TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Civil Engineering Department

CE 015
Principles of Reinforced/Prestressed Concrete

DESIGN OF THREE (3) STOREY COMMERCIAL REINFORCED CONCRETE

BUILDING IN SAN MATEO, RIZAL

PREPARED BY:
TOLENTINO, ERICA DARYLL R.
CEC32S4

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. JEROME Z. TADIOSA
Instructor
2023

ACADEMIC INTEGRITY PLEDGE

I swear on my honor that I did not use any inappropriate aid, nor give such to others, in accomplishing
this coursework. I understand that cheating and/or plagiarism is a major offense, as stated in TIP
Memorandum No. P-04, s. 2017-2018, and that I will be sanctioned appropriately once I have
committed such acts.

Erica Daryll R. Tolentino

2010625
Table of Contents
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
San Mateo, Rizal's location, is surrounded by urbanized places: Marikina City and Commonwealth,
Quezon City. San Mateo, Rizal, is still considered a rural place and is placed under the province of
Rizal. Even though it is still part of an urban place, San Mateo, Rizal is catching up with it to reach its
modernization. There is a lot more architectural infrastructure now than before, and it also has a
building mall called SM San Mateo. According to "San Mateo Mayor on Wheels," San Mateo is a first-
class municipality in the Rizal Province, with a population of 252,527 people. The proposed commercial
building can help the economic standing of San Mateo, Rizal.
The project proposed is a three-story commercial building located at Gen. Luna Ave, Banaba, San
Mateo, Rizal. The commercial building consists of food stalls, business stores, and other facilities that
connect to a commercial enterprise. It also has a venue for public events area wherein it can be utilized
for the events of the building or events arranged by the store owners. A commercial building can gain
more interactions if the event's place is separated from the store stalls. It engages the popularity of the
building. The first story of the building is where the food stalls and restaurant can be located. This
strategy can attract customers where they can see the food establishment easily. More than the easy
accessibility, the placement of the restaurants also serves immediate comfort for the customers
because eating some foods can stimulate our brain's reward system by releasing neurotransmitters that
make us happy.
Moreover, according to some studies, the body releases feel-good hormones such as dopamine when
eating comfort foods. That is why comfort food cravings are more common when feeling down (What is
Comfort Food and Why Is It So Comforting, 2020). In terms of accessibility, the commercial building is
complete on the standard code of building. It also has ramps, elevators, and design considerations for
exceptional cases to make life easier for disabled people (PWDs). In the case of parking, a total of
twenty-five (25) four-wheeled vehicles and a total of fifty (50) motorcycles can fit in the lot area.
In the country Philippines, it is known that there are many cases of flooding, especially in San Mateo,
Rizal, just beside Marikina City, wherein Marikina City always appears on the news when it comes to
reports of flooding. The solution for the proposed building is to use elevated stairs before the entrance
of the building to avoid flooding inside the premises. In terms of the structure of the proposed
commercial building, it is sturdy enough to withstand those disasters by using reinforced concrete
components that can withstand the risks inherent on the site.
1.2 Project Location
The Project is located along Banaba, San Mateo, Rizal , as seen in the figure. The commercial building
is in front of Puregold Banaba in San Mateo. The primary road running through the area is J.P. Rizal
St. The project's location is represented on a map in the figure below.Google Earth TM is 14°52'07.1"
North 120°56'04.3" East.

Figure 1.2: Project Location

1.3 Project Client

The project's client is Mrs. Cristina F. Rivera, the mayor of San Mateo,
Rizal, and also the CEO of the well-known company Tina Build. This
company makes architectural infrastructure that helps the economic
growth of the state. This company is also well known for having multiple
projects that help business owners with their products. This company
has been serving the public for almost two years.

Figure 1-3. Client’s Logo

1.3.1 Client’s Requirement
(1) Should have at least three floors.
(2) Has revenue generating facilities such as food stalls, stores etc.
(3) Design should be optimized for comfort and accessibility
(4) Has parking facilities (with capacity of at least 25 four-wheeled vehicles & 50 motorcycles)
(5) Has fire emergency exits
(6) Has spacious area for chill-out zone.
1.4 Project Objectives
1.4.1 General Objective
 To design a three (3)-storey reinforced concrete commercial building that can withstand
the design loads applied to the structure in accordance to the National Structural Code of
the Philippines Vol.1 Seventh Edition (NSCP 2015). In addition, the National Building
Code of the Philippines and the Fire Code of the Philippines must be followed.

1.4.2 Specific Objective

 To provide architectural plans of the building
 To analyze the structure using MIDAS Gen
 To design the most visually pleasing and safe structural parts in the given trade-off
(structural system).
 To present blueprints of the structural plans

1.5 Scope and Limitations

The following are the scope of the project:

 The architectural and structural plans of the project.

 The structural analysis and design using appropriate software.
 The expected cost of the project’s material
 The detailed design of structural systems in accordance to NSCP 2015 Vol. 1, 7th Edition.

The followings are the limitations of the project:

 The designs of detailed footing were excluded.

 The foundation plan were excluded.
 The framing plan such as purlins, braces and struts for the roof truss were excluded.
 The design for structural connections such as, but not limited to, bolts connection is also
excluded in the design of project.
 The structural frame systems such as the steel bracing were excluded.
 The sanitary, mechanical, electrical and fire protection plans of the commercial building
were excluded.
 The existing traffic data and traffic plan in the location will also not be the concern of the
design.

1.6 Project Development

The project's development will be driven by its design phase. The design process includes the following
stages: project conception, which begins with the client's compliance request and project needs. The
next step is the planning phase, in which the data gathered will be used to define project restrictions
and standards. It will also serve as a foundation and proof for designing the commercial building
sustainably and cost-effectively.

