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    Hindu and Arabic Contributions in Mathematics

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    illumin24
    The document discusses the history and development of negative numbers, zero, and algebra, beginning with early concepts in ancient cultures like China, India, and Greece. Key figures that advanced mathematical concepts included Brahmagupta, who established rules for negative numbers in the 7th century, and Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, whose work in the 9th century gave rise to the word "algebra". The document also examines how Islamic art incorporated geometric patterns and symmetry derived from basic shapes like the circle.

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    Hindu and Arabic Contributions in Mathematics

    Uploaded by

    illumin24
    23 views35 pages
    The document discusses the history and development of negative numbers, zero, and algebra, beginning with early concepts in ancient cultures like China, India, and Greece. Key figures that advanced mathematical concepts included Brahmagupta, who established rules for negative numbers in the 7th century, and Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, whose work in the 9th century gave rise to the word "algebra". The document also examines how Islamic art incorporated geometric patterns and symmetry derived from basic shapes like the circle.

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    History of Mathematics in Hindu Arabic Period

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    The document discusses the history and development of negative numbers, zero, and algebra, beginning with early concepts in ancient cultures like China, India, and Greece. Key figures that advanced mathematical concepts included Brahmagupta, who established rules for negative numbers in the 7th century, and Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, whose work in the 9th century gave rise to the word "algebra". The document also examines how Islamic art incorporated geometric patterns and symmetry derived from basic shapes like the circle.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    23 views35 pages

    Hindu and Arabic Contributions in Mathematics

    Uploaded by

    illumin24
    The document discusses the history and development of negative numbers, zero, and algebra, beginning with early concepts in ancient cultures like China, India, and Greece. Key figures that advanced mathematical concepts included Brahmagupta, who established rules for negative numbers in the 7th century, and Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, whose work in the 9th century gave rise to the word "algebra". The document also examines how Islamic art incorporated geometric patterns and symmetry derived from basic shapes like the circle.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 35

    The Fascinating History of Arabic

    Numerals (Modern Day Numbers!)


    The History of Arabic Numerals
    The Origin of Numbers
    Who is Al Khwarizmi?
    The Evolution of Hindu Arabic Numerals
     The ancient Hindu symbol of a
    circle with a dot in the middle.
     Known as BINDU or BINDHU
     Symbolizing the void and the
    negation of the self
     The earliest use of a circle
    character for the number zero
    was in India
    INVENTION OF NEGATIVE
    NUMBERS AND ZERO
    Invention Of Negative Numbers And
    Zero
     In mathematics, a negative number is a real number that is less
    than zero.
     Negative numbers represent opposites
     For example, −(−3) = 3 because the opposite of an opposite is
    the original value. Negative numbers are usually written with a
    minus sign in front.
     Every real number other than zero is either positive or negative.
    The nonnegative whole numbers are referred to as natural
    numbers (i.e., 0, 1, 2, 3...), while the positive and negative whole
    numbers (together with zero) are referred to as integers.
    Chronology of Negative Numbers and
    Zero
     Negative numbers appeared in the Ancient
    Chinese writing the Nine Chapters on the
    Mathematical Art

    Ancient Chinese Numbering System


     300 CE, Greek mathematicians did not believe
    in negative numbers. One Alexandrian
    mathematician Diophantus published
    "Arithmetica" in it he created an equation
    with a result that would be negative. He
    called the result "absurd."
    Chronology of Negative Numbers and
    Zero

     620 CE, the mathematician in India,


    Brahmagupta created the first set
    of rules when working with positive
    and negative numbers.
     He called positive numbers
    "fortunes" and negative numbers
    "debts".
    Chronology of Negative Numbers and
    Zero
     In 9th Century, The Persian mathematician
    Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi, from
    Baghdad, used negative numbers when working
    with inheritance. His work was based on
    Brahmagupta's ideas. However, he felt that
    negative results were meaningless.
     13th Century, In China, they started to represent
    negative numbers by drawing a diagonal stroke through
    the right-most non-zero digit of the negative number.
    Chronology of Negative Numbers and
    Zero
     15th Century, Negative numbers began to show up
    in Europe
     17th and 18th Century, In the early 18th (or very
    late 17th) century John Wallis was the first European
    mathematician to give negative numbers meaning. He
    paired negative and positive numbers with directions
    providing them with a meaning.
    Chronology of Negative Numbers and
    Zero
    ➢ In the mid-18th century the mathematician,
    Francis Maseres, stated that negative numbers "...
    darken the very whole doctrines of the equations
    and make dark of the things which are in their
    nature excessively obvious and simple."

