F5 C1: FORCES & MOTION II

1.1 Resultant Force

Force: Push or pull upon an object
Resultant force: Net force that acts on an object when 2 or more forces act
on it
Frictional force: Force that resist the movement between 2 surfaces that are
in contact with each other

Parallel force
Same direction Opposite direction

𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐹1 − 𝐹2

Perpendicular force

𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = √𝐹1 2 + 𝐹2 2

𝐹1
𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, tan 𝜃 =
𝐹2

Calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant force

1.

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 2.

3.

Non-perpendicular force

Triangle of forces method

Parallelogram of forces method

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Diagram shows a box being pulled by 2 forces with the
magnitude of 300N and 400N respectively. The angle
between the force is 60°. Determine the magnitude and
direction of the resultant force

Triangle

Parallelogram

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 1.2 Resolution of Forces
Resolution of force: Process of resolving a force into 2 components

Horizontal component

𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹 cos 𝜃

Vertical component

𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹 sin 𝜃

𝑭𝒙

𝑭𝒚

1. Baba is pully a load with a force 7N

(a) If the load is moving with constant velocity,
what is the friction against the load?
(b) If the mass of the load is 3kg and the
frictional force is 1N, what is the
acceleration of the load?

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 2. A 750kg boat is being towed by 2 forces of 20kN each. What
is
(a) The total forces towards the right?
(b) The acceleration of the boat?

3. “No wear shirt ppl” pushes a 9kg grass mower with a force of 100N
directed from the handle.
(a) Find the horizontal and vertical components of the force
(b) What is the weight of the grass mower?
(c) What is the total downward force on the ground?
(d) If the people pull the handle with the same force in a reverse direction,
what is the total downward force on the ground?
(e) Pushing or pulling is more effective in levelling the grass?

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 4. Diagram shows a flagpole which is fixed in position by 2 cables. Each
cables have a tension of 200N. What is the downward force acting on the
ground by the 2 cables?

5. A boy pulls the rope that is attached to the cart with a force 150N. The
cart moves with a constant velocity.
(a) What is the resultant force acting on the cart?
(b) Calculate the effective force on the cart moving it horizontally on the
ground.
(c) On the diagram, label with arrows the 4 forces acting on the cart.
(d) Sketch a vector diagram of the 4 forces acting on the cart.

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Inclined plane

/𝑅

At rest Accelerate down the inclined plane

𝑹 = 𝒎𝒈 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 − 𝑓
𝒇 = 𝒎𝒈 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

1. A 50kg skier is sliding down a slope at an angle of 25°.

Calculate the
(a) Normal reaction
(b) Acceleration
(c) If he is at rest on the inclined plane, calculate the
frictional force

2. Diagram shows a horizontal force act on a 7kg

block on a smooth inclined plane. What is the
magnitude of 𝐹𝑎 to stop the block from sliding
down?

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 3. A 100 kg box is to be lowered down an
inclined plane 4 meters long from the
back of a lorry 2 meters above the
ground. The friction is 150 N. What is the
magnitude of the force F to be applied
parallel to the inclined plane to hold back
the box so that it is lowered at constant
speed?

1.3 Force in Equilibrium

An object is in equilibrium if the object is
(a) At rest or moving with a constant / uniform velocity
(b) Acceleration = 0
(c) Resultant force / Net force = 0
Newton’s Third Law of Motion: Every force, there is a reaction force with
the same magnitude but in the opposite direction

Force in equilibrium
Normal reaction /
Reaction force, R

Tension, T Friction, F Thrust, T

Weight, W
Weight, W

T=W R=W
T=F

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 Lift = Weight
Thrust = Drag

𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎

Pulley System

𝐹1 (𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡)

𝐹2 (𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)

𝑚1 (𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡)

𝑚2 (𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)

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 1. A 40N force pulls a load of mass 2kg by means a smooth
pulley. Find the acceleration of the load.

40N
2kg

2. Determine the acceleration and tension.

2kg 8kg

3. 2 masses are connected to a rope which passes through a smooth pulley.

Find
(a) The tension
(b) The acceleration

10kg 2kg

4. Pilipala is pulling a load with mass 4kg. Find the

(a) Tension if the load is moving up with 2𝑚 𝑠 −1 constant
velocity.
(b) Find the applied force if Pilipala increases his force to
move the load upwards with acceleration of 2𝑚𝑠 −2

5. 2 blocks on a smooth surface are pulled by a force of 10N. Find the

(a) Acceleration of the 3kg box
3kg 10N
(b) Tension 2kg

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 6. A 4kg weight is connected by a light inextensible string to a 5kg block.
The rope passes over a smooth pulley. Find the tension in the rope if 3N
friction act against the block.

5kg

4kg

7. If the friction between the block and the table is 5N, calculate the
(a) Resultant force
(b) Acceleration of the block
(c) String tension

5kg

10kg
Extra
Extra
1. Find the tension in term of m acting on 2m mass when
the system is released from rest. Assume that the pulleys
are ideal and strings are inextensible.