In limitations and standards, it will give an overview of the specific components affecting the project.
After that, the next stage will produce the architectural design for the room considerations and
aesthetics in line with the Philippine National Building Code. The following step is to design the basic
structural dimensions of the building, as well as to assign loads to them following the National Structural
Code of the Philippines 2015, Vol. 1, Seventh Edition (NCSP 2015). The structural analysis will then be
conducted using a computer software which is MIDAS Gen. The following phase is tradeoff design, in
which it will design viable engineering solutions to that subject following the NSCP 2015 and the
America Concrete Institute (ACI). It includes taking into account the implications of the many limitations
on the core design for the designers to choose the most cost-effective, safest, and beneficial option for
the project.

The result will be interpreted by comparing the proposed tradeoffs by rating the selected designs.
Suppose the safety and serviceability requirements are met. In that case, the final leading design will
be used for the project, and it will conclude with all of the project's details, designs, and analysis. The
diagram below depicts the project's systematic design phase.
Figure 1.5: Project Development
 CHAPTER 2: DESIGN INPUTS AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Location Data
2.1.1 Vicinity Map
For precise referencing of the project site, the illustration presented below depicts the vicinity map of
the proposed three-storey commercial building. It highlights the primary location of the project on J.P
Rizal St. in San Mateo, Rizal. Additionally, it identifies neighboring establishments, including other
commercial buildings and prominent landmarks in the area.

Figure 2.1. Vicinity Map

2.1.2 Demography and Socio-Economic Data
The structure's planning includes the assessment of the project's demography and socioeconomic
situation. Demography and socioeconomic data are essential for grant applications, long-term planning,
corporate market research, trend analysis across time, and location comparisons. Demography and
population analysis are necessary to identify concerns and community needs, create goals and
objectives, explore various possibilities, assign resources for plan execution, and assess the plan's
performance in reaching those goals and objectives.
 2.1.2.1 Population Growth
San Mateo is a municipality located within the landlocked province of Rizal. San Mateo covers
approximately 4.66% of Rizal's total land area, which amounts to 55.09 square kilometers or 21.27
square miles. As of the 2020 Census, the population of San Mateo was recorded at 273,306
individuals. This population figure represents approximately 1.69% of the total population of the
CALABARZON region or 8.21% of Rizal province's overall population. Based on the provided data, the
population density of San Mateo is calculated to be 4,961 people per square kilometer or 12,849 people
per square mile.

Figure 2.2. Historical Population of San Mateo, Rizal

(https://www.philatlas.com/luzon/r04a/rizal/san-mateo.html)
Annual Population
Population Population Population Change
Barangay Growth Rate
percentage (2020) (2020) (2015) (2015-2020)
(2015-2020)
Ampid II 1.70% 4,657 6,242 -25.39% -5.98%
Dulong Bayan I 1.91% 5,229 6,944 -24.70% -5.80%
Malanday 5.31% 14,526 15,707 -7.52% -1.63%
Ampid I 10.01% 27,346 28,840 -5.18% -1.11%
Maly 5.35% 14,612 13,865 5.39% 1.11%
Guinayang 3.61% 9,871 9,241 6.82% 1.40%
Santa Ana 3.97% 10,862 10,160 6.91% 1.42%
Silangan 21.61% 59,051 52,996 11.43% 2.30%
Banaba 10.21% 27,910 24,95550 11.86% 2.39%
Santo Niño 4.67% 12,769 11,402 11.99% 2.41%
Gulod Malaya 4.74% 12,962 11,406 13.64% 2.73%
Guitnang Bayan II 7.19% 19,661 17,243 14.02% 2.80%
Guitnang Bayan I 12.85% 35,121 30,598 14.78% 2.94%
Pintong Bocawe 2.07% 5,657 4,156 36.12% 6.71%
Dulong Bayan 2 4.78% 13,072 8,777 48.93% 8.75%
San Mateo Total 273,306 252,527 8.23% 1.68%
Table 2.1 Population of every Barangay in San Mateo, Rizal, according to the 2015-2020 census
(Source: https://www.philatlas.com)
2.1.2.2 Household Population

Figure 2.3. Household Population of San Mateo, Rizal

(https://www.philatlas.com/luzon/r04a/rizal/san-mateo.html)
2.1.2.3 Population by Age Group

Figure 2.4. Population by Age of San Mateo, Rizal

(https://www.philatlas.com/luzon/r04a/rizal/san-mateo.html)

The total population in San Mateo, Rizal is 252,527 in total with 25,733 (10.19%) highest population at
ages five to 9 years old while at the ages 80 and over accumulated the lowest number of population
which is 1,171 (0.46%).
2.1.2.4 Socio-economic Data

Figure 2.5. Annual Regular Income of San Mateo, Rizal

(https://www.philatlas.com/luzon/r04a/rizal/san-mateo.html)

The annual regular revenue of San Mateo, Rizal for the fiscal year of 2016 was ₱44,643,567.64 which
increase 16.74% from 2015. For further understanding figures show the table and chart for annual
regular income of San Mateo, Rizal from 2009 to 2016.

2.1.3 Topography

Figure 2.6: Topography

(https://en-ph.topographic-map.com/map-p5pm2/San-Mateo)

Even though determining the shape of the ground appears simple, it governs entire enterprises and
decision-making in general. Topographic studies define what will and will not work on the site. Still, the
landscape is almost flat. The measurement of the site location is around 21-19 m.
2.2 Hazard Maps
2.2.1 Flood Hazard Map
Accurate flood hazard maps are essential to estimate risk-based insurance rates and to properly advise
families, communities, and other stakeholders about the risk of flooding. This map depicts the overall
flood risk associated with the site.