    ➢ 19th Century, Augustus De Morgan, George


    Peacock, William Hamilton, and other
    mathematicians investigated the "law of
    arithmetic." The goal was to work on the 'logic' or
    number theory.
    DEVELOPMENT OF
    ALGEBRA
    Around 2nd or 3rd Century BC, five
    different types of infinities:

    1.infinite in one direction,


    2.in two directions,
    3.in area,
    4.infinite everywhere and
    5.perpetually infinite
    Ancient Buddhist as three different
    types of infinities:

    1.Countable
    2.Uncountable
    3.Infinite
    BRAHMAGUPTA
    Brahmagupta established rules for
    dealing with negative numbers,
    and pointed out that quadratic
    equations could in theory have two
    possible solutions, one of which
    could be negative
    MUHAMMAD AL-KHWARIZMI

     The word algebra stems from the Arabic


    word al-jabr, which has its roots in the title
    of a 9th century manuscript written by the
    Persian Mathematician Al-Khwarizmi.
    Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi was a
    9th-century Islamic mathematician and
    astronomer
    MUHAMMAD AL-KHWARIZMI

     The word algebra stems from the Arabic


    word al-jabr, which has its roots in the title
    of a 9th century manuscript written by the
    Persian Mathematician Al-Khwarizmi.
    Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi was a
    9th-century Islamic mathematician and
    astronomer
    LEONARDO FIBONACCI (1170 – 1250)
    (Medieval Algebra)
     The 13th Century
    Italian Leonardo of Pisa, better
    known by his nickname
    Fibonacci, was perhaps the
    most talented Western
    mathematician of the Middle
    Ages
     Fibonacci Sequence
     Lattice Multiplication
    NICOLAS CHUQUET (1445 – 1488)
    (Early Renaissance Algebra)

     Hisalgebra was developed as


    a series of general methods
    and in this work negative
    numbers appear as
    coefficients, exponents and
    solutions to problems
    LUCA PACIOLI (1445 – 1517)
    (Early Renaissance Algebra)

     Pacioli's
    works were
    important popular collections
    of current practical
    mathematics and were more
    useful for passing on known
    techniques and problems
    than for any original
    contributions
    GIROLAMO CARDANO (1501 - 1576)
    (Late Renaissance & Early Modern Algebra)

     "Of the Great Art, or the First Book


    on the Rules of Algebra" the 'Ars
    Magna' as it is often called.
     The Ars Magna contains the
    proportional methods and rules
    that had been developed by
    mathematicians before him, his
    own work was also a significant
    contribution, and he
    acknowledged the discoveries of
    his contemporaries.
    THE ROOTS OF
    EQUATION
     Root, in mathematics, a solution to an
    equation, usually expressed as a number or
    an algebraic formula
     Arab writers usually called one of the equal
    factors of a number jadhr (―root), and
     their medieval European translators used
    the Latin word radix (from which derives
    the adjective radical).
    ISLAMIC ART AND
    GEOMETRY
    Islamic and Geometry

     Geometry – The Language of Symmetry in


    Islamic Art
     In Islamic art the geometric figure of the circle
    represents the primordial symbol of unity and the
    ultimate source of all diversity in creation.
     The natural division of the circle into regular
    divisions is the ritual starting point for many
    traditional Islamic patterns, as demonstrated in
    the drawings below.
     A family of geometric tiles (above), derived from the
    octagram (khatam – 8 pointed star) form a ‗jigsaw‘
    puzzle, which through different combinations can
    generate a myriad of stunning designs.
    Activity: Islamic art and Geometry

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