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 2. Diagram shows 3 blocks bring tied by 2 string
and passing over 2 smooth pulleys. That is a
smooth table. When the system is released, find
(a) Acceleration
(b) 𝑇1
(c) 𝑇2

3. Calculate the tension in both strings

4. A box of mass 10kg rests on an inclined. A string

is used to keep the box in equilibrium.
(a) Draw a Free Body Diagram including all forces
acting on the particle with their labels.
(b) Find the tension in the string.
(c) Find the friction acting on the particle.

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 5. Three boxes are tied together by two ropes and hang from a pulley as
shown. The coefficient of friction between the ground and the boxes is
0.25. What is the acceleration of each box, and the tension in ropes A
and B?

6. Given that 𝑚1 = 15𝑘𝑔, 𝑚2 & 𝑚3 are both 5kg. The

moment of inertia of the pulley and the mass of the
string can be neglected. Find the
(a) Acceleration of the system
(b) Magnitudes of T1, T2
(c) Friction between the blocks and the plane

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Apparent weight in a lift (Scale reading = Reaction force, R)

• Stationary/ Accelerates Accelerates • Free fall

At rest upwards downwards • 𝑎=𝑔
• Constant
velocity

a
R R R R
g

W W W W

𝑅 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0 𝑅 − 𝑚𝑔 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑚𝑔 − 𝑅 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑚𝑔 − 𝑅 = 𝑚𝑔
𝑅 = 𝑚𝑔 𝑅=0

1. A man of 60kg is standing in a lift. What is the weight of the man when
the lift
(a) Move downwards with an acceleration of 3𝑚 𝑠 −1
(b) Move upwards with an acceleration of 4𝑚 𝑠 −1
(c) Is stationary
(d) Fall freely

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 1.4 Elasticity
Elasticity: The property of material that enables an object to return to its
original shape and size after the force applied on it is removed.

1. Elasticity exists when there is a repulsive force or attractive force

between the particle of the a solid.
2. When a solid is compressed, the strong repulsive force will push the
solid particles back to their original position.
3. When a solid is stretched, the strong attractive force pulls the solid
particles back to their original position.
4. Both forces are in equilibrium when the solid particles are separated at
an equilibrium distance.

Hooke’s Law

Hooke’s Law: The spring extension is directly proportional to the

applied force provided the elastic limit isn’t exceeded.

𝑚=𝑘

𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥
F = Force (N)
Elastic limit
1 k = Force constant /
𝑚=
𝑘 Spring constant (𝑁 𝑚−1 )
x = Spring extension (m)

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Elastic Potential Energy / Work Done

1 1
𝐸 = 𝐹𝑥 𝐸 = 𝑘𝑥 2
2 2

Work done to extend / compress

the spring is transferred and stored
as elastic potential energy

1. A 4cm spring is hung with a 10g load. Find the total stretch in

2. A spring with 5 𝑁 𝑚−1 ? force constant is extended 3cm. Find the force
applied.

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 3. Diagram shows a graph of the force against the spring
extension. Determine the value of the spring constant.

4. How much energy is needed to compress a spring from 15cm to 10cm if

the constant of the spring is 150 𝑁 𝑚−1 ? [0.1875 J]

5. Diagram shows a spring before and after being compressed. Find the
(a) Spring constant
(b) Elastic potential energy stored in the compressed spring
800g

10cm
8cm

6. Diagram shows a graph of extensions against load for a spring. Find the
(a) Spring constant
(b) Value of y
(c) Elastic potential energy when the spring is extended from y to 10cm
x/ cm

m/ g
4

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 7. Diagram shows an 80g ball pushed against one end of a spring on a
smooth surface. The original length of the spring is 10cm and its force
constant is 11 𝑁 𝑚−1 . Find the maximum velocity reached by the ball
when the force on the spring is removed.
6cm

8. The original length of a spring is 6cm. With a 200g load, the length of the
spring is extended to 10cm. Find the
(a) Length of the spring with a 300g load
(b) Mass of load to extend the spring by 7cm

9. Diagram shows the compression of a spring when 2 blocks are placed on

the same spring. Calculate the original length of the spring.

60g

90g

15cm
9cm

10. Diagram shows a compressed spring. Calculate the value of m if the

original length of the spring is 12cm.
400g
m

m
90g

10cm
7cm

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Factors affect the spring constant
Factor Change in the factor Spring constant
1. Material of spring Copper Smaller
Steel Greater
2. Length of spring Longer Smaller
Shorter Greater
3. Diameter of spring Greater Smaller
Smaller Greater
4. Diameter of coil Smaller Smaller
(Thickness of wire) Greater Greater
5. Arrangement of spring Series Smaller
Parallel Greater
[Grab your reader’s attention with a great quote from the
Smaller spring constant: Softer, easier to extend
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Greater spring constant: Stiffer, harder to extend

Application of spring
Example Explanation
1. Suspension system/ shock - Greater k
absorber of vehicle - Enable the vehicle to move smoother/
less bumpy
- Support greater mass of load

2. Bow string - Greater k

- Produce greater elastic potential
energy
- Shoot faster and further

3. Trampoline - Greater k
- Greater elastic potential energy
- Jump higher
- Support greater mass of load

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 4. Cradle - Greater k
- Support greater mass of load

5. Weighing machine

6. Ammeter, voltmeter, - Smaller k

galvanometer - Softer, easier to return to its original
position

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