I
SITE
T

Figure 2.7. Flood Hazard Map of the Site

(https://hazardhunter.georisk.gov.ph/map#)

2.2.2 Ground Shaking Hazard Map

The figure below is the ground-shaking hazard map of San Mateo, Rizal. The term "ground shaking
hazard" refers to any activity that causes the earth's surface to shake or move, resulting in disastrous
effects such as landslides, soil liquefaction, and structural damage to structures. There are maps called
ground shaking maps which can help further in planning or preparation for incoming disasters and are
used in post-earthquake and recovery response. Similarly, the design loads of a structure are affected
by the ground situation in which the project is placed.

I
SITE
T

Figure 2.8.Ground Shaking Hazard Map of San Mateo

(https://hazardhunter.georisk.gov.ph/map#)
2.2.3 Hazards Assessment Report Summary

Table 2.2. Hazard Assessment of San Mateo, Rizal

(https://hazardhunter.georisk.gov.ph/map#/)
 2.3 Geotechnical Report

Figure 2.8 Geotechnical Report in San Mateo, Rizal

(NMC Soil Testing)
2.3 Description of the Structure

The architectural design comprises a three-storey commercial building, reaching a total height of 12
meters. The main purpose of this structure is to offer occupants and their belongings a secure and
environmentally controlled environment. The predominant usage of the proposed three-storey
commercial building is dedicated to various commercial activities, including retail, grocery, and food
services such as restaurants and stalls. Furthermore, an assembly area is integrated within the
building, serving as a designated zone for occupants and their clients to safely gather during
emergency situations or as a space for organized events. Additionally, adjacent to the three-storey
commercial building, a parking lot is situated, providing a capacity for 25 cars and 50 motorcycles.

Rooms Qty. Total Area (m2) Location (Grid) Function

Commercial Stall 5 204 A – G (1-2 ½) Food Stall, Retail Space, etc.
Commercial Enterprise 2 204 A – G (1-2 ½) Restaurant, other facilities.
Comfort Room 2 9.331 C – F (1 – 1½) Urination & Defecation
Assembly Area 1 240 A – G(1 – 3) Assembly
Stairs 2 31.68 G – H(1-2) Accessibility
Table 2.3 Facilities Classification and Corresponding Floor Areas
2.4 Building Plans
The design of the structure's building plans was accomplished through the utilization of software tools
such as AutoCAD and SketchUp Pro. AutoCAD, a computer-aided design software, was developed by
Autodesk, thus deriving its name. This software enables the creation and modification of digital 2D and
3D designs with enhanced efficiency and speed. Similarly, SketchUp Pro, part of the SketchUp suite of
subscription products, provides a comprehensive 3D modeling Computer-Aided Design (CAD) program.
It caters to various drawing and design applications, encompassing architectural, interior design,
industrial and product design, landscape architecture, as well as civil and mechanical engineering.

Figure 2.9 Site Development Plan

Figure 2.10 Perspective View

Figure 2.11 Ground Floor Plan

Figure 2.12 Second Floor Plan

 Figure 2.13 Third Floor Plan

Figure 2.14 Front Elevation Plan

Figure 2.15 Right Side Elevation Plan

Figure 2.16 Left Side Elevation Plan

Figure 2.17 Rear Elevation Plan

Figure 2.18 Longitudinal Plan

 2.5 Design Criteria
2.5.1 Dead Loads
The dead loads of the structure were determined in accordance with the guidelines provided by the
NSCP 2015, specifically Chapter 2. The values for the minimum densities for design loads from
materials (expressed in kN/m³) were referenced from Table 204-1, while the minimum design loads
(measured in kPa) were obtained from Table 204-2.

Materials Design Load

Concrete 23.6 kN/m3
Glass 255.1 kN/m3
Steel 77 kN/m3
CHB 4” (Plastered Each Face) 3.32 kPa
CHB 6” (Plastered Each Face) 4.45 kPa
Suspended Steel Channel System 0.1 kPa
Clay Tile, Spanish 1.39 kPa
Liquid Applied Waterproofing Membrane 0.05kPa
Hardwood Flooring, 22mm 0.19 kPa
Ceramic tiles on 255mm Mortar Bed 1.1 kPa
Windows, Glass, Frame & Sash 0.38 kPa
Steel Studes, 13mm (FCB Each Side) 0.4 kPa
12mm Patterned Gypsum Board 0.096 kPa
Mechanical Duct Allowance 0.2 kPa
Table 2.4 Dead Loads

2.5.2 Live Loads

The live loads of the structure were determined exclusively based on the guidelines outlined in NSCP
2015, Chapter 2. The minimum uniform and concentrated live loads (measured in kN/m²) were
referenced from Table 205-1.

