     At memory address 3300, the operand will be found.

    NOTE-
    In auto-decrement addressing mode,
     First, the instruction register RAUTO value is decremented by step size ‘d’.
     Then, the operand value is fetched.

    Applications of Addressing Modes-

    Addressing Modes Applications

    Immediate Addressing Mode  To initialize registers to a constant value

    Direct Addressing Mode


    and  To access static data
     To implement variables
    Register Direct Addressing Mode

     To implement pointers because pointers


    Indirect Addressing Mode are memory locations that store the
    and address of another variable
     To pass array as a parameter because
    Register Indirect Addressing Mode
    array name is the base address and
    pointer is needed to point the address

     For program relocation at run time i.e. for


    position independent code
     To change the normal sequence of
    Relative Addressing Mode
    execution of instructions
     For branch type instructions since it
    directly updates the program counter

     For array implementation or array


    Index Addressing Mode addressing
     For records implementation

     For writing relocatable code i.e. for


    relocation of program in memory even
    Base Register Addressing Mode at run time
     For handling recursive procedures

    Auto-increment Addressing Mode  For implementing loops


    and
     For stepping through arrays in a loop
    Auto-decrement Addressing Mode  For implementing a stack as push and
    pop

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