1.3.

5 Practice: Atomic Structure Practice

Learning Oasis Chemistry Name:
Points Possible: 25 Date:

Question 1: Laws of Conservation of Matter and Energy (2 points)

a. Law of conservation of matter

i. What does the law say about matter?

Answer:
Matter cannot be created or destroyed.

ii. What about matter can change and what does not change, according to the law?

Answer:
Matter can change forms and can mix with other matter, and atoms can rearrange. The
total number of atoms stays the same.

b. Law of conservation of energy

i. What does the law say about energy?

Answer:
Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

ii. What about energy can change and what does not change, according to the law?

Answer:
Energy can be converted from one form to another, but the total amount of energy does
not change.

Question 2: Phases of Matter (2 points)

a. What are the four states, or phases, of matter? Describe the shape and volume
properties of each phase. Can they change, or are they fixed?

i. _______________________

Shape:

Volume:

Answer:
Solid — fixed shape, fixed volume

ii. _______________________

Shape:

Volume:

Answer:
Liquid — shape can change, fixed volume

iii. _______________________

Shape:

Volume:

Answer:
Gas — shape can change, volume can change

iv. _______________________
 iv. _______________________

Shape:

Volume:

Answer:
Plasma — shape can change, volume can change

b. When heat energy is absorbed by matter, the matter's temperature increases. When
heat energy is released by matter, the matter's temperature decreases. The matter can
also change from one phase to another when heat energy is absorbed or released.
Identify whether matter absorbs heat or releases heat as each of the following phase
changes occur.

i. From solid to liquid (melting)

Answer:
Melting can occur when matter absorbs heat.

ii. From liquid to solid (freezing or hardening)

Answer:
Freezing can occur when matter releases heat.

iii. From liquid to gas (evaporation)

Answer:
Evaporation can occur when matter absorbs heat.

iv. From gas to liquid (condensation)

Answer:
Condensation can occur when matter releases heat.

Question 3: Types of Energy (4 points)

a. List four kinds of energy. Give a brief definition of each.

i. ______________________________________________________________

Answer:
Kinetic energy: Energy of motion

ii. ______________________________________________________________

Answer:
Gravitational potential energy: Energy stored by lifting something

iii. ______________________________________________________________

Answer:
Chemical potential energy: Energy stored by atoms

iv. ______________________________________________________________

Answer:
Heat energy: Energy given off from rubbing or burning

b. Energy can change from one form to another. Describe the energy conversions in the
following scenes.

i. A kid falling out of a tree

 i. A kid falling out of a tree

Answer:
gravitational potential energy to kinetic energy

ii. A scout rubbing sticks together to start a fire

Answer:
kinetic energy to heat energy

iii. A man running a kerosene heater

Answer:
chemical potential energy to heat energy

c. What is the equation for calculating gravitational potential energy on the Earth?

Answer:
GPE = (mass)(height)9.8 m/s2

d. What is the equation for calculating kinetic energy?

Answer:
KE = 1/2 (mass)(speed)2

Question 4: Progression of the Atomic Theory (2 points)

a. Match the following scientist with his experiment or contribution.

J. J. Thomson
Albert Einstein
Niels Bohr
Ernest Rutherford
John Dalton
Robert Millikan

___________________ Oil-drop experiment

___________________ Oil-drop experiment

___________________ Atomic theory

___________________ Cathode ray experiment

___________________ Model of the atom

___________________ Gold-foil experiment

___________________ Photoelectric effect

Answers:
Robert Millikan: Oil-drop experiment
John Dalton: Atomic theory
J. J. Thomson: Cathode ray experiment
Niels Bohr: Model of the atom
Ernest Rutherford: Gold-foil experiment
Albert Einstein: Photoelectric effect

b. Match the following scientist with his understanding of the atom.