Occupancy Load (kN/m2 or Kpa)

Restaurants 4.8
Retail Stores 6.4
Assembly Area 4.8
Comfort Room 2.4
Parking 4.8
Table 2.5 Live Loads

2.5.3 Wind Load Parameters

Item Calculation Procedure Reference

Basic Wind Speed, V V = 74.44 m/s NSCP 2015 – Section 207A.5-1
Exposure Category Exposure B NSCP 2015 – Section 207A.7.3
Occupancy Category Occupancy Category III NSCP 2015 – Table 103 - 1
Velocity Pressure, qz qz = 0.613KzKztVdV2 N/m2 NSCP 20155 – Eq. 207B.3-1
qz
 =0.613(Kz)(1.0)(0.85)(74.442)
qz = qh = 2,887.3015 N/m2 Kz
Enclosure Classification Enclosed NSCP 2015 – Section 207A.10.3.1
Wind Directionality, Kd Kd = 0.85 NSCP 20155 – Table 207A.6-1
Topographic Factor, Knt Knt = 1.0 NSCP 2015 – Section 207A.8.1
Gust Effect Factor G = 0.85 NSCP 2015 – Section 207A.9.1
Table 2.6 Wind Load Parameters

2.5.4 Seismic Load Parameters

Parameters Values
Occupancy Category Category IV. Standard Occupancy Structures (NSCP 2015
Table 103-1)
Seismic Importance Factor (I) 1.0; Category IV (NSCP 2015 Table 208-1)
Soil Profile Type SD, SPT Ave. Value=21.5 (NSCP 2015 Table 208-2)
Soil Profile Name Stiff Soil (NSCP 2015 Table 208-2)
Seismic Zone Zone 4 (NSCP 2015 Table 208.4.4.1)
Seismic Source Type A (NSCP 2015 Table 208-4)
Nearest Fault Line 1.8km from West Valley Fault
(PHIVOLCS FaultFinder)
Near Source Factor (Na) 1.50 (NSCP 2015 Table 208-5)
Near Source Factor (Nv) 2.00 (NSCP 2015 Table 208-6)
Seismic Coefficient (Ca) 0.48 (NSCP 2015 Table 208-7)
Seismic Coefficient (Cv) 0.64 (NSCP 2015 Table 208-8)
Basic Seismic – Force Resisting *Depends on the trade-offs
System (1) Special reinforced concrete moment frames (2) Dual
systems – Special reinforced concrete shear walls
(3) Dual systems with IMF – Special reinforced
concrete shear walls (NSCP 2015 Table 208-11A)

Numerical Coefficient for Over *Depends on the trade-offs

Strength (1)Special reinforced concrete moment frames;
and Global Ductility Capacity or R=8.5
Response Reduction Factor (R) (2)Dual systems – Special reinforced concrete shear walls;
R=8.5
(3)Dual systems with IMF – Special reinforced concrete shear
walls; R=6.5 (NSCP 2015 Table 208-11A)

Numerical Coefficient for Period of 0.0731 (NSCP 2015 Section 208.5.2.2)

Vibration (Ct)
Table 2.7 Seismic Load Parameters
2.5.5 Other Relevant Loads
A. Concrete Compressive Strength (f’c)
Structural Member US (psi) SI (MPa)
Slab-on-Grade 2,500 17.5
 Suspended Slab 4,000 27.6
Column 4,000 27.6
Beam 4,000 27.6
Girder 4,000 27.6
Table 2.8 Concrete Compressive Strength
B. Reinforcing Bar Yield Strength
Structural Member US (psi) SI (MPa)
16mm diameter 60,000 414
< 16mm diameter 40,000 275
Table 2.9 Reinforcing Bar Yield Strength
C. Masonry Units, CHB (fm’)
Masonry Unit US (psi) SI (MPa)
Non-loading Bearing CHB 500 3.45
Table 2.10 Masonry Units Compressive Strength
2.5.6 Review of Related Literature
2.5.6.1 Staged construction analysis of reinforced concrete buildings with different lateral load resisting
systems
(Elansary et al., 2021) Stated that midas Gen possesses the capability to compute the revised
compressive strength of concrete at each time increment, taking into account the specified creep and
shrinkage parameters. These parameters are defined based on recognized standards such as ACI 318-
19, CEB-FIP, or can be user-defined. One of the key advantages of midas Gen is its ability to consider
construction stages and erection sequence analysis by activating or deactivating members, applying
appropriate loading and boundary conditions. The software accurately represents the true construction
stages of a structure by incorporating the effects of erection sequences. Construction dead loads are
automatically applied to temporary structural models, which are created to simulate each stage of
construction. Additionally, other loads such as superimposed dead loads, live loads, and lateral loads
are automatically incorporated according to the user-defined load combinations after the completion of
structural components.
2.5.6.2 Analysis and Design of Commercial Building Using Etabs
(Jose et al., 2017) Presented a G+3 storey building. ETABS is equipped with a user-friendly and robust
graphical interface, which seamlessly integrates modeling, analytical, and design procedures through a
unified database. It allows for the direct conversion of CAD drawings into ETABS models. The software
enables the design of steel and concrete frames, beams, and columns. Furthermore, ETABS offers a
wide range of comprehensive and customizable reports, presenting analysis and design outputs. It also
facilitates the generation of construction drawings, including framing plans, details, and cross sections,
for both concrete and steel structures.
2.5.6.3 Comparative study on design and analysis of multi storied building by STAAD.Pro and ETABS
Softwares
(Geethu et al., 2016) A comparative investigation was conducted to analyze and design multi-storied
buildings using STAAD.Pro and ETABS software. The study encompassed the design aspects of both
residential and commercial structures, adhering to the guidelines outlined in the national building code.
The planning process involved the utilization of AutoCAD software for drafting purposes. The findings
indicated that when comparing the results obtained from both software, ETABS exhibited higher values
of bending moment and axial force.
2.5.6.4 Study of Mitigation Strategies for Progressive Collapse of a Reinforced Concrete Commercial
Building
(Abruzzo et al., 2006) presents a study on the progressive collapse assessment of an existing
reinforced concrete commercial building. The effectiveness of current prescriptive guidelines in
predicting alternate load paths is evaluated. Despite meeting the integrity requirements specified by
ACI and the recent tie force provisions in United Facilities Criteria, the building still exhibits significant
vulnerability to progressive collapse in the event of an interior column failure. The investigation of the
building structure reveals that collapse propagation would likely occur if an interior column loses its
load-carrying capacity due to abnormal incidents such as blast effects from a nearby bomb. It is argued
that even with designs compliant with ACI 318 integrity provisions and UFC tie force requirements,
collapse prevention would be challenging under such circumstances. The analysis models presented in
the study do not consider the contribution of the slabs to the catenary effect, with the beams treated as
the primary gravity load members. The reinforcement along the beam lines follows UFC and ACI
provisions, but further consideration should be given to the membrane behavior of the slabs and their
ability to support their own weight.
2.5.6.5 Comparison of Conventional and Advanced Concrete Technologies in terms of Construction
Efficiency
(Spak et al., 2016) Stated that advanced concrete technologies such as high-performance concrete
(HPC) and ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) are considered innovative in the field. The
adoption of these advanced technologies has the potential to enhance construction efficiency from
multiple perspectives. Benefits can include reduced construction time and material usage, improved
construction quality, minimized environmental impact, increased durability and lifespan of structures,
and overall cost reduction. To assess construction efficiency, a comparison is made between
conventional concrete technologies and advanced concrete technologies employed in both monolithic
structures and precast units. The results of this comparison, evaluated on a semantic differential scale,
are presented in the article. The findings demonstrate the significance of implementing advanced
concrete technologies in MMC for enhancing construction efficiency. The assessment results indicate
that the use of precast concrete elements in concrete structure construction is more beneficial than
traditional methods employing ready-mix concrete, irrespective of the concrete technology employed.
The precast method offers advantages in terms of construction time, workforce and on-site equipment
requirements, labor content, environmental impact, and structural control efficiency. Similarly, the
evaluated characteristics of using HPC and UHPC in ready-mix concrete methods outperform the
reference RMX-CC, with the exception of the cost/return ratio. These findings align well with the
proclaimed benefits of MMC and advanced concrete technologies. The improvement of efficiency and
the promotion of sustainable development in construction rely on the wider adoption of progressive
technologies, materials, and modern construction methods.
CHAPTER 3: CONSTRAINTS, TRADE-OFFS, AND STANDARDS
3.1 Design Constraints
Design constraints are restrictions/limitations in the design process that cannot be included in the
project. There are numerous components of any design project that must be looked into in order to
establish the feasibility of a system. It is a design project that should be met for the design to succeed.
The different aspects considered to be the constraint of the project must include economics,
sustainability, health and safety, and constructability. As a result, the designers of this concept intend to
identify any potential limits that may significantly impact the design of the building and its progress. The
constraints can come from the construction needed, the location, or meeting the client’s needs.
Deciding where to begin or to justify developing one solution over others can be challenging without
limitations.
3.1.1 Quantitative Constraint
Quantitative constraints are example of measurable or quantifiable limits which are economic,
sustainability, health and safety, and constructability.
3.1.1.1 Economic Constraint
Economic constraints concern the budget of the project and the availability of the allocation of
resources. It is one of the primary restriction variables of a style project that deals with the project price.
If the money is not enough or is misallocated, it can harm the project's success in terms of quality,
functionality, safety, and performance. The designer's job is to extend various types of design that will
accompany the clients' allocated budget and according to their satisfaction. This constraint is a vital tool
to determine the budget for the trade-offs and carefully decide which is the most effective and, at the
same time, within the clients' budget. In such cases, the designer carefully weighs the available trade-
offs.
3.1.1.2 Sustainability Constraint
The sustainability constraint is where the design indicates how long the structure design of the project
will last longer and, in addition, the maintenance cost needed for the structure’s design. The
maintenance cost of each structural design/signaling system will be used to analyze the trade-offs. As a
result, before determining which choice is best for the circumstances, evaluate the relationship between
the expense of maintaining the building and its endurance. This constraint is all about the limitations
and requirements to put on the project based on the possible impact of natural disasters on the
environment.
3.1.1.3 Health and Safety Constraint
Implementing health and safety measures is essential in ensuring the well-being and protection of
individuals within the project's building or in its environment. Within the context of occupational health
and safety, strict adherence to regulatory guidelines and policies imposes a vital constraint that
mandates the identification, assessment, and mitigation of potential hazards and risks, thereby
safeguarding the physical and mental well-being of the client and the designers while fostering a culture
of safety and prevention.
3.1.1.4 Constructability Constraint
The constructability constraint, or the project's time and labor cost, is the project's completion schedule,
which contains deadlines for each step and the date on which the final deliverable will be distributed.
Conforming to these dates is often crucial regarding the overall project completion date, and fines may
be imposed for failure to reach specified dates. The client specified a deadline/completion date for the
project to be finished. Therefore, the designer must determine the construction duration of the trade-
offs based on the stated timetable. However, if the project's deadline still needs to be met or extended,
it is expected that both the workforce project and its costs will increase.
3.1.2 Qualitative Constraints
These constraints, namely aesthetic, legal/political, and social, are intangible and cannot be quantified.
They encompass factors related to the appreciation of beauty, adherence to laws and political
considerations, and societal expectations and norms. They shape and influence decision-making
processes and outcomes, providing a framework beyond numerical measurements.
3.1.2.1 Architectural Constraint
Architectural constraint refers to the restrictions and specifications placed on a construction project,
considering its design and aesthetic elements. This particular constraint focuses mainly on the visual
and spatial aspects of the project and encompasses both functional and aesthetic considerations. It
encompasses various factors, such as the selection of building materials, color palettes, and
architectural styles that contribute to the overall design and appearance of the structure.
3.1.2.2 Social Constraint
Social constraint encompasses the obligations placed upon a project due to social considerations,
which include cultural norms, community values, and public perception. The designers considered the
potential impact of the commercial building project on the well-being and quality of life of the individuals
residing close to it. The project's main objective is to create a beneficial and practical structure for the
local individuals it serves. The design of the building aims to bring positive benefits and enhancements
to the local community.
3.1.2.3 Legal/Political Constraint
Legal or political constraint refers to the obligations placed upon a project due to laws, regulations, and
government policies. Adhering to these constraints is crucial in guaranteeing the project's legality,
safety, and overall accomplishment, as well as its acceptance within the community and the larger
political context. Building codes and standards serve as benchmarks, outlining the minimum criteria for
structures' design, construction, and safety. In the Philippines, the National Structural Code, along with
other regulations and standards, guides the structural aspects of the building under legal and safety
requirements.
3.2 Trade-offs
The selection of the ultimate trade-off will involve the amalgamation of structural members to create a
cohesive structural system. A comprehensive analysis of three trade-offs per specialization was
undertaken to address the multiple constraints inherent in the project's design. These trade-offs will be
subject to thorough examination and comparison by the designers and the client to determine the most
suitable and optimal choice for designing the three-storey commercial building in San Mateo, Rizal.
Trade-off Number
Framing System 1 (SMRF)
Beams and Girders 1 (Rectangular Section)
2 (Rectangular section, circular
Columns
section)
Slab 2 (One-way, Two-way)
Foundation 1 (Isolated Footings)
Table 3.1 Trade-offs overview
According to the principle of counting, which is based on the fundamental concept that if event E1 can
occur in n1 in different ways and event E2 can occur in n2 in different ways, then the total number of
ways in which both events can occur in a specified order is given by the product of n1 and n2, that is,
n1n2. Hence,
Number of possible trade-offs = (1)(1)(2)(2)(1) = 4 combinations