J. J. Thomson
Albert Einstein
Niels Bohr
Ernest Rutherford
John Dalton
Robert Millikan

___________________ Matter made of indivisible atoms

___________________ Atoms contain negatively charged particles

___________________ Measured the charge of an electron

___________________ Atoms contain mostly empty space

___________________ Atoms contain nuclei with electrons orbiting

___________________ Light exists as photon packets; one photon can remove one electron
from an atom

Answer:
John Dalton: Matter made of indivisible atoms
J. J. Thomson: Atoms contain negatively charged particles
Robert Millikan: Measured the charge of an electron
Ernest Rutherford: Atoms contain mostly empty space
Niels Bohr: Atoms contain nuclei with electrons orbiting
Albert Einstein: Light exists as photon packets; one photon can remove one electron
from an atom

Question 5: The Periodic Table (10 points)

a. Who made the first periodic table?

Answer:
Dmitri Mendeleev

b. On the periodic table, what three pieces of information are given about every element?

i. ___________________________

•. Where is it written?

•. What information does it give?

 •. What information does it give?

Answer:
i. symbol
a. found in the middle of the block
b. gives the name of the element

ii. ___________________________

•. Where is it written?

•. What information does it give?

Answer:
ii. atomic number
a. found above the symbol for that element
b. gives the number of protons in the nucleus

iii. ___________________________

•. Where is it written?

•. What information does it give?

 •. What information does it give?

Answer:
iii. atomic mass
a. found below the symbol for that element
b. gives the number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) in the nucleus

c. What are isotopes?

Answer:
Isotopes of an element are atoms that have the same number of protons in the nucleus
but different numbers of neutrons.

d. What are ions?

Answer:
An ion is an atom that has a positive or negative charge caused by unequal numbers of
protons and electrons.

e. What are valence electrons, and why are they important?

Answer:
The electrons farthest away from the nucleus; they determine the atom's properties.

f. What is significant about the elements within the same group of the periodic table?

Answer:
The elements in a group, or column, all have the same number of valence electrons. This
gives them similar properties.

g. What is significant about the elements within the same period of the periodic table?

Answer:
The elements in the same period, or row, all have the same number of inside
(nonvalence) electrons. Elements in the same row do not necessarily have similar
properties.

h. Match the following families with their properties. There are two properties for each
family.

A. Alkali metals
B. Alkaline earth metals
C. Halogens
D. Noble gases

______ Very reactive nonmetals

______ 8 valence electrons

______ 1 valence electron

______ Reactive metals

______ 2 valence electrons

______ 7 valence electrons

______ Very little reactivity

______ Very reactive metals

Answer:
Very reactive nonmetals: C
8 valence electrons: D
1 valence electron: A
Reactive metals: B
2 valence electrons: B
7 valence electrons: C
7 valence electrons: C
Very little reactivity: D
Very reactive metals: A

i. What three families are found in the center portion of the periodic table?

1. _________________________

2. _________________________

3. _________________________

Answer:
1. Transition metals
2. Lanthanides
3. Actinides

Question 6: Using the Periodic Table (5 points)

a. An atom has a mass number of 19 and an atomic number of 9. What element is it?
What is its symbol? How many protons, neutrons, and electrons does it have?

Answer:
The element is fluorine, symbol F, 9 protons, 10 neutrons, 9 electrons

b. Hydrogen has one proton in its nucleus but exists as three isotopes. One isotope has
no neutrons, one has one neutron, and one has two neutrons. How would they be
identified using isotope notation?

Answer:
H–1, H–2, and H–3

c. Sodium chloride, table salt, forms ions when dissolved. Sodium (Na) loses one
electron. Chloride (Cl) gains one electron. What are the charges on the two ions?

Answer:
 Sodium has a charge of 1+. Chloride has a charge of 1–.

d. Would beryllium (Be) or sodium (Na) have properties more similar to magnesium
(Mg)? Why?

Answer:
Beryllium, because it has the same number of valence electrons as magnesium.

e. Does beryllium (Be) or sodium (Na) have the same inside electron arrangement as
magnesium (Mg)? Why?

Answer:
Sodium, because it is in the same period as magnesium.

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