FRAMING SYSTEM 1

BEAM AND GIRDER 1

COLUMN 1 COLUMN 2

SLAB 1 SLAB 2 SLAB 1 SLAB 2

FOOTING 1 FOOTING 2 FOOTING 1 FOOTING 2

1 2 3 4

1 Framing System = 4 trade-offs combinations

3.2.1 Framing System
3.2.1.1 Special Moment Resisting Frame
The Reinforced Concrete Special Moment Resisting Frame (SMRF) is a specific type of frame system
engineered to effectively withstand the intense shaking caused by powerful earthquakes while
maintaining the structural integrity of the building under the design requirements specified by the
National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) or the American Concrete Institute (ACI). Building
structures generally consist of a three-dimensional system of structural elements designed to bear
vertical (gravity) and horizontal (lateral) loads. This seismic force-resisting system is carefully
proportioned and meticulously detailed to effectively counteract the impact of these loads as the
building undergoes multiple displacement cycles during seismic ground motion.

Advantages Disadvantages
The performance of the system may also
There are no restrictions on the maximum rely on the criticality of splices in columns
height for building structures.
within special moment frames.
Columns supporting high axial loads may
It is feasible to prevent anchorage or have limited deformation capacity.
splice failure through careful measures Achieving adequate performance in such
and proper planning. columns requires costly reinforcement
details.
Architectural space planning allows for
flexibility in designing and arranging The framing system cost more.
spaces.
Table 3.2 Special Moment Resisting Frame (Framing System) Advantages and Disadvantages
3.2.2 Beams and Girders
3.2.2.1 Rectangular Section
This section has excellent structural strength, enabling it to bear heavy loads and travel significant
distances. Due to its durability and longevity, it is commonly utilized in the construction of bridges, large
buildings, and various other structures, including airport terminals, sports arenas, and convention
centers.

Advantages Disadvantages
Compared to other segment shapes, they These structures are prone to cracking
necessitate a reduced amount of caused by differential settlement and can
formwork and supporting materials. also be affected by thermal expansion.
These elements are strategically
employed to achieve optimal space Achieving accurate alignment and
utilization within buildings, effectively meticulous formwork is essential for these
utilizing available areas while minimizing structures.
any wasted or unutilized space.
Their structural efficiency stems from their Because they are more prone to torsional
ability to bear significant loads while forces, they may have limited adaptability
to seismic conditions compared to other
minimizing the use of materials. structures.
Table 3.3 Rectangular Section (Beams and Girders) Advantages and Disadvantages
3.2.3 Columns
3.2.3.1 Rectangular Section
This section exhibits four axes of symmetry, contrasting with the two axes found in a rectangle. It is
frequently utilized in the construction of large and sturdy structures. Constructing this section's
segments is considerably easier than circular counterparts, as it is simpler to cover and prevent
tension-induced collapse during the pourable concrete phase.

Advantages Disadvantages
Their lower seismic adaptability stems
With proper design and reinforcement, from their increased vulnerability to
these structures demonstrate excellent
torsional forces, rendering them less
seismic resistance.
effective in seismic scenarios.
These sections can be customized in a
range of sizes and shapes to meet The visual appeal is reduced or lacking.
diverse structural needs.
These sections are engineered to It is challenging to achieve precise
efficiently support heavy loads while using formwork and meticulous alignment,
requiring extra effort and attention to
minimal amounts of materials. detail.
Table 3.4 Rectangular Section (Columns) Advantages and Disadvantages
3.2.3.2 Circular Section
Primarily employed in building elevation and piling for aesthetic purposes, this section is characterized
by multiple longitudinal steel bars that serve as support and exhibit higher resistance to torsion
compared to square or rectangular sections.

Advantages Disadvantages
Have limitations when it comes to
This design minimizes the occurrence of architectural flexibility due to its curved
stress concentration.
shapes
Ideal for regions with increased seismic
activity, this design ensures high
Difficult and time-consuming to construct
compressive strength and ductility in all
directions.
The curved shape of this design
contributes to its increased longevity by Space consuming and hard to place
without impeding movement or
facilitating more uniform stress
obstructing views
distribution.
Table 3.4 Circular Section (Columns) Advantages and Disadvantages
3.2.4 Slabs
3.2.4.1 One-way Slabs
A one-way slab is characterized by its geometry, supported by parallel walls or beams, and a length-to-
breadth ratio of two or greater. It bends in a single direction (along the span) while transferring loads to
the two supporting walls or beams. In simpler terms, it only bends and spans in one direction. Beams or
walls commonly support this type of slab on two opposite sides and find application in buildings where
loads are predominantly carried in one direction, such as long corridors or narrow rooms.

Advantages Disadvantages
The load is displaced in the opposite Issues, such as obstruction, can arise
direction of the supporting column. because of the reflection of light.
 It is supported by a beam on two
The ceiling lacks visual appeal.
opposing sides specifically.

It demands a minimal quantity of steel. Using inconsistent heights between floors

is impractical.
Table 3.5 One way Slab Advantages and Disadvantages
3.2.4.2 Two-way Slabs
A two-way slab, which is a reinforced concrete slab, is designed to bear loads in two directions. It is a
flat slab that is supported by walls or beams on all four sides. Two-way slabs are commonly used in
buildings such as parking structures, apartments, and offices. They offer greater resistance to bending
and cracking compared to one-way slabs when the load is spread over a large area, such as a parking
lot or a spacious room. Furthermore, they are utilized in situations where the supporting beams or walls
are relatively close to each other.

Advantages Disadvantages
Being stiffer and stronger allows them to Due to their limited span, they may not be
withstand greater loads without suitable for constructing large buildings
experiencing excessive cracking or
deflection. with extensive spans.

By reducing the necessity for additional Their complex design entails a greater
beams, it creates more open space. need for maintenance and upkeep.
The presence of a bar within the cell Constructing two-way slabs is more
contributes to improved accessibility of challenging compared to one-way slabs,
the flat roof. leading to increased construction costs.
Table 3.6 Two way Slab Advantages and Disadvantages
3.2.5 Foundation
3.2.5.1 Isolated Footing
Isolated footings serve as the foundation for individual columns and can take the form of spread
footings and footings with projections in a solid base. Steel reinforcement is provided in both directions
to accommodate heavily loaded sections within a substantial bed. Isolated footings are commonly
employed in residential and commercial structures where the soil's bearing capacity and the column's
load meet the required criteria. They are typically utilized when the column loads do not warrant a pile
foundation but are still too substantial to support a simple spread footing.

Advantages Disadvantages
The presence of separate establishments
The ability to construct them rapidly helps renders this plan vulnerable to differential
in reducing both the overall construction
settlement, which can impact the
time and project costs.
structure.
These types of structures are well-suited
By evenly distributing the load over the
for situations where the imposed loads
soil, the likelihood of differential
are relatively low and the soil has a
settlement is reduced.
satisfactory bearing capacity.
They are easy to maintain since they can It can become excessively large in order
 be accessed and inspected for potential to accommodate the heavy load, which
issues. can be disadvantageous.
Table 3.7 Isolated Footings (Foundation) Advantages and Disadvantages
3.3 Multiple Constraints using Initial Normalization Method

After evaluating the initial estimate, a preliminary computation was carried out for each trade-off in order
to generate an initial assessment. The determination of the scale or importance of each criterion is
based on the designer's perspective and the client's specifications. The equation used for calculating
the ability to fulfill the criteria in the Normalized Data calculation is as follows:

Normalized Data= ( Maximum−Minimum

Maximum− Actual
) ( 9) +1
The allocation of weight percentages will be established by considering the agreed optimal percentages
for each performance parameter, depending on the resulting value. It is imperative that all criteria
employed in the trade-off calculation collectively add up to 100 percent (100%).
Weighted ∑ ¿ ∑ Weighted (%)× Normalized Data

The top two design trade-off that has the highest weighted sum will be used in the initial design.
Economic Constructability Sustainability
Trade-offs
Constraint (₱) Constraint (₱) Constraint (₱)
FRAMING SMRF 1,560,691.56 443,732.98 63,721.38
Rectangular
325,896.35 25,954.10 48,921.55
COLUMN Section
Circular Section 320,438.60 32,727.15 50,621.90
BEAMS AND Rectangular
556,749.80 64,529.50 48,953.40
GIRDERS Section
One-way Slab 600,102.75 559,762.70 50,237.89
SLAB
Two-way Slab 438,680.70 58,935.79 42,768.50
FOUNDATION Isolated Footings 500,112.98 103,677.67 69,348.90
Table 3.8: Initial Assessment
3.4 Raw Data, Normalized Data, and Weighted Sum of Various Percentage Weight
Raw Data
Trade-offs Economic Constructability Sustainability
Beams and Slab Constraints
Frame Columns Foundation Constraints Constraint
Girders
One- Rectangular 3,564,783,25 983,754.55 335,748.87
way Section
Slab Circular
3,885,768.99 1,195,432.90 321,467.87
SMR Rectangular Section Isolated
F Section Two- Rectangular Footings 3,643,897.45 678,943.99 300,768.55
way Section
Slab Circular
3,962,077.50 725,565.90 301,563.67
Section
Table 3.9: Raw Data
Normalized Data
Trade-offs Economic Constructability Sustainability
 Beams and Slab
Frame
Girders
Columns Foundation Constraints Constraints Constraint
One- Rectangular
10 10 1
way Section
Slab Circular
1 10 10
SMR Rectangular Section Isolated
F Section Two- Rectangular Footings
10 10 1
way Section
Slab Circular
1 10 10
Section
Table 3.10 Normalized Data
Analysis of Normalized Data
Constraint Weight Trade-off Trade-off Trade-off Trade-off
(%) 1 2 3 4
Economic 60% 10 1 10 1
Constructability 30% 10 10 10 10
Serviceability 10% 1 10 1 10
Weighted Sum 100% 9.1 4.6 9.1 4.6
Table 3.11 Analysis of Normalized Data
3.5 Design Code and Standards
Design codes and standards are crucial in setting the guidelines, design specifications, and analysis
procedures for a material being utilized. In the case of the proposed three-storey commercial building in
San Mateo, Rizal, these codes and standards are employed to define the minimum criteria for its
design and construction. The designers adhere to specific codes and standards, which includes:
National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP 2015)

This code establishes minimum standards to protect life, property, and public welfare. It achieves this
by overseeing and regulating the design, construction, and quality of materials related to the structural
aspects of all buildings and structures within its jurisdiction. This code's provisions apply to various
activities, including construction, alteration, moving, demolition, repair, maintenance, and use of any
building or structure within its jurisdiction. However, it should be noted that this code does not cover
work primarily conducted in public areas, public utility towers and poles, hydraulic flood control
structures, and indigenous family dwellings.
1. Dead Loads (Section 204)
2. Live Loads (Section 205)
3. Wind Loads (Section 207)
4. Seismic Load Parameters (Section 208)
5. Materials:
a. f’c - Compressive Strength of Concrete (Section 419)
b. Reinforcing Steel Bars
 c. fm’ - Masonry Units

National Building Code of the Philippines (PD 1096)

The National Building Code of the Philippines, also called Presidential Decree No. 1096, is
standardized. It establishes requirements and provides current technical information for the design and
execution of structural elements in construction and their use and occupancy. The provisions outlined in
the NBCP cover many aspects, including the design, location, construction, usage, occupancy, repair,
movement, and addition of public and private buildings and structures.
1. Air Space Requirement in Determining the Size of Rooms (Chapter 8 Section 807)
2. Artificial Ventilation (Chapter 8 Section 811)
3. Sanitation (Chapter 9)
4. Stairs, Exits, and Occupant Loads (Chapter 12 Section 1207)
American Concrete Institute
The American Concrete Institute (ACI) holds a prominent position as an authoritative entity and global
resource. It focuses on creating, disseminating, and implementing standards based on consensus,
along with providing technical resources, educational programs, and reliable expertise. The ACI serves
individuals and organizations engaged in concrete design, construction, and materials. It unites a
community dedicated to maximizing the potential of concrete and achieving excellence in its utilization.
 CHAPTER 4: DESIGN METHODOLOGY, DESIGN RESULTS
4.1 General Design Process
To present various alternative configurations for the structure, three trade-offs are introduced. This
chapter encompasses diverse design procedures aimed at identifying the analyzing parameters that will
enable designers to attain their proposed and desired outcomes, aligning with the intended purpose of
the structure. A systematic and detailed step-by-step procedure is followed to initially facilitate the
thorough examination of the structure's composition, typically for purpose and interpretation. The initial
stage of this process involves conducting an analysis using software, specifically MIDAS, to model the
structure. As the design process progresses, the designers focus on designing the structural members
within the most critical frame of the structure. This structural frame is engineered to withstand gravity
loads as well as lateral loads, primarily generated by wind or seismic activity. Following the structural
analysis, the designer can proceed with designing each member, considering different trade-offs that
align with specific constraints.
 Figure 4.1 General Design Process

4.2 Member Design Methodologies

4.2.1 Tension Members
 Figure 4.2 Design for Tension Members

4.2.2 Compression Members

START

LRFD: ∅ Pn; ∅ =0.90

4.3 Trade-offs
 Figure 4.4 Trade-off 1

Figure 4.5 Trade-off 2

4.4 Analysis Result for Winning Trade-off

 Figure 4.6 Trade-off 3 (Wind Load)

Figure 4.6 Trade-off 3 (Seismic Load)

Figure 4.7 Results for Column
Figure 4.8 Results for Footings
Figure 4.9 Results for Beam
 CHAPTER 5: RESULT AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Final Result
In conclusion, this chapter highlights the designer's utilization of software for the design, analysis, and
evaluation of each trade-off. Following the determination of the structure's purpose, function, and
overall appearance, the designer organizes the structural elements according to the specifications
established during the planning phase. Subsequently, the designer determines the loads, considering
all potential forces that may act upon the structure based on its materials and intended function. The
selection of member sizes is then undertaken, followed by the analysis phase. The designer evaluates
the results, taking into account prevailing building and structural code provisions, as well as other
preferred specifications. After the evaluation process, the structure is redesigned to achieve the most
cost-effective yet secure design.
5.2 Conclusion
The process of designing the Three-Storey Commercial Building involved several iterations and
evaluations, taking into account various plan parameters and the designers' trade-offs and objectives.
Throughout this process, the designers successfully developed a structure that conforms to the
established principles of engineering design, while also meeting our specific trade-offs and fulfilling
multiple requirements and considerations, including economic feasibility, ease of construction, and
environmental sustainability.
Upon completion of the entire design process, the designer is able to determine and implement the
most suitable trade-off strategy to guide the execution of the project.
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